COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVE

Labels: Adjective
As you know adjectives are used to describe the nouns and here I wish to show you that
they are also used to compare two or more different objects while describing them. Here
are two rules for use in such comparison:
1. Positive, Comparative & Superlative
The Positive is used when speaking of or describing an object, eg. short, big.
The Comparative is used when comparing two objects and is formed by adding -
er to the Positive, e.g. shorter, bigger.
The Superlative is used when speaking of more than two objects and is formed by
adding -est to the Positive e.g. shortest, biggest.

Positive Comparative Superlative
big bigger biggest
far farther farthest
fast faster fastest
gay gayer gayest
great greater greatest
high higher highest
late later latest
long longer longest
old older oldest
small smaller smallest
smart smarter smartest
tall taller tallest
thin thinner thinnest

The following are exceptions to the rule which you will have to learn by heart.
Positive Comparative Superlative
bad worse worst
good better best
little less least
many more most
much more most

Examples:
Peter is shorter than his brother by almost a head.
He is the least surprised over the news compared to the others.
I am older than you by 5 years.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
2. Using More & Most for adjectives with two or more syllables
Generally for adjectives of two or more syllables more is used comparatively, and
most is used superlatively, e.g. careful, more careful, most careful.
Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
brilliant more brilliant most brilliant
cautious more cautious most cautious
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
generous more generous most generous
gracious more gracious most gracious
handsome more handsome most handsome
ignorant more ignorant most ignorant

Examples:
This sofa is the most comfortable among all displayed in the showroom.
Sally is more beautiful now compared to herself before the makeover.
Kelly is the most brilliant kid in the whole classroom.
Uncle Sam is the most generous among the members of this big family.























Conjunctions
Labels: Conjunction
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What are Conjunctions?
Conjunctions are words used to link words, phrases and clauses to make them into a
more meaningful sentence. For examples:-
Abdul is singing while taking a shower.
Are buses and taxis considered public transportation?
I can meet you before you leave.
There are 3 categories of conjunction:-
1. Coordinating Conjunctions ~~ and, but, or, nor, for, so , yet ~~ You
use coordinating conjunction to join individual words, phrases and independent
clauses. Please note that but and for can be used as prepositions.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions ~~ after, although, as, because, before,
how, if, once, since, then, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether,
while ~~ A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause showing the
relationship between the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).
3. Correlative Conjunctions ~~ bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not
onlybut also, soas, whetheror ~~ Correlative conjunctions always
appear in pairs. They are used to link relevant in a sentence. Technically
correlative conjunctions consist simply of a coordinating conjunction linked to an
adjective or an adverb.








Adverbs
Labels: Adverbs
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An Adverb is a word which modifies or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
Adverbs may be divided, according to their use, into the following classes:-

TIME before, now, since, then, already, soon, seldom
Example:- We have met before
PLACE here, there, everywhere, nowhere.
Example:- They came hereyesterday.
MANNER badly, easily, slowly, well.
Example:- The tall boy woneasily.
DEGREE almost, much, only, quite, very, rather
Example:- The old lady walked very slowly.
NUMBER once, twice.
Example:- They ran twice round the playground.
QUESTIONING where, when, how.
Example:- When did you see him?
AFFIRMATION and NEGATION yes, certainly, no, not
Example:- She can certainly swim.
I have not read the book
(Many adverbs are often used as connecting words and therefore become
conjunctions.)
NOTE The majority of Adverbs are formed from corresponding Adjectives by
adding ly, e.g. quickly, bravely, seriously, happily, clearly, slowly, quietly, angrily,
fatally, suitably.



Examples:
Dinner will soon be ready. (time)
There lay the object of our search. (place)
The man walked slowly across the field. (manner)
The apples were quite good. (degree)
I once saw an eagle kill a rabbit. (number)
Where did you find that knife? (questioning)
He can certainly boast about his adventures. (affirmation)
We did not go to the concert. (negation)

















































Articles
Labels: Articles
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An article is a word that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being
made by the noun. There are only 3 articles in the English Language in two categories;
the definite article (the) and the indefinite article (a, an).


Definite article (the)
A definite article (the) is used before singular and plural nouns that refer to a particular
member of a group.
The cows are in the field.

Indefinite article (a, an)
An indefinite article(a, an) is used before singular nouns that refer to any member of a
group. An is used when the next word begins with a vowel or a silent (unpronounced) h,
as in an animal or an hour.
A cow is an animal.

Partitive article (some, any)
A partitive article indicates an indefinite quantity of a mass noun; there is no partitive
article in English, though the words some or any often have that function.
Do have some fun with any of these toys.

Zero article
A zero article is the absence of an article; for example, in indefinite plural:
Cows and dogs are animals.
for example, in definite proper noun
I am climbing Mount Everest
as opposed to
I am climbing the highest mountain

In informal writing, such as notes or appointments , the definite article and some other
particles are often omitted, for example, Must pick up clothes from laundrette today.





DON'T BE AFRAID OF GRAMMAR
Labels: Don't Be Afraid
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Grammar is for communication
Sometimes students get obsessed with grammar. This is especially true for students
who grew up with strict grammar schooling. Remember that you only study grammar in
order to communicate. Practise with a few exercises, then write an essay or have a
conversation and try to use your new tools.
Isolate your weak points
Don't waste time on grammar exercises that you already understand just because they
are easier for you. Concentrate on grammar that is difficult for you. If you are unsure of
where your problems are, write a few short essays or paragraphs and ask a teacher to
circle repeated errors. Then you can look up your problem and practise it.
Teach grammar points to a friend
Find a friend who studies at a lower level than you. Teaching will force you to remember
the rules and to understand them properly. Try preparing a worksheet for your friend.



































Countable Nouns vs Uncountable Nouns
Labels: Nouns
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UnCountable Nouns
A countable noun is the name of anything that we can count in both the singular and
plural forms. The opposite of countable noun is the uncountable noun and the collective
nouns.
For example: The boys helped to keep the toysafter playing
Uncountable Nouns

An uncountable noun also called the mass noun is a noun that does not have a plural
form which you could not count. An uncountable noun always take a singular verb (is,
was) in a sentence. Uncountable nouns are similar to collective nouns and are the
opposite of countable noun.
For example: The air is fresh and the sand is pearly white. (since air and sand are
uncountable, is (verb) is used even if we are refering to abundant of air and plenty of
sand.
Note: Both countable and uncountable nouns are concrete nouns.
Nouns that can be made countable and uncountable
I borrowed this from a website for its clear explanation
Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of
meaning.
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
There are two hairs in my
coffee!
I dont have much hair.
There are two lights in our
bedroom.
Close the curtain. Theres too
much light!
Shhhhh! I thought I heard a
noise.
Its difficult to work when
there is too much noise.
Have you got a paper to read?
(= newspaper)
I want to draw a picture. Have
you got some paper?
Our house has seven rooms.
Is there room for me to sit
here?
We had a great time at the Have you got time for a
party. coffee?
Macbeth is one of
Shakespeares greatest works.
I have no money. I need work!

Note: Drinks are uncountable but if we wish to order a cup of coffee or 2 glasses of
orange juice we can say one coffee and two orange juice please.










































Pronouns - Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative, Indefinite
Labels: Pronouns
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In addition to the commonly used and known Personal Pronouns, there are 4 more
categories of pronouns which we can use to demonstrate, to interrogate, to relate and in
indefinite form. They are as follows:-

1. Demonstrative Pronouns (this, these, that, those)
A demonstrative pronoun identifies a noun or a pronoun.
this, that - will identify noun or pronoun in singular form.
these, those - will identify noun or pronoun in plural form.
this, these - to refer to objects that are nearby.
that, those - to refer to objects that are farther away.
e.g. This is good but that is not suitable/These are good but thoseare not suitable.
2. Interrogative Pronouns
(who, whom, which, what)
(whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever) - compounds formed with suffix
ever
An interrogative pronoun is used for asking questions, or to inquire.
who, whom and sometimes which are used to refer to people
e.g.
Whom did you speak to about our problems?
Which boy did you give the chocolates to?
Who is taking the blame?
3. Relative Pronouns
(who, whom, that, which)
(whoever, whomever, whichever) - compounds
A relative pronoun is used to link one phrase/clause to another.
e.g.
There are 25 children in the class of which one will be awarded for best student.
Of the 25 children who do you think will win?
4. Indefinite Pronouns
all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone,
everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone.
An indefinite pronoun refers to a person or thing which is identifiable but not specific.
They conveys the idea of all, any, none, some.
e.g.
Some of them will be going home.
All of us are astounded by the news.
None did it because everyone thought someone will and at the end nobody did.

Tenses - The 12 Basic Tenses
Labels: Tenses
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1. The Past Simple Tense
When your wish to say that something happened, took place, or was finished at some time in the
past, you should use the Past Simple Tense.
I spoke We spoke
You spoke You spoke

He/She/It spoke They spoke
I travelled to Europe last year
I read an interesting book yesterday.
We spent last summer at the seaside.
We met at the cinema two days ago.
He fell off his horse last Monday.
When you wish to say that something happened that it was a persons habit to do something
again and again in the past, you should use either the Past SimpleTense or the words used to (do
something).
When I was a boy I studied hard. OR When I was a boy I used to study hard. OR

When I was a boy it was my habit to study hard.
Years ago men believed that the earth is flat. OR Years ago men used to believethat the earth was
flat. OR Years ago it was the habit of men to believe that the earth was flat.

2. The Present Simple Tense
When you wish to say that the person does a thing always, sometimes, often, everyday, every
week, usually etc, you should use the Present Simple Tense.
I go We go
You go You go
He/She/It goes They go
I go to school every morning. (It is my habit to go to school every morning.)
I eat my dinner every night at eight oclock. (It is my habit to eat my dinner at eight oclock
every night.)
Men wear light suits in summer.
My father works in an office.
I always wake up early in the morning.
Lazy boys usually fail in their examinations.

3. The Future Simple Tense
When you wish to say that something is going to happen, take place, or finish at some time in the
future, you should use the Simple Future Tense.

I shall go We shall go
You will go You will go
He/She/It will go They will go
He will return next week.
We shall finish our work in half an hour.
Our examination will begin next month.
I shall give you what I owe you in a day or two.
Will you go with me to the cinema tomorrow?
4. The Past Continuous Tense
The Past Continuous Tense is used when we wish to speak of an action which isunfinished at
some time in the past.
I was speaking We were speaking

You were speaking You were speaking

He/She/It was speaking They were speaking

I was writing a letter when he entered the room.
The boys were making a noise as I was coming up the steps.
She was reading a book when the boy behind her kicked her.
While we were travelling to school yesterday, I saw an accident.
He jumped off the train while it was moving.
5. The Present Continuous Tense
When you wish to say that something is happening now or at this moment, you should use
the Present Continuous Tense.

I am writing We are writing
You are writing You are writing
He/She/It is writing They are writing
It is raining (now).
(It is raining at this moment.)
The sun is shining (now).
The sun is setting (now).
My father is writing a letter (now).
6. The Future Continuous Tense
Just as the Present Continuous Tense is used as a definite immediate future, so the Future
Continuous is used as a definite but not-so- immediate future.

I shall be seeing We shall be seeing
You will be seeing You will be seeing
He/She/It will be seeing They will be seeing
I shall be seeing you next week to discuss further.
My mother will be seeing the doctor next Friday.
The girls will be playing basket ball next Sunday.
We shall be starting our third semester in September.
He will be coming home for good by the end of this year.
7. The Past Perfect Tense
I had seen We had seen
You had seen You had seen
He/She/It had seen They had seen
Look at this sentence:-

After he had broken the window he ran away.
In this sentence there are two actions in the Past:-
(a) The action of breaking
(b) The action of running away
The action of breaking took place before the action of running away, and we therefore show this by
putting the action that took place first in the Past Perfect Tense
8. The Present Perfect Tense
I have seen We have seen
You have seen You have seen
He/She/It has seen They have seen
Look at the following sentences:-

I have turned on the light
This means that I turned on the light some time ago and that it is still on. One result, therefore, of my
past action is that the light is on at the present moment. Another result is that you may read a book, if
you wish or do anything else, since the room is no longer in darkness.
I have opened the window.
This means that I opened the window at some time in the past and that it is still open. As
a result of my past action, the window is open now. Also, fresh air can now come into the
room through the open window.
9. The Future Perfect Tense
I shall have written We shall have written
You will have written You will have written
He/She/It will have written They will have written
Look at this sentence:-

I shall have read this book by six oclock tonight.
This means that I have not yet read this book, but at six oclock tonight, that is, at a time
in the future, the reading of the book will be past.
10. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
I had been working We had been working
You had been working You had been working
He/She/It had been working They had been working
The past perfect continuous tense is quite like the past perfect tense except it
expresses longer actions in the past before another action in the past.
Look at the following examples:-
The nurse was very exhausted as she had been working a 20-hour shift.
It was past her bedtime. She had been waiting to get home since 10 oclock.
My muscles ached after yesterdays jog. I had not been running for a while now.
11. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
I have been sitting We have been sitting
You have been sitting You have been sitting
He/She/It has been sitting They have been sitting
When you are using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense in speaking or informal
writing you may contract the subject and the first auxiliary verb:-
For example: Ive, Weve, Youve, Hes, Shes, Its, Theyve or Tonys.

Ive been sitting and reading for nearly 5 hours now.
Theyve been working since dawn.
There are 2 uses for the present perfect continuous tense and are usually used in
connection to the present and now or an action that started in the past and is still
continuing now.
a. An action which has just recently stopped
I am sleepy (now) because I have been waking up early these few days.
The dog needs some water as it has been running.
I am feeling tired. I have been working very hard lately.
b. An action continue till now
I have been waiting for him since this morning. ( I am still waiting)
She has been studying for her exam since 6 am (She is still studying now)
Peter has been crying for his mother since last night (he is still crying now)
(Note here that we always use for and since in the present perfect continuous
tense when we use it for (b) the action to continue till now)

12. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

I will have been playing We will have been playing
You will have been playing You will have been playing
He/She/It will have been playing They will have been playing
When you are using the Future Perfect Continuous Tense in speaking or informal
writing you may contract the subject and the first auxiliary verb:-

For example: Ill, Well, Youll, Hell, Shell, Itll, Theyll
We usually use the future perfect continuous tense for long action before some time in
the future. And this tense is used to:
Determine how long the action will be in progress in the future
Show the length of time the action will be in the future
State the results of the action in the future
Indicate a continuous action at a stated point and continue into the future
Identify 2 future actions, one after another
Some examples of the future perfect continuous tense are:
We will have been staying in this house for 3 years by end of December.
By next year, my daughter will have been studying 4 years in the University.
In two minutes, we will have been waiting one hour for the bus.
Michael will have been working for 5 years next May.
The bus driver will have been transporting my children for 2 years end of this
month.
The children will be tired as they will have been traveling for over 10 hours.
My husband will have been working in China 8 years this February.









Main Verbs (Lexical Verbs)
Labels: Verbs
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What is Main Verb?
The main verb, also known aslexical verb, is a verb that has meaning on its own. You
can understand what is said when someone just mention any main verb on its own. The
main verb can be the only verb in a sentence. And main verb can also be used with one
or more helping verbs.

There are thousands of main verbs and we can further break them down into the
following classifications:
Transitive, Intransitive and Ditransitive Verbs
Linking Verbs
Dynamic and Static Verbs
Regular and Irregular Verbs
All the above categories are often mixed. A verb could be irregular, transitive and
dynamic; others could be regular, transitive and stative.

Transitive, Intransitive and Ditransitive Verbs
The difference between a transitive verb and an intransitive verb is thattransitive
verb has an object in the sentence while an intransitive verb does not. A transitive
verb is an action verb and it requires a direct object to ensure the sentence makes
more sense. The action of the verb is therefore transferred directly to the object.
In order to determine whether a verb is transitive, you need to ask whether the
action of the subject is done to someone or something. If someone or something is
receiving the action of the verb, then this sentence contains a transitive verb. The
person or thing that is receiving the action is the object.
VALENCY
The number of arguments that a verb takes is called its valency orvalence. Verbs can be
classified according to their valency:
Intransitive (valency = 1): the verb only has a subject.
Transitive (valency = 2): the verb has a subject and a direct object.
Ditransitive (valency = 3): the verb has a subject, a direct object and
an indirect or secondary object.
It is possible to have verbs with zero valency. Impersonal verbs like the weather take
neither subject nor object (eg. It rains, it snows). English verbs are often flexible with
regard to valency. A transitive verb can often drop its object and become intransitive; or
an intransitive verb can be added an object and become transitive. For example:-
He provides. (intransitive)
He provides food. (transitive)
He provides food to the homeless. (ditransitive)
First example: the verb provides, in an abstract waydescribes the idea of
providing; the verb provides only has asubject he.
Second example: shows that food is being provided; the verbprovides here has
a subject he and a direct object food.
In the third: both the gift and the recipient are mentioned; theverb provides has
a subject he, a direct object food and an indirect (secondary) object homeless.

Regular and Irregular Verbs
This is easy as I think universally all of us have learned irregular verbs by heart. We
chant them like our daily prayers and we memorized them. They are imprinted in our
brain.
The difference between regular and irregular verbs is in their endings for the past tense
and past participle forms.

Regular verbs the past tense ending and past participle ending is always the same.
An ed is added to the base verb (present tense).
Present tense, past tense, past participle
open, opened, opened
work, worked, worked
(verbs ending in y to drop the y and add -ied and verbs ending in e to add -d)
cry, cried, cried
try, tried, tried
lie, lied, lied
tie, tied, tied
Irregular verbs the past tense ending and past participle ending is variable. These are
the verbs that we learned by heart. Here is a list of verb forms (present tense, past tense
& past participle) I have compiled for your easy reference, study and practice. You will
be able to add on to the list as you go along.
PARTS OF THE VERB (Irregular verbs)
Present tense, past tense, past participle
am was been
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awakened
be was/were been
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
grow grew grown
go went gone
has/have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
shake shook shaken
shine shone/shined shone/shined
shrink shrank shrunk
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stink stank stunk
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke/waked woken/waked
wear wore worn

Linking verbs
Linking verbs does not have much meaning on its own and must be followed by a
complement in a complete sentence. The function of a linking verb is to link a subject to
a complement, in other words, it links the subject to what is said about the subject.
Usually, a linking verb shows equality or a change to a different state. It does not have
an action as oppose to transitive (action) verbs. Linking verbs are always intransitive but
not all intransitive verbs are linking verbs.
Shows equality
The idea sounds workable (idea=workable)
The food tastes delicious (food=delicious)
The dog is a thoroughbred (dog=thoroughbred)
Notice that the linking verbs (sound, tastes, is) link the subject (idea, food, dog) to the
complement (workable, delicious, thoroughbred) showing equality.
Shows change of state
Sally is distracted (Sally > distracted)
The weather looks threatening (weather > threatening)
Tom seems preoccupied (Tom > preoccupied)
The linking verbs here (is, looks, seems) link the subject (Sally, weather, Tom) to the
complement (distracted, threatening, preoccupied) showing a change of state.
The following sentences show that the linking verbs may also connect the subject to a
noun, a pronoun, an adjective or may answer what as a direct object similar to
transitive verbs, but does not provide an action:
Mary is the President of the Club (President=noun)
Those shoes look like mine (mine=pronoun)
The cake tastes good (good=adjective)
Chinas economy is the fastest growing in the world (answer to what)
Some verbs are always linking verbs because they never describe an action. Other
verbs can be linking verbs in some sentences and action verbs in other sentences,
depending on their functions.
These 3 verbs are always linking verbs:-
to be (is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, is being, are
being, was being, were being, will have been, etc)
to become (become, becomes, became, has become, have become, had
become, will become, will have become, etc
to seem (seemed, seeming, seems, has seemed, have seemed, had seemed, is
seeming, are seeming, was seeming, were seeming, will seem)
The verb BE:
The main function in English is the verb be. It is sometimes referred to as the copula.
All the forms of be can be used as a linking verb. Be is the main verb of the sentence,
rather than the auxiliary.
Other linking verbs are:
Current linking verbs: appear, be, feel, lie, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, sit,
taste
Resulting linking verbs: become, get, grow, fall, prove, run, turn
Both action and linking verbs: look, smell, appear, prove, sound, feel, remain, taste,
grow
For examples:
The victim looks badly beaten >>> She looks for her purse
Her perfume smells refreshing >>> The dogs smell for clues
Johnny appears torn >>> She only appeared after an hours delay

Dynamic & Static Verbs
Dynamic verbs describe action and can be used with continuous tense while Static
verbs refer to a state or condition (non-action) and will remain in the simple tense and
cannot normally change to continuous tense unless there is a change in the meaning.
Dynamic Verbs

Peter and Jane are walking to the park
They walk everyday
It is their habit to go walking daily
They walked yesterday and they will walk again tomorrow
They were walking this morning and had walked their target of 1 kilometer
You will notice from the above examples, that dynamic verbs can be used in simple
and perfect tense forms (walk, walked, have walked, had walked) and the continuous or
progressive forms (are walking, were walking, have been walking, had been walking).
Some examples of dynamic verbs are: eat, run, listen, call, drink, read, jump, play,
watch, talk, grow, sleep, cry, laugh, cook, sew etc.
Static Verbs
Some examples of static verbs are: hate, love, like, see, hear, sound, seem, prefer,
believe, contain, own, belong, mean, consist of, recognize, think (as in having an
opinion), mind (as in care about), have (as in own) etc.
She hates cat.
Edward loves ice cream.
I like Korean movies.
Do you own a car?
The luggage contains clothes only.
She believes in you.
The above sentences show either a perception or a relation to the subject which has no
action. Note that you cannot use static verbs in a continuous tense eg the sentence She
is believing in you is out of context. The word believe is a state, not action therefore it
should stay in the simple tense.
If you say I have a dog, you are describing your relationship to the dog, therefore you
cant say I am having a dog to mean the same. You can however say I am having a
dog to keep me company, here, the meaning of verb having may mean you are
buying or you are taking or you are adopting a dog to keep you company and therefore
has change the meaning to become an action verb.














HOW TO LEARN ENGLISH : SECRET NOTE
Labels: The Secret
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1. MOTIVATION: Become a person who likes to learn English and speak without fear.
The fastest way to learn anything is to do it again and again until you get it right.

2. USE ALL OF YOUR RESOURCES: e.g. DICTIONARY: Get a good English
dictionary. Learn how to use them fully and correctly.

3. NO MISTAKES: Avoid mistakes. Try to use correct English from the beginning.

4. PRONUNCIATION: Learn to pronounce English sounds. Learn to understand
phonetic transcription and the phonetic alphabet.

5. INPUT: SURROUND Yourself with English : Get English into your head by reading
and listening to lots of English sentences.
Reading
Movies
Adventure games
Listening to radio/music