Oceania

South West Pacic redirects here. For the World War

II theatre, see South West Pacic theatre of World War
II. For the 1943 documentary, see South West Pacic
(lm).
For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation).
Oceania (UK /oni, os-/
[1]
or US
/oini/),
[2]
also known as Oceanica,
[3]
is a
region centred on the islands of the tropical Pacic
Ocean.
[4]
Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range
from its three subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and
Polynesia
[5]
to, more broadly, the entire insular region
between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia
and the Malay Archipelago.
[6]
The term is often used
more specically to denote a continent comprising
Australia and proximate islands
[7][8][9][10]
or biogeo-
graphically as a synonym for either the Australasian
ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacic
ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart
either from New Zealand
[11]
or from mainland New
Guinea).
[12]
1 Etymology
The term was coined as Ocanie ca. 1812 by geogra-
pher Conrad Malte-Brun.
[6]
The word Ocanie is a French
language word derived from the Greek word
(keans), ocean.
2 Denitions
See also: List of Oceanian countries by population and
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Ocea-
nia
As an ecozone, Oceania includes all of Micronesia,
Fiji, and all of Polynesia except New Zealand. New
Zealand, along with New Guinea and nearby islands, part
of Philippines islands, Australia, the Solomon Islands,
Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, constitute the separate
Australasian ecozone. In geopolitical terms, however,
New Zealand, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New
Caledonia are almost always considered part of Oceania,
and Australia and Papua New Guinea are usually consid-
ered part of Oceania too. Sometimes Papua province in
Indonesia may be included, as Puncak Jaya is often con-
sidered the highest peak in Oceania.
A map of Oceania from the CIA World Factbook
2.1 Physiography
Oceania was originally conceived as the lands of the Pa-
cic Ocean, stretching from the Strait of Malacca to
the coast of the Americas. It comprised four regions:
Polynesia, Micronesia, Malaysia (now called the Malay
Archipelago), and Melanesia (nowcalled Australasia).
[13]
Included are parts of three geological continents, Eurasia,
Australia, and Zealandia, as well the non-continental vol-
canic islands of the Philippines, Wallacea, and the open
Pacic. It extends to Sumatra in the west, the Bonin Is-
lands in the northwest, the Hawaiian Islands in the north-
east, Rapa Nui and Sala y Gmez Island in the east, and
Macquarie Island in the south, but excludes Taiwan, the
Japanese archipelago (including the Ryukyu Islands), and
Aleutian Islands of the margins of Asia.
[14][15]
The states that occupy Oceania that are not included in
geopolitical Oceania are Indonesia, Malaysia (through
Malaysian Borneo), Brunei, the Philippines, and East
Timor. The islands of the geographic extremes are po-
litically integral parts of Japan (Bonin), the United States
(Hawaii), and Chile (Easter Island). A smaller geo-
graphic denition also exists, which excludes the land on
the Sunda Plate, but includes Indonesian New Guinea as
part of the Australian continent.
2.2 Biogeography
Biogeographically, Oceania is used as a synonym for ei-
ther the Australasian ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia)
or the Pacic ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Mi-
cronesia apart either fromNewZealand
[11]
or frommain-
land New Guinea
[12]
).
1
2 4 DEMOGRAPHICS
Aoraki / Mount Cook, located on the South Island of New
Zealand
2.2.1 Ecogeography
Oceania is one of eight terrestrial ecozones, which con-
stitute the major ecological regions of the planet. The
Oceania ecozone includes all of Micronesia, Fiji, and all
of Polynesia except New Zealand. New Zealand, New
Guinea, Melanesia apart from Fiji, and Australia con-
stitute the separate Australasian ecozone. The Malay
Archipelago is part of the Indomalaya ecozone. Related
to these concepts are Near Oceania, that part of west-
ern Island Melanesia which has been inhabited for tens
of millennia, and Remote Oceania which is more recently
settled.
[16]
2.3 Geopolitics
In the geopolitical conception used by the United Na-
tions, International Olympic Committee, and many at-
lases, Oceania includes Australia and the nations of the
Pacic from Papua New Guinea east, but not the Malay
Archipelago or Indonesian New Guinea.
[17][18][19]
2.4 Other denitions
The term is often used to denote a continent com-
prising Australia and proximate islands.
[7][8][9][10]
New Zealand forms the south-western corner of the
Polynesian Triangle. Its indigenous Mori constitute
one of the major cultures of Polynesia. It is also,
however, considered part of Australasia.
[17]
The widest denition of Oceania includes the entire
region between continental Asia and the Americas,
thereby including islands in the Pacic Rim such as
the Japanese archipelago, Taiwan, and the Aleutian
islands.
[20]
Satellite image of Oceania
Ethno-cultural denition of Oceania
3 History
Main articles: History of Oceania and History of the
Pacic Islands
4 Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Oceania
Oceania
3
Wider Geographic Oceania.
Little of the South Pacic is apparent at this scale, though
Hawaii is just visible near the eastern horizon.
Narrower Geographic Oceania.
Island Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (apart from New
Zealand)
The demographic table below shows the subregions and
countries of geopolitical Oceania.
[17]
The countries and
territories in this table are categorized according to the
scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Na-
tions. The information shown follows sources in cross-
referenced articles; where sources dier, provisos have
been clearly indicated. These territories and regions are
subject to various additional categorisations, of course,
depending on the source and purpose of each description.
5 Archaeogenetics
Archaeology, linguistics, and existing genetic studies in-
dicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of
migration. The rst migration took place approximately
40 thousand years ago and these migrants, Papuans,
colonized much of Near Oceania. Approximately 3.5
thousand years ago, a second expansion of Austronesian
speakers arrived in Near Oceania and the descendants of
these people spread to the far corners of the Pacic, col-
onizing Remote Oceania.
[29]
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies quantify the mag-
nitude of the Austronesian expansion and demonstrate the
homogenizing eect of this expansion. With regards to
Geographic map of islands of Oceania
Papuan inuence, autochthonous haplogroups support the
hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania, with some
lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years.
Santa Cruz, a population located in Remote Oceania, is
an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous
haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin.
[29]
6 Religion
The predominant religion in Oceania is Christianity.
[30]
Traditional religions are often animist and prevalent
among traditional tribes is the belief in spirits (masalai
in Tok Pisin) representing natural forces.
[31]
In recent
Australian and New Zealand censuses, large proportions
of the population say they belong to extquotedblNo re-
ligion extquotedbl (which includes atheism, agnosticism,
secular humanism, and rationalism). In Tonga, everyday
life is heavily inuenced by Polynesian traditions and es-
pecially by the Christian faith. The Ahmadiyya mosque
in Marshall Islands is the only mosque in Micronesia.
[32]
Another one in Tuvalu belongs to the same sect. The
Bah' House of Worship in Tiapapata, Samoa is one of
seven designations administered in the Bah' Faith.
7 Sport
7.1 Pacic Games
The Pacic Games (formerly known as the South Pacic
Games) is a multi-sport event, much like the Olympics on
a much smaller scale, with participation exclusively from
countries around the Pacic. It is held every four years
and began in 1963. Australia and New Zealand do not
compete at the Pacic Games.
4 7 SPORT
7.2 Association football (soccer)
Main article: Soccer in Oceania
The Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) is one of six
association football confederations
[33]
under the auspices
of FIFA, the international governing body of the sport.
The OFC is the only confederation without an automatic
qualication to the World Cup. Currently the winner of
the OFC qualication tournament must play o against
an North, Central American and Caribbean confedera-
tion side to qualify for the World Cup.
[34][35]
Currently, Vanuatu is the only country in Oceania to call
football (soccer) its national sport. However, is the most
popular sport also in Kiribati, Solomon and Tuvalu, and
has a signicant (and growing) popularity in Australia.
Oceania has been represented at ve World Cup nals
tournaments Australia in 1974, 2006, 2010, and 2014,
and New Zealand in 1982 and 2010. In 2006, Australia
joined the Asian Football Confederation and qualied for
the 2010 World cup as an Asian entrant. New Zealand
qualied through the Oceania Confederation, winning its
playoagainst Bahrain. 2010 was the rst time two coun-
tries from Oceania had qualied at the same time, albeit
through dierent confederations.
7.3 Australian rules football
Main article: Australian rules football in Oceania
Australian rules football is the national sport in Nauru
[36]
and is the most popular football code in Australia in terms
of attendance.
[37]
It has a large following in Papua New
Guinea, where it is the second most popular sport after
Rugby League.
[38]
7.4 Cricket
Main article: Cricket in Oceania
Cricket is a popular summer sport in Australia and New
Zealand. Australia had ruled International cricket as the
number one team for more than a decade, and have won
four Cricket World Cups and have been runner-up for
two times, making themthe most successful cricket team.
New Zealand is also considered a strong competitor in
the sport, with the New Zealand cricket team, also called
the Black Caps, enjoying success in many competitions.
Both Australia and New Zealand are Full members of the
ICC. Fiji, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea are some of
the Associate/Aliate members of the ICC from Ocea-
nia that are governed by ICCEast Asia-Pacic. Backyard
cricket and Beach cricket, which are simplied variants
of cricket played at home or on a sand beach, are also
popular recreational sports in Australia.
Cricket is culturally a signicant sport for summer in
Fans welcome to the Australian team after winning 2007 Cricket
World Cup
Oceania. The Boxing Day Test is very popular in Aus-
tralia, conducted every year on 26 December at the
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne.
7.5 Rugby League
Main article: Rugby league in Oceania
Rugby league is the national sport of Papua New
Guinea
[39]
(the second most populous country in Ocea-
nia after Australia) and is very popular in Australia
[40]
and attracts signicant attention across New Zealand and
the Pacic Islands.
[41]
Australia and New Zealand are two of the most success-
ful sides in the world.
[42]
Australia has won the Rugby
League World Cup a record ten times (most recently de-
feating New Zealand 34-2 in 2013) while New Zealand
won their rst World Cup in 2008. Australia hosted the
second tournament in 1957. Australia and New Zealand
jointly hosted it in 1968 and 1977. New Zealand hosted
the nal for the rst time in 19851988 tournament and
Australia hosted the tournament again in 2008.
7.6 Rugby Union
Main article: Rugby union in Oceania
Rugby union is one of the regions most prominent
sports,
[43]
and is the national sport of New Zealand,
[44]
Samoa,
[44]
Fiji and Tonga.
[44]
Fijis sevens team is one of
the most successful in the world, as is New Zealands.
New Zealand and Australia have won the Rugby World
Cup a record two times each (tied with South Africa who
have also won it two times). New Zealand won the in-
augural Rugby World Cup in 1987 which was hosted by
Australia and New Zealand. Australia hosted it in 2003
and New Zealand hosted it in 2011.
5
Fiji playing the Cook Islands at seven-a-side rugby
8 See also
Main article: Outline of Oceania
9 Notes
[1] Pronunciation: The New Oxford Dictionary of En-
glish (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X p.1282 extquot-
edblOceania /sn, --/ extquotedbl.
[2] Oceania. Dictionary.com. Random House, Inc. 2012.
Retrieved 2014-03-08.
[3] extquotedbl extquotedblOceanica denition. The Free
Dictionary. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
[4] For a history of the term, see Douglas & Ballard (2008)
Foreign bodies: Oceania and the science of race 1750
1940
[5] Oceania. 2005. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Columbia University Press.
[6] Oceania. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford
University Press. September 2005.
[7] Son, George Philip (2003). Philips E.A.E.P Atlas. p. 79.
ISBN 9789966251251. Retrieved 2014-03-08.
[8] Scholastic Atlas of the World. 2003. Oceania is the small-
est of all the continents
[9] Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions,
geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and
other groupings, United Nations Statistics Division. Re-
vised August 28, 2007. Accessed on line October 11,
2007.
[10] Lewis, Martin W.; Kren E. Wigen (1997). The Myth of
Continents: a Critique of Metageography. Berkeley: Uni-
versity of California Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-520-20742-
4. ISBN 0-520-20743-2. Interestingly enough, the an-
swer [from a scholar who sought to calculate the num-
ber of continents] conformed almost precisely to the con-
ventional list: North America, South America, Europe,
Asia, Oceania (Australia plus New Zealand), Africa, and
Antarctica.
[11] Udvardy. 1975. A classication of the biogeographical
provinces of the world
[12] Steadman. 2006. Extinction & biogeography of tropical
Pacic birds
[13] D'Urville, Jules-Sbastien-Csar Dumont; Isabel Ollivier;
Antoine de Biran; Georey Clark. On the Islands of the
Great Ocean. The Journal of Pacic History (Taylor &
Francis, Ltd.) 38 (2). JSTOR 25169637.
[14] MacKay (1864, 1885) Elements of Modern Geography, p
283
[15] Douglas & Ballard (2008) Foreign bodies: Oceania and
the science of race 17501940
[16] Ben Finney, The Other One-Third of the Globe, Journal
of World History, Vol. 5, No. 2, Fall, 1994.
[17] United Nations Statistics Division Countries of Ocea-
nia. Millenniumindicators.un.org. Retrieved 2009-04-
17.
[18] Atlas of Canada Web Master (2004-08-17). The Atlas
of Canada The World Continents. Atlas.nrcan.gc.ca.
Retrieved 2009-04-17.
[19] Current IOC members.
[20] Oceania. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
[21] Regions and constituents as per UN categorisations/map
except notes 23, 6. Depending on denitions, various
territories cited below (notes 3, 57, 9) may be in one or
both of Oceania and Asia or North America.
[22] The use and scope of this termvaries. The UNdesignation
for this subregion is Australia and New Zealand.
[23] Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are
Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean
southwest of Indonesia.
[24] New Zealand is often considered part of Polynesia rather
than Australasia.
[25] Excludes parts of Indonesia, island territories in Southeast
Asia (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region.
[26] Papua New Guinea is often considered part of Australasia
and Melanesia. It is sometimes included in the Malay
Archipelago of Southeast Asia.
[27] On 7 October 2006, government ocials moved their
oces in the former capital of Koror to Melekeok,
located 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Koror on Babelthuap
Island.
6 10 EXTERNAL LINKS
[28] Fagatogo is the seat of government of American Samoa.
[29] Duggan, A. T.; Evans, B.; Friedlaender, F. O. R.; Fried-
laender, J. S.; Koki, G.; Merriwether, D. A.; Kayser, M.;
Stoneking, M. (2014). Maternal History of Oceania from
Complete mtDNA Genomes: Contrasting Ancient Diver-
sity with Recent Homogenization Due to the Austronesian
Expansion. The American Journal of Human Genetics.
doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.03.014.
[30] US Dept of State (2012-05-01). Background Notes Aus-
tralia, Fiji, Kiribati, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Zealand,
Samoa. State.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-14.
[31] Cowan, James G. (1993). Messengers of the Gods. New
York, NY: Bell Tower. ISBN 0-517-88078-4.
[32] Mosque soon to open in Uliga. November 28, 2011.
Retrieved May 2, 2014.
[33] extquotedblFIFA confederations extquotedbl. Fifa.com.
Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved
2009-04-17.
[34] extquotedbl''FIFA world cup 2010 Oceania preliminary
competition'' extquotedbl (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-26.
[35] extquotedblFIFA world cup 2010 qualifying rounds and
places available by confederation extquotedbl. Fifa.com.
2009-04-03. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28.
Retrieved 2009-04-17.
[36] Nauru AFL teamto play in International Cup. solomon-
starnews.com. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
[37] Australian rules football (sport) Britannica Online En-
cyclopedia. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
[38] http://www.miningfm.com.au/mining-towns/overseas/
papua-new-guinea.html
[39] MSN Groups Closure Notice. Groups.msn.com. 2008-
10-23. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
[40] Football in Australia Australias Culture Portal. Cul-
tureandrecreation.gov.au. 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2009-
04-17.
[41] Rugby League Football 1966 Encyclopaedia of New
Zealand. Teara.govt.nz. 1908-06-13. Retrieved 2009-
04-17.
[42] Wilson, Andy (2009-11-05). southern hemisphere sides
are a class apart. London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved
2010-06-17.
[43] Oceania Rugby Vacations. Real Travel. Retrieved
2009-04-17.
[44] How many national sports are there. WikiAnswers. Re-
trieved 2009-04-17.
10 External links
Oceania at DMOZ
Australia and Oceania from National Geographic
7
11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
11.1 Text
Oceania Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania?oldid=628463998 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, Mark, Andre
Engels, G_from_B, Zoe, Montrealais, Youandme, Tzartzam, Frecklefoot, Patrick, Dhum Dhum, Tannin, TakuyaMurata, Sven Eriksson,
Ahoerstemeier, Mac, Nanshu, Glenn, Cyan, Andres, Tobias Conradi, Mxn, BRG, Dwo, Crusadeonilliteracy, Crissov, Paul Stansifer, Fuz-
heado, DJ Clayworth, Tpbradbury, Morwen, Philopp, Pietro, Jusjih, Jeq, Mrdice, Robbot, Moriori, Nurg, Naddy, Postdlf, Merovingian,
Yacht, Jtts, Bkell, Mendalus, JackofOz, Wantok, Guy Peters, Ancheta Wis, DocWatson42, Jpta, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Zigger, Mon-
edula, Tom Radulovich, Everyking, Curps, NeoJustin, Cantus, Gilgamesh, Dmmaus, Python eggs, Pne, Espetkov, Gadum, Ben Arnold,
Knutux, The Singing Badger, Beland, Pacian, Latitude0116, SimonLyall, Loopy, Grunners, Enzino, Ukexpat, Muijz, Jfpierce, Monkey-
man, DanielCD, A-giau, Moverton, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, HeikoEvermann, Aris Katsaris, Mani1, ESkog, Wwahammy,
Andrejj, Brian0918, *drew, Sfahey, El C, Lankiveil, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, RoyBoy, Wareh, Bobo192, Cmdrjameson, Maurreen, Jer-
ryseinfeld, Man vyi, MPerel, Krellis, Mareino, Jumbuck, Grutness, Quintucket, Alansohn, Buaidh, Somebody in the WWW, Little muddy
funkster, Linmhall, CJ, WikiParker, Avenue, Alinor, Marianocecowski, EmmetCauleld, Wtmitchell, L33th4x0rguy, Mike Beidler, Henry
W. Schmitt, Sleigh, Alai, Richard Weil, Red dwarf, TShilo12, Stephen, Megan1967, Rodii, OwenX, Andrelvis, Grillo, Dayv, Before My
Ken, Ratzer, Graham87, NoPuzzleStranger, Limegreen, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Coemgenus, Koavf, Dpark, ZanderSchubert, Galactiger,
Kalogeropoulos, FlavrSavr, Yamamoto Ichiro, Vuong Ngan Ha, FlaBot, RobertG, Paul foord, RexNL, AlexCovarrubias, ApprenticeFan,
TheDJ, Malhonen, McDogm, Russavia, Gurubrahma, Windharp, CJLL Wright, Chobot, DVdm, E Pluribus Anthony, YurikBot, Jimp, Sa-
tuSuro, RussBot, Musicpvm, Hack, Ivirivi00, Pigman, ScottMainwaring, Fabricationary, Stephenb, Thane, NawlinWiki, Ahills60, Brian,
Saberwyn, BOT-Superzerocool, Minervamoon, Cursive, Gergyl, Notscott, Ninly, Closedmouth, Chanheigeorge, Th1rt3en, QmunkE, Win-
stonwolfe, X3210, Sliat 1981, Luk, SmackBot, Elonka, Moeron, David Kernow, Gnangarra, Goldshbutt, KocjoBot, Jrockley, Moza-
saur, Eskimbot, Polar bear, Srnec, Commander Keane bot, Uxejn, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, VDK, Bluebot, Bduke, Snori, Inuenceuh,
MalafayaBot, Akanemoto, Bazonka, Go for it!, DHN-bot, Factoid Killer, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Alphathon, Australia boy, Al-
ton.arts, Wiz9999, Salt Yeung, NickPenguin, Adrigon, DMacks, Elbac14, Shushruth, Kahuroa, Risker, Vina-iwbot, Kukini, Ace ETP, Will
Beback, SashatoBot, Doug Bell, Harryboyles, DLinth, Kuru, Ckatz, Ben Kidwell, Vaniba12, Girmitya, Samwingkit, Worldtimezone, RCI-
Wesner, Andrwsc, Jose77, Supaman89, K, JMK, Dave420, Twas Now, Tawkerbot2, Wolfdog, John Riemann Soong, R9tgokunks, Green
caterpillar, MC10, He01, Eu.stefan, Acs4b, StillWalking, Dougweller, Bencollins, Daniel Olsen, Thijs!bot, Sebasbronzini, Felix Portier,
King kong922, A the 0th, 23prootie, Andyjsmith, Mojo Hand, Marek69, SGGH, Merbabu, Wildthing61476, Cogito ergo sumo, Dfrg.msc,
Gaimhreadhan, Therequiembellishere, Tiki Nss, Escarbot, Oreo Priest, Porqin, AntiVandalBot, Mr Bungle, Luna Santin, Jraytram, Bcnvi-
ajero, ArnoldPlaton, Prolog, Dr. Blofeld, Otherone, Florm, Clamster5, PhJ, Sss333, J'onn J'onzz, Canadian-Bacon, JAnDbot, Deective,
Husond, Jimothytrotter, PRSky, The Transhumanist, Sir Tanx, Rulesfan, Connormah, Bongwarrior, Carlwev, Sideshow Bob Roberts, Den-
tren, Mclay1, ZwickauDeluxe, Nyttend, The Anomebot2, Teapotgeorge, Sanyo Nokia, Animum, Daarznieks, Chode78, Jcmenal, BilCat,
Tins128, Just James, DerHexer, 1549bcp, CeeWhy2, Mannerheim, S3000, Nationalgeo, Ebizur, Liopa, JamesyWamesy, R'n'B, Gridlocked,
ASDFGH, Creol, J.delanoy, JamesR, Jasper33, Mwdalton, Abhijitsathe, LordAnubisBOT, Gelpiac, Bluedevil14, Saguamundi, Largoplazo,
Thephenom92, Juliancolton, Squids and Chips, NickFeder, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Hugo999, 28bytes, VolkovBot, Thomas.W, Flyingidiot,
AlnoktaBOT, AdamSommerton, Aesopos, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, XavierGreen, Corticopia, Hobe, Technopat, Krigsmakten, Quiz-
imodo, Mhicaoidh, Leafyplant, Mannafredo, Synthebot, Altermike, Brianga, MaCRoEco, Crazygraham, Nagy, Klippa, Munci, EmxBot,
EJF, A dumb computer, SieBot, WereSpielChequers, BotMultichill, Gerakibot, Caltas, Purbo T, Bentogoa, Happysailor, Lightmouse,
StaticGull, Kentynet, Jacob.jose, Mygerardromance, Dabomb87, TracySurya, Angelo De La Paz, Sylosin, Martarius, ClueBot, The Thing
That Should Not Be, Hawksdreamfan44, Arakunem, Doseiai2, ANZUS, P. S. Burton, Neverquick, WTFPWNER2, Alice, Saphius, Mary-
Poppins878, Excirial, Ddude700, Art-top, Taifarious1, JohnCman, Cenarium, Jotterbot, Dn9ahx, Wprlh, M.O.X, Mikaey, Thehooke-
manrevolution, Thingg, Aitias, Runefrost, XLinkBot, Cricketman274, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Bradv, Drvestone, TFOWR, Air-
planeman, Thedoctor98, Wakablogger2, Some jerk on the Internet, AnnaJGrant, Smithalexer, MCSparki, Saberwolf116, Mnmazur, Laa-
knorBot, CarsracBot, AndersBot, AnnaFrance, Sportskiddwi1, LinkFA-Bot, Kirbygross 123, Blaylockjam10, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot,
James Balti, OsBlink, Tide rolls, Afgtnk, TheNightFox1981, David0811, Jarble, Cchow2, Frehley, Humphrey Jungle, Yobot, TaBOT-
zerem, Newportm, Sanyi4, Timir Saxa, Wooldoor316, Eric-Wester, AnomieBOT, Matt8998, ;';'iH Hi';';, JackieBot, Kingpin13, Dinesh
smita, Maloti090, Nick UA, Bosonic dressing, SaintDaveUK, Uncreated, Xqbot, Sionus, Night w, Khajidha, Grumbular Shmo, DSisyph-
Bot, Maulucioni, Loveless, Onemore9, GrouchoBot, Kimjae20, RibotBOT, SassoBot, Mathonius, Spesh531, GhalyBot, Shadowjams,
WebCiteBOT, Paine Ellsworth, SUPERGRUNT, Bugoslav, Adam9389, ScottyMull, Michael93555, 2toy mora, Teinesavaii, OgreBot,
Gfcvoice, SpacemanSpi, Pinethicket, HRoestBot, Rameshngbot, MiKHEILL, RedBot, Foobarnix, Serp38021, FoxBot, Mjs1991, To-
beBot, , Mariusmiti, Bowloca, Loggong, AkBowl, Jonkerz, Lotje, Javierito92, Wikipedico wikipedico, Tbhotch, Kudarat,
RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, TjBot, RG104, Peaceworld111, EmausBot, Ashton 29, Asmalik94, Look2See1, Mmggggmgodl, Racerx11,
FlaggyAznavour, Western Pines, NoisyJinx, Peaceray, Slightsmile, Sarpasarpeti101, Werieth, HiW-Bot, ZroBot, John Cline, TheGreer-
Family, Iwanttoeditthissh, Azuris, Aeonx, H3llBot, Juanediaz, Shmilyshy, Victoria Clark 86, Donner60, Adrien16, ChuispastonBot, Sven
Manguard, Issie12345, ClueBot NG, Akuindo, Xpesten, CocuBot, Macarenses, 08OceanBeach SD, Rezabot, Widr, Antiqueight, Donner-
monkey, BG19bot, Unitedstates1000, Northamerica1000, Hallows AG, AvocatoBot, Davidiad, Mark Arsten, Owen82100, Japinderum,
Cantthinkofoneespn, BattyBot, Aerial ace, Toby323, NeishaTheGreat, Frankitanki, Pratyya Ghosh, Hghyux, Loterline, UHCPIS, Dexbot,
Music&Co, City303, Lugia2453, Sepiorosario, Google9999, Nicholasemjohnson, Terrydiesel, JustAMuggle, Eyesnore, User02062000,
Lfdder, Elliotves, WikiBuilder1147, Wikiuser13, The Herald, Quenhitran, Zehqing, Frenzie23, AbelM7, Meteor sandwich yum, Andy-
lara2014, Rdaram, The one who has Made a world map, Monkbot, Humpath, Macofe, Mmorris701 and Anonymous: 606
11.2 Images
File: extquotedblPolitical_Oceania extquotedbl_CIA_World_Factbook.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/a/a8/%22Political_Oceania%22_CIA_World_Factbook.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: https://www.cia.gov/library/
publications/the-world-factbook/docs/refmaps.html Original artist: Central Intelligence Agency
File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_
projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Martin23230
File:Afro-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Afro-Eurasia_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Keepscases
8 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Americas_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Martin23230
File:Antarctica_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Antarctica_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Origi-
nal artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Heraldry' title='User:Heraldry'>Heraldry</a>
File:Aoraki_Mount_Cook.JPGSource: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Aoraki_Mount_Cook.JPGLicense: CC-
BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: C.M. Lynch (talk contribs)
File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_
projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Map by Ssolbergj
Aquarius.geomar.de
Original artist:Koyos + Ssolbergj (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ssolbergj' title='User talk:Ssolbergj'>talk</a>)
File:Australia-New_Guinea_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original
artist:Australia_(orthographic_projection).svg: Ssolbergj
File:Australian_World_Cup_treble.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Australian_World_Cup_
treble.jpg License: CC-BY-2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattsterne/482412991/ Original artist: Matt Sterne
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Eurasia_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Keepscases
File:Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Europe_
orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original artist:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg:
Ssolbergj
File:Fiji_Cook_Island_rugby.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Fiji_Cook_Island_rugby.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: http://flickr.com/photos/learza/114576761/ Original artist: learza
File:Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: It is from openclipart.org, specically american_samoa.svg. Original artist: by Tobias Jakobs
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Flag_of_the_
Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Fiji.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg Li-
cense: ? Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Guam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://openclipart.org/clipart/signs_and_symbols/flags/america/united_states/usa_hawaii.svg Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Nauru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_New_Caledonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Flag_of_New_Caledonia.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:WarX
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_Niue.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg License:
? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Palau.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Papua.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Papua.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Vectorised from File:Papua coa ag.gif Original artist: Indonesian Government
File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, FOTW Original artist: User:Nightstallion
11.2 Images 9
File:Flag_of_Rapa_Nui,_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.fotw.net/flags/cl_rapa.html Original artist: Mario Fuente Cid, Done on Inkscape Free
Software
File:Flag_of_Samoa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Tokelau.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: self-made, using [1] as a visual guide. Conrmed by the Flag Research Center on 18 June 2008 (Flag Inform No. 238). Final
version by the College of Arms Original artist: SVG image created by User:Andrwsc
File:Flag_of_Tonga.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg License: ? Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg License: ? Contributors:
See URL [6] for ocially credibility and correctness of precise star-positions Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Wake_Island.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Wake_Island.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: from the xrmap ag collection 2.9. Modications by Denelson83. Original artist: User:Denelson83
File:Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_West_Papua_(vectorised).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_West_Papua_
%28vectorised%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vectorised from File:Flag of West Papua province.png Original artist: In-
donesian Government
File:Flag_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_
%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Flag_of_the_
Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.
svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: ?
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: ? Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:LocationAfrica.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/LocationAfrica.png License: Public domain
Contributors: map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book Original artist: see above
File:LocationAsia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/LocationAsia.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: Image:LocationAsia.png Original artist: Kudo-kun
File:LocationEurope.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/LocationEurope.png License: Public domain
Contributors: own work - map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book Original artist: user:Cumhur
File:LocationNorthAmerica.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/LocationNorthAmerica.png License:
Public domain Contributors: own work - map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book Original artist: Dado
File:LocationOceania.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/LocationOceania.png License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:LocationOceans.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/LocationOceans.png License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:LocationPolarRegions.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/LocationPolarRegions.png License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:LocationSouthAmerica.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/LocationSouthAmerica.png License:
Public domain Contributors: map adapted from PDF world map at CIA World Fact Book Original artist: Central Intelligence Agency,
Maximaximax, Ghalas, Huhsunqu, E Pluribus Anthony, Cogito ergo sumo, and Snoopen82 (via Image:LocationSouthAmerica2.png per this
request)
File:Location_North_America.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Location_North_America.svg Li-
cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bosonic dressing
File:Map_OC-Oceania.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Map_OC-Oceania.PNG License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hobe / Holger Behr
File:Map_of_Oceania-Pacific_wide.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Map_of_Oceania-Pacific_
wide.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original artist:Oceania_ISO_3166-1.svg: User:Tintazul
10 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
File:Oceania,_broad_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Oceania%2C_
broad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Commons, based on en::File:Australia (orthographic
projection).svg (Originally uploaded on en.wikipedia) Original artist: Ch1902, updated by kwami (Transferred by rohith_goura/Originally
uploaded by Kwamikagami)
File:Oceania,_narrow_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Oceania%2C_
narrow_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Commons, based on :File:Oceania Original artist:
kwami (talk). Original uploader was Kwamikagami at English Wikipedia
File:Oceania_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Oceania_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Based on File:Australia (orthographic projection).svg
Original artist: Ch1902
File:Oceania_satellite.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Oceania_satellite.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Pacific_Culture_Areas.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Pacific_Culture_Areas.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Outline: File:World2Hires lled mercator.svg; Map information based on Vaka Moana: Voyages of the An-
cestors - the discovery and settlement of the Pacic, ed K.R. Howe, 2008, p57. Original artist: User:Kahuroa
File:South_America_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/South_
America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC-BY-3.0 Contributors: Imagem feita a partir de Brazil (ortho-
graphic projection).svg. Original artist: by Luan <a href='https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:
Luan,<span>,&,</span>,action=edit,<span>,&,</span>,section=new'><img alt='Tokyoship Talk icon.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tokyoship_Talk_icon.svg/20px-Tokyoship_Talk_icon.svg.png' width='20' height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tokyoship_Talk_icon.svg/30px-Tokyoship_Talk_icon.svg.png
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tokyoship_Talk_icon.svg/40px-Tokyoship_Talk_icon.svg.png 2x'
data-le-width='300' data-le-height='300' /></a> <a href='//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usu%C3%A1rio_Discuss%C3%A3o:Luan'
title='pt:Usurio Discusso:Luan'><img alt='Tango style Wikipedia Icon.svg' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/2/2c/Tango_style_Wikipedia_Icon.svg/20px-Tango_style_Wikipedia_Icon.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='//upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tango_style_Wikipedia_Icon.svg/30px-Tango_style_Wikipedia_Icon.svg.png 1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Tango_style_Wikipedia_Icon.svg/40px-Tango_style_Wikipedia_Icon.svg.png
2x' data-le-width='48' data-le-height='48' /></a>
File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC-
BY-SA-2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Prol by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Prol
File:Symbol_template_class.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg License: ? Contrib-
utors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Terrestrial_globe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Orig-
inal artist: ?
File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original artist:Wiki_letter_w.svg: Jarkko Piiroinen
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: ? Contributors:
Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License: ?
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber
File:.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png License: CC-BY-3.0 Con-
tributors: A variation of commons le Image:World Map Blank.svg Original artist: user:S19991002
11.3 Content license
--- Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
Australia_(orthographic_projection).svg
Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg
Oceania_ISO_3166-1.svg
Wiki_letter_w.svg