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Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 1

Folded Plate
Cylindrical Shell
Photo: Michael Bodycomb, 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 2
F
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P
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C
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Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 3
1 Beam compression/tension
2 Buckling
3 Ribs resist buckling
4 Edge buckling
5 Curbs resist edge buckling
Linear compositions
1 One-edge fold
2 Two-edge fold
3 Twin fold
4 Folded roof and wall
Other compositions
1 Triangular unit / composition
2 Square unit / composition
3 Hexagonal unit / composition
Folded Plate
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 4
Mining shelter Pomezia Italy
Architect: Renzo Piano
This shelter for sulfur mining was designed to
allow moving it along with mining progress.
A folded plate vault of reinforced polyester
provides light weight to facilitate movement.
Folding thin sheets of polyester provides strength,
stiffness, and stability with minimum weight.
Translucent polyester also provides natural lighting
to save energy.
Triangular windows at the base provide additional
Lighting as and view to the outside.
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 5
Air forceChapel, ColoradoSprings
Architect/Engineer: SkidmoreOwingsandMerill
Theair forcechapel features:
A folded plate of tubular steel
A dramatic space of vertical dominance
Two inclined triple tetrahedrons
Concrete buttresses support gravity load and
lateral thrust
The tetrahedrons are glad with aluminum
Stain glass windows close gaps between
tetrahedrons
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 6
Portable exhibit hall
Architect/ Engineer: Santiago Calatrava
The roof and wall of foldedplate plywood was
designed for easy assemblage. The parabolic
form implies constant bending stress.
Assume:
plywood glued to ribs
DL = 10 psf
LL = 20 psf
= 30 psf
Uniform load
w = 30 psf x (50/12) w = 125 plf
Bending moment
M = w L
2
/8 = 125x 41
2
/8 M = 26,266 #
Moment of Inertia
I ~ (BD
3
-bd
3
)/36
I ~ (50x24
3
-47.2x22.8
3
)/36 I ~ 3360 in
4
Top panel stress
(most relevant effects full top panel)
f
b
=M c1/I=26266x12x8/3360 f
b
= 750 psi
Extreme fiber stress @ bottom
f
b
=M c2/I=26266x12x16/3360 f
b
= 1500 psi
L
=
4
1

b=50
d
=
2
4

C1=8
C2=16
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 7
Train station Savona, Italy
Architect: Antonio Nervi
Engineer: Pier Luigi Nervi
The 38x75mfolded plate roof provides column-free space
Inclined rebars resist longitudinal shear stress and
plate bending stress.
Folded plates stabilize adjacent plates against buckling.
Tendons at the folded plate base resist bending stress.
Tendons on top resist overhang bending stress.
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 8
Assume:
0.6 tendons, designload P=35k
DL=68psf (average)
LL=12psf
= 80psf
Uniform load per unit (see A-A)
w = 80 psf x7.5/1000 w = 0.6 klf
Reactions
R
l
= 0.6x120x30/90 R
l
= 24 k
R
r
= 0.6x120x60/90 R
r
= 48 k
X = R
ll
/ w = 24/0.6 X = 40
Max. bending moment
Max. M = R
a
X/2 =24x40/2 M = 480 k
Z = 0.8d ~0.8(6) z ~ 4.8
Tendon tension
T = M/Z = 480/4.8 T = 100 k
Number of tendons required
# = T/P= 100/35 =2.86
Use 3 tendons 3 0.6
Note:
a Concrete compression block
d Effective depth (rebar center to top)
Z Lever arm of resisting moment
L=90 C=30
w=0.6 klf
a
b=7.5
z
=
4
.
8

d
=
6

X=40
Section A-A
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 9
Tempodrom Berlin 2001
Architect: GMP
Photo: Tomas Schmidt
Concrete folded plate, designed to
represent a tent, as the original
tent structure of 1980 it replaced
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 10
Yokohama Terminal
Architect: Moussavi & Zaera-Polo
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 11
Yokohama Terminal
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 12
Industrial building in Villanueva, Honduras
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 13
Factory in San Pedro Sula, Honduras
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 14
Folded plate gymnasium roof
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 15
Folded plate gymnasium cafeteria roof, two spans 50 & 60 feet
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 16
Folded plate church roof/wall
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 17
Folded plate roof
Church building. Designed as a folded plate
concrete shell, structurally this building can
be compared with the A-frame or the
3-hinged arch as the bending stiffness
approaches zero at the apex and at
the supports. (Las Vegas, Nevada)
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 18
Folded plate vault
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 19
Folded plate dome
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 20
Folded plate dome
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 21
Forcescale
Assume: model concrete=original concrete
Geometricscale S
g
=1:50
E
m
(steel wire) E
m
=30,000ksi
E
o
(strand) E
o
=22,000ksi
Forcescale
S
f
=(1/50)
2
(E
m
/E
o
) =(1/50)
2
(30/22) S
f
=1:4167
3tendons 0.6 70%metallic
3tendonsA=3(.7)(0.3)
2
A=0.5938in
2
Assumesinglewireinmodel
Equiv. original =2(0.5938/)
0.5
=0.87in
Model =0.87/50=0.0174
Use model diameter = 0.02 in
Adjust force scale
S
f
=(1/50)
2
(0.2)/(0.174) S
f
=1: 2175
Original load
P
o
=0.6klf (120) P
o
=72,000#
Model load
P
m
=P
o
/ S
f
=72,000/ 2175 P
m
=33.1#
Use30cups, each33.1/ 30 P
cup
=1.1#
L=90 C=30
w=0.6 klf
a
b=7.5
z
=
4
.
8

d
=
6

X=40
Section A-A
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 22
Structural action
1-3 Bending/shear patterns
4-5 Bending/shear stress
6-7 Buckling
8-9 Buckling resisting walls/ribs
Skylight integration
1 Slanted skylights
2 Top skylights
3 Vertical skylight
Examples
1 Shells with skylight ends
2 Shells cantilever from beam
3 Shells of two-way cantilever
Cylindrical Shell
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 23
Science & Industry Museum
Los Angeles
Architect: California State Architect Office
Engineer: T Y Lin
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 24
Assume:
0.6 tendons, designload P=35k
DL=81psf (concrete+roofing)
LL=12psf
= 93psf
Uniform load per shell
w = 93 psf x21.5/1000 w = 2 klf
Max. bending (at mid support)
M = w L
2
/12 = 2x71
2
/12 M = 840 k
Lever arm
Z ~ 0.85 d ~ 0.85x7 Z ~ 6
Tendon tension
T = M / Z = 840 / 6 T = 140 k
Number of tendons required
# = T / P = 140 / 35 = 4
Use 4 tendons 4 0.6
Science & Industry Museum
Los Angeles
Architect: California State Architect Office
Engineer: T Y Lin
Z
d
Concrete compression
Tendon tension
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 25
Photos: Michael Bodycomb, 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth
Architect: Louis Kahn
Engineer: Kommendant
The Kimbell Art Museum features:
Recessed main entrance
Two gallery wings, one on each side of entry
Atriums within gallery wings
16 modules, 30x100 each
Cycloid cross-sections (point on moving wheel)
Post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete
Inverted Us between cycloids for ducts & pipes
Linear skylight with deflectors to project
daylight onto the cycloids
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 26
Oceanographic Center Valencia
Architect/Engineer: Santiago Calatrava
Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures Prof Schierle 27
Photo: Michael Bodycomb, 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission
Cylindrical shells are strong and efficient
Museum of Science and Industry

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