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THE CELL
1. Which of the following is NOT a membranous organelle? a. Lysosomes b. Peroxisomes c.
Mitochondria d. ibosomes e. !ndo"lasmic reticulum
Answer: d
Lysosomes# "eroxisomes# mitochondria# and endo"lasmic reticulum are all membranous
organelles.
$. Which organelle contains digesti%e en&ymes? a. ough endo"lasmic reticulum b. 'mooth
endo"lasmic reticulum c. Lysosome d. (olgi a""aratus e. Mitochondria
Answer: c
!ndo"lasmic reticulum is a system of tubules. )f there are ribosomes on the tubules# it is
termed *rough endo"lasmic reticulum*. ibosomes "roduce "roteins. When the ribosomes
are attached to endo"lasmic reticulum# the "roteins "roduced by the ribosomes are
ex"orted. )f there are no ribosomes on the endo"lasmic reticulum# it is called *smooth
endo"lasmic reticulum*. The role of smooth endo"lasmic reticulum is li"id metabolism.
Lysosomes are membrane bound sacs of digesti%e en&ymes. They are nic+named *suicide
sacs*. The (olgi a""aratus are stac+s of membranous sacs. Proteins are sorted and
"ac+aged in the (olgi a""aratus. The mitochondria is the site of ,TP "roduction for the
cell. ,TP is the energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria are nic+named# the
*"owerhouse*.
-. Which organelle is considered the "owerhouse of the cell? a. ough endo"lasmic
reticulum b. 'mooth endo"lasmic reticulum c. Lysosome d. (olgi a""aratus e. Mitochondria
Answer: e
!ndo"lasmic reticulum is a system of tubules. )f there are ribosomes on the tubules# it is
termed *rough endo"lasmic reticulum*. ibosomes "roduce "roteins. When the ribosomes
are attached to endo"lasmic reticulum# the "roteins "roduced by the ribosomes are
ex"orted. )f there are no ribosomes on the endo"lasmic reticulum# it is called *smooth
endo"lasmic reticulum*. The role of smooth endo"lasmic reticulum is li"id metabolism.
Lysosomes are membrane bound sacs of digesti%e en&ymes. They are nic+named *suicide
sacs*. The (olgi a""aratus are stac+s of membranous sacs. Proteins are sorted and
"ac+aged in the (olgi a""aratus. The mitochondria is the site of ,TP "roduction for the
cell. ,TP is the energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria are nic+named# the
*"owerhouse*.
.. What structure is at the base of cilia? a. ibosomes b. Peroxisome c. Microfilaments d.
/entrioles e. Nucleoli
Answer: d
The ribosomes are the site of "rotein synthesis. Peroxisomes contain en&ymes for
detoxification. One of the en&ymes within "eroxisomes is catalase. /atalase is in%ol%ed in
the brea+down of hydrogen "eroxide. Microfilaments are made of actin. They form the
cells cytos+eleton. /entrioles are com"osed of microtubules. /entrioles are at the base of
cilia and flagella. They are also in%ol%ed with cell di%ision. ibosomes are assembled in the
nucleoli. The nucleolus is a s"herical area within the cell nucleus.
0. Which of the following is NOT considered an inclusion? a. Pigment b. (lycogen c. Li"id d.
'ecretory granules e. Mitochondria
Answer: e
Mitochondria is an organelle. Pigment# glycogen# li"id# and secretory granules are all
considered inclusions. Organelles "erform an acti%ity1 they ha%e a 2ob1 they re3uire energy.
)nclusions are for storage. )nclusions do not "erform an energy re3uiring 2ob.
4. /ollecti%ely# what is the cyto"lasm and nucleus called? a. Plasmalemma b. (lycocalyx c.
Proto"lasm d. /ristae e. (round substance
Answer: c
The cell boundary is defined by the cell membrane or "lasmalemma. (lycocalyx is a
"olysacchride that can be found on the outer surface of the cell membranes. /ollecti%ely#
the cyto"lasm and nucleus form the "roto"lasm of a cell. The folds on the inner
mitochodrial membrane are called cristae. The cyto"lasm that surrounds organelles is the
cyto"lasmic ground substance or cytosol.
5. 6ow thic+ is the "lasma membrane? a. 7819 angstroms b. 7819 nanometers c. 7819
micrometers d. 7819 millimeters e. None of the abo%e
Answer: b
The "lasma membrane is 7819 nanometers thic+.
7. What is the term for the general "rocess that cells us to ex"unge material from the
cell? a. !ndocytosis b. !xocytosis c. Pinocytosis d. Phagocytosis e. ,cti%e trans"ort
Answer: b
!ndotyosis is the term for the "rocess cells use to ha%e substances enter them.
!xoctyosis is the term for the "rocess cells use to remo%e substances. Phagocytosis is
*cell eating* and is used for the trans"ort of "articulate matter. Pinocytosis is *cell
drin+ing*. ,cti%e trans"ort is a method which re3uires energy.
:. Which organelle sorts and "ac+ages "roteins within a cell? a. ough endo"lasmic
reticulum b. 'mooth endo"lasmic reticulum c. Lysosome d. (olgi a""aratus e. Mitochondria
Answer: d
!ndo"lasmic reticulum is a system of tubules. )f there are ribosomes on the tubules# it is
termed *rough endo"lasmic reticulum*. ibosomes "roduce "roteins. When the ribosomes
are attached to endo"lasmic reticulum# the "roteins "roduced by the ribosomes are
ex"orted. )f there are no ribosomes on the endo"lasmic reticulum# it is called *smooth
endo"lasmic reticulum*. The role of smooth endo"lasmic reticulum is li"id metabolism.
Lysosomes are membrane bound sacs of digesti%e en&ymes. They are nic+named *suicide
sacs*. The (olgi a""aratus are stac+s of membranous sacs. Proteins are sorted and
"ac+aged in the (olgi a""aratus. The mitochondria is the site of ,TP "roduction for the
cell. ,TP is the energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria are nic+named# the
*"owerhouse*.

19. Which of the following is NOT a membranous organelle? a. Lysosomes b. ;ilaments c.
Peroxisomes d. Mitochondria e. !ndo"lasmic reticulum
Answer: b
Lysosomes# "eroxisomes# mitochondria# and endo"lasmic reticulum are all membranous
organelles.

EPITHELIUM TISSUE
1. What ty"e of tissue lines the bladder? a. 'im"le s3uamous e"ithelium b. 'im"le cuboidal
e"ithelium c. 'im"le columnar e"ithelium d. 'tratified s3uamous e"ithelium e. Transitional
e"ithelium
Answer: e
The lining of the bladder is transitional e"ithelium. !"ithelium lines body ca%ities and
surfaces. There are domed sha"ed cells on the a"ical surface.
$. What ty"e of tissue lines most ducts? a. 'im"le s3uamous e"ithelium b. 'im"le cuboidal
e"ithelium c. 'im"le columnar e"ithelium d. 'tratified s3uamous e"ithelium e. Transitional
e"ithelium
Answer: b
The lining of most ducts is sim"le cuboidal e"ithelium. !"ithelium lines body ca%ities and
surfaces. 'im"le cuboidal e"ithelium is *sim"le* because it is one cell thic+. */uboidal*
refers to the sha"e of the cells.
-. What ty"e of e"ithelium is associated with goblet cells? a. 'im"le s3uamous e"ithelium
b. 'im"le cuboidal e"ithelium c. 'im"le columnar e"ithelium d. 'tratified s3uamous
e"ithelium e. Pseudostratified e"ithelium
Answer: c
(oblet cells are associated with sim"le columnar e"ithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
!"ithelium lines body ca%ities and surfaces. 'im"le columnar e"ithelium is *sim"le* because
it is one cell thic+. */olumnar* cells are taller than they are wide and ha%e an o%al nucleus.
..What ty"e of e"ithelial cells are as tall as they are wide? a. 'im"le b. 'tratified c.
'3uamous d. /uboidal e. /olumnar
Answer: d
!"ithelium that is classified by the number of cell layers and the cell sha"e. !"ithelium
that is one cell thic+ is classified as sim"le. !"ithelium that is more than one cell layer
thic+ is classified as stratified. )f the cells are flat# the e"ithelium is termed s3uamous. )f
the cells are as tall as they are wide# it is cuboidal. )f the cells are taller than they are
wide# the e"ithelium is classified as columnar.
0. What do you call the sim"le s3uamous e"ithelium that lines the blood %essels? a.
!"ithelioid tissue b. Mesothelium c. !ndothelium d. Transitional e. Pseudostratified
Answer: c
!"ithelial tissue has cells that are %ery tightly "ac+ed together. There is always a free
surface associated with e"ithelial tissue. )f a tissue is com"osed of a conglomeration of
cells in tightly "ac+ed together# but it does not ha%e a free surface# the tissue is called
e"ithelioid tissue. ,n exam"le of e"ithelioid tissue is the "arenchyma of the adrenal gland.
Mesothelium is sim"le s3uamous e"ithelium that lines the abdominal ca%ity# the "ericardial
ca%ity# and the thoracic ca%ity. !ndothelium is sim"le s3uamous e"ithelium that lines the
%ascular system. Transitional e"ithelium is seen in the urinary tract. Transitional
e"ithelium has dome sha"ed cells on the a"ical surface. Pseudostratified e"ithelium is a
ty"e of e"ithelium that has cells which all touch the basement membrane. Pseudostratified
e"ithelium is only one cell layer thic+. Pseudostratified e"ithelium a""ears stratified# but
it is not really stratified. Thus the name. The "refix *"seudo* means false# such as
"seudonym or "seudo8science.
4. What cell ty"e ma+es u" the mucosa of the gallbladder? a. 'im"le s3uamous e"ithelium
b. 'im"le cuboidal e"ithelium c. 'im"le columnar e"ithelium d. 'tratified s3uamous
e"ithelium e. Transitional e"ithelium
Answer: c
The mucosa of the gallbladder is made of sim"le columnar e"ithelium. Note from 'arah
<ellham= The sim"le columnar e"ithelium of the gallbladder is %ery tall>
5.Which of the following is lined by a serosa? a. (enitourinary tract b. Peritoneal ca%ity c.
es"iratory tract d. ,limentary canal e. ,ll of the abo%e are lined by a mucosa
Answer: b
'erosa lines the "eritoneal ca%ity# "ericardial ca%ity and "leural ca%ity. Mucosa lines the
alimentary canal# genitourinary tract and res"iratory tract.
7. What ty"e of gland secretes its "roduct through a duct or tube? a. !ndocrine gland b.
Multicellular gland c. !xocrine gland d. ,ll of the abo%e e. None of the abo%e
Answer: c
,n endocrine gland secretes its "roduct directly into the bloodstream# without a duct or
tube. ,n exocrine gland secretes its "roduct through a duct or tube.
:. What is a gland called if the secretory "ortion is flas+ sha"ed? a. 'im"le gland b.
/om"ound gland c. Tubular d. ,l%eolar e. Tubuloal%eolar
Answer: d
, sim"le gland has an unbranched duct. , com"ound gland has a branched duct. )f the
secretory "ortion of a gland is tube sha"ed# it is called *tubular*. )f the secretory "ortion
of a gland is flas+ sha"ed# it is called *al%eolar* or *acinar*. )f the secretory "ortion of a
gland is a tube sha"ed but at the terminus is flas+ sha"ed# it is called *tubuloal%eolar*.
19. What forms the brush border? a. Micro%illi b. 'tereocilia c. /ilia d. ?eratini&ation e.
<oth a and b

Answer: a
Micro%illi are the finger li+e "ro2ections seen on the surface of some cells. The a""earance
of micro%illi form what is also called the brush border or striated border. 'tereocilia are
%ery long micro%illi. 'tereocilia are seen in the e"ididymis and the hair cells of the ear.
/ilia is the hair li+e surface modification seen on some e"ithelia. /ilia are made of
microtubules. ?eratini&ation is seen in the e"idermis. /ells in the stratum corneum are
essentially 2ust bags of +eratin.
/ONN!/T)@! T)''A! 1. Which of the following is NOT "rimarily com"osed of connecti%e
tissue? a. <lood b. <one c. Tendon d. )nter%ertebral disc e. Myometrium
Answer: e
Of the four basic tissue ty"es Be"ithelium# connecti%e tissue# muscle and ner%ous tissueC#
connecti%e tissue is the most di%erse. <lood# bone# tendon# and inter%ertebral discs are all
com"osed of connecti%e tissue. The myometrium is the muscular layer of the uterus. Thus#
the myometrium is com"osed of muscle tissue.
$. Which of the following is NOT a fiber found in connecti%e tissue? a. /ollagen fiber b.
!lastic fiber c. eticular fiber d. Pur+in2e fiber e. ,ll of the abo%e are fibers found in
connecti%e tissue
Answer: d
There are three ty"es of fibers found in connecti%e tissue= collagen fibers# elastic fibers#
and reticular fibers. /ollagen fibers are the most abundant fiber ty"e in connecti%e
tissue. Pur+in2e fibers are seen in the heart. Pur+in2e fibers are s"eciali&ed muscle fibers.
-. Which connecti%e tissue cell ty"e contains "ro"erties of smooth muscle cells? a.
;ibroblast b. Myofibroblast c. 6istiocyte d. Plasma cell e. Mast cell
Answer: b
Myofibroblasts contain "ro"erties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.
;ibroblasts# histiocytes# "lasma cells# and mast cells are routinely seen in loose connecti%e
tissue. ;ibroblasts "roduce collagen. The fibroblast also "roduces the ground substance in
connecti%e tissue. Myofibroblasts contain "ro"erties of both fibroblasts and smooth
muscle cells. The histiocyte is a connecti%e tissue macro"hage. Plasma cells are deri%ed
from < lym"hocytes. Mast cells secrete histamine. Mast cells also secrete he"arin# ''8,
Bslow reacting substance of ana"hylaxis# !/;8, Beosino"hilic chemotactic factor of
ana"hylaxis.
.. Which cell is a connecti%e tissue macro"hage? a. ?u"ffer cells b. 6istiocyte c. Dust cell
d. Langerhans cell e. Microglia
Answer: b
Macro"hages are mononuclear "hagocytes. Many tissues ha%e resident BfixedC
macro"hages. ;ixed macro"hages are gi%en a uni3ue name# de"ending on the tissue that
they are located in. ?u"ffer cells are the he"atic macro"hages. 6istiocytes are
macro"hages seen in connecti%e tissue. Dust cells are al%eolar macro"hage found in the
res"iratory tract. Langerhans cells are macro"hages seen in the s+in. Microglia are the
central ner%ous system macro"hages.
0. Which of the following can be classified as *s"eciali&ed connecti%e tissue*? a.
Mesenchyme b. Mucous connecti%e tissue c. Dense connecti%e tissue d. <lood e. Loose
connecti%e tissue
Answer: d
/onnecti%e tissue can be sub8classified into connecti%e tissue "ro"er# s"eciali&ed
connecti%e tissue and embryonic connecti%e tissue. /onnecti%e tissue "ro"er consists of
loose irregular connecti%e tissue and dense connecti%e tissue Bregular and irregularC.
'"eciali&ed connecti%e tissue includes cartilage# bone# adi"ose tissue# blood and
hemo"oietic tissue# and lym"hatic tissue. !mbryonic connecti%e tissue includes
mesenchyme and mucous connecti%e tissue.
4. Which of the following can be classified as *embryonic connecti%e tissue*? a. /artilage
b. Mucous connecti%e tissue d. ,di"ose tissue d. <one e. <lood
Answer: b
/onnecti%e tissue can be sub8classified into connecti%e tissue "ro"er# s"eciali&ed
connecti%e tissue and embryonic connecti%e tissue. /onnecti%e tissue "ro"er consists of
loose irregular connecti%e tissue and dense connecti%e tissue Bregular and irregularC.
'"eciali&ed connecti%e tissue includes cartilage# bone# adi"ose tissue# blood and
hemo"oietic tissue# and lym"hatic tissue. !mbryonic connecti%e tissue includes
mesenchyme and mucous connecti%e tissue.
5. What ty"e of tissue ma+es u" the dermis of the s+in? a. Mucous connecti%e tissue b.
Mesenchyme c. Loose irregular connecti%e tissue d. Dense irregular connecti%e tissue e.
Dense regular connecti%e tissue
Answer: d
Mesenchyme is embryonic connecti%e tissue. )t is an undifferentiated tissue found in the
embryo. Mucous connecti%e tissue is a ty"e of embryonic connecti%e tissue1 it is a subset
of mesenchyme. WhartonEs 2elly is mucous connecti%e tissue. Loose irregular connecti%e
tissue is areolar tissue. Dense irregular connecti%e tissue is seen in the dermis. Dense
regular connecti%e tissue com"rises tendons and ligaments.
7. What ty"e of adi"ose tissue tends to increase as humans age? a. <rown adi"ose tissue b.
White adi"ose tissue c. Anilocular adi"ose tissue d. Multilocular adi"ose tissue e. <oth b
and c
Answer: e
<rown adi"ose tissue is multilocular adi"ose tissue. This is "resent during fetal
de%elo"ment and then decreases after birth. White adi"ose tissue is unilocular adi"ose
tissue. This ty"e of tissue "ersists into adulthood.
:. Which of the following would be best suited to differentiate collagen fibers from other
fibers? a. WrightEs stain b. 6ematoxylin and eosin stain c. 'udan stain d. 'il%er
im"regnation

e. MassonEs trichrome stain
Answer: e
, "eri"heral blood smear would be best %isuali&ed with WrightEs stain. 6ematoxylin and
eosin stain is the most commonly used tissue stain for routine histological examination.
Li"ids are best dis"layed with a sudan stain. 'il%er im"regnation# such as with a reticular
stain# can be used to %isuali&e reticular fibers. /ollagen fibers can be differentiated from
other fibers by staining with MassonEs trichrome stain.
MA'/L! T)''A! 1. What is the connecti%e tissue co%ering of a muscle fascicle? a.
'arcolemma b. !ndomysium c. !"imysium d. 'arco"lasm e. Perimysium
Answer: e
The outer connecti%e tissue co%ering of a muscle is the e"imysium. Within the muscle#
there are subdi%isions called fascicles. The "erimysium surrounds these muscle fascicles.
The endomysium is the co%ering around an indi%idual muscle fiber. The sarcolemma is the
"lasma membrane of a muscle cell. The sarco"lasm is the cyto"lasm of a muscle cell.
$. What is actin? a. Myofilament b. Myosin c. Muscle fibers d. Myofibrils e. Myocardium
Answer: a
Myofilaments are the contractile "rotein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin
and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thic+ filaments are myosin. The muscle
cell is a muscle fiber. The term *muscle cell* and *muscle fiber* are synonymous. ,
myofibril is a longitudinal bundle of myofilaments within a muscle cell. Myocardium is the
muscular layer of the heart. Thus# the myocardium is com"osed of cardiac muscle.
-. Which of the following is com"osed of smooth muscle? a. A""er eso"hagus b. 6eart c.
Tongue d. <ice"s muscle e. Walls of the %isceral organs
Answer: e
There are two chief categories of muscle= striated and non striated muscle Bsmooth
muscleC. 'triated muscle can be sub8categori&ed into cardiac muscle and s+eletal muscle.
The tongue# bice"s muscle# and u""er eso"hagus are made of striated muscle. The heart is
com"osed of cardiac muscle. Non striated muscle is also called smooth muscle. 'mooth
muscle is in%oluntary muscle. )t is found in %iscera and blood %essels.
.. What is a rece"tor in muscle? a. Motor unit b. Motor neuron c. Motor end "late d.
Neuromuscular s"indle e. Neurotransmitter
Answer: d
, single motor neuron and the aggregation of muscle fibers inner%ated by that single
neuron is called the motor unit. , motor neuron is a neuron which inner%ates a muscle cell.
The "oint of contact where a neuron contacts a muscle is the motor end "late. ,
neuromuscular s"indle is a rece"tor which is sensiti%e to stretching of the muscle. ,
neurotransmitter is the chemical released by a ner%e at a syna"se.
0. Which fiber ty"e is larger in diameter? a. ed fibers b. White fibers c. )ntermediate
fibers d. ,ll of the abo%e e. None of the abo%e
Answer: b
'+eletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers# white fibers or intermediate fibers.
ed fibers are smaller in diameter1 white fibers are larger in diameter. ed fibers ha%e
more mitochondria than white fibers. ed fibers ma+e u" slow8twitch muscle1 white fibers
ma+e u" fast8twitch muscle. ed fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white
fibers. ed fibers ha%e more myoglobin Boxygen binding "igmentC than white fibers. White
fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism. ed fiber and slow twitch muscle is
for endurance. White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of "ower. ed fiber and
slow twitch muscle is for endurance. White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of
"ower.
4. Which fiber ty"e is ma+e u" fast8twitch muscle? a. ed fibers b. White fibers c.
)ntermediate fibers d. ,ll of the abo%e e. None of the abo%e
Answer: b
'+eletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers# white fibers or intermediate fibers.
ed fibers are smaller in diameter1 white fibers are larger in diameter. ed fibers ha%e
more mitochondria than white fibers. ed fibers ma+e u" slow8twitch muscle1 white fibers
ma+e u" fast8twitch muscle. ed fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white
fibers. ed fibers ha%e more myoglobin Boxygen binding "igmentC than white fibers. White
fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism. ed fiber and slow twitch muscle is
for endurance. White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of "ower.
5. Which fiber ty"e has more myoglobin? a. ed fibers b. White fibers c. )ntermediate
fibers d. ,ll of the abo%e e. None of the abo%e
Answer: a
'+eletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers# white fibers or intermediate fibers.
ed fibers are smaller in diameter1 white fibers are larger in diameter. ed fibers ha%e
more mitochondria than white fibers. ed fibers ma+e u" slow8twitch muscle1 white fibers
ma+e u" fast8twitch muscle. ed fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white
fibers. ed fibers ha%e more myoglobin Boxygen binding "igmentC than white fibers. White
fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism. ed fiber and slow twitch muscle is
for endurance. White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of "ower.
7. Which fiber ty"e gets its energy "rimarily from glycogen? a. ed fibers b. White fibers
c. )ntermediate fibers d. ,ll of the abo%e e. None of the abo%e
Answer: b
'+eletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers# white fibers or intermediate fibers.
ed fibers are smaller in diameter1 white fibers are larger in diameter. ed fibers ha%e
more mitochondria than white fibers. ed fibers ma+e u" slow8twitch muscle1 white fibers
ma+e u" fast8twitch muscle. ed fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white
fibers. ed fibers ha%e more myoglobin Boxygen binding "igmentC than white fibers. White
fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism. ed fiber and slow twitch muscle is
for endurance. White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of "ower.

:. Which fiber ty"e is seen in s+eletal muscle? a. ed fibers b. White fibers c.
)ntermediate fibers d. ,ll of the abo%e e. None of the abo%e
Answer: d
'+eletal muscle fibers can be classified as red fibers# white fibers or intermediate fibers.
ed fibers are smaller in diameter1 white fibers are larger in diameter. ed fibers ha%e
more mitochondria than white fibers. ed fibers ma+e u" slow8twitch muscle1 white fibers
ma+e u" fast8twitch muscle. ed fibers are more resistant to fatigue than are white
fibers. ed fibers ha%e more myoglobin Boxygen binding "igmentC than white fibers. White
fibers store glycogen and use anaerobic metabolism. ed fiber and slow twitch muscle is
for endurance. White fiber and fast twitch muscle is for a burst of "ower.
19. What is line that bisects the dar+ band in muscle? a. , band b. ) band c. F line d. 6 band
e. M line
Answer: d
The , band is the dar+er staining band. The ) band is the light band. The ) band is made
of thin filaments. The F line runs through the ) band. The 6 band bisects the , band. The
M line runs through the 6 band. , sarcomere is the segment that runs from F line to F
line.
NERVOUS TISSUE
1. What are the su""orting cells in the central ner%ous system called? a. 'chwann cells b.
<as+et cells c. (anglion d. Neuroglia e. 'atellite cells
Answer: d
'chwann cells are res"onsible for the myelination of neurons in the "eri"heral ner%ous
system. <as+et cells are a ty"e of neuron seen in the cerebellum. , ganglion is a collection
of ner%e cell bodies outside of the /N'. Neuroglia are the su""orting cells in the central
ner%ous system 'ometimes# neuroglia called glial cells or glia. 'atellite cells are found in
the ganglia of the "eri"heral ner%ous system.
$. Which of the following is an element of the "eri"heral ner%ous system? a. ece"tors b.
<rachial "lexus c. (anglia d. 'ciatic ner%e e. ,ll of the abo%e
Answer: e
The central ner%ous system consists of the brain and s"inal cord. ,ll other ner%ous system
elements are considered to be in the "eri"heral ner%ous system. Thus the "eri"heral
ner%ous system includes rece"tors# the brachial "lexus# the sciatic ner%e# and ganglia.
-. What are most neurons in the body? a. Ani"olar b. Pseudouni"olar c. <i"olar d. Multi"olar
e. <oth a and b
Answer: d
Most neurons in the body Bo%er ::GC are multi"olar. Neurons can be classified based on
the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. , uni"olar neuron has
one "rocess which branches off of it This "rocess then immediately di%ides into two. Thus#
a uni"olar neuron is sometimes also called a "seudouni"olar neuron. 'ensory neurons are
uni"olar. , bi"olar neuron has two "rocess that branch from it= an axon and a dendrite.
<i"olar neurons are not %ery common and are found in some of the organs for s"ecial
senses. <i"olar neurons are found in the retina# inner ear# and the region of the nose
in%ol%ed with smell. Multi"olar neurons ha%e one axon and many Bat least twoC dendrites
that branch off of it. Most neurons are multi"olar. Motor neurons and interneurons are
multi"olar
. .. What is the cell body of a neuron called? a. (anglion b. Peri+aryon c. ,strocyte d. Nissl
e. Terminal bouton
Answer: b
, ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central ner%ous system. The
cell body of a neuron is called a "eri+aryon or soma. ,n astrocyte is a su""orting cell seen
in the central ner%ous system. The baso"hilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endo"lasmic
seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl# Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal
bouton is the end "ortion of an axon. )t is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The
terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a syna"se.
0. Which cell is a macro"hage found in the central ner%ous system? a. ?u"ffer cells b.
6istiocyte c. Dust cell d. Langerhans cell e. Microglia
Answer: e
Macro"hages are mononuclear "hagocytes. Many tissues ha%e resident BfixedC
macro"hages. ;ixed macro"hages are gi%en a uni3ue name# de"ending on the tissue that
they are located in. ?u"ffer cells are the he"atic macro"hages. 6istiocytes are
macro"hages seen in connecti%e tissue. Dust cells are al%eolar macro"hage found in the
res"iratory tract. Langerhans cells are macro"hages seen in the s+in. Microglia are the
central ner%ous system macro"hages.
4. Which ty"e of neuron is multi"olar? a. Motor neurons b. )nterneurons c. 'ensory
neurons d. <oth a and b e. ,ll of the abo%e
Answer: d
<oth motor neurons and interneurons are multi"olar.
5. What "ro%ides tensile strength to a neuron? a. Meninges b. Myelinated ner%e fibers c.
/ell bodies d. Nodes of an%ier e. Neurofilaments
Answer: e
The meninges are com"osed of the three connecti%e tissue co%ers which surround the
brain and s"inal cord. White matter is myelinated ner%e fibers. (ray matter is essentially
neuron cell bodies and associated dendrites or unmyelinated axons. Nodes of an%ier are
the ga"s that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a ty"e of intermediate
filaments seen in neurons which "ro%ide rigidity and tensile strength.
7. Which meninx is made of a delicate web li+e connecti%e tissue? a. Dura mater b.
,rachnoid
c. Pia mater d. <oth a and b e. ,ll of the abo%e
Answer: b
The meninges co%er the brain and s"inal cord. There are three= dura mater# arachnoid# and
"ia mater. The dura mater is the outer meninx. The dura mater is com"osed of dense
irregular connecti%e tissue. The arachnoid is made of a delicate s"ider web li+e connecti%e
tissue. The "ia mater is the innermost meninx. )t co%ers the brain intimately. Note from
'arah <ellham= ,rachnoid is deri%ed from the (ree+ word for s"ider. )t is used in the
words arachno"hobia# arachnids and arachnoid.
:. What are the conglomerations of gray matter dee" within the cerebrum and cerebellum
called? a. Tracts b. )slets c. 'oma d. /ortex e. Nuclei
Answer: e
, grou" of fibers tra%eling together to a destination is a tract. )slets of Langerhans are
seen in the "ancreas. 'oma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer "art of the
brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter dee" within
the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.
19. Which of the following is in%ol%ed in the blood brain barrier? a. ,strocytes b.
!"endymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. 'chwann cells
Answer: a
Neuroglia are the su""orting cells of the central ner%ous system. 'ometimes# neuroglia
called glial cells or glia. ,strocytes# e"endymal cells# oligodendrocytes# and microglia are all
neuroglia. Of the neuroglia cells# astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These
are star sha"ed cells in%ol%ed in the blood brain barrier. !"endymal cells line the %entricles
and s"inal canal. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central ner%ous system. Microglia are
the central ner%ous system macro"hages. 'chwann cells are seen in the "eri"heral ner%ous
system and are not considered neuroglia. 'chwann cells are res"onsible for the myelination
of neurons in the "eri"heral ner%ous system.
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