Lecture Notes

in Computational Science
and Engineering
86
Editors:
Timothy J. Barth
Michael Griebel
David E. Keyes
Risto M. Nieminen
Dirk Roose
Tamar Schlick
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/3527

Olaf Kolditz Uwe-Jens G orke

Hua Shao Wenqing Wang
Editors
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-
Chemical Processes
in Fractured Porous Media
Benchmarks and Examples
1 3
Editors
Olaf Kolditz
Uwe-Jens G orke
Wenqing Wang
Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research UFZ
Technische Universit at Dresden (TUD)
Leipzig
Germany
Hua Shao
Federal Institute
for Geosciences and Natural Resources
Hannover
Germany
ISSN 1439-7358
ISBN 978-3-642-27176-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-27177-9
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-27177-9
Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012934370
Mathematics Subject Classication (2010): 35Mxx, 35Qxx, 35G61, 65M60, 68Uxx, 76S05, 76T10, 86-08,
92E20
c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
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Cover illustration: The cover image represents a snapshot in time during a numerical simulation, illustrating
uid and heat ow pathways in a deep geothermal reservoir exhibiting several large
hydraulic fractures.
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Part I - Theory and Numerics 7
2 Theory 9
2.1 Continuum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Porous Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Balance Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.6 Porous Medium Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3 Numerical Methods 61
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.2 Object-Orientation in Finite Element Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3 General Finite Element Formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4 Element Objects: ELE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5 Parallel Computing and Automatic Control
for Time Stepping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
v
vi CONTENTS
Part II: Benchmarks for Single Processes 87
4 Heat Transport 89
4.1 Linear Heat Conduction in a Finite Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.2 Radial Heat Conduction in a Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3 Heat Transport in a Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.4 Heat Transport in a Porous Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.5 Heat Transport in a Porous Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.6 Heat Transport in a Fracture-Matrix System . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5 Groundwater Flow 107
5.1 Groundwater Flow in an Anisotropic Medium . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2 Groundwater Flow in a Heterogeneous Medium . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3 Conned Aquifer with Constant Channel Source Term . . . . . 111
5.4 Theis Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.5 Unconned Aquifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.6 2-D Steady State Flow in Porous Media
with a Discrete Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6 Richards Flow 125
6.1 Single Continuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2 Dual Continua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7 Overland Flow 143
7.1 Surface Flow on a Tilted V-Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.2 Inltration Excess (Horton) Overland Flow . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8 Gas Flow 149
8.1 Material Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.2 Element Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.3 Verications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.4 Isothermal Compressible Gas Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.5 Joule-Thomson Cooling Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.6 Air Flow Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
CONTENTS vii
9 Deformation Processes 161
9.1 Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
9.2 Elastoplasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.3 Viscoplastic Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
10 Mass Transport 201
10.1 Diusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
10.2 Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
10.3 Sorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
10.4 Sorption and Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
10.5 Matrix Diusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
10.6 Particle Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
10.7 RWPT in Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Part III - Examples for Coupled Processes 233
11 Density Dependent Flow 235
11.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
11.2 The Elder Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
11.3 The Goswami Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
11.4 The Schincariol Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
12 Multiphase Flow Processes 247
12.1 Isothermal Two-Phase Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
12.2 Non-isothermal Two-Phase Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
13 Consolidation (H
n
M) Processes 269
13.1 Single Phase Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
13.2 Unsaturated (Richards) Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
13.3 Two-Phase Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
13.4 Flow and Mechanics in Discrete Fracture-Matrix Rock
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
14 Thermomechanics 299
14.1 Thermoelastic Stress Analysis in Homogeneous
Material (3 D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
14.2 Thermoelastic Stress Analysis in Composite Materials (3 D) . . 303
14.3 Thermoelastic Deformation in a Hollow Cylinder . . . . . . . . . 307
viii CONTENTS
15 Reactive Transport 313
15.1 Calcite dissolution and precipitation (1D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
15.2 Cation Exchange (1D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
15.3 Serial and Parallel Reactions (1D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
15.4 Xylene degradation (1D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
15.5 TCE- and cis-DCE-degradation for zero valent iron
surface (1D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
15.6 Sequential CHC degradation with isotope fractionation (1D) . . 325
15.7 Degradation Network (1D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
15.8 Degradation with double Monod kinetics (2D) . . . . . . . . . . 335
15.9 Clogging simulation (2D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
A Software Engineering 345
B Data Processing 349
C GINA OGS 353
D Geometric Modelling, Gridding and Visualization 357
E Heat Transport in a Real Fracture-Matrix System 365
Bibliography 375
Book editors:
Olaf Kolditz, Uwe-Jens Gorke, Hua Shao, and Wenqing Wang
Coordinating Editor: Alissa Hafele
Chapter editors:
1. Hua Shao (Introduction)
2. Olaf Kolditz (Theory)
3. Wenqing Wang, Norihiro Watanabe (Numerical methods)
4. Norbert B ottcher (Heat transport)
5. Feng Sun (Groundwater ow)
6. Thomas Kalbacher (Richards ow)
7. Jens-Olaf Delfs (Overland ow)
8. Ashok Kumar Singh (Gas ow)
9. Uwe-Jens G orke (Deformation processes)
10. Sebastian Bauer (Mass transport)
11. Marc Walther (Density-dependent ow)
12. Chan-Hee Park (Multi-phase ow)
13. Joshua Taron (Consolidation processes)
14. Wenjie Xu (Thermomechanics)
15. Haibing Shao (Reactive Transport)

Contributors
Sabine Attinger Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Friedrich-Schiller-Universtitat Jena,
Leipzig, Germany
Sebastian Bauer Department of Geohydromodelling, Universityof Kiel (CAU),
Kiel, Germany
Martin Beinhorn Center for Applied Geoscience, Universitat T ubingen,
T ubingen, Germany
Christof Beyer Department of Geohydromodelling, University of Kiel (CAU),
Kiel, Germany
Lars Bilke Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre for
Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Guido Blocher Department of Chemistry and Material Cycles; Reservoir
Technologies, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ) German Research Centre for
Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Norbert B ottcher Institute for Groundwater Management, Technische Uni-
versit at Dresden (TUD), Dresden, Germany
Mauro Cacace Department of Chemistry and Material Cycles; Basin Analysis,
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ) German Research Centre for Geosciences,
Potsdam, Germany
Florian Centler Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Cen-
tre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Jens-Olaf Delfs Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Yanliang Du IWHR, Beijing, China
xi
xii CONTRIBUTORS
Thomas Fischer Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Cen-
tre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Uwe-Jens G orke Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Cen-
tre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
J urgen Hesser Underground Space for Storage and Economic Use, Federal
Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
Shuang Jin Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Utrecht University
(UU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
Thomas Kalbacher Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Olaf Kolditz Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research (UFZ), Technische Universit at Dresden (TUD),
Leipzig, Germany
Georg Kosakowski Department of Nuclear Energy and Safety Research, Paul-
Scherrer-Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
Stefanie Krug Underground Space for Storage and Economic Use, Federal
Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
Herbert Kunz Underground Space for Storage and Economic Use, Federal
Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
Rudolf Liedl Institute for Groundwater Management, Technische Universit at
Dresden (TUD), Dresden, Germany
Chris McDermott School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh (UE),
Edinburgh, UK
Jude Musuuza Institute for Earth Sciences: Hydrogeology, Friedrich-Schiller-
Universit at, Jena, Germany
Chan-Hee Park Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
(KIGAM), Daejeon, Korea
Geraldine Pichot Simulations and Algorithms on Grids for Environment,
Inria, Rennes, France
Florin Adrian Radu Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Karsten Rink Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
Haibing Shao Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Cen-
tre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Technische Universit at Dresden (TUD),
Leipzig, Germany
Hua Shao Underground Space for Storage and Economic Use, Federal Institute
for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
Ashok Kumar Singh Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Feng Sun Department of Water Monitoring Management, Beijing Hydrological
Center, Beijing, China
Yuanyuan Sun Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Cen-
tre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Technische Universit at Dresden (TUD),
Leipzig, Germany
Joshua Taron Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Martin Thullner Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Marc Walther Institute for Groundwater Management, Technische Univer-
sitat Dresden (TUD), Dresden, Germany
Wenqing Wang Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
Norihiro Watanabe Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Technische Universitat Dresden
(TUD), Leipzig, Germany
Yajie Wu College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Mingliang Xie Bereich Endlagersicherheitsforschung Abteilung Prozessanal-
ysen, Gesellschaft f ur Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH, Braun-
schweig, Germany
Wenjie Xu Underground Space for Storage and Economic Use, Federal Insti-
tute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
Bjorn Zehner Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany