LUNDS UNI VERSI TETS ARSSKRIFT. N. F. Avd. 1. Bd 35. Nr 4.

vf - -
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TURK
TRIBES IN AFGHANISTAN
AN ATTEMPT AT A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFIC4TION
GUNNAR J ARRI NG
I, u N TI I , I { I P Z I G
C. W. I<. GI , l ' . ERUP O T T O H A H R A S S O WI T Z
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TURK
TRIBES IN AFGHANISTAN
GUNNAR J ARRI NG
List of Contents .
I'RR .
Introduction ........................................................ 5
........................................
The hibliographical sources 7
The non-Indo-European poplilation a nd l anguage5 of Afghani st an .... 9
Tho Tur k 1)coples .................................................. 11
The Turki sh population of t hc provi nce of Qattaglian and Badakhsl i an 13
l i hanabad ...................................................... 14
Anderah ........................................................ 15
Khost a nd Fer eng .............................................. 15
Khcnj an ...................................................... 16
Ghor i or Ghuri .................................................. 1(;
Haghlan ....................................................... 16
Hazrrt-i-Inlam Sahi b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Qunduz ........................................................ 17
Taleclan or Tal i qan .............................................. 19
Nemt.k.aln ......................................................
(;nlfrgan ......................................................
Nahrcin ........................................................
Chal and Ishkamish ............................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hadakhshan
Faizahncl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......................................................... Argu
k' aftal .........................................................
T?craim and Tcehkan ............................................
Khash .........................................................
.................................................... Littlo Pami r
G r ~ a t I'amir ..................................................
Shughnan ......................................................
Shiva .........................................................
Shahr.i.hi~zurg .................................................
........................................................ l l ~i s t aq
Cl ~ah-i -ah ......................................................
Sanpi -qal a .....................................................
' rnrkmans ..........................................................
C;clneraI information about. thv T~l r kma ns of Afghani st an ..........
The trihal divisionu of t hr Ti t r kn~an ............................
Sal ors .........................................................
Gunnar Jarring
......................................................... Sariqs 42
........................................................ Ersaris 45
......................................................... Tekes 47
......................................................... Alielis 49
.................................... Karama-Turkmans (Qarama) 50
............................................. Chaudar-Turkmans 50
The number of Turkmans in Afghanistan ........................ 50
Uzbeks ............................................................ 52
General information about the tribal divisions of the Uzbeks .... 52
The distribution of the Uzbeks of Afghanistan .................. 57
.......................... The number of Uzbeks in Afghanistan 64
Qipchaqs .......................................................... 65
................................................... Chaghatai Turks 67
............................................................ Qazaqs 69
.......................................................... Qirghizcs 70
Qaraqalpaqs ....................................................... 70
Qarluqs ............................................................ 71
...................................... Turks in Eastern Afghanistan 74
Turks in Kohistan ............................................ 74
............................ Turks in the valley of Koh-Daman 75
........................................................ Qizilbashes 76
The number of Qizilbashes in Afghanistan ...................... 77
................................................ Ifnzlara and Aimaq 79
.... The place-namea as indicating a Turkish population or traces of it 82
........................................ Jndex of tribes and peoples 84
...................................... Index of g~oyraphical names 92
.................................... List of works quoted .. . . 97
Introduction.
The purpose of the present work is to give a picture of the
distribution of the Turkish peoples in Afghanistan on the basis of
the knowledge obtainable from all the scattered sources about the
country and from material collected by myself in the countr3- in
1935.' I t is important to determine the features of the Turkisli
~opul at i on of Afghanistan, as n-e here find the southern boundaries
of the Turkish-speaking peo1)les. These bounclaries are still alnlost
unknown, though I hopr to have given the main features in this
work. The definite demarcation of the people- and language-
l)ounclaric1s must h o ~ ~ e v e r he left to future researches. Some people
may consider it unjust to divide the Turks of Afghanistan from those
of Russian Central Asia. I ail1 ma r c of this and I should have liked
to malte this investigation more wide, including the country also to
the north of Amu-darpa. But owing to the great difficulties in
obtaining any information from these parts of the IT. S. S . R. I
confined my task to Afghanistan, about the Turkish population
of which country we also have the most scanty i nf ~r ma t i on. ~
Everyone who has done ethnological or linguistic research
among the peoples of a country like Afghanistan or in Central
Asia lcnowa how difficult it mag prove to get the inforillation
wanted when carrying on field-work. In the present volume I
have tried to collect all information available, in order to make
the task easier for those who will in the future investigate the
Turks of this area linguistically and ethnologically. My work
may thus serve as n hasis and indicate where to find the Turlrish
tribos and information ahout them in the existing literataure.
- - - -- - - -
' Cf. frlrthcr the introduction to my work ~Uabc k texts from Afghan
'rllrkf.stan~, 19.38.
Cf. IVANCIY, Notes on thc ~t hnol ogy of Khuraaan, p. 144.
6 Cfunnar Jarring
A han(1l)ook on the Turks has long been desired by those who
(lo scientific rvol-k. I hope with my attempt at a classification
of the Turks of Afghanistan to have made this task a little easier
- for only a srnall part, however, of the wide territories inhabited
t y the Turks in history and at the present day. In my opinion
it will he necessary to make a series of investigations like this
trefore methodical research tvork can he carried on in the wide
ficliis of Tllrcology. We ought to know what has been done in
:I syrc~ial areit hefore we start working at a new place within it.
The place-names hiwe been transcribed according to the rules
of the Royal Geographical Society. I have not always heen able
to anccrtain the clifferencbe between (1 and k, as the names have
Iwcn picket1 111) 1)y tr:~vellers ignorant of the langtlage. I also
consitler several other g,peographical names to be highly uncertain,
:ts tlley li;~ve nc1\-cr heen ~ol l ect cd t)y n skillecl linguist. Turkish
n ords 1)ut in :a pnrtlnthesis are transcri1)etl according to the system
I hitvc. rlwtl in my previous publications, wliich can he fount1 in
t l i o list of works citecl ; ~ t the rntl of this hook.
The hibliographical sources.
The literature about Afg1l;lnistan is ahundant, especiallg during
the years 1840-191)0, owing to the intense English and Russian
political activities in Central Asia ttt t hat time,' hut 1:trgely
inaccessible.
This as usual applies to all tlie 12ussi;tn sources. 1
dare not helieve that I have heen able to go t hr ol ~gh all thc
material, as nre lack I,il,liograpllical works as a whole, except fur
the cases mentioned I~elow.
The only existing attenlpt at a full bi1)liugraphy of Afgllanistan
is the Russian >>A Ri ~~l i o g r a l ~1 ~~- of Afghanistan+, whical1 apptl;~rcbti
in 1908 ~~n( l t l r the tlii-ection of S. 11. A~, ~sr Ao\ ~sl i r . Yt is not at ;1\1
c>onq)lt.tc1 for thc time caoncbc-lrnec1 and c.;ln 1~ 11sed only together
with the German Orient;llische Ri1)liograpllie and its forerunners
for the ye:Irs tliesc l,l~l)licntions exist. For some parts of Afg1~:~nist;in
we have very valual)le I)il~liograplli(bal n1:lterial in I. MISAEV,
( 'nrl;~l;irin o rr1)alI;ls.L no ncl)sonhri;\r.r, A4~y-jnl )hrr (Information :ll)ou t
the countries on the upper /\mu-darya), I)ut only for the time
up to 1878. I,astly, for mot-lern timcs I call ; ~t t ent i on to \Fr. I r ~ : x ~ z ' ~
very thoro~igh :~rticllc Sanl~lllllngen zllr afghanischen Li t e r a t ~~r -
11ild %~i t gt ~s chi ~ht e. "
Minor 1)il)liographies tlsist in several oltl ant1 ~ l c ~ works on
afghani st:^^^, thus for oxamplc in CI'RZON and TRINKLEH %nd they
1l:ivt. a11 of thcm n~a de my task clasicr.
- - - -- - - .
C'f. for tlxnml)lc I ~ , I H H ~ I < T I , ~ ~ . , Anglo-Russian rclations concerning Af-
gli:~nial :in 18337--1!)07 (l!):3'i) ; It \ \ VI . I NSON, Englantl and Huaaia i n t hc Eaut
(187.5), t y . ("ha~ttl r -1. with valilablc information about travel in ('r~ntral
Asia; MAI ~\ . JS. liclconnoitring C'clntral A ~ i a (1885); C:l i ~%Oh' , Rus ~i a in Central
Asia (IHH!)); 1Io1.1)lr.rl. Thr g ~ t ( * s of India. being n hi nt o r i ~ l narrativv (l 9l O),
chapters 3--17: Elistory of t l i v rxplorwtions of Afghanistan.
1;116,7ilwjl:1Qh A~~ri~rrrrr-rirrr;~.
' Z%DM(;. Hd 91: 3. 1!W.
' C' I . HX~ N. l t ~~as i a in ('cntral Asia, 2nd ctl. 1889.
" ~ H I Y RI,I:T{. Afghanistan. lR'2H.
8 Gunnar Jarri ng
Of great value to me was ARISTOV'S 06% A( ~~~HI I CT~EH$ &I ero
rrnce.~eain (On Afghanistan and its population), though it had
not much information to give about the Turk population of the
country. Its main value lies in the material collected by ARISTOV.
The same must be said of his work ~NJI~, T, THII 06% arrHnsecxoxb
c. oc~( z~% frnpccsnxa Ir.1t1arelIa rr ~ a y o ~ ~ o c ~ e h n c ~ % x h a i ~ 0611, rlxa
~ r ~ ~ c . ~ e ~ ~ r o w r r . ~ (Remarks on the ethnical stabe of the Turkish tribes
ancl information ahout their number). The only information of
interest for the Afghanistan Turks is some indications, which
cannot he relied upon too much, about their number.
Finally I pay attention to I'. ~ ~ H C F I E K $ I\'. 11. I ~. i ( t - l r . i ~o ~~~I I f i ,
F;rrfi.~rrorlm{[~n~ cinG;rriorpa~[~nl~ ( ' p c ~ ~ t l n 9: j ~r n (1935) (Bibliography of
the bihliographies of C'entral Asia) which gives very valuahle
hints to the Russian literature ahout Afghanistan.
AS will he seen in the following. the quantity of the works on
Afghanistan does not corresponri to the quality of them. Many,
even the recent works, only repeat what was known from the
old classics, as E~r,rn~?;..;~rox~, BI'HSES or RELLEW.
' i k' l i ni i l r c ~ i l p r r t rn . 189X.
it;trn;~tr c*raplnro. 1896; very us ef ~l l index of the names of tho Turkish
tribes occurring in Aristov's work by N. BRAWN & I. BELIAEV in 3nonrun
~I MI J. 1) TCCl i . lY'(~p. @6tIl. [ I 0 0)~;~f~l. :lT!IOrp. 2H: 2.
The non-Indo-European population and languages
of Afghanistan.
The number of languages spolien in Afghanistan is vtlry great.
This is in some degree clue tu the geograllhical position of the
country. It has since the oldest time:: lwei1 a transit coluntry for
1,eoples finding their way to Inc1i:t by the most convenient road,
through the nloluntain-passes of the North \Vest Frontier I'ro-
vince of moclern India. These 1)eoples al wa~r s in some way left,
their traces in language or in the peoples ~vlnich now inhahit
Afghnnistan. The result is a very variegated language- and
populat ion-map of the colintry to-day.
This is also due to the fact that nlany of these ~~c o p l e s were
- and still ar e - nomadic. Another reason for the variegated
1a.ngunge- ant1 popula tion-map of Afghanist an to-da y has heen
pointed out hy IVKN.' According to him this fact is due to the
internal policy of the different Afghan governments. Tribes loj-a1
to the government were givt.11 resents anti gifts, but tleftlateti
rehcl txihes werc remc)vecl to far-off parts of the country where
thcy had to live with their cattle on l ~ a d grazing-grounds. As an
example of this IVEN nientions thitt in 1924 king Amanullah
hat1 a great p:jrt of the Mangnl-tril~e, which had rebelled against
him, rcmovcd from the Indian frontier to the districts to the
north of IIinduknuh. Other examples may he obtained from Iven.
No cloul~t we also have to take such measures into consideration
when treat,ing the Turk tribes of Afghanistan.
Thc most important part of the population is Iranian or Indo-
Iranian in origin. I t has hecn investigated chiefly by G. MORGEN-
. ~' ~IERxE, ' whose Report on a linguistic niission to Afghanistan
-- - - - - - - --
I ~\.EN, Vonl I'Bnd~chir zum F'Bntlnch, p. 160.
' Indo-Iranian frontier l angt ~agc~. 1-2. 1929-38.
10 Ciunnar Jarring
(1926) provides very valuable information. Other information is
given I)y IV. LENTZ' and by ot,hers whom I do not consider
necessary to enumerate here.
The non-Iranian population of Afghanistan, consisting of Turk
and Mongol peoples, is in linguistical and ethnological matters
almost unexglorecl ' - and an attempt at a classification has never
heen inatle. It is very characteristic that in his three works 'The
races of Afghanistan' (1880), ' Introductory remarks to a n inquiry
into the ethnogr:lphy of Afghanistan' (18'31) and 'An inquiry into
the ethnography of Afghanistan' (1891) BELLKW has almost no
infornlation regarding the Tur k peoples or Tur k trihes of Afgha-
nistan. In the last work h t ~ says, speaking of the Turkish population
of Afghanistan ": aThe clans and sections of the Turkman and
TTzt)ak tritbes have not yet I!een completecl. A complete list will
he :tddt~l hereafter.,, I have not heen able to trace this list and
presume it has never been pu1)lished.
In many cases we cannot expect pure Turk or Mongol peoples
and trilws, as the population is mixed t11) with Indo-Iranian
tllenlents. The intc.rmixt11re of foreign blootl, and often the inter-
mixtnre of languages, is very great. I have a pootl example of
this in the samples of the ITzl)ek dialect of Andkhui which 1
collrcterl in 1936. qHere the Iranian influence on the language is
very strong, a fact also lrnown from Russian Turkestail with its
intermixture of I r a n i ; ~ ~ ~ tril~es. ' \VP know almost nothing certain
ahout the intermixture of races and languages in these territories.
Information has to t)e collectetl -- ethnologically anti linguintic-
:dly - hut soon, if i t is not to I)e too late.
Pan~ir-Dialekte. 1933. ( ' f . furthrr D~rrtschtl irn Hindukaach, p. 217 "(I.
W. LENT%, Sprachwi ss~~~~chaf t l i ( ' hP uncl viilk(*rklindliche Studicm in Nuriwtan.
C'f. the following.
BEI,I,KK. An inquiry etr. p. 1.76.
' . IIHRIXI:. lTzbek texts from Afghanistan (1!)38).
~ I ~ HHI S I ; , 'rh(1 I ' zb~k tlialtwt of Qilich. p. '7, with I'or.rv,tsov'o syflt~brn for
a classification oE t hc Iranizrd I'zh~lk tlialcat s of Russian T~~rktastan.
The Turk peoples.
I11 our days \ye find Turks in the northern parts of ilfgl~anist:kn,
the southern boundary of their dissemination roughly heing the
Hind~tkush. This part of the country is generally callcd Afghan
'l'urkestan or Chahar-vilayet.' There are esceptio~ls to this rule
in the statement of B~JRNLS ahout a Turkish population in Icohistan.
which is consitlereti elsenrhere. and also in the Qi zi l I ~sh, who
were originally Ttirks ;inti are fount1 ever ~~wl wr e in Afgh:~n
P
towns, \-. p. r 7-'79.
The most important Turkish peoples are the Uzbeks wllo in
the 113th century formed ten semi-inclependal~t khanates in Afghan
Turkthstan ' :inrl the Turknlans. In smaller numbers 1%-e also find
Qazacla, Qirghizcs, Qar:~qnlpaqs, ; ~nd some tribes trt.;itccl scparatt3ly
helow. All thcsc pt.olllrs are closclg relatrtl to tllcir relatives in
I3ussian Turkcstan and to some degree in North Eastern I'ersin.
As n general rule, however, we must :~l\vaps expect a mixed pol)u-
lation in tht1 areas trcatetl, tlic non-Turkish part of the population
hoing of 3longol or Tiitlo-1S1irol)e:~1~ origin. These circumstances
:Ire similar to thost> of some parts of Hussi:~n Tllrkcsti~n. As a rule
I h a v ~ indicatetl if Ivr have to tbspect a p~t rel y Turkish popltlation
in ;I place or not.
For g~~og,.r:~pliical description of Afghan Turkestan v., o. g., ROSKOS~~IIXY,
Afghanist:tn. p. !!:3--128; I-~AMII,.I'ON, Afpliani~tan, p. 242-268, and NIF;DER-
M. IYI: U in 1Inntlhnch dcr gcwgraphinch(hn Wiuscnschaft: Vordcr- und Piidanien,
1). 1 1 t L l H .
MAI ~ VI N. ( : ro~l ~kof f ' s ridr to IItlrat, p. 38 et Req. with a rnap of the
1Jzbek khunattls of Af ~ h a n Turkrstan.
(;unnar Jarring
The Turkish population of the province of
Qattaghan and Badakhshan.
a ion
Only in one case can we get useful and reliable inform t'
about the Turkish population of 11 certain district of Afghanistan,
in the case of North-Eastern Afghanistan. Tlle source is the hook
of the Afghan writer BURHAN-I'D-DIN froin Kushkek, ~ ~ 1 1 0 in 1983
travelled in the province of Qattaghan rind Baclakhshan together
the then Afghan Minister of War Muhammed Nadir Khan,
who in 1929 succeeded to the throne of Afghanistan as Nadir
Shall. The report of BI~RI<AN-UI)-D~N was written in Persian under
t,he title: jY+ v ! Y . \ bL_rk. 4 2 jl"~ J &i &\re\_,
In 1926 there appeared a translation into Russian of Burhan-ud-
Din's work 11ndt.r the sllpervision of the well-known orientalist
Prof. A. A. HEMENOV in Tashkent. The Russian translation, which
was put)lis11~d by the (.)GIIIP(TIKI ;11n T I : ~ Y ~ ~ I I I I S [ Tapilr~nc,rn~ra 11
lrpn1rcurrs rral)o,q~o(:,r~tr :la rrlo r11w,qc3:rnnrri (The Society for t h ~ study
of T:~jikistan and the Ir:~nian 1,eoplrs ljeyonci its borders), and
has vnl ~i at ~l e notes is (>ntitltvl: I~S~~IATI-S:~-,~IIII-SAII-~I-T~XIIIICEZ~~I,
Iin,r..rnr~;~il 11 T;n,\i~s~l~ar~. ; [ i l ~ ~ l r l ~ no I ' C O I ' ~ ) ~ I X ) I I I I (:'rl~;lllhT, CC' ~~TTI-IPHHO-
11( " 1' 0~) 11~1C( ' l ( l I ~~ j ~ C . l O l 3 ~ R M 11i1('0.7(11111H), : i l i Ol I O~ l ~ I i C 11 I1)'THM COOGI I ~ ( > H~ H.
( ' 3. 4 rinprlln>fll. TTopc~no,~ (: rropr:rr~c~to~n IT. IT. Bns , ~~: ~c~t or o. I;. 11.
j~0.71'0110.101~,\ ( f ) 11 I':. 13. *'~EI~KIIEHCKOI'O, 110,l ] ) P , ~ ~ ~ l \ l l ( ' f i . C TI])C~RC~.'IOHJItllM
R I I I ) I I J ~ ~ ~ I H I I I I I I MI I l i ~ ) o ( j ~ A. A. ( ' KMEHOBA (Qat taghan and Rndakhshan.
Fact3 on the geography of the country, of its natural-historical
contlitions, of its ~wl)alation, economy and ~ornmnnicat~ions. With
34 maps. Translation from thc l'crsian hy P. 1'. VVED~NSKI , B. I.
1 1 1 1 o 1 o v and E. V. 1 1 s 1 llntirr thr s11pervision of Prof.
A. A. SI ~, ~~I <, NOV? Tasilktlnt 1926.)
11 Cur~nar Jarring
This work, which, like all Russian works, is difficult to obtain,
contains very important facts ahout the population as a whole in
the province of Qattaghan and Haclakhshan, i. e. the north-eastern
part of Afghanist;~n, with frontiers to Soviet-Russia, Chinese
Turkestan ant1 British India. This part of Afghanistan is no cloubt
one of the niost innccessihle parts of the country, and the general
information x e possess from former travellers is scanty, though
the early sourcPs of the 19th century, e. g. ELPHIKSTONE, are very
interested in it.' B~RHAX-1:~)-DIS' S statements ar e of course not
con~l)letcl, hut they ;~llow us to get a general view of the population
of the country and in especial of the Turkish population. I n the
folloxing I try to intlicate where we find Turks in this province,
mainly following Bnrhan-ucl-Din, hut also using information from
other sources. It n-ould he inttlr~sting, but heyond my task, to give
all tllt. 1,opulation rrports. Thus I have treated Qattaghan and
R;~(l;lkhsh:~n sep;~rately, hut the information ahout the Tur k and
JIonpol population is also referred to else~vhere in this work.
There is no possibility of getting any positive idea shout the
numhcr of the Turks rwicling here with the aid of Burhan-ucl-Din.
In tilt cased where thcre was any inform;ition T noted it. I n
;~c'c.ortlnnce with Burhan-ntl-Din I treat the towns and villages one
hy one. 1 have not tried to notc thtl poyition of the places men-
tiontvt on a map, as the geographical esac'titucle of the maps
tbxist~nt is not too mllc'l~ to he rrlietl Hpon and great parts of the
country iv still largely unsnrve;c-t!rl. Cf. Government of India map,
Shcet no. : I T, Ilaclakhshan.
Khanahad is the capital of the provinccl ;inti the soat of the
governor (nnih-trl-htdkrtn~n).2 The population of the town of
Kh:inat~atl ant1 the districlt consists mainly of ITzl)ek and Afghan
( ' f . fiirthor tho importilnt ar t i c l ~ of YI. I, I. , F'aprr~ ronricrtrvl with thc
('p1)c.r (IXIIH regions. 1872, with viill~ahlc infornlation ha~e( 1 on Pandit
Manphi~l's Koport on HadakhshAn ancl hli~nslli Faiz Hakhsh' ~ ,Jollrnvy from
I't~shAwsr vid K d b ~ ~ l . Badakh~hkn, anrl I'amir to Kiwhpar. For thtl g ~ n ~ r a l
gr~opraphy of thew regiorla, cf. W. ( : ~I ( : KR. Die Pamir-(iebicte (18H7), which
is somewhat antiquatcld. ant1 Mr s i ~v, ('Hh.rblrirr. with hihliography.
BC. RH\ S- I - I ) - ~ I U, p. 1H et BPC~ . ; Khanabad i w tle~crihetl by Wnon, p. 150 sq.
Turk Tribes in Afghani st an 15
tribes, but they live in the villages (r/'iilat/) interinised with other
1,eoples and tribes. In the same villages we find ITzbeks. Afghans,
Tajiks and Hazara. The 13ol~ulation of the whole Khanahad-district
is considered to l)t: allout 12,000 (4,192 houses). At a cautious
estimate the nurnller of tlie lrzbeka (and other Tur ks perhaps) may
]be 4,000.
:lccording to my own observations in Khanahat1 the lTz1)eks
in the town itself are rather fern.
Most of them live as farmers or
cattle-breeders in the villages.
I11 the mountains to the east of Khana1)acl there is a r:ivinc
0
called Bnngi (or Henpi) ($1. \vhere the ~)ol )l ~l at i on according to
Burhi~n-ud-Din consists of L1zl)el<s.l
Nomarlic Turknian tribes ar e to 1)e founcl arolulltl Aiiileral~?
at3cordinp to a general statenleiit on 11. 28 in H~lrhaii-ud-Din.
V. further lbelow at the ~ ~ l a c t ~ s concprnt>d.
,lntleraI) is a rayon to the south of I<llnnak)xtl. B~irhaii-~itl-I)in
nlentions no Turliisli ~)ol,ulittion liere ' but according to his previous
stn tenlont thrre iill~st nom; ~( l i ~ Turknlan trilbes there. Two
Hazara-tribes arv mrnt ioned called Qarghali ( ) a11d Quzi
(6 jyi, ~vhi rl l two names sound Turkish. One might s ~ ~ e p ~ c t n
caonfl~sion of Turlr :111tl Haznra ill this (*as(., as I noted else~vhere,
cf . 1 ) . 80 r t sc!cj.
I n thc \-allcys of Dli-;~lbi : ~nd (' harkh thercl lives ;I trillc of Tnrks
caalltltl ilii-tiirlr or clrr~.!y//ntl. This tril~tb also inhahits 1)n-nt)i itself."
I n Ihi-ahi tliey :Ire estimittctl to 1iuml)er 30 f:lmilies. Thcrr: ar e
fnrt h c ~ somc I l a ~ i ~ rn-tribes, I ~ut tlie '17ajil<s prcv:~il.
131 t i 11 I K- I . I ) - ~) I S, 1). 27,
' I ~ I ' RI I \ s - I ' I ) - ~ ) I A . 1). 2% 30,
I I I 1. 5 . ' 1 t i is I Ir.ln-Tnq>1; in tho ll~lvaian
iran3lalion. ant1 gnr!/hcrn I ~ I ~ I I ; I I I . I an1 not ahlc t o assump that I a m right
ill transrrihing i t ilii-tiirk ant1 r/nr!/hnn, a s I was not ahl c t o gtat t h ~ Persian
oririnal of Hrlrhan-11t1-])in's work.
Gunnar Jarring
Khenjan (jb).
In Khenjan, which is a district belonging to Anderab, there
are said to be no Turks. But Burhan-ud-Din notes a tribe Salengi
( C~. IPH~II) . which I suspect to be of Turkish origin.' A population
of lIazara is also reported here.
Ghori or Ghuri (dJ*).
Ghori is a place and district to the south-west of Khanabad.
The population is resident but very mixed. Burhan-ud-Din notes
the following nationalities: Tajik, Uzbek, Hazara, Sayidi, Afghan,
I,erkhahi, Aimaq, Jamshidi, Herati, Dimirek and Kagi.' Of these
the I:zheks are with certainty Turks. The Aimaqs and Jamshidis
mentioned here are difficult to place but one may expect a Turkish
intermixture.
Baghlan (2%. ) .
Baghlan is a district betu-een Ghuri and Khanabad. Burhan-ud-
Din says nothing about Turks in this region, hut mentions that
the popnlat ion is mixed. According to his earlier statement, how-
ever, there must he Turkman nomads in the district, as I too can
say from my own ok~servations. I also ol)sel*vetl Uzbeks living in
the different qiilaq, cf. p. 03.
Hazret-i-Imam Sshih (-lo ?L! L*).
The district of IIazret-i-Imam Sahit) lies to the north of
Khanahad, close to the Amu-clarya.' On the British map, Southern
Asia Series, Afghanistan, the district i s called Hazrat Imam and
the most important town of it Khwiija Im%m Saiyid. This is also
the case on the Ru~s i an map, wllere it is called ) i a : - ~ p c ~ ~ ~ ma m-
canj$. The dintrict is well popnlatetl. According to Brrrhan-ud-
Din there arc 15,OOO inhahitantsa4
-- --
1 B ~ ~ RHAX- ~ ~ - DI N, y. 39.
BURH ~N-I'u-DIR, p. 40.
a Deactiption by Worm, p. 236 sq.
Bc~e:w-r.~,-Dr?r., p. 47.
Turk Trihcs in Afghanistan 1 7
Accorcling to the information I coulcl collect in Khanabati :1ho11t
the population of this distrirt, it is mostly inhabited by Ual)el<s.
and to a, minor degree by Qazays and T11rl;rnans.~
Burhan-ucl-1311 gives no cletails ahout tlie pol~ulation I)ut n
table of the most important persons in Hazret-i-Inlam,' 16 ill
num1)er. Of these 11 are TTz1)elrs and one I)elongs to a Turliisll
drille l' n,~hliln (563' t ~ r y l , r ~ t ) 1)rrliaps the same as T~~ghi l l , cf. 1). 31.
The well-kno\\-n t o~vn of Qrlntluz to tilt\ north-\\.cst of Khnn:ll~n(l
has nowadays again 1)ecolne an important centre of comnlt3rcav.
At my visit in Novenll)er 1!);3,5 tilt) n e ~ v - l ~ i l t t0\\~11 \\-as just read!-.
Anyone interested in this rnixtter may have details from iny :trticl(~
,,The ile\\r Afghanistan,\." (:cner;il information al)out Quntlllz is
to bc follntl 0. g. in ~VUOI J , 1,. 137 sci. ilrirl H~atlcr'on., Afghanistnil.
1). 253. ll'oocl's visit Qllncluz (Kluitluz) was very \\-retchcd.
>)Five or six hantlrcd mild liovcls containeel its fiscd pol)ulation,
\ vl i i l c~ rlottetl a~nongst t11t3se, nn(1 sc:~ttei'tltl at randon1 over s ul ~ur l ~s ,
\vercb strat\--built slicds intPrnlised wit11 tlltb Vzheli tent or liirgall.>>
l1ht~rt3 is a fai r amount of Turks in thc. tonJii a ~ l d the tlist1.ic.t
of Qllnrll~z. ~ I < I ~ I ~ I ~ I N~ ~ TOYI ; (lc~scaril)es (&lnduz as i~olonging to tlw
I: zl ~~l < tril~cb of Kllttitghunn ( y nt f ny l t an) , the cllief of which n-:is
,>Khal~ltl:~utl Klin~~ii\\.:' 7 ' 1 1 t h l ' zl ~ek tribe of Kutlgllnn, rntbntionc~cl 1):.
J', I-HNI. ;S, " is i~l)l):lrelltly tllc sil~nc as (Jnttngll:l~~. Hurhan-uti-Din
ct n~~ni t h~- ; ~t c~s tllr follo\ving ~)cvq)lcs in the districnt of Qunclt~z:
r 7 ..
A fgh:lns, I njiks, Ilvrlilinl)is, Scd jauis, Aral)s, II:~z:lras, Turkmar~s,
Qllngrats, Hnli1s, l'zI)cks, Q:~z;~(ls. (:ll~~r,zrls. :lil(l M~r(la(is. ' Of thost1
I Tl i ~ [ Txl ~ck l)ol)~il:~tior~ of l ! : t ~ . r ~ ~ t - i - I ~ ~ l i i ~ l ~ is t i t wr i l >f l ~l 1)y \YoI>I). 11.
3.57 RCl .
? 1 ~1 , l f l l \ \ - l ! l ) - I ) l h- , 1). 49.
' S\ . t l n~ka Or i t ~n l s # l l s k a l ~t ~t ~ ;Irsl~ok l!):Ii. (Ycjarhook ol the Swctlisll
( Iric11ta1 Socict y.)
Tt:irlic>r stat(1tI i . a. hy I ~ I , I ~ I I I X S . ~ ~ K I ; . 11. 11. 200.
"Also s t a t ~ t l hy Wool), 1,. 1.38 sq.. 11. 141 "1.
a Hrl~tsls:s. 'I'ravcbls. I. p. 928.
R I ' R I I . ~ N- I ~ D- ~ ) ~ ~ - , 1,. 50. I I ~ A staltmrnt (p. .ib) ahout Qirghizr~ i n Qunduz
might h11 f a l s ~ .
I l hi nk Rilrha~i-11cl-T)in mixcs 111) Qa7,acl and Qirghiz. The
Qirplliz artb said t o hta goocl I ~ I I I I ~ (ITS. TI1c.y I I I ~ ~ ( ~ fl~r-ro:lt P after Ri~khnra
and Ant l khi ~i pattc~rns.
1 H Gunnar Jarring
the Turkmans, I7zl,eks and Qazaqs can he considered with certainty
as 'l'llrks. The tribes called qwngrizt and Furnq also are of Turkish
origin. Churacl iiccording to ARISTOV is a Qazaq tribe, helonging
to the little Orda.'
I was ilhlt? to speak with some Czt)elts from the neigh1)ourhood
ancl they spokt? a calearly non-Iranized dialect.
,As seen from the above the population is highly mixed i11 this
district. Wt ) obtain a very complic.atec1 picture of the population
ancl o f the language map of Qunduz, a complication which will
no clouht strongly affect the conditions of the different languages
and dialects.
IJurhtln-url-]>in hiis a number of interesting statements ahout
Q~~nduz. from which we can get further knowledge of the Turkish
~)ol )i ~l at i on of the tlistrict.' We have e. g. his tables of the villages
ro~i n(l Qunduz. (Of course we cannot t)e sure that there is not a
T~ ~ r k i s h population also in other villages, as Rurhan-url-Din only
in some cases indic.a,tes the population.) Thus we leitrn that a
Turkish population is found in the following places:
A. Villages (cliBlnq) to the ea3t of Quntluz, inhal~ited hy Uzbeka
Alchin l'zkwks anfl :$fghans 1'30 houses
Qnchi (ICyljrt) l -zt)t)k~ 1 ) n
Qush-tepe (Ky ~~r- - rcl ~~cl ) l o .)
Kiihe-i-Hufli ( I i yf i e- ~r- Cyc[ ~. ~i ~ )
1 0 0 n
K tibe-i- ITlia ( I i y f i t > - ~ i - S . ~ ~ ~ ~ t )
'Thp last two placa~s nrp inh:lhited t,y ITz1)eks lwlonging to the
trit~c, Sultan 3111r:itl Khan.
There i~ a mixed y~ol)~~li-ttion (I:zhek~ a.nd o t h m) in thc follow-
ing villages:
Nov-nhnd
Bish-knpriik (be<-kiipriik 'five bridges' )
Chile-i-mir
- - - - - - - - - -
1 ARISTOV, : ~ W~ I ; TI ~ I I , IT]). :W:)'.
The only at t ~mpt to dcscrihr thc IllanncDrs and ci~ntomn OF tht* I'zlwka
from this part of thc coltntry -- and :I~PO from othrtrn haa hevn mndr hy
TIT Lord, who arcwnipani~d Rnrncl~ (rf. fi r. ~ui :. ;. ( 'ahonl 11. 1!)7 --20.7).
'I'hc. village of Sedjani ( C t h . l ; t i a ~ o ) is inhalritrd 1r;y >Ahnaqs of
Qattaghanl> (Ii'ilrnar;l~lcar~~' a~i \ msr ~) , rnrnl,ering 1 .YO houses. We
cannot tcll if there ;are Turks among them.
B. Villages to the north of Qllnduz.
Herr oalg the village of Rq-tepe, in1ial)itrtl 19- Turkmans ant1
Afghans from Qandahar, is m~nt i oned. The total num1)er of houses
in the village is 1,500. Tht ~ villages of 1,erkllahi and Mulla-
rlalendar are inhahitetl hy Aimac~s.
C. 17illages to the west of Quntluz (as a \vhole called Chahar-darx).
In this case Burhan-nd-Din has not indicatecl where t7here is
a l'urkisli l)opulation, ))lit one might expect this to he thc case in
the follon ing placars. judging from the place-names, which must
Ire of Tllrl<ish origin:
(2azacl SO0 houses
Ta ir-'J'l~rl<n~:~n 100 >\
(J11ngra t 200 , >
Q11ngr:lt-i-sani 50 >>
Ch~i raq 100 >,
Aimacls are also to l)t> foi~ntl at. sonicA 1,1;1(*vs.
A ~NI I - t b ITxhc*k ~) opul a tion is intlicatctl in Shenvn r-lbiy with 160
I~onsc~s, ant1 mixocl ~) op~~l at i oi i in Chil1:q-mwznr ('lir.i.lt~-~ra:cap) (80
hoi~sas) i ~nd in Nngi (40 holises). Airnaqs of Qilttaghan are to
he founcl in Taiftl-i-Stlr-Sinr, ant1 Airnacls in Ilorta-1)nlaqi and
l.orkh:~hi.
Tn the valley of Shor-a11 t o the south-south-east of Qunduz
\\'-~'c)ol) fol~nd I 7~1) t l 1i t ~i i ~; ~n~l ~ni t ~nt s . '
'l'l~i?.: tlist rivt lit...: to t hv c3:lst of lih:ln;~l)ad. l'hv population is
111iscr1. 1)11t t h v 1;11rg11;1gex 11src1 ;ire 'I'~rsia11, rI' i~rlii~ll ancl Afghan'
nncl thc~ poplrl:~tion cbonsists of mixcltl 'l':jjiks, l'zlboks, Afghans and
-
' \VI~IID. 1). 2ti!l,
others. In the clietrivt of Khoja-Garu there are Turk nomads but
itleo settled I'zheks.'
E~r~rrr~srtbss ' informs us that ~ Ta u l i k a u n ~ is possessed by a.
small but ~varl i ke and independent t ri t ~e of Uzbelts, and MOURCROFT
clescribes Taleclan :is 'a town of consiclerahle extent, but of
fluctuating p~yul at ~i on, as the lizheks migrate in the summer to
the neighlnonring highlands with their flocks, leaving only the
Twjik cultivators and traders'.' Earlier, Bur-KI~ARI mentions a
population in Tuleqan called by him Sarigh Bash (Sarigh-hash)
(Yellow-heat1 1, being ;t fraction of tht. tribe of Mi n h 4
One village in the district of Taleclan (its name not mentionecl)
is inhabited hy the Turkish tribe Chiehka (L&- . 7 t j . These
T11rks :Ire cattle-breeders and farmers, and consist of 100 houses.
The village of I<hezar-1)agli (Sfl:lill)-fiil~~) is inhat~ited by Turks
of the t ri ht Tugilul (&- t u ~ u l ) . They nilrnher 40 houses. To the
north of Taleclan thcrtb is further ;I village called Tughul which
one might s~lspect to he inhabittlcl 1)). Turks Iwlonging to this
tritw. Tughul is known as an rTzbek trihe from J,oc;orr:,r, cf. p. 56,
no. 18.
The villa,vtl of liht1vas:li (Starri~c.i~n) is also inhal~itecl 11y a
'Turkish t ritw c*nllecl (dircl, )the forty . ( I i r ~ 1 ) ~ ) . 'I'hcy n11rnt)er 25
houses. The tribal-name rlircl has t ~een known formerly from 110th
(dazaqs an(\ I'zheks."
A Turkish population is furthtv intlicatecl i q- II(11rhan-ud-Din
in the villapc~ of C:lil-t~ulacl, which is inh;~t)itecl t ~ y Turks, Tajiks,
Kalluks [Qarlucls] and Arak~s, ni~mt~t.ring in all 50 hoi~ses.
For thc ' rr~rkish origin of the Kallnks ( 1i i l . 1. 1~) ~) ~ f . 1). 71 s(1. I
also P U B P P ( ~ ~ it 7'11rkish name in the triI)cl-narnc Kartak (or perhaps
Qartacl, liilpra~i). This trihe lives ttogcther with Mongols " in the
- - -- - - - - -
BI'RHAS-I [ ) - I ) I . v. 11. k3: (Irs(*ri l )ti o~~ of Tnlc\c(an in \.Vcrctl~ 11. 153 S P ~ .
f ELPHINSTIISE, 11. p. 200.
MI)ORCR~F'I L TRF:HI:(*K, TI, p. 482.
MIH AHIWPI.I, KERIH J ~OI ' KI I ARY, Ni s t oi r~ dp 1'Anie Crntrale. p. 262: Millas
might he the Qazaq trihc Manas, mrntioncld tb. y. by ARI ST~V. :3;1w,la1;11, r ~ l r . 373
ARIYTOV, : ! i ~ ~ ~ V l " l ' i l ~ . (TI). 352. 4%. 424. 427.
" Hrre callrd only Mongols, not di tf~rc~nti ntr~d into llazara or Aimaq:
the Mongols scbem to he r at h~r nr ~mc r or ~~ in t h ~ diatrict of Taleclan. Thev
are said to inhahit thc vi l l ag~~s of Man~ai. Kalarhra (h'.r,~':llcc,\. Sr~rkh. All-Iai,
and n ~ ~ m h ~ r in all 1% hou~eu. ( Br ~l l \ \ - ~- r ) - l bi . 1). 59.)
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan
2 1
village of Antjar-knh ( o x + ) , and together \\.it11 Hazaras in
the village of Qarn-badam (lii~l)i~-Ciil,li~~~). Hazaras are further
indicated in Taleclan I)y IVEN? Yom I'iindschir zum Pandsch (1935),
p. 160. They are called TakkB Toimas. Judging from the name
this t ri l ~e might as well he of Turkish origin.
- C, .
Sernek-ab (41 L.
There is no indication of Turk tribes here, hut a statement
that the l>opulation consists of Tajilis ancl Hazaras, speaking
Persian, is of great interest. I t may imply that the Hatzaras in
other places have liept their mother-tongue. BURR.\N-I~T)-DIN only
c:numt>ratcs 6 villages, but of these tho l~iggest has the clearly
Turkish name Ta sh-?raylac1 (1 30 houses).'
(:nlfcigan is :I s~rlall administrative clivision 1)elonging to the
T:1lccl:ln (1istric.t. Most of the inhabitants spcak n Turliish dialect
anti are of Turkish origin. They are mostly cattle-1)reeclers. The
inhabitants of this division live in small huts made of reed, which
nrfJ called f w f ~ (4. The ~)nl )l ~l at i on is cstinlated to nurnl~cr
4,000 in all.'
As tllc! ~)nl)ulntion is of purt' Tul-kisll ori gi ~l I lltlre nicntion
the narr1os of t11v vill;lgc~s in thc (;ulfcg;~n-tli\~ision: Zerdalii-dara
( ; ~~~~) , \ ; I . I I O- , \ I ~I ~~~) , ( i t ~r i i - t ~l ( Iii~l);l-~l~~-), (-)ar; l -h~~l m~ ( l i ; ~p; ~- f i y. ~; ~~i ) , .JiIdnragll
Gunnar Jarring
Nahrein (a_$).
Nahrein is the resirlence of a district chief, who also commands
the district of Chal and Ishkamish. A11 these three clistrirts are
6.
mainly inhahitetl Ily Vzl)cks, belonging to the tribes of Berke ( J )
and Taimrlz (j* t nj ~nur) . Nahrrin for this reason is often called
Berke-u-Ta i mw.
The population of the district of Nahrein is, however, not
purely Turkish. Besitles I-zl~eks there are also Hazara, Tzljiks ant1
some Afghans.
There are a numher of villages, whirl1 BURIIAN-1'1)-DIN denotes
as inhabited hy Turks.
A. To the east of Nahrcin:
Khoja-girsn (inhahitetl 1)s a trihc ~kuderi , . o r q,rderi
( l i ! - ~rpl ~) , which is of Turk nn t ionality 250 houses
B. To the nortll of Nilhrt~in:
Phurche I-zlwks
Qizil-kul ( I~I. IX, ~. I- K~. T) )\
Maids-cah:l1)a Olah.-iii-~lr~rlc~)
A(jsa.i-c.hay;~ ( A K c ~ I ~ ~ - ~ I ~ ~ I I P )
Yon-clam ( H )rr-rin>~)
Buluk-i-pesttl (F;U).IK)K-II-II~~(~*~~~)
11%-chulacl (11.711-'I y.7a K) Y)
Tugai-chashma ('ryrait-'Icl~rr>rc) , a r d Hazara
A(]-kotal (,IK-~v1~i1.1) )
Qizil-uai \ and Trijiks
Qizil-tamiuhk )>
Ta~ht t ~qa- n ('I'a~ir'rym~r)
Mullni fi
Qishlacl-khoja
Qiuhlarl-shirim (Shirm)
Qishlnq-cjara-npnq
Qi xi l -qi ~h~i ( K~ , I : ~ LI . ~ - KI I I I I ~ ) :tnd 'I'a jikn
Taj-chmhma (T:l,1ir;-'4rlr11~ta) %
The name of the villagtt is not qnitr* rrrtain, a9 i t wan not yroptlrly
readable in the Persian original. Note hy SKMEN~)\ -.
Turk ' rri h~s i l l Afghanistan 3:1
I~I:RIIAN-I' I)-DIN does 110t give details at)out tlit lwl'lllation of
tllesc! villages vsce1)t in three cases (Trtjiks, Afghans ant1 I-Iazarss).
Thcre artb, however, villagt>s witti n:lmes lilie Tllrk, CJaragllnch-
nlirzn nncl Chahar-sai whicbll c~ontnill 'l'lirkish c*lt.mcnts.
1). 'l'o thr sol~tli of N;itir~in.
1\11 tlie vi l l ; ~gf~s in this 1jai.t of the tlistrict :Ire ia1ial)itetl Ibv
'I'ajiks, EI;~zui.;~s :lilt1 l' anjirs.
Chnl anti lxhkamish (+GI, Lk)
r 1
I l ~ t . tmt irtl ~) o l ) l i l a t i ~l ~ of t hew two nlii~ol* districts wn s i s t ~ of
1'zl)oks of thc 1)r'eb\,i011sly ~nrntionctl tribe 'l':limrlz. This trihc, has
( ) anel 4 ) Hnrq (3.~.).l 'l'ht? na8n1t1 of t.Ilt1 fifth clan is not,
nlor~t iotlcd l)y ~~I : I ( I I AN- I ~I ) - ~) I X.
111 t 11~ nlrlall vill;~gc of (:ha1 the pol ) ~i l al i o~l is mixcld - Irzl)eks
~' l ' ni r v~~~z) :III(I 'ra,iil<s.
I ~ I ~ I { I ~ ~ N- I : I , - ~ ) I N g i w s t l ~ c 11arr10s of 17 vi1l:qes of the district,
of wl~i(*li tlw followi~ig arcL saitl to h : ~ v ~ ~ ) I I I ' c ~ ~ T~ ~ r k i s h (ITzlrek)
1)o1~1latio1i:
24 Gunnar Jarring
Ali-qatari (A) Vzlbeks
Yakkat ut (}Ili~it'l'y~) >>
Tngtlane (Ty~-;~at~tb) 3
Berk (Barq?) :>
'rhe others are inhabited hy Hazaras and Ta jiks.
That only 8 villages of IT shoulcl have a Turkish population
(lee:: not agree very well with the first statement of Br~n~xs-cn-Drs
that the ~vliole population was T'zhek!
IYI~:N, Vonl PMndschir zum l'iindsch, p. 159, informs us of a
preponderant population of Uzbeks in the plains of Dasht-i-Ish-
kamish, Uasht-i-Jihl-dagh and Dasht-i-Narin. The l'zheks live in
their kirghas in the plains, hut the Tajiks in the villages. IVEX also
mentions a village (;azist:m, inhaltittvl Ily Arabs.
Hadukhnhan.
111 Hitclakhshan the pol ~~l a t i on is ;dso rnixetl, Iult the Iranian
t.ltlmtlnt (Tajiks) is dominant. The Turks are less in numher.'
Accortling to I';l,ndit M A N ~ ~ ~ I U J ~ t h ~ 'Tajiks form the majority in
Raclakhshan 1,royer. 'The Turks, however, arc gen~r nl l y more
opalent, ant1 cscel t h ~ c~l nni ng Tajik in bravery, cnte1.1)rise, in
warlikt? as well as in clonin~crc*i:tl an(\ straight f o r wa r clealinga'.'
i\s with Qatt:tghan, 1 s1i:ill trft;lt 1~:1~1;11~1~sh:1n I);\; town ant1
villagt> nccbord ing to Br.~~rr.~s-r;r t-L)rs.
Thertl is a note on 1). 91 of gr mt intorcst. Tho mc~rc~linnts of
Ratltlkh3han arv in grcat 1mrt vl'iirks, helonging to the trihe of
.\trt.sji ( & f i . 'They deal espncially with (>l~isnse
Turkestan, a l ) o v ~ all with Ynrknntl. \l' oo~~' s " i ) ~) i n i o ~~, that Bn(1akh-
shan was originally pt ~o~rl f~t l from Balk h. only r c f ~r x tc) t hc. 1 ranii~n
part of the popll1;ttion ant1 may t h~r ef or e ho ignorod h~rcl.
1 I ~ ~ R ~ I . \ X - I , ~ J - ~ ) I X ~ 1). 89.
YVLE, Paprrs ~ o n n ~ c t ~ 4 1 with the I * p r ) ~ r 0 x 1 1 s rtupions. 1). 11H.
WIIOJ). tv1. YI-~, t;, 1). l!jl.
Turk Tribes in Xfglianistan
2 ; )
E~~r~~rxsrc,sl;'S statenlent ahout the I<ausIlkaur, l1eart1st to Afgha-
nistan, which was an extensive, but mountainous and ill-inhn~~itc?cl
country, lying to the west o f Rad;&khshan, from which it was
divided by Beloot Taugll [Bulut-tagh], can 1,e mentioned liert3.
The inhabitants belonged to ,z nation called Cobi, according to
EL~H~RSTONI:. He knew nothing of their origin, only what was
suggested lbv the reseinl)lance of their name to that of all ex-
tensive tract in Chinese Tartal-y. I I I I ~ S , I . ! For
the discussion about Bolor and Bulut-tagl~, whicli is connc~ctecl
with this statement 1 refer to Yrr,r:, I'apers corlnectecl with the
T:l,per Oxus regions (1872) 1). 473 et secl., HAYI:.I:,~.Y, Notes on
-4fgh.inist;in. 11. lt?4 ct secl., 1). 304 et secj., ~3.iiwo I'or.o, ctl. TI-1~1.:-
t'onnr~n. 1: 172, 178-9 : ~nd Hucliicl al-' .~lam. transl. MI NI A~SKY.
1). :3(i9.
Fsizalbad is thth c3~i~t1' c of Batlakhshan nnrl situated to the
north-east of Khanalnd. It was fol-n~rrly callrd .Juenn (j3jy
. The ~~opul ; ~t i on is a misturc of ,4fgIi;1iis. T11rks ant1
other triljchs.
,lrg11 is ;I village to tile west of F:~iz;~l):ltl. It is inhnl)itocl by
T~irl<s, AIo~yol s~ 'l'ajiks : I I I ~ A4t r~l t t i i , s. 2 'I'lle l)cq)~~lation is (listin-
gl~islled 11)- tllc light r-olonr of tllc~ir skin. 'rli(y s11~:lk 'I'l~rltish.
7'1l(:y art. (~i~ttlt:-l)rec(lo~.s. 'I'licy csl)ort ol,il~ln t o Ynrltancl i n the
\\.inter. I - I - (~111111101*;1t(is 4 i l l : in Arg11; hc
i r i o ~ l t ions :I '1'11i.kisll ])o1~11ln t ion in tilt> following t4nscs:
' ~ l ~ l z l l \ ~ - ~ ~ l ~ - I ~ l s , 11. 1t1:.
BI.I{II \ &- I . I ) - ~ ) I X, 11. 104. 'I7t1o . l / ~ . ( ~ t ~ j i ' s : ~ c ( - o r ( l i ~ ~ g t o thfl fornler st;~twnent
(1'. 101), milst also hc of 'rllrkish origin: IYoc~lr. cd. Yl 1.1:. 1,. 252 allio i ndi c: ~t ~s
a 'I'11rk po]r111:1tion of Ar21t.
21; i;unnar Jarring
At)-i-l)arik T~i r ks
Qara-Mogul s
Dihclan-lrhana 3
Shonlari I>
Shiran-sllah u
Warn-clazi 9
l'ran-kul >>
Kcji >>
G:;cr.i Ttlrks and Sayitls
l'astkhrir 'l'11t-ks
C' h;~khal-kapa ( Yrxt~;rh-Ii t~~re) ,:
Pt bt r ; ~~i (LIP)
Dekh-clelcl~i >
B~r l a s ))
Akh-1)11ria
~\lrn;ttllr~l
'Takht -i-shah ))
t ( hi r r ~~l i i (5 + i
Kcc hi Sclhzi-i-mar P
Ilazar-mishi ,,
98 houses
189 B
13 ,?.
89 >>
70 >>
1 >>
33 , ?
22 >>
54 >>
26 ))
51 , >
27 >,
.54
- -
3;) , >
8-5 >>
'74 >>
(;G B
.Inlong the remaining vill;~ges, whtbre no notes :rl)ollt the
~) opul ; ~t i or ~ arcb givcbn? thertl :lIq)t::-lr nan1t.s c*ontaining 'I'~~rlzinh elc-
ments, e. g. Bugha-rlara, 'l'~qzh-t);ki ~ t c .
A s H r - r { t r i \ x - I - has ;-tlw;lys nottvl t lie distinct ion t)et weet ~
['zheks, 'Turkmans ant1 other Turk na tionnlities previously, I
S I I ~ ) ~ O H P WV e.upec.t otlrer Turkisll trit)es here in Arpx ant1
:dso in 0thc.r parts of Harlakhsh:~n, as Iltl only gives thc tbollt~ctive
pt I ' ~~r k~, . hero.
Ac~corfling to IVoon the [blain of Arg11 wa,s onc'e inhat)itetl by
(i,oOO f:~milics, tbnt nun- at \.Voor~'s vinit (1838) its surf:tce W;IS
clenolatc, anct ntlither Jnrln nor Iltbast was viait)le. Wool) thcn has a
wr y inttbresting pnssagt? wliiclh 1 givtl i l l t~xt,cnso ': Hibyontl this
plain ( Ar gn) is ttlti wavy clistrivt of Heishkhan, n nanle aneoci:itt~d
in thc n~incl of a Hntlakhshi with all the mirrfortllne of this c o ~~n t r y .
Ahout a c1t1ntllr?- Imck Khan Khojnh. ;I Mohamt~tlan rr~lor of
. . . . - - - -- - - - - -
1 W~torr, ed. YIJI~F:. p. 161.
9 \ VI ~) I ) , op. cit 161----62.
Turk Tribes i l l l i fgha~~i st;~l l
2 i
Kxshghar, and Yarkancl, eminent for his s;lnctity, hti,ving 1~t.t~l1
(lrivell from his dominions hy the Chinese, took shelter in Biltlfikll-
shan, bringing with him -l.O,OOO followers. 1Ie was wealth)., wllicl~
circunlstanc.e, addeti to the Iwauty of his harem, excitccl the
cugitlity of Sultan Shah, who, at the time of the khaja' s :irriv:il
ruled in Batlakhshan. This coming to the knowleclg~ of the
ex-ruler of Kashgar lie, with his people fled down tllt~ vallej-
towards ICunduz; \)ut were overtaken hy Snltan Shah, :lt Reish-
khan. The khaja' s adhtlrtlnt,.: were defeated, and htl I.limsclf rnatlr
1)risont~r. Hcl sued for life, hut in vain; on which t hr holy man
ci~rsetl Bail:lkhshan, antl prayed t l ~ t it might l)e three tinws
del)ol~llattld -- that not t ven a dog might Iw left in it alive.
Al r t ~l dy has the country 1)ecn twice I)erc.ft of its inhnl)it:~nts: first
I)y I<ohan Bcg o f Ii~lntlusr,, : l t ) o~~t forty year:, Iback, ~ n t l : ~g: ~i n
k ) ! ' i\Iulsn(l Bog, in 1839.
JT;tft:ll licr to tl~ca nortll-u-(1st of F"ziizal);ltl all(\ is inll:tI)itod nlainly
1)). Tajiks. Of 28 villages enu~nt.ra tetl solne arc inhnl~itcci I)y
'Fr~rlzs. T11c.y arc thc folio\+-ing ' :
1);1 r;l-%ornt~ 23 11011schs
l<thliilegi (Iitb. I I O, I OI I I ) 1!) B)
N:tr-(lar:~ 41 \
Kth11(1olan ( l i t 1 1 1 L ( ~ . I I I I I ) 110 ,
Fthrg;tlll t1111 15 n
l hbkl l ; ~~~- i - ( l : ~ I*;I 11 \.
Ilertlim ( '!>J) and Trxhkan ( b e )
r'
r .
I 11ost~ \-ill;lgcls :ant1 tlistl.icts l i t & to t , l l r ~ so~ltll of V:tiz;ll):itl :111d
sub i~lIiahitth(l l)y 'l'ajilzs, B~l u( I j i s, l:atzar;~s and K:allliks (Q:irlu(~s).
r 7
l l \ ( l 'I':~,iiks :111(1 H:~zaras s1)c:ik l ' or s i : ~~~, tlw 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 1 ~ ~ 1 j i ~ : ~nd
Q;ir111tls 'I'11rliis11. 14;\~11*y trill(> 1):~s :I villagtl of its OWIL Thtl 'J'ajiks
i t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I. I 1 1 i : ~nl l 1lnz:trns art1 d:lrk. 'rhe
1~)1)11l:ition is Sunrlitrt in rtlligion.'
- .- . - . . . .
I ~[ ~RI I AK- I : I ) - ~>I N, 1). 1OH #( I .
' ~ ~ l ~ ~ l l ~ ~ ~ - l ~ l ~ - ~ ~ l ~ , 1). 111 --12.
2H Gunnar Jarring
.L\ccorciing to a later statement of BURHAN-UD-DIN,' however,
ITzl)eks must also livt: in Deraim and Teshkan.
Khash (>\6-).
Khaslt is a vi~llep of the Jerm ancl lies very seclluded. The
roads leading there from Faizal)ad are difficult and steep, ancl the
~~opul at i on of Khash has little possibility of interchourse with the
surrotlnding world.
Only two villages in Khssh atre inhahited t ~ y Tajiks, the others
arc inhahited 1)y people >>speaking nothing but Turkish,,. They
Ilrloeg to the tribe of Kaltn Tai (& d kelte t nj ) .
\.\-hat has hetm snit1 ahout the Turliish population in Deraim
and Tt~shkan applies also very well to that of Khash. It would
a v ~ r y interesting task to stutly the language of these Turks,
as they apparently must have preserved the language very pure.
Saturally we knotr nothing ahont how long the Turkish population
has livcvl there, hnt this cBnn only he fonncl out on the spot
hy incluiring of the inhahitants tliemselv~s.
HI-r:~r.\s-1-n-Drs tbn~lrn~rnttls 11 villages in Khash. 9 of them
;Irrb inhat~itecl 1'4' Ti~rlw. Tllchy are:
Sarliilfb i' ~' :i1).110,1t~). fi11kI111i. S11ara11, Jloghulan, l)t~rId~ati, Kej-
(krt1t.n. I)n-N~~kl ~rn, 1.1.-nim~t ( &jj\), GI I Z~I . .
Thth whole pop~~l at i on is t~stimatrtl to he 2,000, inhal~iting 500
hoilses.
tihash lwlongs to the .It.rni or Jurm cliutrict, to which some
oththr valleys inha1)itecl I )y Turks also htblong:
1 , t h ~ vallry of Yllrng;ln c >LC-1. 1lt.n. r two villages in-
ha t ~i t ~t l hy Tilrks: ( : h~ngkh: ~ I I I i t 0 houses and
K herandah (Svpntr.r;~fi) wit11 lo0 housrs.
2) tllc vallry of V ~ n l l ~ j ( - , >JJJ) . Somc villages Iicrn are
inha.hite(1 I,y Turks. other3 Ijy Tajiks. Hr . ~r r . \ ~- r ~r ) - l ) ~s mcntions a,
numher o f villages inhaliter1 hy Tnrks:
3 houses
s ;.
8 .
30 >>
24 ,,
20 >,
A lnisetl rJ'url;isll-Tajilc popul : ~t i on is i ndi cat ed in t he fol l owi i l p
vi l l ages :
Akhshi r e (:-)XIII 11 1"' )
15 11oust.s
Yurnel ( H )alck. lrl) 30 Y
Tekran 100
Aniva (09) 15 >
Zoi 15 >,
I3nsllcn (~4\ i 21 .
Th e wllolc 1)ol )nl at i on is nl)ollt 4,OI)O sonls.
'I'l~is i s a v:lllq- u-llicll 1)t~giiis a t 1,:1ilg:11- Sllur-i-k1111rda :ind
on~l s at Qnl n- i - j s r ar ; ~ ( 0 , 6) . Tlw l,ol,nl:ition of Little
I'amir is Tnr ki s h and all are Qirghizes. 'Fhv?- are of quite Moll-
1.11~ 11~~1i 11 tlivision or tlic I'amir is t l i : ~t of k'r.~,~.:. w1iic.h is adol~tcbd by
gc~ogr; t l )l ~~~rs. Arcortling t o this wr 1111vc ti srctions 1) lL':iniir Alichnr, 2) Pnnlir
K1i11rd (1,ittIe I>amir), 3) 1';11nir 1<ala11 ((;ro:~t I'an~ir). 4) Palnir K1i:trgoslii.
.-I) lL'amir Sarcbs. t i ) Pan~i r H:inpkul.
' ~ I I I . l i t t l v P:tll~ir is 11vs(*rihcd hy MORI , \ h t l i i l h: TIIP Iittltl Pa~ni r is a long.
lt~vt~l. jiritssy \alloy, fro111 2 t o 4 n~ilfhs in width, CI ~~I ONC~CI on oitli(~r sidr by
rangvs of hills sloping pvrltly tow:trcls ii. Its Irnptli, fro111 t he x o i ~ t h ~ r ~ ~
r,xtrc.lnity of the Aq-txsli ~;111(~!. 1 0 a 11oi1it (i milths wrwt of the I:ili(~, is
L I I ) OI I ~ 58 milrs.
M ~ I I ~ I ; \ \ ~ I I I I I I tltbwril)cbs grcbat IL':rmir: (irclat I':~ll~ir livw 11~xt to Palnir
li1111rd: i t n gr:lsRy ~ a l l r y or plain, ahout a niilr witlt.. is also enrironc>tl by
n~ountains rising in trrr;tcv>s to :t hriplit 01 5.000 fccbt ahovcn Woot l ' ~ Victoria
(Sir-i-kill) 1,;llic>. th(* Kl11-i-l'amir-1i:ilan or the nativcbs. 13,950 fvrt aha\-tl
tho Rt'a . . .
(Mo~c:,\s. 1;. I).. Thr Pan~i r. A pc~ogral)hicsl and ~~ol i t i cal ~kct ch. Scott.
( i ~ o g r . Mag. 1RV2. T l i ~ articlc is wr y informative. and ha^ a good map).
:I0 (;unuar Jarring
golian tyl)th, ;ic'vortling to HITHIIAN-UD-DIN. They live in yurts,
which thc~y get from Kashghar in Chinese Turkestan. Thr numl ~er
of fa mil it;^ will Ije about 1 0 0 ; of these ahout 60 are of a higher
social ,al.ade (bni's tltc.), and the other 40 ar e herdsmen and
worknlen. 30 of the families live for some time in Great I'amir.
Ttie wholo number of Qirghizes living here is estimattld a t 2,000.
The yurts of the Qirghiz t~slially stand together from five to ten
on cliffcrcnt sites. The Qirghiz living here profess l s l a~n of the
Sl~nnitcl ortlrlr. Mitrly o f tho Qirghiz ar e well educatecl in religious
mattflrs a11(1 read hooks in the common Central Asi i ~n literary
'I'nrkish, as for cxarnple ~>S; 11~~: 1t - i - Mr ?~' t l di ~, according to A. SIC-
IIE?;OV i t work 011 fiklt, compilctl I)y the Shaikh Mas'url-hin-Mahmutl-
))in-Yusuf-us-Samarrlandi and very well-known in (:entrill Asia.
Thcrtl ill-e here some ~~l a c ~e s , the names of which ;ire1 mentioncvl
and Yakhrnir (9): .. - HI, RII, \ N- I. I) - ~) IN gives a goor1 description of
t h ~ geography of t h ~ cotlntry on p. 149 scj.
Great Pamir.
(;reat l':tmir, like Little l'anlir, is a long mountain valley. The
l)opz~lation hcrt? too consi ~t s of Qirghiz of the same tribe as in
I,ittrle T'amir. BIIRH~~?I'-I:I)-I)II\I gives :1 tal-)le of the names of the
Inore irnl,ortan t mfln among them.
Shughnan ( bi z) .
l' hcrr Qirghiz in somc platws, hut :is a wholr no Turkish
1,ol~ula tion here.
\Ync,r) ( 1. 1 rlt~scril~o,.c a Qirghiz t?ncbampment near
Kiindut (K:indet on the map) at the l' anja river h e t w ~ ~ n LYhughnan
and Wakhan. t Tr a gives f~irtlitbr vr?lr~ahl(? information nl~orlt thtb
(Jirghiz ant1 Qxza(1 of this region, 1). 221- 2.7.
' Owing to t h ~ altit1itl6~ thin * n i o i l n t ~ i n - wi c - k n t ~ ~ ~ ~ tutiik i s ('0nlli101l hlhrp.
It i s c111rr11 in a p ~ c i ~ l i a r way by the popltlation: hy (baling tlrircl rhvcnfu
of wh e ~ p ' ~ milk ( f l ~t r nt ) ( H~~~t r ns - r ~r ~- l ~) r s . 11. 168).
Turk Tribcs in Bfglial~ista~i
Shiva is the district round the lake of Shiva. It is rich in
goocl p;~stures. I n former times it ~ ~ a s in11al)ited t)y Tur ks fronl
Argu, who for that reason were called Shivachi, 'people from dhiva',
but then the abundance of pasture in Shiva hccame known to
the peoples of other places, and the Argu-Tl~rlrs could not reillail1
alone there. Now in summer-time there come up people from
Qandahar and Kabul, Arabs froin Baghlan, Ghnri and Khanahad,
' rurks of the tribe Atrenji and others. They t ake with t,helrl their
cattle ant1 let then1 graze there and return in the autumn.
I - - estimates the) nu~nber of this ~~sninmpr-pol-,nlatioii:>
a t about 8,000 families.' According to Pandit Na.nphill (YI-LE,
I'apors c30nnecbted with the ITpper Oxus regions (1872) 11. 441)
Shiva (S/ic)ari) was at, that time inllalbitecl I,y Turks of the Yaklia-
hfoghnl tri1)e.
c
Shahr-i-huzury: (c jj -4).
This ])laclo is situatrtl to the north of Faiza,I);ld. The 1)rtlvniling
])opulation is 'I'ajik, I)nt tlle~-tl arc also ITzl)eks, Qarluqs and
lI:lz;ar;~s. Th(1 ITzl)eks s l ~eak I'zl)c?k ;111il thca Q:~rllicls 'I'lll-kish. The
n a is h n r ~ w1.ittt.n $i.2
l<unt:~cl is si t ~~at (: d to tllc! wt3st of Faiz:thatl. 'I'hc polu~lation
is ;I mi.utnrtl of Tajiks, ITzl~tlks, I I ~ I z ~ ~ ; z s ant1 Qarlucls. The l anguag( ~
of tilt: 'l'njiks ant1 11nz;ir:ts is I'orsi;l,n, of thc TTzl)cks ant1 Q:I~~II(IH
'1'11rkish." (4;1rl11(1 is llercl writ trtn l i i ~l ~. l ~. i i .
I ~ I ~ I : I ~ . \ ~ - I ~ I ) - I ) ~ N mcntions :I I:~rgc nnmI)(:r of villages. A ~) nr el y
'1'11rkis11 pop~ila! ion is i11(1io;1 tt?d in tlw fol l o~vi i ~g:
ITzl,eks and Qarlucls 120 houses
\, ).) 57 >,
>> >> 20 >>
)) )> 45 >>
Qarlucls 25 >>
>> 30 >>
Qarlllcls and Vz1)eks 40 )>
Y. >> 130 >,
>) )> 50 2
Q:irlucls 11 >,
Y l o >,
31 ,,
>) 30 D
>> '30 >,
>> : >>
I'xbeks 2 , >
80 >>
* 4 )>
P 1!) ,>
e -
1 ) ,,
Y dfi > ,
Qiirlucls 25 ))
4 >)
P -30 >>
4 >.
> 46 >,
>> 70 \>
), 3 ,,
HI) )>
TTz1)eks ti1 >\
'n 11 >)
20 >>
211 >>
41, B
Ho \.
Qarlrrcls 40 . >
>' 43 =
42 >,
Turk Tribt~s i n Afgh:iniatan :l:i
I11 the village of Qizil-claln there is said to I)e a poplllation of
Turks, here c*alletl Tuc.11-Turks (T!.~I-' I' ~~~)I~II). They numl ~er 83
houses.
A mixed Turkish-1rani;xn population is indicaated in the follow-
ing villages :
Tajilr and Vzl)ek
lihojn-jergatu mixed 39 ho11ses
Ah-i-asiyal~e Tajil; a11~1 T11rk8
I c l r : ~ ~ special attention to the t ri l ~e called Sayid ( ( ' c ' i ~ l ~ , ~ ) , \vhicli
lives in stbyera1 vi1l;tgcs here.. 1 :mu not al)le to pa). wllat nzltionalit~~
they may he." Thc villages intlic.ated 1y l3nr;1i1rm-r:~-Drn. as inhabited
1)y Say ids are the follo~ving :
Langnr
T'en jcllztkli
Sayid-nh:~d
l)akh-i-1)11~11t
Kishan 1:zl)c~Iis ant1 Say ids
I< om:lngtbr
50 houses
20 \.
23 >\
0 >\
50 ?
4 ?\
In two villages, Ilekhnn-i-liivan (4.7 llouscs) and 1'est.eko (80
llouses ) thert. are Bel~ttljis, who may Ijc sl~spccted to sl)cj:l k Turkisli,
:~ccording to an c:irli~r statomcnt, \-. p. 27.
YI,I,E in the 1)ref:leth to \.!'r,o~), p. LXS17111 mcntions a place
Karlogli [Qarl~icll. some twenty milcs 1)rlow Rllst6k (at the
Koksh:~). >,Thin ~~lachc, and thc plain district rountl it, appears to
tako its ii:~rno from :I sct t l ~rncnt of tlie liarlog11 Turks, once so
famoils and lrirmclrous in ' F~~r kcs t an. ~
I ~I I KI I AX- I I D- DI N, 11. 210.
Arc-ordinp t o (;ROT)EKOY I h ~ y arc Ar a l ) ~ (hl,\ltvlw, (:rotlckoff's ride,
1). 116).
('hah-i-ah is it rayon in the district of Rustacl to the north of
H11sta~j. 'I'hert' is a population of ITzbeks in four villages near a
vi1l;;lge callecl Quclucl, the rest of the po1)ulation being Tajilrs.
Yangi-cl:il:l is illso situated in the district of Iiustacl. In Y:tngi-
ciala itself thr 1,oplllation c~onsists of Afghans and T'zheks, but in
other places only of lTzl,eks. The ITzheks are estimated at 8,000-
9,001). If Bu~tr,\?;-t.r)-l)~s's statement is right, that the inhahitants
of thtl villagtts c.uc.cl,t of Yangi-cj:ll;x itself are T'zheks,' the table
of t he villages nlay I)c of interest. The villages intlic-ated are the
follo~ving:
730 houses
1 u
cir, ,>
45
30 , >
50 i>
40 :.
Nonl:~dica rl'ul*k~ilan tl-ilws n1.r to I) ? folli-ltl in Xol.tlle1.11 Afg11;lni-
stan. in many cases int~riiiiutvt wit11 the ITzl)el< and Ir;~ni;lti
1)o1'ulation, l ~ l t e v i ~I ( * n t l ~ in 111ost C; I SP~ tlio!- ~ ) r ( ~ ~ t ~ i . v t ~ l their pnrc
7'111'l<111;111 FO;I tllib(ls well, in cbont rary to tilth 1'zl)t.k~. who art? n l ( w
irifluclnc*c~tl hy thtb lr;li~i:~n olemrnts of the l)ol~lilation. Tlie Turk-
mans ; I ~ P nlitinly nonintls, ocac'~~l)!-ing th(~n1stllrcs wit11 thtl I)rt:edil~g
o f tllch I'inrn?i/rl. tl~ch most vnlual~le c?cl)ort ai.ticlc of Afghanistai~.
'Po n sm:~llt~i. tlcgrct~ tllclj- al.tl agriculturists.
'I'hc folio\\-iilg Tr~' l~rli~l~ali t l -i t ~~i s are sclttlthtl 011 .I\fglian territo1.y:
Snlor, Saricj, Ersnri, 'I1('lit'. Alicli. Ka].:inla ant1 ('1lalltl;~r.~ The ill-
forrnn t ion w1-t. ~)ossc.ss ;111ont t llrin is \-clry scant>-. &ling lionla(1s
t l ~( ~s o rI' l l rIi l ~~; ~~l triI)('s II;IVC oftoll (~hangtld their albodt~s from Afgllan
t o l(ilssi;lri ;lilt1 I'ersian tclr1.itoric.s and 1 - i v t b \-c1rs:1 - (lither hy tl-lclir
own will or 1by fol-cc. I 1i:lvrb Iricd to g;lthcr ant1 sift the oftc~n
c.oiltr;~(lic*tory inforinntion ~ v c hnvo al)ont tllr~ll. It will I ) t l fonnrl
~~l i r l cr th(1 Ilcli~ding of t~nc~li schl);lrato ti-il~r tl.f4ntt*tl hy me.
(;ent.1*;11 inforrn:~tion about the Turkmuns of Afghanistan.
Most sonrc.chs oi~l!. t c b l l UP al)ollt w 'l'111.krn;ln l)opl~lat,ion of
XortI~tbl-ii AfgI1;111ist:111, not 111(~11tioni11g to 1~11i ( ~l i trilws tliey bclo11g.
I first givcb tho infol.lrlntioll nTc3 1)osscss i~l)oilt tllv T~i rkrnans o f
~ \ f g l ~ : ~ ~ ~ i s t : ~ n ;IS ;I \vliolo : III(I tI1e11 t r wt o ; I ( ~ I I tlsil)tk scll)arat,ely.
.\c3c30rtling to 11 \ c s l i l N ' tho 7'111.li1~i:~ns cal~icbfly oc('i11)~- the region
1 I O ~ \ V ~ ~ O I I .\1l(1 I< 1111 i , 13:1I;i A1111.gIl;il) ;1r1(1 hf:~~.u(*li;~q. ~ v l l ~ r o thcy livv
1111: , \ H I I I I I I . I ~ I , I I I \ I l i o ~ ~ I I \ I I Y. llist~lirv ~ I C L lqL2si(0 ('ontr:~Iv. 1). 258 rncln-
tions Fl ~r t hr >r t l ~ r l Irihe1 "l'rll:~r Sc-ngl~i' in t hv s ~ ~ r r o ~ ~ l ~ t l i n g s of Ilclrat.
I 1 \ I IS. 111 1'11rsia ; I I ~ I I Af g h a r ~ i s t ~ n . 11. :WO: Hala M~~r ~hnt ) wi t h mi x ~ d
:4f~l1a11. ' r ~ i r k r ~ ~ a l ~ a n d l ' ~t ~bk l ~ o l ~ ~ ~ l a t i o n , i~vror(li~~g to SIKI: . ~. Somt* notcls.
11. :13~). l l rl tilso r1~11orts Tl ~r l i l ~~: i ~) ~ i n Maiir~;ina.
36 Ounnar Jarring
togtlther with Afgha~i non~ads, especially those of the Ghilzai
group (Shakzei and Otak tribes). Elsewhere we reported other
pcwplt~s too in this region. HAMILTON indicates the districts of
Herat, Maimana : ~nd Anclkhui as chiefly inhabited by Turkmans.'
Fr. 1~0~ reports a Turkman population in the valley of Surkh-ab."
I t is easily seen from the reports on different Turkman tribes
which follow that this cannot be the only area occupied by the
1'11rkmans.
From my own observ;itions Tr~rkrnans of various tribes live in
the tlistricts of Tashclnrghan (Turkman Llashqurghan), Mazar-i-
Sharif, Balkh, Aqcha, Antlkhui and Daulatabad. There must also
I ) P Turkman settletnents in the neigh1)ourhootl of TIerat. Thus
IIOLDI(:H Vol l nd the first signs of Turkman encampments, which
no clouht continue eastwards, a t Chaman-i-bad. FAIZ BAKHSH
reports Turkmans to the north of Mazar-i-Sharif on the banks of
thc OXUS. ~
According to Hr; rt t ~. ~x- ~~u- D~w ' ancl others there is a Turkman
j)opulation in tlle province of Qattaghan ancl Ba.tiakhshan, chiefly
ronfine~l to the districts aro~rnrl An~lcrah, Raghlnn, (.:hiiri, CJuncluz,
Inlam &hill, Khnnahacl an(1 Taleclan. For details of the Turkman
~)opiilation of these province, v. 1 ) . 13--:14.
The tribal divisions of the Turkman.
Hefore I treat every gr ol q of 'I'r~rkmans living on Afgllan
territory separately I give the gentlrnl calassification of Tr:~~~ovlc;rr,
wl ~i ch rnay convenirrltly serve as a hasis for thtb cla~sificatiotl of
t l i ~ 'l'urkman tritbes of (klntral Asia." His work is of the greatjest(
v:l-lue to anyone studying the T~i rkmann cthnologicndly. For the
divisions of the different Turkman tribes living on Afghan t t ~rri -
HAUII,TON. Afghanintan, 1). 963.
* FVRON. 1,'Hintlou-kouch c b t If? Kahorrlistan? p. 3!).
"or,~rcrr, Afghan hoi~r~rlarg cwmn~is~ion, 1). 280.
Y~I, E, Papor8 conn~ctcd with the I-ppor OXIJR regions. p. 452-3.
RURHAN-C~-DIN, p. 27. cf. p. 16.
a T~rsr. \ ~o~ns. TY~II~N(~III~(T~UI II .rypr;>IcbrrI,l. ( I!j'L6). crp. HS et perl., cf. furt,hrr
K~ PI I ~ I ~ . I~.T~~M~*IIIIo~~ 11 l)o,umtdl ( l w r ; ~ ~ i T~~) I ; MI W. I 1925) and 1iir11ori. ' ~~~I I <~I VI I I I H w
T~~KMV+I I , I . (1929).
Tl ~r k Tribes in Afghanistan
3 7
tory I follow VAMB~~KY, whom ARIST~V also followed, with the
intention that the reader himself must compare with the classi-
fication of TUMANOVIC'H, given here below. For t,he classification
of the Turkmans living in Iran I refer to IISNTZSCHE, who gives a
classification from the official Persian sources from the gear 1855
which is still of great interest.'
T t l ~ \ l a ~ u v ~ c ~ divides the Turkmans into five groups: -
1. To this group helong the tribes, which directly descend from
Salor-Ogurdjiq, the descendant of Salor-Icazan. There are
five tribes descending from Salor-Ogurcljiq:
a ) Salor
(1) Karaman
$) Yelov;lch ( ~, 1013i i ' l )
;!) I<iclii-aga
l;a(~li of tht:se three tlivisions (a--y) have a further 6-7
s~~I)ilivisions, and each of them again is divided into
2-10 fresh groups. Thus there are allout 110 trihe-
names in the tribal system of tlic Salors.
1 1 ) Sariq
(ij Alaslin
1. Alnish
2. Alnnkh
3. ITstrt
1. Iihoji Nazara
/I) J'ula t-shall
1. Snpi
2. Hairach
3. Kl~orasilnli
4. ( : t ~rzc~ki
-7. Al.khaki ctcb.
1 11 \NI %S('III;. ' r01)ographi~ uncl S1 atistik clcr pc~rsischtin ' hr kmanen
(1Hfid). also i n Sl~r~:nc.r., I<rRni~c.l~c Altorthum~lrnnde, I, p. 710 et seq.; there
arp also a fair 1111nlhrr of Ruswi a~~ works dealing wit11 the cla.ssification
of t11t. T l ~ r k n ~ : i ~ ~ trihrln which (.annot bc quoletl hcro, cf. for example
Mr.l<.\vli.,\-, 1tc.iscl (lurch T~lrkornanico; further lk~t~~c~~~cc.~ri~.nrc-r~~~~t~c'~iilr f ' f , o~~~l l l i l >.
I . 1, f . I . i i ! ) ; ~n( l WF:;V.II'KOW, J)ic russiuch-asiatischen Grenz-
land^, p. 174 rbt Prq. nnr1 i hr hihliogrrrphie~ rr~r~~t i onccl in t h ~ chapter >The
hihlinpraphicrrl .snilrccsn, 1). 7- H.
3s Gnnnar Jarring
Eat-11 of these trilpes has minor clivisions. In all there will
I)e stbvchr;~l dozen tritbal nanies in the trihal system of the
Sariqs.
( a) Tthke
CL) 'I';tkhtarnish
1. I'nkil
2. Btbk
p ) Ot ; ~~ni sl l
1. Rill;hshi
5. Sic*hnlrw
'l'hvrth is .;:~lso :l great nun11wr of niinor divisions, not
t ~nr l ~r ~t ~: r t r ~t l 1)y Tr~~ri\so\~~c, tr.
d) Yornutl
a) Q;~ra-cllt~tl;i or t,)~~tl~l-l' tlrr~ir
1. (3ifwi-Atikl):ti
it. 10 minor proups.
2. $llnrif-1)jaf;lrt)iii
;I. :i minor grotrl)s
I i n 0 has 2 - sul~tlivisio~is. Cf.
further (' OSOLLY, I, 1). 37--40 'Genealogical Tret:
of tllv Yimoot', tvllirbh \\.ill su1,ply ;I fair nrin1l)t11*
of tribal names of thfb \-on~r~cl.
p,) l3:\irit1~1-(~11~)li or [7tli-rl'v~r~ii*
1 . Or s ~t ( l ( ~l ~i
2. Okuz
3. S;~lnkll
L:I(*II gr o~t p wit11 2-3 sr~\)(livisior~s.
y ) 1:s11:1(l, with 7 groups, of whic.11 some ;irtl tlivitlecl into
?--I{ clivisions.
In all thtbrtl will Ibr r t hor ~t 141) t r i l d n;inicls ijmong tht:
YOrnll~l~.
e) yc~nirili ( ~; >~I ) I I . I I I )
I ) ) Gol <l : ~n
a) l <ni
3 divisions
/j) DuI)erga (,'l,yfitil)~-i~ )
2 (livisiol~s
I n a11 78 trilbal nnlnt8s aild divisionh.
t l r S:iicl
40 Ounnar Jarring
e) Makhtum
u) Nur-Makhtum
p) Kalli-Nalshtum
In sum we may reckon 55 trihes, all being originally Arabs,
hut later Turkmanized.
4. 4th group. Not of Oghuzian origin, but now among the Turk-
man
a) Sunchi
1) ) Nukhurli
c) Anauli
(1) Murcha
5. 6th group. This group consists of newly formed trilbes and
thc-~se of non-Oghuzian origin
;I) Ali-ili
1,) Khizr . (or Qutlar)
C ) Khizr-ili
Salors.
The most imj)ortitnt 'I'urkman trihc is no tloulbt t he Salor, also
c*alletl Salar, Sal111- or Salq-r. This t r i t ~e has three divisions accord-
ing to VAMHE~ ~ Y: .Jalnwatsc'h (Yalnvac.h), Karaman (Qararnan) and
Anahiilegi, anil these again have snhdivisions, not enumerated
by VAYRCIIY hwr , hut, in hi s earlitlr 'Travels'. There (p. 304) we
find the following divisions:
Yalavadj: Yasz, 'risai, Sakar, Orcli~khod ja.
Knranrnn : Alam. (iijrd jikli, R~yl~i.llegi.
.4nu biilfyi: Yatlsc~hi, Bokkarn: Raknschtliire, ' l' im~~r.
K~IPRCI. ~? ' who gives tht' three cliviwions Yalowa6,"araman and
- - -- -- -- - . - -
1 VAIREHY, Das Tlirkenvolk, 1). :3!)9.
' Fha . d. Isl. art. Sa l ~~r .
I fincl no reason for al t ~ri ng Yalavach into Alavach. R H ha11 heen
don^ i . a. by C, i s~. \ {rsC, 11. 66.
Turlr Tribes in Afghanistan
4 1
Anabeleghi, reports with EWNEWIS. ( k~v~~vr ul r ) ' as sourctb another
tribal system :
Ya l o ~~~n ? : 1 . Ordullodja. 2. Daz. 3. Bek-Sakar.
Karaman: 1. Ugrudjihli. 2. Bek-Ghezen. 3. Ala in.
Kirshc Agha: 1. Iiirshe Agha. 2. Bc!sh Uruk.
Another division is given by V.~JIBERY froin YE~~RUSI:YJ~. CI-I ant1
Mx i t v ~ ~ . v h e three divisions are according to this Kiptschak
(Qipchaq), Dezerdu (Orclu?)-Chodschah (c,f. the first sul~(liivisioi1
of the Yalovach tril~e, according t o Evnevich and inen tioned
above) :~nci Karaman.
Y ~ T E relborts the Salors to lje divided into three sections: the
Talawach, the Gichara and Iiarawan. 'rhe last is no c1olil)t an
error for I<a~.arnan."
The last and most CI-edil~le acclount of the tribal divisions of
the SaJor is that of I i ~ n r o v ancl AR~ EKOV. ~ A~cor(iii1g to thein the
Snlor are divided into three t wi f t r (gentes): liichi-aga, Qaraman
;inti Yalovach. Thest. again art1 divided into oba (or urrry) :znrl
these into tirr which are divided into bir-c~tct.
Thr. nanws of thc obn (t(r?i!/) art. as en~iirlt~rntecl \)elo\v:
Qara man
1. Qaranlan
2 Olam ('Alan)
Y:llo\~:lol1
1. Ilaz
2. TTrrli-hoja
3. Orda-I<ho(l
4. Yusuf
5. ller-sn kar
I
Frorn an tlnl)i~l~linlictl rns. prrstlrvrtl in l l ~ e library of the lt~lssian
(;t?npraphical Socirty anti nntit1t.d 'IJn ot c:ont. u~l ~c~n tlths T11rknl~1nc~-Salnres,
11'aprE~ I CR i ' t t ~ t l ~ ~ faitels tbl l IHHZ --18!)3' (ill HI I RH~ R~ ; ~ f . ( ' . \ sT~( : NE. r). 66,
1 1 . 2) . An fhtlition of this 11-14. is d(~ni r~hl v.
VAMI ~I ~; HI . , I)BS Tiirkenvolk, 11. :1!)!), n. 1 .
' YATF., Englnntl ant1 I<trs~ia, p. 302.
' ~ ; \ I ' I I ( I I ! c$ .\l'l;~li~lll. (';I 1 1 > I 1 ) I d ( ( ' ; I . I O) I I J ) . ' ~ ! . ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ ' ~ I ( I H~ ' . ( ~ ' HI I ( ~ 16)So: ' 1 7 . ( ~ 1 ) . 27.
f i . Iiesse
-
4. K~r i ~~l - i t gi k
H. Qurt
! Egri-agir
10. Qirq-uili
11. lTrlls
In a11 thore ;ire 12!) tritbal nilmtls.
211 tout the distritoution of the Salors in Afghanistan of to-day
wtl k n o ~ . vfhry littlt.. VA~ I HI ~ I : Y ' fouil(1 tltltw-een Hala Murghal) and
JI;iin~an:~ n tl(1sclrt peopletl hy Salors hut tloefi not give details
:11lo11t t11cb1-n. FAIZ H. AKSII '' rcportecl Shiharghan to Ir)c inhabited 11p
'S;ilril. Trlrk~n;ins', sutojects of the Xmis of K;~l)ul; hut a pure Turli-
mill1 pol~ul:ition cannot i n cja~stion, n* .;a mixed popu1:ition is
rrl)cortthcl t*Isewherr::
'I'hc. nun~hclr of the Si11ors in ~\ f g h i ~n territory was in 1882
i~c*c>or(ling tto 1, 1. ; ~, \ 1: 201) families, which livetl at Maimana.'
\Vt* know nothing with clcrtainty al ~out how long tho Salors
1l;~vt. t)t,en on i\fghi\11 soil, tout i3cc~)rrling to YXTE . ' il part of them
I\-t1nt of t ' tow:tril3 l l ai n~ana :~t, out 18(il), ant1 st~ttlrtl a t Sar-i-
c.hashnli~-i-c.hic~l~nk1i, a fe.w milt:s enst of (:haharsh;~mha. Ynrt-I;
has :nl$o sO1l l t l otl~clr information itl1011t tht* rvc'ent history of t11v
S:tltrrs, 1111til tl1(1!. wtbrtb l)t>rn~ittivl to rctllrn to I'c~rsi:l.
r 7
I hc Sa~-icls or Saryks ;trtb :l(*(~ot'(lir~g t o VAMHI:;HY '; tlivitlecl into
five ptArltc.s t i I : tlrrzeyi, c ~ r ~ l i , 1 l i s l 1 , Sltkhti 111t(i
a i r 1 1 fivv clivisions I~av(b t l ~oi r ~r ~ht l i vi s i on~ (t i rc)
' V , ~ MH~ R\ . ~ T ; I V ( ~ ~ + . 1). 2C3.
Y1.1,~. F':i[W?s. [I. 454.
vf , 1). (if).
cF. MI HYI N. 'l'hrb H~~s s i ans at thr~ pattag of Herat. 11. 112.
' E'Acrc. Enplnnrl and )1118sia. lo. 301.
VIIRCRY. Das Tiirkenvolk, 1). ,397 et s(lq.: a l ~ o ('x+~.\cis~.:. Ir. lifi.
' Thr* threc. last divisions arv callc(l Alnarlrn, Sokhti and Hirnrlf in
V,ZMREI{I. Tr a v ~ l ~ . 11. 30.7. Aar ~r ov. :k~n.f;r~;~l. 11. 415 har~ thc xime name4 aH
V,IMRF;RI-. 1 ) a ~ Tiirketrvolk.
The nanles :ancl numlters of these sul~tlivisions (1iffc.r elltirely
fro111 tl~ost> givthn hy \'.UII{I.;I:Y in his earlier work.' The ~ ~ ~ i ( ~ ( ~ r t a i ~ l t j -
\vhiclh one ninst feel nl)ont s ~ ( ~ l l contrnclictory infornl;lt i o ~ ~ p r o v ~ s
the nticc~ssity of fresh i l l \ - c s t i t i o ~ into the t r i l ~al di vi si o~i s of
tho Turknlans - :tntl othtir Turk 1)~ol)lt1s of Centr:ll Asia -
lwfore it is too 1;ttv. 1 gi\-e Iic.rtb t ht ~ cl;~rlii~r n:tnltis of Y,~.\~HI'I;~-:
tllo11g11 i n its III:I~II f(b:lt111*tls i t is t110 SiIIkl(' :\s tliat of I-.~J~I{I;I(Y.
!l(a(lor(l i11g to y.1~1,; II-O 11:tvo 1 1 1 t h foIl o~\ . i ~l g S( ~ I I PI ~ I ~ ~ :
I , r . kf s~) ~: s ,' :~tl(ls :I sixth clivision I~c~siclt~s tlic~ fivcb n ~ ~ n t i o n t ~ t l
11,v V t ut : ~. . ~; ~ ;111(1 Y~~1.1:: t l l t b lhrdnlt-Ii. Z 11;1vc~ not I)rc~i~ at)lr to trncbth
--
' V~ MHI ; I I I , ' I' rd~~l s, I)]). :!04---05.
' YAT):, 1;11gI;1ttd atld I ~ I I HS ~ : I . 11. 214.
' I J ~ > I ~ I ~ I . \ . 11. >titi: 1). rrfi'2 cst srbq. gf~nc'ral itlfortni~ticlo ahoat t l l c ~ Sari418
it1 t l l i ~ IIarI of 1 I I P r 1 o ~ 1 1 ~ t r! : f ~ ~ r t h f ~ r , I ~ O I , I ) I ~ I I I . Afg11:lrl Im11mlar~- (lonlrnission.
1). 280 f l t H( n ( i .
this division anywhere else. The Hnrzegi of YATI.: ar e called
F1;tzurghi hy LI:MSIIEN.
'I'hc present Sariq-population seems to be located to the
regions around the Jlurghah and southwards. VAMFJRRY found
Saricis I~tltween hlaimana and Bala Murghab, and FAIZ BAKSH
ntmut 6,000 Si i ri ~k Turkmiin families living in tents in Pindi (just
on the frontier) and about 4,000 between I'indi and Maruchaq.
Qilah Wali (Qala Wali) was according to YATE "entirely in-
habitcd hy Saricls, emigrants from Panjdah. I t was said to
contain 4.30 houses or kibitkas, and of these 300 or more belonged
to the Harzegi section. The majority of the remainder were
Khorasanlis, with just a few Alishahs and Bairach amongst them.
-4. C. YATE says the settlements of the Harzegi extend to Qara-
wulkllana ant1 Qala LVi~li.~
ilc.clording to H~c, ri ~?; Vh t ~ r e are Sariti 'L'urkmans in the region
of Chnkhansur, in South-western Afghanistan. Thcy ar e new-
corners into this part of the cbountry, originally belonging to the
tribe of Saricjs that has reclaimed and cultivated the ancient
marshes of the Murghal~ between Hala Murghah and M,zrucbhaq in
Xorth-westtarn Afghanistan.
IVt? have a very good exanlple of thc difficulties in obtaining
a survey of the di~tritbution of the trihes in this part of the
country in a report hy Y. 4. r ~" on tht. wanclerings of the tribes.
In thrl mitlflle of t h ~ 19th cvmtnr?; Sokhtis (Si ~kht i s) migrated into
the c,o~lntry arountl Andkhtii, owing to tht! fighting at hferv. Fr on~
:Inrlkhui t h o s ~ who hacl haggage-animills ant1 water-mrdaarrc-ks
cbrossetl the ( l ~ s ~ r t t)y the direct road over t h ~ Qaril-he1 plattxu.
while t h ~ rr~ma,inrlrr went round through Mnimana and Qilah Wali.
Originally all the Ssricl l ' ur kn~ans had had their lands at, Panjdah;
hut an the t,rihes incrtlaserl in nurnhcr they went eoilt.hwards to
cblairn mort3 r or ~nt r y for thoir I~ercls. A goo(1 many Khorar~anlis
sncl somt: of thv Soklltis movrlrl into the l i ~ ~ s h k vallcy ancl settltxl
V~ MHRRY. ' ~ r i t v t ~ l ~ . 1). 35.5.
? YI.I.E, Papers, p. 4.7.7.
Y. \ ' ~E, Norther11 Afghanistan, 1). 125.
* YATE. 1Snplantl nnrl Rus ~i a, p. 293.
' ~I.I('KIN, In Yrtr~ia and Afghanistan. 1). 356. pictr~rcn of Sar i q~ and
their tc'ntn (from Yarurhaq), p. 3@2.
* Y \TE. Northern Afghanistan. p. 187.
Tlirk Tribes i n Afghanistali 45
a t Qilah Manr and other 11eighl)ouring places, and the Harzegis
spread south\+rartls to Qarawal Eihaila and Qilah 1 Thcl
occupants of the two latter places rernainetl at t hat time Afghan
subjects. As YATE; i*el)orts, the Afghan governenlent declined to
keep any Sariils near their borders (owing to the constant troubles
with the trihes on Russian territory), and they clecided to remove
all the Saricls remaining at Qilah IVali :mcl Qarawal Khans to
Chahars11amI);t ancl other places farther south in the hills, where
they were k)t.ttt.r l ~nt l er control, and to put Afghan st.tt1t.r~ i11 tht3ir
place. The rnmours of this move operated forcitbly on tllo Saricls
- so rrlucll so, t hat as soon as they heard it, t h ~ y corni nenr~d
to vacato Qilah Wali and to troop I1nc.k t o I' anjdah in ~~~~~~~~~~s;
and it is ~iaid that of the 300 odcl f;~rnilichs lately Iocattlrl tllcbre.
11arc11y 30 arc now left on Afgllnn soil.
Ersaris.
A\)out the divisions of the Ersnris n7c ~' ossess rc1liable infor~nil-
tion from Kt~iuwv in his I I , I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I ~ I OJ I 11 1)0,[01{or[ (. OC~P; III , I ~~~I I ; AI ~~I [ . 'l'lley
:ire divided ncv~)rding to t hc follo~viilg s8~llttrn(h:
I. Qara-I)tbka~ll
:I. Qarn
12 divisions
1). 13vka111
5 (livisio~ls
2. (:1111:lslr ( I'!'11~1111)
(; rninor tril~cas
3. ITlucl-tepc
12 minor t ri1)f.s.
111 liis '1'r;tvt~ls VAA~I{LI<Y consi(it?rs t l ~ ~ Krsaris to l)o (livi(Iv(1
,)into t w..clnty '1':1ifo, :~ntl still rnorc numcbrolis 'l'ire,.. In his ~Ti i r -
kctlr-olk~\' 1 1 t h tlopclnds tl~rtircly o r 1 inform:~tion from I' ET[~I:~EI~ICII,
wllo t ki l ~~i n~r : ~t t l s tilth followiilg four tri1)rs: I . K;lra. (i. (I. Qara).
2. 11111topo. 3. Kii1wsvt1. 4. 13~ka111; 1)11t L ' , ~ ~ I HI ~ ; ~ { Y ( 10~s not rtvlco~l
- - - -- - - - - -
' 1). :30n.
p. :3*1 f bt s t y ,
I I 1 t i i t s o r e . V.UIISEI~Y earlier notetl the Qara-
'l'r1rkm;111 ;is :I st31)iir;ttc: t r i h , I)ut later changed his mind and
c~orisitlert~tl them 21s ;I division ( t ai f e) of the Ersari.' The Ersari-
'T11rkm;ln ~nost l y cl\vtllling on the left hank of the Amu-dnrya are
0ftr.n c*:tllecl 1,ctb-i-nhi .~,eol)lth uf the \ vat er - ecI ge>>. Y~. r ~ "applies
this n:lmt. only to t hti Qaru-sec't ion of the Ersaris.
The inform:ttion \vc, have ;~hout Erx:tri-Turkm:ins on Afghan
territory is V.\MBEI~Y'S statement that they live on the left bank
of thc OSI~S, from Tsc'hic'hsrdsc*llnj (C:l.i;trjui) as far 11s Ralkh,' and
that of I~oI.IH!.II," that thc district extentling for many miles along
the southrlrri I)anks of the C)YIIS called Khwaja Salar is inhabited
t)y Ersari Turknlnns. Y A ~ ' says that 1)amlatahxd is inhabited hy
T<rs;~ris. 1 4 t h ostirnatt~s that 3IIO Icitbitkas :~ncl reeclhuts a,re inhat~itctl
I E r r . SI'IEGKI., wi t h o ~~t mthntioning his sources, assumes
(;o.r)oo tt:nts of k;rs;lris on Afghan soil, clivitletl into 20 tritws
11-ith n1ar1y s~~k~(livisions.' Ti,\t:llov e n ~ n ~ t * r ; ~ t ~ s tllrre trihes Ijelonging
t o t ht. ();~r;i-sc~cat ion to IIP rc.sictrn t 011 Afghan tt~rritorp. Tliey :11.(&
c*nlltvl 1)aIi. K;lz:tn, i ~nt l 'I'itan.'
Y.\,rl; has some ot ht ~r infornli~tioli of iritcrt:st rrgarding thcstl
' rnrknlans. 1'0 thr north of >ling-tl:~rakht the valley of the
;\h-i-Q;~isar was ;I tltasert on Y.\I*I.;'s visit. It had l)tlt~n well 1)ol)u-
I;~tt.c\ formvrly, ilntl there h:~(l I)t ~r~n 1;~rgo stlttlemrnts of !loth Arab
ant1 ).:rs:tri nornatls. who ~~sthcl to graztA ththir flocks in thtt c!h111 t o
tht! wt8st: t h t ~ wthr(\ rth(ll1(*(v1 1))- ' r ~~r kl n; l ~l raitls, ant1 from 1 H i 7
t hr land hat1 litin \vastt~."
8 V. ~UHI . : W) . 1)an Tiirk~nvolk. 1). 4lll. n. 1.
V. \ MHEH~ . Travtbls. 1). 303. c.orr~lptr*~l Lrhah-'I'iirkrnt~n. ant1 Tiirl<en-
volk, 11, 4lMI.
V \ TE. Sortht~r~l L\fghanist~~n. 1,. 1:Il.
' V. \ \ t ~i b ~i \ , Travc~ls. 1). :i4):1: ;11sn V ~ I I hl~v. l V ~ r ~ j ~ ~ k o \ v . 1)iv r ~t ~s i s v h -
asinti~rhtl~~ (; r enzl ant l t ~. 1). 477.
' J~OI.I)I( 11, T11ex 1ntli;tn hor(Iclrla~111. 11. I,?!).
'' Y.\TF.. Northrnl i \ f ' gI ~i l ni nt ~~l . 1,. 234; Tru \ u t ~ v r c . ~ ~ . [I. H6 r. onai t l c~r~ t h~rcb
i s a 'r.onritlcrahltb' nrrnlhthr of Lrsaris on i\f,"ha11 soil. STEW \NT'H ~t at t l ment
(S-retv1i1.r. ' T h t b voilntry of t h ~ Tlllikr Ti~rkomnns. 1). .'i:3.I) that the. Ersnris
on t he l t s f t hank of lhtl OXI I W numht ~r 'iT,,ol)O t+lntr: or R75.C)OfI I)cbrsons milst
he conaitlt-rc.~tl wr y high.
SI*IEI:EI.. I. :rAni~cbl~~ r\lt~~rthi~n~skuntle. I , 1). :),;I.
' K \wVnv, I ~. I I ~WVI I I I O/ ~ [I [ MI ~ I I I I I I I ~ I.III-~;IH. Tahlc 2.
' Y.\TF.. North~m .4fghani~t;111. 1111. 231 - 4 2 .
In his 1j;ll)er \,Short sttttistical information of the Ers:~ri-tribes,
living on the left I):lnk of tht? Am~~-daryt t >, Koar.\no\- gives the most
detailed inforination of the El-saris that tve ~~oesess. ' Accortling to
liim thcre :Ire : ~0- 40, 00~~ ftlinilies of k2rs:lris in Afg11;ln Turl;ost;~n.
ahove :ill in Xndkhlli. Shih;~rgliaii, Aclclia nncl JIaz;ir-i-Sharif.
Later lie gives the nuiiilbrr of 4.282 fanlilies for thtl part of the
c1ountl'y investigntt~cl I)y him, hut this was only the rnobt nortll-
wtlstthrn l);~t-t of it. l<oa~.\l<ov found sulb-trilres of t htl Qilr;~ ~*esi (l v~i t
in Aclclla with the 11;1111(~s 'I'ag;ul ;lntl Qar;t-lroin, ;lntl a tril)c~ Snlticj
((' ;I. I*~I, IKF, ) i ~ i lbotli 1\(1(>11;1 ;1nt1 Sliil);~rgliari. The S:ilti(l-t~*il~t), IIOIV-
thvtJr, was not c*oiisiclt~l~rcl ns a 1,111-tb Ers:~~' i-ti' il)c 1)y liilu. tho11p11
t 1 1 ~ mt ~r nl ) t ~~~s of tht. trilre c.onsitltbrtld t l i t ~nscl vt ~s so. Thc trilbrs
I ':u1(1 j i , Iii(*lil<:t :111(1 l'tlrrili ( I l ( ~p l r ~~t i ~, ) ;11so l ) ( ~l o~i gt ~( l to t l l ~ Q:~r;i.
;111ql inlinlritc~cl A\ f g l ~: ~i ~ 'l'url;rstn~i.
(.)f sul1-1ril)chs I~elonging to t l ~c ~ B~~1;nul thc~ S;irli ai ~t l ('lltb~.shc.ng-ci
( ' I ( ~ I ~ I I I ( ~ I I I Y ~ ) 11:1(1 ;I fair niiriiIr(lr of ;1(lli(lrt~i1ts ill :\fgli;~~i r~~trl<ost:lii.
111 i\(l('li;l livcbtl tht* ('11;li ('li111). also 1)rlongiug to t110 13clk;1ul.
. \ l )l )n~-t ~nt l y the l<rsilris lint-c migrntcltl 1:lto into Af g l i : ~ ~ ~ torri-
tola!-. 'rlltl!- ch;llnc into i l l ( , territolu>. of thc fol.~ntlr 1<11;11l;1to of
I3OIiliil1*:1 ;lt ~ I I P th11tl ~ t ' t l l ~ S C ~ \ - O I I ~ O O I ~ ~ I ~ ( a~' l i t ~~~ny. '
'I'llc 'I't~k~~-'l'l11.li~l;111 .; \\.as llritil ~ ~ t ~ c ~ c ~ n t tilnos tllv most ilnl)ol.t;~iit
:111(1 1)o\vth1.t'111 rI' ~~rlil~i:lll trill('. 'I1ll(' ' l ' ( l l i ~ ; ~r ( ' tlivitlctl i~ccbor(lilig to
their gcwp~.:~l)llic.;~l clisl t-ilr11 t ioll into two 1n:lin divisions: tho L\ kl ~; ~l -
' l ' t l l i t h nntl tht, Jl(lrv-'l'thlicb. A4cac301'cli~~g to \ r , ~~l l ~l . l : v' thti Aklinl-Ttbkr
Il:i(l t 110 fol l o\ vi ~~g 14 s111r-(l ivisions: Kiiktsc*lit~, Sil lik, t J : t s ~ ~ : j ~ ~ ( )';is-
I I I ; I I I I . hliris(*l~. ' l 1 ~( ~l ~~~l t t ~I i , K O I I ~ I I ~ , l < ; ~ r : ~ ( l i ~ ~ ~ l ~ - i \ j : ~ k . l i : ~r : ~- l i ol ~g~i r .
. \I~I:~II-S(~II;III. Si t s ( - l i ~~~: ~z. li:~ks(~Ii:~l, Riikri, I < : I ~ : I - ~ J I I UI : I ~ :111(1 Kwl-
s(*liiik. r l l l l ( ~ 3I t~t-~-' l ' (~k(~ I I : I \ . ( B :I SOI I I ( ~WI I : I ~ lriortl ( * o ~ ~ l l ) l i ( ~ : ~ t ~ ~ l ( l i \ , i si o~~
; ~ c ~ c ~ c ~ l - ( l ing to 1' \ \ IIII, : ~: Y. 7'1itby :1r.cB tlivitlvtl tll~ls:
I ; r l \ l \ l ' ~ l l ~ l ~ . I i ] b; l l ' l i i ) l ( "~: l ' l ~l l l "~l l ~l ~~l ' l i i l l l ' l c' l ; . (. l ; l l i fl 1 1 I I . I ~' J I ~' I I ; I F' I ~ .Illc'illllI. ~ ~ 6 l l ' l ' i l l ~ ~ l l l l l l ' 1 ~
I I I - I . 1 I . 7 so.
V\WI~I.,I<Y, Travfnl~. 1). ?:It.
1 1 1 s ~ Tr11r.c not TrX.I<r. i n t~r.c*ortl:~nc~c~ \\-it11 K \ I { I V ) \ - ;tntI ' I ' I . ~. \ s I I \ - I ~~I I .
' V.\\IHP,IIY, l);ts l ' i i r k ~ ~ ~ ~ v o l k , 11. :3!)7.
48 Gunnar Jarring
Sitsc~hmaz (Sichmaz
Rac hschi (Rakhshi)
1. Toc:htanlisch (i. e. Tokhtamish)
Onth might s.rusl)tlclt that some of the sulr~divisions of the Akhnl-
; ~ut l Jltbrv-trke coinrlitie, e. g. Kiiktcht., Am;inshah ant1 Sichmaz.
'l'his is no douht due to tlw fact that the division into Aklml- and
Mclrv-Tthkths is purrly geographical.
In his 'Travels' \ ' i i a r ~ ~ . : l c ~ gave a division somewllat different
Bek
frotn the lritfbr one. I clilote it in full, as it may he of interest for
Puturtl research into the trihal ol'ganiuation of the Tckes.' The two
runin clivisions Akhal- and Merv-Teke hat1 three subdivisions (or
'gentes', t u i f ~ ) , i%-hich VAMHI.:I{Y at that tinicl was ablr to nscertaili,
each divirlt~(1 illto minor tlivisions ( t i r e) . I'llcy arcb:
Kiiktscht.
Amnnscliah
Kali
I . (itomisr/t: Kelletec~l~o, Sultansiz: Szitschrn;m Kara Ahmccl.
2 . Aalrhshi: I'crrcng, *rop;~z. Kiirszxgry, Ala(ij:tgiiz, Taslln-
jak Aksefi (+oh, Slnrsi, Zakir, Kazilar.
3. Toktnnlish: Ho k l ) ~~r i ~n iImnnsti;~h, (;iiktchtl Beg, K:tra,
Khar, Kougor, YI I SSI ~~, .J:izi, Arik liaraalja.
1 Kongur
I
Ak-Wekil
Kara-Wekil
-2. iitemisvh (iitemish)
Ac*clorclirig to FI. I ~ E HI.O(XJ~:EVII,I.I; the Tekes of Merv wercl
cliviclccl into 24 tribes, hat no further clcltails are given by him.
The Teke Turkmans belonging to th(1 trit)c,g en~xmtlratcd ahove
3eem t o he rather few in Afghanistan, j ~~d g i n g from the sources
we have). In the recent Tl~lssian work ,,T,ands of the East >\ '
(Moscow 1936) thc Tckc artx reported together with the Sari(!,
Salor, ancl F;rsa~.i ;is occ'upying the trnnshortler deutrt and steppe
districat of Northern Afghanistan. I am not sl ue that the real Teki 1~
can hcb l o c a t ~d on Afpharl soil according thc solirctbs known to
VAMBERY, Travels. py. 305-06.
BI.~#'Q~JEVII.LE, N O ~ ~ C P slir l e ~ nomadca flu Turkeotan ( ( . ' i t 3~. \ t r ~b, p. 66).
('TII~IIII~ I ~ T ~ ~ KI . 2. ('~M*.[I~I,II~ I ~ovT~~I ~. A~~I I Y\ IIIIIT>I 11. ( ~ 1 ) . 220.
Turk Trihes in Afghallistan 49
r 7
me excel ~t in oile case. Ihi s is FAIZ BAKSI I , ~ ~ 1 1 0 in his time foluitl
30,000 'Toga' Turkiiians living in teuts on tlle hanks of tlie
Rfurghab river. Tr.1,~ reat1 tliis 'Toga' :is 'relre, \\-hich is no cloul~t,
correct. For the rest, the Tekes of Merv linvc long heen renow~lccl
for their plundering raids on Afghan soil (mostly in the 19th
century), reljorts of which can l)e found everywllcrc. in the 1itc.r:~-
ture of that tiine."
Alielis.
Anot11t.r cjnestion is if we inay reckon the Alieli Turkniniis
to the Te1;e trilje. This llns 11een cloilc hy Borr~,c;r;~,"luoting FEKI:II;II
as his primary source. If onc can trust Ferrier's inquiries, s a p
Houlger, the ,41ic>li are not a district tribe, ljut only a branch of
the Tekes who were ren~ovecl to AnclBhui in the reign of Shall
A bhas the (4 1-c-l:lt. He c;tlls thc.nl c1esct.ndants of tlie Afs1lal.s -
that trihc of n-hic.11 Nadir Sliali was a niem1,er. I lia\~c not 1)ccn
able to o t)tain any furtlic~. inforniatioii which coultl point to soiile-.
thing cltlcaisivc for the origin divisio~is of the Alieli. I decided
to reckou tllcnl anlong tlie l' el;c-T~lrl<~n;~i~ for the tiilicl being.
At V~nr~k: ; l n-' s timt) t l ~ r -4lielis occl~l)ictl the grounds ill and
:~rouncl Anclkhui." Hc tstimateti tlle town to consist of 2,000 houses
ant1 ahont 3.000 tt3~its, either in its c~nvirons 01. ~( >i l t t ~r e ( i over tlir
o:lsis in tlir t1r~c~1-t. I I r chstirvintctl thtl 11i11nht~r of t l ~ r in11al)itauts
:ti lci,~M)O. 'l'llt.?- ~vc.r.t ~)riric~il):llly T~~r l ~ni : i i i s of tlic tril)cl Alivli.
i i ~t t ~~. mi st ~t l wit11 l ' zl ~c~ks :inti :I fow '2'ajiks. The total ~l unl l ~cr of
Alitllis in th(: .211(iklii1i Kll;111at~ was t h~t i ~~l ; l t ( l d at i~ntlcr 12,000 11)-
HoI~I. ~; EI~, : ' lvho doos not mention thc source from where he got it.
I do not tliilllc tht!rc is ,111 Alicli pol,ulntion in the district of
Andkhui noiv\.;~tl:~ys, ;is Yl\r7r: " in 1885 states that tlicy \\-ere
' YI ~I , ~: . 1':tpors. 11. 45-7.
cf. for c.xaml)lc YA. ~F: , Nortller~l AfgI1allista11, 11. 17'7 and MAII\ . IX,
Mrrv, 1). 75 ct scq.
HOI~I.(IF:R, England and Hllnnia, I, pp. 22-3.
' VSMRI'RY, 'I'ravcls, p. 240: also S'L'E\YAR.I~, Thr count ry of thr Tthkl<e
T~irkomans, p. 634.
ROI I I . ~ ER, op. cit. 1). 222.
" YAW, ICnglancI and R,11~sia. 11. 253.
50 Gunnar Jarring
removed to the north of Khorasan. HANILTON (1906) yet notes a
1)opulntion of Alielis in An d k h ~ i and Daulatahad and in the
I<hwaja Salar section of the Oxns frontier.'
Karama-Turkmans (Qarama).
FAIZ H A I ~ H ~ H informs 11s that Maimana, including its depen-
dcncbies i ~ t that time, was inhabited by 12,000 families of the
Kararnzi tribe. Mairnana was then a dependency of Balkh. I-Ie
reported the same Karamh-l-mpulation in Kashlak E ~ h a n . ~ Accor-
ding to VENICKOV the Barama-Turkmans or Sakaris are to be
found eastwards in the direction of Anclkhui. They are few in
numljcr but known to be brigantls of the worst sort.3 The Qarama
might be the s:mie as those called Sakar (of the Oxus) loy BURNES.
They numherecl accorcling t,o him 2,000 families.' As seen from
this, the information w(: have at)o11t the (Jarama is very sraanty,
ant1 new has to 1)e collec'terl.
In his work Turkmnnistan and the T~i r k n i a n ~ TU.\I.\NOVICH
informs us that c*onsitler,zhlf: parts of the Chaudar-trihc have their
ahode on Afghan territory." have not found this information
anywhere else, and leave t h ~ gtatement to future renearcll.
The numher of Turkmans in Afghanistan.
I t is almost impossible to give (Ictails ahout the numher of
T~ ~ r k ma n s resitling in Afghaniatan. According to ARI~TOV, " who
of clourse had no statistical aources, there are only 80,000 in
- - - .. . . -
' ~I. \ YII, TOX. Afghanistan, 1). 264.
YIII.E, Yaprarn c.onnecntcvl with the 1Jppc.r 0 x 1 1 ~ regions, p. 454.
a VENI L~ K~ V, Wcnjnkow, Dip r i ~~s i s c h- a~i at i ~c he n Grenzlandc. p. -177.
RI'RNES, Travels into Rokhara, 11, p. 253.
' TSW~\ IIORII~I. T ~ ~ I I < WI ~ ~ I I I ~ - ~ ~ ~ I [ 11 T~I)J;M~*III, I. (*TI). H:).
VARI HTOV, :3;1\rF;17;11. (TP. 420: the Hanw nr~mhcr arrording to KF:,\NE.
Asia. T. p. 51: L)F.sv, Clrammaire de la langur tnrqne, 11. 5: 1,cs larlgires (111
nlonrle. 11. 197: R tRrHo1,n. Enz. (1. Id. art. Tlirkmenen.
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan 5 1
Persia and Afghanistan: of which 50,000 k~elong to the latter
country. In such a recent work as REYSNER,' H~: : ~BJI CI I JI L~
A ( ~ ~ H H ~ ' Y ~ H (Moscow 1929), the Turkman and TTzl)ek population
of Afghanistan is considered to be 700,000-900,000 in all. I n
another work from the same year REYSNER gives the number of
200,000 Turkmans residing in Afghanistan.Qarlier, YAVORSKI
estimated all the minor peoples in Afghan Tlirkestan - Qirghizes,
Turkmans, Hazaras, Iranians, Afshars, Hindus, Jews and Arabs -
as not more than 50,000. This number is no doubt insufficient.
The task of fixing the numlwr of Turlimans residing i11 Afghani-
stan is made more difficult through their mig1.a tion into Russian
and I'ersian territory from time to time.
Uzbeks.
The I;zt)clks are confined to the northern parts of Afghanistan,
i. e. to those parts of the caountry, which we uslrally call Afghan
Turkestan. The ITzbeks nlostly live in the cities or villages
(kishlak, qi ' Sl crq) , where they have the occup;ttion of merchants,
craftsmen or farmers. Kowadays they appear to he seldom nomads.
General information a b o ~ ~ t the tribal divisions of the I'zheks.
The llzbeks of Russian Turktistan are divided into a great
number of trit~es, according to Ktr~s~rcov ' 97, to Ktrurtostr~rrrs "2.
ant1 to I. ~JG~I>F; T 102. In the following I give the cblassification of
the Vzbeks acbcortling to Khanikov and I,ogofet, mainly with the
ohject of showing how different they are. No douht it is the same
with the Uzbeks as with the Turkmnns - new investigations into
their tribal divisions have to he made owing to tht: unreliahility
of the sources. The difference between the t>rihal divisions of the
IWzt)eks living in Afghan territory and those in Russian cannot
hr very great. Therefore ~i l c h a,n investigation will he of the
gr ent e~t valuc. whethflr i t is made in Kusnian or Afghan 'rurkrhstan.
KHAN~KOY T , OC I ~ F E T
1. Ma~igit (JLitr~r.t,~~r~r,) Mangit ( 1 )
a. Tuq Mangit --
h. Aq Mangit -
c. Qara Mangit -
2. Ming Ming (lo2)
Gunnar Jarring
KHANIKOV
25. Uzoi
26. Kabnt
37. Khitai
28. Qangli (Ei i \ nl l . l ~~)
29. UZ (Y:+I>)
30. Chuplachi (Clyri LI H~I U)
31. Tupchi
3'3. Utarchi
33. Upulachi (YI~J-.TH~~II)
34. D julun (,%?.I p'h)
35. Djid ( ; ~~JI , I %)
36. D juio t (,&;liy wnl)
37. Chil-djuiot
38. Rui-maut
30. Ui-maut
40. Aralat
41. Kireit,
42. Ungut
43. Kangi t (liii ti l'hl'rb)
44. Khalawat (Sa.~nyam)
45. Masad
40. Murkut
47. Berkliut (1;cy)~)g~rh)
48. Quralas (Kypn.l;lcr,)
49. liglan (J'rhi R 11%)
50. Qari (hfapb~)
61. Arsh (.iptlfia)
62. Ilrschi (M.ISIVR)
53. Djulagan
54. Kishlik
56, Gedoi
56. Turkmen
6'7. Durmen
58. Tabin
59. Tama
GO. Rindan
61. Mumin
62. Yuishun (K)ftlirywh)
--
Durmen (11)
-
-
-
-
-d
Turk Tribes i n Afghanistan
66. Yuiruchi
67. Djuirat
68. Buzachi
69. Piklltian
70. Batash (I;vr'r;\~~rh)
71. Yngrini
72. Shulclur
73. .I'llrnai
74. Tleu
F- r s. Qir-dar (lib1 ~*I,-J"'I,)
7tj. Kirkin ( K U ~ K I , ~ ~ , )
P P
r r .
tTglan (s 1'.111117>) of . no. 49
78. (3urlat [ I ' ~ ~ . I S I TT> \
78. Iglan
8U. Djimebai
81 . C,'hilkas (' 1 11.1 IJ~HC' L)
83. Tiighur
83. Agir (.\l-t,~l~r,)
84. Tt'a1)n
85. Nargil
Hi . Yiiz:tk
87. Kakhet
HH. Nachar
H!). K11(1jaliq
!)O. B~lzan
91. Shirin
93. Ra klirin (l;t~xp~r~r.r,i
93. 'I'lirna ('l'n~n)
94. Kikiiz ( H I I K ~ , : ~ I J
!Is. Mughul
94;. l<ai:tarl [ I ~ ~ I ~ I ~ I I I ~ I ~ ~
97. Tatar
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan
Jau-keldi (Xi1 1 -li?.1I~,l.h1) (77) 81. Eshka (:~IIIK;I) (90)
Zor-bnrun (78) 82. dhikh ($11)
Oz-temir (79) 83. Bai-kaslika (92)
Alla-berdi (80) 84. Sari-bash (93)
Ichoja-Hamazan (81) 86. Subaq (94)
Yer-teber (E:IY~-T~G~I)' I, ) (82) 8(i. Stllduzi (95)
Qatagllan-clalasi (83) 87. Pokirak (96)
Martiat (81) 88. Zarmukha (97)
Shorarl (85) 89. Yangi-gaur (98)
Khan-l jatcha (8G) 0 . Imanl-teniez (99)
Baracl (87) 91. Sliali-temez (100)
Tnlkislii (r~' ~' . ll~~ildlll~l) (88) 92. Bayat, ( 101)
Togalan (89)
The distribution of the Uzl,eks of Afghanistan.
Y:\I,uI~..;I;I ~ne ~i t i o~l s that in some part s of Afghan Tlu.kest;ln
the lizl~elis forrrled tho majority of the 1)oljlllation. 'l'his W:IS
c~sl)ec.ially tlir case in Quntluz, ;\ndklil~i ;tnd Sllibargliail. 'I'ht.
I-zl)eks here l~olong:.ctl to the rest of the grcat constcl1:ition of
tl.il)cs c~allt~tl Orta-yiiz. In Qllnrluz ; ~nd Tnshcll~rgl~:~n thc Vzl ~rks
mainly 1)clonged to the tribc I<att:ighan (Qntaghan) (on 1). 120,
howcvcr. Y. \ vo~i s~r, has thr c*ont~.atiicatory slatenlent that Tasli-
ql ~rghan \v:~s mainly inllnl)itcld I)y T'zl)(>ks I~c~longing to tllcl t,ribt:
lling), in hl:iz:~r-i-Sharif and Rallrli to tllc t rilws Sarai a11(1 Ming,
1)11t ns :I rl ~l v thc trilws ~vcrtl \-cry 111ixet1 ul) with onr another. .
In ntilizing tlir! i~iformatioii givcil in t l ~c son~.c~es clcaling wit11
Afghan T ~ ~ r l i ~ ~ t a n I ~)roc~~ocl from vest to cast, 11cginning with
lltlrat. As t h ~ Turki sl ~ r)opl~latiorl of CJa ttaglinn an(1 Batlnlihslia~l
is trtl:tttbtl !);\I mt-: in a sl)t~c~inl cnhaptor, I only pivc n sumnl;lry of tht:
1'zhc3k 11cqIulntion o f tllc~so ~r r ox- i ~~t ~t ~s at thc e11(1 of this cli;~l)ter.'
J7 \ v ~ I I ? - ~ I . 11: ~ ~ * I I I , ~ I ~ I I ~ ~ ! , . 1 I . I.TII. ? : ] I .
A H an ~ ~ : ~ n i p l v nf w- l ~nt ql l i l ~ motlrrn works inform 118 ahout the
l 1z l ~t ~ks of Afgh:tnistan, I r1110te 1:1*1coa, L,':\fghnnistan. C;ilogral)l~i~, Ilistoire,
ibtlinogral)hic.. vc),v:tgc~s. I'aris lO2fi. 1 , . 23 >la t r i l ~ i l d ( ~ s (111zhr:ks. sur I'Oxl~s.
vit rlc pillngt1n( ! ) : a nd Iris I)aprbr l,'l\fghanisl an. I<squiss~. gi.ographiqiic,
1,ille 1025, 1) . 229 ~ 1 , ~ s Oiizheks snnt cl'originc turquc. I'illards. ils ran-
( ~onn~nt la \-alliv' clt: 17 ) XI I R> ( !)
58 Gunnar Jarring
I11 tlie town of IIerat itself there is a very mixed populatiori
of Afghans, Tajiks, Turkmans, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Jews and
others.' The same mixed population can be observed in the towns
of &iaimana, Shibarghan, Andkhui and Ac j ~h a . ~ According to my
own ohscrvations the Lrzbek population of Mazar-i-Sharif is not
very numerous. I noted the same mixed population in that town
as described above for other towns of Afghan Turkestan.
I n the village of Dihidiraz, near Sirvan and Obeh, KHANIKOV "
reports :t l~opulation of Tizbeks, helonging to the tribe of 'Koung-
ratl' (Qungrad). I00 families of this tribe had emigrated there
from the Oxns (luring the reign of Muhammed Rahim Khan of
Iiliiva.
Y E has some interesting information about the Uzbelr
1)opul;tt ion of C11a harshamha to the west of Maimana.' The
I'z1,ilks here were rni~inly cattle-breeders. Curiously enough the
villagers of Cha1~:trshamlm (lid riot claim to be Uzheks, but tlie
tlescendants of a lot of ~rlixed races. They called themselves the
1)orrzdnit Aimtlk, or the twelve nomad t r i b e s . Tl ~ e y had no idea
where they originally canicl from or what their tribes were. In
Yate's opinion they wore to all intents :ind purposes Uzlrleks in
fact, if not in name. The tradition is that Nadir Shah settled
13,000 Familitls of tliffcrtlnt t r i t w clown thcre? hut that s11l1-
wclllen tly somtb r ~t ~~r nf l c i whenc~t~ t h ~ y cilmc, others moved else:-
whertl.
IIirak, a valley 11nrlcr the hills to tlie south of Chaliarsharnl)a,
hail also ac:cording to Yt\-rl:, an ITzhek population, helonging to
t h~ STtbkrit "t ~r anch a ntl nl ~mt ~er i ng ahout 250 houst:~.'
In Hazarn Qila. whivh according to its na*mc must originally
havtl htvn inhahitetl lby Iiazaras, Y, Z~~I. : f o~~ncl that 11;llf tl~r?
Y ~ T E , England and R11s~ia. 1). 139 et Req. with a g~neral tleacription
of lierat: furthf~r pen~rnl de~rription in M~r,r,l.:hox, tierat; REHTRANIF, p. 113;
cf. further E. I.
* Xoteci i . 4. by YATE, Nortti~rr~ Afghanistan.
KHANI KI I V, Mi.moiw .cur la partip meridionale (IP 1 ' Aa i ~ central^,
p. 1%.
' YATE, Northcrn Afghani~tnn, p, 130, 132. 1%.
Qf. p. 81.
Otherwi~e known m Merkit.
YATE, Northern Afghanistan. p. 136.
Turk Tribes i n Afghanistan 39
population were Uzl~eks, and that, the remaining Hazaras had
lost all their Hazara characteristics and becbonie Uzhelrs in a11
but name.'
A no~iladic Uzbc.1~ l)ol~ulation around Plf:~imnna is n~c~ntione(l
by YATE ' and FERRI ER, %V~~ refer especially to an Uzbelt pol)ul:1-
tion in the plain a t Elmar to tlie west of Maimana. VAMBERY *
informs us al)out both nomadic and settled Uzbek po1)ulation in
the Maimana-district. He estimates the whole pol)ulat~ioii of the
district at 100,000 souls, for the niost part 'ITzl~eks I)elongi~ig to tlie
tribes of Mi11 (Ming), Atclimayli (Achmaili) arid Daz. According
to V. ~ ~ I HBRY ' the inhabitants of Maimana were Uzheks, witah some
Tajiks, Heratis, ahout fifty families of Jews, a few Hindus, and
Afghans. FI.;HRIER consi(iered tlie Uzbelc popl~lat~ion of tllc town
to I ) t h 15-18,000, but tlicre was also a small proportion of I'ar-
sivan families. Burin-k;~ has the statemelit that fifainiana at liis
time was ruled by an Iyzbek belongi~lg to the t ri l ~e of JYun.'
In Kafir Qala and in Rabat Al~dullsll Klian (in tllr dist,rict
of Khairal~atl, \vhich is called tlie most nortllthrn Gzl~ek village
of Mairnana 1):- YATE ') hetween hfaimana and Phiharglian FI:I~HII.;I~
noteti an ITzhelc popul at i on. 9af i r Qaln n-ns n halt on a ~nount ai n
top inliahitctl by 1Tzl)elts and snrrouncied Ily tllcir tents f or sornc
dist ancc.
In T(*hitchektoo fClhic~liekt~l to the wcst of Maimana) Y ABLBEIZY
samr thth last of ITzhck nomacis, as Ile w:ls tr:rvc~lliiig wcstn.artls to
1Icrat.'"
Y,z,r.l.., NortIi(~rli Afghanixta11, P. 136.
' Y~rl : . , Northern Afghanigtan, 11. 344.
FF:RRIEI~, Caravan jonrneya, p. 195.
' VAsrsC~v. Travels, p. 24!3; cvirlently the 6ourcct for ~IBMII.' L.IW' S 8tate-
mrnt that Maimana wau inhahitrd by llzheks of the tribes of Min, Atchamali
and 1)uz with R sprinkling of Tajiks, Hrratis and a fow Hindus, Afghans
anti JCWR. (IIAMII,TON, Afghanistan, p. 259.)
'' V~MBLI I Y, 01). cit. 1). 250; the samc~ in MIH ARDOIII, KERIM HOUKIIARY,
Histoire, 1). 262.
FERRI ~: I ~, ('arava11 j our n~yn, p. 197.
' HIIHNI-:~, Chhool, 1). 226; Wlrn is prohahly t he Ung of KHANIKOV,
cf. p. 53.
' YATE, Northcrn Afghanifitan, p. 2.33.
@ FKRRIKII, Caravan j o ~t r n e y ~, ~ p . 200-1 nnd Voyagc.8, I. p ~ . 378-80.
' O VAM~~LRI', travel^, 1). 255.
60 Gunnar Jarring
In the villages of Ata Khan Khojah and Jalaiar to the north
of Mairnana there was until 1877 an Uzbek population, but in that
year the villages were attacked by Turkmans and the land has
since then lain waste.'
At Bsla Murghah, close to the Russian frontier, SYICES noted
an intermixture of Kzbeks, forming the majority of the population
together with the Turkmans.'
Notes on the ITzhek population of Shibarghan were first given
by FERRIKR.' He estimates the whole population of the town a t
12, 000 souls, and i t is inhabited by Uzheks and I'arsivans, the
former however being in the majority. Later NIEUEKMXYLR informs
us that Shibarghan is inhabited by I'zbeks and some Tajiks.'
In the village of Salmazar (on the map written Salimazar),
which lies 3 km. to the south of Shiharghan and is situated on
both sides of the river Saripul GHODEI<OV ' in 1878 found an Uzbek
l'opulation living in tents [kihitkas). Owing to the abundance
of water they caul t ivateci large gardens. Eetween dalmazar and
t h ~ village of Sariplxl there also was an ITzbek population of
gsrdencl-s and peasants, living in kihitkas.' There was only one
large vi l l ag~, Seidahatl, which contained almut 100 houses ~xnd
is situated 96 km. south of Salmazar. I n his Russian work
>Through Afghanistan howthv~r, ( ~ I ~ ~ D E K ~ V mcntions ,1180 the
villztgc of Qaraclin (Ii ; l l ~a~l i ~r~r, ) h~t wt ~e n Salmnzar and Jitlailiq
I , l ~i i . l ~, l ; ~n. i t . ~~t ~), ant1 ant. village without a nnmc, where :~lso ITzl)c>ks
living in kihitkas fonn tht3 poptilation."
Thc town or pclrl~aps r:lthtbr the illa age of Saripul had a
population of aboat 3,000 TTzhpks accorcling to C ~ ~ o n ~ l l ; o v . ~ r\8 :I,
YATI:, Norther11 Afghanistan. p. 2.12.
SYRE*, Sotne rlotra on a rccrknt joarnry in 12fyhanisttin, 1). 830.
"f. p. 44.
* FF:KHIF;R, CSaravnn j o u r n ~ y , p. 202 and Voyages, I. p. 3HI) et s~r l . ;
thtl Rame in MIR AHI)~)I-I. KEKI H RUI K H I I ~ Y , Hi stoi r~. p. 261.
' SIEI)EKY ~ Y E I ~ , Im Wel tkri ~g vor I ndi ~ns Torc.11, p. 130.
( ; R I I I ) E ~ O V . ltincraire p. 133, the same statement in (;rodekov, 'Ityw.rr.
\ I ; I I I - ~ I I I I . 1 . 6 . I K 2, 1 . 1 9 . K~ ~ T I . : x ~ o ' R work is
valuable for its drsrription~ of routf~n; Mnttvrs. Qrotlekoff'~ rirlt). p. $9 et R F ~ .
4 I R ( I ~ E K O V , Iti ~l ~rai re. p. 134.
' ( ;RI IDEKOY, 'lfqrl.rr. . ~I ~I ; I I I I I ~~. ~~I H I,. (*rp. 6 4 ti:).
' (;RODEKOY, it in fir air^. p. 1.75: 71tspIx~r, . \ I ~ ~ I . : I I I I ~ ~ * ~ ; I I I . ~ ~ . iwrll. 69: NARVIN, np.
cit. 1). !)7 ~t S P ~ .
Turk Tribes in Afghanis1 an
ti 1
matter of fact he clues not nlention a inixed po1)ulatioii there. A
mixed 1Tzl)ek-Afghan 1)opulation in the valley of Saripul-ril-cr
has l ~een reported by li~c:r;rf;,l the Afghan part of the popnlation
being mainly C+hilzais. At BUKNES'S time Saripul was govt~rnetl
by an ITzbek of the trilrbe of 'Achumfiillee' (known froin Maimana
as Achmaili) called Troolfkar Shere.'
Between Saripul and Rlaimaila ( ' ; ~: or >~~o\ ~ " mentions an Uzbek
pol~ulation ill the villages of Qurchi (li!-])t~rr) and Belclieragh
(l ; c, r~l ~opar~, ) each ~ ~ i t h 300 hous ~s . Most of tlie ITzbeks lived in
tents here too. Accortling to HoI. T)I(~H' thy 1'zl)ek ljopulation
ceases ahout eight miles lwyond Jirghan (close to Belchcragh~.
ant1 from that point thcre :ire onl?- Firuzknhis ant1 some few
T:linlanis.
1 tlcstlt ~ v i t l l ~Int l khui ant1 its vthr!- niisetl ~)ul ' nl at i o~l clse~vlierc~."
\Vhen \'AM~<CIIY " visittl~l the t o~vn it contained :tt)out 2,000 houscs.
n-hic.11 fornletl the city, ;1nd about :3,000 tents, m-l-hicli n-ere clitlier
in its or svattcre~l over the OILSCS in the titlscrt. Tile
numlwr of the inhahitants was estimated at 15,000. (lontrary to
Osman,' V5mhi.ry c*onsicl(brc~d t,he Tnrltmxns to forni the m:~jorit>-
of t hc lwpulation with an intennisturr of l'zbelrs and a ftl\\-
'I1;\jiks. VAmh6ry estinlatctl the liole nu~nl )er at 15,000. 1 tliink
J';imtrbry iti~lst IN) wr011g. at least for tllc ton~i-population, ~vllicli
sclltlom usc3tl to colisist of Tilrkrnaus. Frc~c~iien,\~ho ~i cvcr visitcicl
tho tow11 h11t got infonn;~tion froni otlier sources, says that three-
foilrtl~s of its populntion I ~ ~ l o n g to thtl f'arsivan trihe Afcht~r:
that flip othcr fourth consists of I'zlbt3ks; and that the number
of in1ini)itants is 15,000. 1 tlo not think Ft~rricr' s statc3nlc\nt, is to
t)tt rtllieti upon, as 11c had his i ~i for~nat i on secondhand. It is
s~l l q~ort ct i to soinc3 dcgrtitl 1)y Br*~tr;r..~< who rvl)orts that Anclkllili
I1 \ (, KI Y. 1). :u;1.
HI ~RNI : . ~. Cahool, 13. 227.
GRODEI, I IV, ( I I ~ %. I I , . II~II. ;IIIII(~. ~;III I,, ( I 1 1 . 71--72: MAI <VI \ . ~3roclekoff's ride,
1'1'. 102--03.
4 ~I OI . I I I ( - H, 'I'll(> ~ a t ~ s of Intlia. pp. 252-.in.
\ I . AKI ~I S( : , An 1;;lhrk's virw . . . (I<lhnon l!):l!j: 2 ) .
VAMHI;RV, Travrls, 1, . 240.
.TARRIN~:. 01'. pit.
' FERRILR. (:aravan j011r11e~x. p. 2CI1 atld Voyngrs. I. 1). 335; cf. further
MIR ARDOIII, KI*;RIM I ~ O I ~ ~ I I I R Y . ITistoire, p. 261 'Lex Efrhar furc~l t trans-
~) l a nt ~. s (111 Khorassan ;i I.;ntlklro~r par ('IiAh Ahhas'.
6'2 Gunnar Jarring
is rulecl I)y 'Shnh Wulee Khan. an Vfahur Toork', who settled
there with others of his tribe in the time of Nadir.'
F':RRIEH' did visit the country around Aqcha, where he found
7,000--8,000 IJzbeks; and in the village of Meilik he found a
populatio~i of ahout 2,500 Uzbeks. The number of Uzbeks in
Xqcha may he the \)asis for the number of about 1,200 Uzbek
families in Aqcha given in the Imperial Gazetteer of India.' In
Balkh V~ c r r i e r founrl 5,000 ITzbeks belonging to the tribes
Knpchnk ' and Yabu (Ynboo). GRODEKOV mentions a Kishlak Ogan
Kala. litlilr Balkh, which was inhabited by I J ~be ks . ~ dome of the
information given hy ELI~HINSTONE I1 p. 217-34 regarding the
I'zheks of Halkl.1. at that time the ruling people, their customs
ant1 m;bnnrrs, is still of interest. As far as I could see from my
visit to Mnzar-i-Sharif, after having gone the road via Siahgird
to l'ata-kesar, the whole country from Balkh to Tashclurghan is
inhabited by Uzheks, living in the kishlaks hut seldom in the
towns. ?Ve have no information regarding their number or to
what trilws they belong.
As I pointed out before, there are almost no traces of an
ITzbek population in Maztar-i-Sharif. Rut FEHRIER reports in the
neighhourhood of Mazar-i-Sharif ,,the tents of thousands of Uzheks
and Ei maks~. "
In Tnshqurghan the niajority of the population at, YAV~HSKI' S
time cwnsisterl of I'zheku belonging to the tribe Ming.' Rut
I'zheks 1)elonging to the t r i k Qattaghan a.lso lived there. Theri:
is no reason to doubt Yavorski's statement, as he lived in 'l'asli-
cjl~rphan for a long time. Kos~oscrrx~ reports TTzheks belonging
to the tribes Ming antl Suray (Sura.j) nr:ar Balkh antl Mazar-i-
Sharif. hut 1 have not heen able to trace the origin of that wtate-
RI ~ HS E ~ ~ , Cahool, pp. i?2CF--27.
FERRIER, Caravan joi~rnt-ys. p. 2O5: in FERRIER. Voyapes, I, PI). ,786-
H6, estimated at 6,O(H)--7,IH)O.
FERRIER. VOYB~CB, I, pp. 386-317.
' Vol. .5, p. 181.
' FFEHRIRH, Caravan journeys. p. 207 and Voyages. I! p. 391 t-t Req.
I'rohahly Qipchaq; cf. p. 65.
M ~ R ~ I Y , (;rotlekoff's ride to Htlrat, p. 80.
' FERRIER, Caravan joi~rneys. p. 209.
Y \ \ -OHSKI. I I ~ TI ~ I I I I ~ ( THI + ~ . JI. r-rp 120, 231.
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan 63
ment.' .As far as I could understand when staying in Mazar-i-
Sharif and Tashcjurghan, the Uzbeks were now in the minority.
FERKIEI~ informs us about a po~ul at i on of Uzbeks in Haibak t o
the south of Tashqurghan. They helong to t he tribe Kanjali or
Kandjeli as it is writ,ten in the French edi t i on, Wt ht ~r s 1.tyortcc1 a
population of Chaghatai Turks there, cf. further p. 67.
Airit as nor.^ ICERIM BOUI<II.A~EY indicates Uzbelcs among the in-
habitants of Qandahar.' Probably he means merclinnts from
Afghan Turkestan who came down for trading purposes.
The most southern point where I myself found traces of an
Vzhek po1)nlatioa was in thc vill;~ge of Bnghlnn oil the northern
slopcs of the Hindukush, hut I cannot say if this population was
original or of a late date.
I t is not irnl)ossil)le that there is :ln T:zl,ek population further
sontdh in the Hindnkush. Br;it;v~s "t?sci.il)es Syphau (i. e. Saigllan)
to the north of Bamyan as ruled hy an Czhek. Ht: cloths not
mcintion anything about the population's Iwing IJzheks, hut Morl~s
], AL, \V~O travelled almost a t the same time, informs us that the
inhabitants of the town of Saighan were Turlrs 'ant1 wore a
singular cap of cloth, projecting to a point in tho rrntrc. It
ressemhled that of Di du f'hnthi, n sccat of Hindu beggars in India'.
A little furthcr north at the fort of 1)oal)a MOORC'I:OIJT and T n ~ n ~ c x
forlnd an T'zhek population living in k)lacbk felt tents. 7 ' 1 1 ~ ~ - were
ruled by a Mnlik of the same nation." Thc conical skull-call
rlescribed hy MOIIAN LAL for the '1'11rks of Saighan is apparently
the hiirk,' in common llsc among t l ~c T'zlbeks nncl other ' hr k
~' eoplcs in Ccntral Asia.
1:zl)cks :1rr: further to ho founcl in thc 1,rovince of Qattaghan
ant1 13atlakhshan arcortling to my 1)rcvious ~t a t e me n t . ~ In Qnt-
taglian thcp inhahit the clistricts of Khan:tlbad. Uliori, R~zghlan,
Ilazrct-i-lmiim Sahih, Quntluz, Taleclan, Na111.ein. anti Chal ancl
I H~ s K~ . ~ ( : I I N Y , Afghallistan. p. 112 et R P ~ .
' FF.RRIEI{. Carnvnn journry~~, p. 215 rind Voyagr~. 1. p. 404.
Histoire, p. 269.
' I~I' RNES. l'ravcals, I, p. lP9.
M~ I I A N 1,,21,, .Tm~rnsl, p. 79; Travt-Is, 11.
" Mo o ~ c ' l l r I ~ ~ b r r ~ ~ ~ ~ ( o ~ , Travrl ~. 11. 1). 396.
; 1,~. C'OI). Volk~klln(1licJlos 81117 Orct-'rllrkistam. 1). 2H.
"ID. 1.3- 34.
fi4 Gunnar Jarring
l s hka mi ~h. ~ In Batlakhshan BI~RII-IX-[:I)-Drs mentions an Uzhek
population only in the districts of Yhahr-i-buzurg ancl Hustacl.'
hut we may assumc an ITzhck population also in other districts.
The number of Uzbeks in Afghanistan.
lye hsve no certain information ahout the number of Uzbeks
living on Afghan territory. In the recent Russian '('.rl)atr~r Bovroriil'
(1936) REYYSER.' gives a total number of 500,000, these being
1'zht.k~ living in the districts of Naimana, Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh,
Khanal)ncl, Tashqurghan and Qunduz, and the quite recent (1935)
Italian nGli stati del r nond~, , ~ has the same estimate. SNKSARLV gives
a nunlher of 700-800,000 hut adds that it is very approximate."
Tn the Imperial Gazetteer of India (190th the number of Uzbeks
is estimated a t 300,000, of which number one-third is to he fount1
in Qattaghan and as many more scattered in parts of Ba da kh~ha n. ~
This etatement is no doubt ahsurd. In 1878 according to C A S T A ~ ; ~ ~
YAI.ORSKI ' ~$t i mat e(l the n11ml)er of Uzheks inhabiting the Chahar-
vilayet (12fghan Turkestan) a t about 400,000. DENY' estimates
the nnnll)er of Czhchks in Afghanistan at only SOO,OOO, hut he then
gives the figure of 100,000 for Sarts living in Afghanistan, ancl
no clouht we ha\'(' to ansllme there art. a c.onsitlerat~lc nurnhcr of
r 1
I'zt)ck3 among the Sarts. I h ~ r e swms to he no reason why one
uho~lld not keep to the approsiniatt. numl)er of 50f l.oor) T'zl~rlks
living on Afghan territory.
' cf. pp. Id--%.
' cf. pp. 24-34.
( ' TII; IIII, [ I ! I I CTI I ~~; I . 11, vrl). ? I ! +.
* Gli stati del mondo, p. 635.
SSES IRICV, . ~ I ~ I : I I ~ ~ I ( - ~ ~ I I I . (.TI). I It;.
" Vol. 3, y. 47.
C.\*l'.\c:sE, p. 56, YAVIIRSKI, ~I ! ~r c ~l l l c ~c ' r l l i ~- . 1 1 . ('1'1). f d1: the Si i I I l I ' nuINl)f3r
in KEASE. Asia. I. p. 51.
' I) EYY. Grammaire de la lanprr~ trlrque. 1). 5.
Qipchaqs.
Tlle Turkish tribe Qipchacl is well known from Russian Turktl-
stan, mostly as an Uzbeli tribe but also as belonging to the
Qazac1.l They are also lruown from Afgl~anist~an, but it is not
clear whether they are to be counted among the tTzbeks or other
tribes. I n some cases they :Ire said to belong to tlie Challar-
aimaq. KIIANII~OV enumerates Qil~chacls, Djamshidis, Taimunis anil
Firuzkuhis, forming the Chahar-airnaq,' and STEWART nclds a fifth
tribe, the 1I a ~m- a . ~ Tlic Qil~chaqs acncording to him for~rictl a
small trihe at Oheh, where we have a population of ITzhelrs
according to other ~o u r c e s . ~ FERHIER follnd Qipchncjs, calletl I);\'
him Kal)chaks, as an Uzheli trihc in Balkh."
Qipchaqs are also report t.d from ot ht ~r places without ally
indications of what trihc they lhelong to.
Thus FERRIEII, who visited Chal~arsliamba, fount1 a mixed
population of Afshars, Jamshiclis and Ii:ipchaks there." FERRIER
also says the population of Qala 1CTali to thtb west of Cliahar-
ahamhn consists of 230 llouscs, sorue inlialded hy 17ztheks, the rest
Ir)y I <apchal r ~. ~ This trihe had h e n dtvlimated by many bloody
ibngagcments and there rcmxinecl only d) out 800 tents of thcm. In
Qa issar further cast wards towards Maimana FERRIER ment.ioiis the
sanlc Rnpcha. k~, ~ lju t here they livctl together with Firuzkuhis,
and they hard both separated from their owri tribes.
cf. HARTIIOLD, Knz. d. Islams, article Kipi?ak: also JARRING, The Uzbek
dialect of Qilich. p. 7 (POI,IVAKUV'S Systenl for a cla~sification of the lTzbck
dialects) and ZA~rl nrs, ( 'nrrcoii ~rnl,o,arocrt~El Ty]~~ccr.nnc~rcon~ q j n f l . cl.1'. 17.
KTTANIKOV, MBmoire sur la partie mhridionale de 1'Asie centrale, p. 138.
a STEWART, The Herat valley and the Persian border. p. 148.
ef. p. 68.
VERRIICH, Caravan jonrneys, 1). 197 and Voyages. I. p. 372 et seq.
FERRII.:R, Caravan journey^. 11. 197.
FERRIER. OF. cit. p. 196.
FERRIKR, 013. pi t. P. 196.
;I
1-z1)t.k~ l ) o I o ~ ~ ~ l ' i ~ g to t h ~ Qipchit(1 t r i h ;Ire known from Yavrl.:
to hnvtb livtbtl in tho Qnis;tr pl;~in.' The clontext in Y;~tt.'s hook is
rtlr.!- intt~restinp antl I quote it in full: ,)As an instance of the
~*ilriolls ~ n i x t ~ ~ r t ) of r c ? ( ~~s I I ~ J here. we find a colony of sorne fiOO
or 700 familit's of Kipch;~ks settled in the Knisar plain and the
hills 1)ehind it. sonlo 12 miles farther east. \.\'here they cnrne frorn
tho;\. c;~nnot s;l y. ;1nt1 they artA the only rtipl.esentativcs of that
ractl in this cholrntry. They have two chiefs or Mirs, t\vo hrotliers
n;trnc>tt I I aki n~ Khan ancl Karim Khan, who claim d ~ s c e ~ ~ t from
thth gr.th;1t ('hangiz Khan. Tho latter (lied in 1237, and it is just
pos4l)lt. that these art: ;I remnant of some of his rnightg horclt?s
who overran thtb chountr;v. 1'1) in thtl hills ilt~ovr the Kipchaks, at a
l)l;~c*t~ caallrvl ('hnhill. 7'agoli, livtbs anotllor tribe, numl)tlring some
0 i m i l i e I t the r e . \Yho or what they art3 IIO one
(*:tn >a?, antl i t is iinpossihlt~ to get to their snow-hountl valltlys at
this tirnth of thth ytb;lr. 1411 I can h wr ; ~\ ) o i ~t them is, that they
II: IVI) three Jiirs, na~net l Z'rbel.hnt Reg, 'Trlral~ B P ~ , ;lntl Moratl Beg,
who h;lvrb ht c~n fighting alrionp then~svlvcs for ytbnrs, 1)11t that
l at t ~l y they have s et t l t ~l ill1 fthritls I ) ? rnlrtllnlly giving tl;ll~ghtrlrs
in n~;trriitgtb a11 rounti. an(l ;Ira nowT a t last at l~eaco. They are
sni t 1 t i ) rt~s+~mhlc thc Kipchaks in apl)ear;lnc3e; and as thtl I<ipch:~ks
:Ira \.cnry like the I7s\)c.gs, I (lo not sl l pl j os~ t ht w is : ~l ~yt hi ng
p;trtic~ll;~rly nnticeatble ahont them. 'l'lic c30rnnlon Iangr~nge amongst
all t h t ~ tritjes is T11rki i n vari oi ~s tii;iltvlts, \)tit :tImost ;ill i ~ndor-
st:~ncl :~nrl sptlnli I'crsi;ln as \\;~11.:)
Chaghatai Turks.
In lT;~il);ik YAT I foui~cl that the inhabitants ch;~llecl themselvcls
Cliag;~tais.' T1lc.y lvere sl~l)l)ostbcl to I)e of Turlrish origin I)ut spoke
f'ersian. 'l'hey wtbrc t lien generally niisc>cl ul) with the Tajiks.
FI:I~I;II;I~, l i o~~t l rcl r, e:~rliclr informs us ;1110111 a l)ol)i~latioll of Uzbeks
llelonging to tllr tril~tl K;uljnli."
Bl.tr?;~~,s .' fo111ltl the l)t~ol,ltl in llaihnk \.c\ry different fro~rl tlic*
othclr ~)cwl)lcs of Afghanistan. He says: )>'l'11~ l,twl)lc, who wcrc
now (1s different ;IS thtlir hous ~s , wore conic~nl skllll-caps, instead
of t nrt , ; t ~~s, ant1 almost chvtiryonc ~ v t l nlct. whether traveller or
villager, a1,pearchcl iu long I ~ r o \ ~ ~ n l ~oot s . . . l'hcy (tlltb women) were
nll~(;h t'airtlr t11:111 tl~thir h~~sl ) ai l ( l s, . . . tllol1g11 t1lo:- ~~. cl r c Tartars.>>
'I'llclrtb (la11 1)tl no tlonl)t al)out their l'~lrl;isll origin. Another
clucstiol~ is Y.\TI.:'s stat(~nlo11t that the;\- call thrmsclvc~s Chaghatai.
Jlre ll:llr(l 110 s111-e i ~~f or ~nat i ol l :~l)oiii (!llagl~:ttai T11rl;s in Afghani-
stan. 1 ~ 1 t I 1)rclsllnlc t l ~ t they 1ia. v~ to 1 ) ~ as s i g~i ( ~( l to tlic Uzhek
rnairl group. Tllc tlsil)cl is known from I<llssian Tl ~r l i t ~st an (from
%:lrilfshan ;IS ;in I'zhclt tl-ilw i ~n d HI:I,I,I:W ~ntln tions t l i ~ '('haghatni
' rl~rli (blii~ls living in closc l ~r osi mi t p to tllo C+liilji'.' TIP mont ions
f l ~ r t l l ~ r tllc 'Mongol ant1 (:li:lgl~:~tai Turk clans of Jiangnl, .Jiji,
e J : ~d r h ~~, lihitfii k c l , wlio :trt1 stbitl(d a l ~ o ~ t t l l ~ l'c?\~iir and th13
hracl w:ltclrs o f tl~tl lilirr;llu ~,ivtbr, and who \ v t ~ ( ~ 1)roliglit to tlleso
situnt iorls 01) 1 1 1 ~ invasion of ('llanghiz allti 'l'yrnli~.'." Ko dc,lit)t wo
(3ilII S I I ~ ) ~ ) OS O t l l t l -J:~gatai t r i l ~ > ~ ~ l t ~ r l t i o ~ l ~ d 1)y Y.\.I'I.; ' to Ijelong to
tlw sanlo trilw as tllo ('h:tg:itai. T l i ~ y lived i l l Icllal~ash (hctu-PPII
6s Gunnar Jarring
Llerat and Iiushan) and were said to be Tatars of the Jagatai
tribe. ELPHINSTONE ' earlier mentioned 'Chaghataes' in the neigh-
bourhood of Herat who might be just these mentioned by YATE.
YATL visited Ziarat-i-Balm-i-furkh between Asiab-dev and Qara-
bagh, where the Jagatais were buried who had built and tenanted
the old fort at Qara-bagh."
Other Ch:lgl~atai Turk tribes ment.ioned by BICLLLW' are the Bayat
atlout Ghazni and Herat, the Cirlugh [QarluclJ, Cliung [Chong], and
Mugha1 Turk (Yaka, Chirikcha kc.) of Bnllch. Further informatioil
ahout them is not given by him.
ELPBINJTONE, 11, 416.
YATE, op. cit. P. 178.
REI.I,EW. The races of Afghaniatan. y. 10'2.
Qazaqs.
From the information 1 was able to colleclt in Northern Afgha-
nistan there are Qazays in several parts of the country. Thus
Osman reported Qaza.qs in the districts of Aqch:~ and Andkliui,
but according to the other sources the Qazaq in nlost cases are
found farther to the east. I found many of them in the district
of Khanabad, arid this is confirmed by BUHIIAN-UD-DIN KUSHGEKI,
who says that they number 200 houses in the villages to the
west of Qunduz, the wholo district being called Chahar-da7ra (v. 1).
17-19).
Anlong the Turk tribes enumerated by Br:~lin~-r~n-Drw one might
also suspect the Churacl to be of Qazaq origin, as they are known as
:t trihe belonging to the Qazaq little Orda. l'erliaps the tribe Qirq
of Taleqan is also of Qazaq origin (1). 19-20). To the north, near
Khwajn Salah [Khwaja Sala1-1, MOORCROFT and TI I E~ECK a t their
time also found Qazaqs, hut they give no details ahout them.'
I,nstly Woon gives a description of the Qirghiz and Qazaq in-
habiting Shuglinan near Kundut on the Panj a river hetween
Shughnan and Wakhan.2 Tr~>1,\~ovicrr mentions Qazacls hclonging
to all three ordas, living i n Afghanistane4
In many cases one might s~l spect that Qaza,cl and Qirghiz have
been mixed up by the travellers, as (?veil the Rilssians arc not
always able t#o make a distinction between the two peoples.
MOOR( ~HOFT L TREHECK, ?(ravt:ls, 11: p. 500.
Wotm, ed. YI;I.E, p. 812.---I.;).
' P ~ ~ ) I ; M~ > ~ I I I ~ - ~ ; I I I 11 ,ryprc~lt3lr1,i. V T ~ . :Ill.
For the classification of the Qazaqs in orrln's v. HI.I,SOS, Kazak social
atrllctrirc (19.78).
As ~rierltio~ietl I)eforc (1). 29-;30) thvre is a Qirgliiz 1,opulntion
in the I'arnir of which BUI~~IAN-C'D-DIS ' gives some detail$. They
arc acc~or(1inp to him confined to the Little I'anlir, whore they
numl,clr 2,000, a11cI to tlie Great I' an~i r. Sonlr of thern :ire also to
he fount3 i n Shughnttn (1). 30) whcrr \Yoor) also rel ~ort ed Qirgl-iizes.
Other sonrclcs (lo not gi~t1 detailed inform a t' ion.
OSM.IN t ~n~~rnerat e. ; CJirghizes among thc~ inh:tk)itants of the
Anrlkhui cli$tric.t.' There rliay t ~ r l sl)rinklings of Qirglliz itlllong
thci ~ ~ o l ~ l ~ l n t i o l ~ of AFgtl:t~l 'l'urkrst;~n, as they artb :ill non~ad$.
F~ LYSNEI I '' gi\'fls 1 1 1 t h FixwZ I J I I J ~ I ~ ) ~ ~ of :3,000 (-)irghiztls in :\fgli;in
territory, wliic.ll rnight 1\*011 c~orrrspontl to that of 2,flOl) o f Hr*i:ir,m-
~.r)-Drx for the 1,ittlr I'amir.
During mj- stay at I\f:~z;tr-i-Shr-lrif I wan toltl tlzat tlitart? nfilrc:
caulonies of Qaracplp:lcl,r io several pixrts of Afghan Tl'nrrkt~st:tn.
They spoke a language of their own which ~vas very cliffcrent
h \ --
from the other Turk languagf ,- T'zt~ek and 7'1irlzmari. Albout
2,000 of these Qaraclalpacls were rrl~novclrl sorntb years ago hp t he
government to thrb nei ght ~c~~~~. l oot l of .lalalnt)a(l ancl rn:ty 1)c)s~il)ly
still he resident therc.
RURHAN-UPDIM. p. 149 sq.
2 .JARKIN(:. An 1:zbrk'r vit~w ctc.
a , ZI ~ ~ ; I I I I I ~ T; I I I , t rp. 2M. ,I pencral tlr~scription of the Qirghizee of the
Rusaian and Chinew I'amir i s to be tolint1 i n Sc.rrr.l;rz. Volkg- irntl wirtschaft-
liche studicn im Ynmir (1910) ant1 in A. S. SI DI I ~I I V, I ' c ~ ~ c ~ r ~ e ~ c ~ Ill.rcalrrics lill~)111:1.
(13. 13. lh4lrr11.rt, l!. I!PJi. IT^. v,r.)
In his preface to t l ~ c Sncl etlitiou of l \ r ov~~' s Jorlrney to the
sorlrce of the Osus YVLE mcntions a 1)l;ice callctl Knrlogll, sointi
tn-cnty miles I wl omr Hust:lti.' This 1,litctl t ~i i cl thc district round
it ap1)earecl to Yule to take their nantcJ from a stbttlemcwt of 11111
Kaxlogh Turks. oncat: so fanlotw and nun~t ~r ol l s in Trlrkcst:~n.
I11 the c11:tl)tc.r on thc 'l'lr~.kieh l,ol)nlxtio~l of tht. proviiict. of
Q:lt t:t~l1:111 :111(1 l ~ : ~ ( l i ~ k l l ~ l i ~ l ~ I T I I ( ~ ~ I ~ iontxl Qitrltl(j T U~ ~ C S ~t ~\ - ~r : t l
t imos. nf it11 I - I - as soul.cac1. I nltlntio~1s I<aIl~tlis
( ~I i i 1. 1. 1101i ) in tl~th villagfb of ( ~r i l - l ~111: 1( ~ ill thc3 ( I i st ~*i ( ~t of 7':11o(j:1n.'
th(1 s; ~mo I<alluks in I)c.rni~l~ : ~n( i 'L'cshknn.:' ( J : ~r l ~~( j s (writ t t111 A;)
C
in SIl:~l~r-i-hrizt~rg to the iiortli of l?:1izah:1(l.~ : ~ i l ( i lastly Q:irlutjs
(liill).~!-li) i n tllc K~~st;icl-distric'f wit11 a list o f the \rillagtls in11nl)itctl
lry t hcni.:'
l'lloupll \ VO have t11rc.c clifft11sc3nt f or n~s I i i I . I . I I oI i , ~ Q / / I ( / ;111(1
r/nrlivc/ -- 1 (lo not llcsit:-ltt~ to trti:lt t htlm :IS onc: c/rrrl/rc/. 'The niost
tlol11)t f ul fornl is li;l.1.lloli, n - l ~t ~l - v U) ;~c~c~o~*ciir~g to Sr.;~r~:so\~'s systtini
al~partintl!. tlt?notcs :I 1);ilat:il jr or ii. in nhicll ( 1 3 s ~ wt> oilght also
to II:II,P :I paI:~t:~l /i- ant1 not (1. ' ~ I I C ~ for111 y a l ~/ ( i o:111 I) ( ) vxpIaino(1
as I ~I X~) I {ST~Y 11:is ( l o ~ i t ? ~vitlt I ) ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ - i i s t ; l l i g , tllror~gll the1 (lropping
of r l~clfor(h :I ( v~i ~son: n~t , 1 ~ 1 1 i c a l l is vary (l onl i ~l oi ~ in E;lsterri ' I' ilrI~i.~
'I'hr (,):irli~cl l'i11.li~, who art1 wcll-kllotvn from tlitb 8th ctn~itriry
in the Orkhon-insc~ril~tions :lntl fro111 thth (:hiiic~stl ' l ' ; ~i i gsl ~~~, ' hilvc~
1'. I, XSVIII.
v. 1'. 20 of this work.
"1. 97.
1'. :]I.
1). 31 -- :13.
Hlldfid a1-'tila111, 1). 2!%: t ar. . III<I<Is~;. S ~ I I ( ~ ~ ( J I I XI , t l i wr ost t i i r ki ~cl wn
I. ar~t l ehrt ~. 1). 114.
llJ\tt-r~~~)~, r). Karl11k. K. I.
i 2 Gunnar Jarring
later wholly disal~pearcd. According to BARTH~LU the name is now
only know~i as :I tribal name among the IJzbeks of Northern Afgha-
~ristan.' As far as I untlerstand, this statement of Barthold is
bast:~l on WO~D' s report from the place Karlogh, mentioned earlier.
Thus Barthold considers the inhabitants of this place to be Uzbeks.
This is not necessary, however. Uzbek tribes and Qarluqs live
together in several places in Qattaghan. B~zt there is an indication
that we have to consider Uzbeks and Qarlucjs as two different
peoples or at least tribes. BURHAN-UD-DIN says that the Qarluy
speak Turkish, contrary to the Uzbeks, who speak Uzbek.' This is
tho case in Shahr-i-buzurg. In Deraim and Teshkan they are said
to speak Turkish, contrary to the Tajiks and Hazaras, who speak
E' er~i an. ~ If the Qarluqs had been an Uzbek tribe Bnrhan-ud-Din
woulcl no doubt have said nothing about their language being
different from that of the Uzbeks.
It is not impossible that we have remains of the real Qarlucls
in the province of Qattaghan and Nadakhshan. They may even
have preserved archaistic features in their language owing to the
seclutled geographical position of their homes of to-day. QarIuy
Turks are reported in early sources to have been resident in just
these territories in former clays. In 1;ludiid-al-'Alam t,he Khallukh
Turks are sa.id to live in the steppes of the provinvf: of Tultharistan,
alrriost the same as parts of the province of Qattaghan and Badalrh-
shan of to-d:~y.* They might later have bee11 pressed towartls the
north-eastern parts of Tllkharistan of that time hy later invasions,
~11~1 thus we might find the traces of them there in the tribes called
Qarlucl.
It is not impossihlr~ that traces of Qarlucl 'rilrks clan also he
found in other parts of Afghanistan. The Qarlucls are reported to
have formed parts of t he armies of the Moghills who conrluer~cl
India from the 13th century onwirds. When Timur invatlcd India
he left some of his troops behind, and CJarlucls wcrc, among thost?
who had to settle in and hold the territory which is now c1allr:cl
Hazara? hut shoilld right1 y Ije cal l ~t l Hazztra-i-Qarl~~(~."~hesc~ Turks
' RARTHOI~T?, Tiirken, E. I.
RVRIIAN-UD-DIX, p. 2fH).
= p. n.
~ndl i r l - al - ' ~l nm. ed. MIYIIH. . IKY, I). 1OR and 287--HH.
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan 73
also expancled beyond the frontiers of Afghanistan of to-day and
settled in India. In the Hazara-district of the North West
Frontier Province of India there is known even to-day a small
Turkish tribe, the adherents of which are said to be Qarluys
brought there by Timur.
M. L~S(:\ \ ~OR' TII DAMES, Haziira: E. I., p. 315.
Turks in Eastern Afghanistan.
'I'hcrc~ is somc other inforniation :ll~out 2% Turliish ~)ol)ulation in
Af ~hn~i i ut an or trnctAs of it, but tliere is no mention to m-hich
Turkish people or tribe it Ilelongs. Thus li.~vsr:~ru has tlie most
c:~lu;xt)le information :~hout Tllrk ptwples in Easter11 Afghanistan.
FTc \vritcv: .,a c~onsiclerahlr~ tract of country t)clt~vetw EChllul and
I'tvhtiwnr. ant1 nortli of the river of K.ihi11. as we11 as south of tlir
Spin-Gllar-rang5 ~vas, up to the a(lvent of the Afghans in this
direchtion, inhat~ittltl I)y Turks. This accounts for the nurn(il*ous
'rrlrkish nnnltls of p l a c ~ s in thest. territoriths, ancl tho tlxistencci
1
of thtl 'l'urkish 1: l ng~: i gt ~~~. As with n1:iny ot hr r Afghan t rilles,
i. :I. the (:hilji."\-t. Imvr to rrbc'ko~i with a 'I'urkish origin for st~vcral
o f t h ~ tri1)c.s living in thr*so parts of slfghnnista~l. Nckw investiga-
tions 1ni1y bring t-cnry intcrc*sting rrinttcrs to light hrrcl, a s wcll i1S
irk Kohist :tn an(1 KO ti-l)nr~ia~i ~ricnt iorie(l I;ltchr.
, - \ ~noi ~g tlie places inhatbite(1 I ) ? Turks i l l tht~sc ])arts of Afgliit-
tiist;in I< \vr..rr7ry nicintions Fzngr : ~l ~ar in tllc district of .J;tl:ilal~:ttl.'
'Turks in Kohistnn.
I11 his work ( ' iII)o~l i 1842) I(r.rtsr:.; ' givrs a dt.n.rcril,tion of the
nativtls of Kohistan. %Sumo o f thom twre a ~ t r o n g r t ~ser n~~l ancc to
the 1)eoplc. ht~yonti tlw mo~rntnins. ant1 they rtqtclatctl to un tradition^
whicll ~vvnt to provr that they h:~(l c.rosstlcl thern in thrl (lays of
Timol~r. 111 sevcrnl p l a c ~ s ttir!- sl)okt, corl.lrl)tvcl Toorkccl, andl
- - - - . -- - - .
R . ~ V F R . ~ Y . X O ~ P P on Af gh; i ni ~t : i ~~. 11. 101. n.
rf. HI.:I,I,EW. Thp r;rtles nf Xfgl ~nni . st:~n. 11. !I7 clt p c q . : I , I I ~ ~ ; \ \ ~)rn-n I ) ~\ r t : * .
(4halzai. I.;. I.
op. cit., p. 51.
1). 15(i.
- -
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan 1 :)
anlong the \-ill:tges two \vcirc: namt~tl 'I'ogh Yercitv~ anti ' r ogl ~
Hogha.>> Onel callrlot rely too much on B~~r nt l s' st at e~nent , h l ~ t it
ought to b~ irivcstigntetl whether we have not traces of Turkish
tribes, whi cl ~ 1i:lvt. not cntircly lost tlirlir original laliguagtl? tllt3rc1
as well as in ICoh-Di~mali. Burnes' st;ttt3nlrnt is cwnfirnictl I);\-
l CI . l s~osl on Turks of l<ohistnn. He writes: ,,lt inay 1)e farther
nottltl wit11 reference to the colonizatiou of MAliigllir 1)y l' t~imilr,
that tlie iuhnl)ita~its of Iil~woja, Klicdari, while forgetful as to
~vlloin thcir forcfathcl~*s owtxl thcir set tlcment i11 this cnol~atry,
ac1;nowleclge their Ti1rl;i c1esc3ent, ;tntl :~loncb of ;ill tlle iiill:tl~it:~nts
of t l ~c Kohist311 sl)tt:~k t l l ~ l'ilrki I;~r~gu;ige.-
~2notller proof of tllcl l'nrltisli influciic~c in this ]';I 1- t of t ht ~
caountry canil l ) t l fount1 in the pl:1catl-names. ,lmolig tllosch clllottvl
1))- 31.ii.sor I s ~~s p c ~c t tllr. follo\vinp to be of Tl ~r ki sh origin (all
aroul~tl tl1c3 (*;111:1l conlillg fro111 Tlit:1ln-cl:ir:1): Yilrchi, Tolichi and
Jigdillil< [Jig,rtl;tlilc].' ( I f . f ~ l r t l i t ~ t l i v call:~l)tor o11 ~) I : I ( ~~~- ~I : I I I I OS of
't'111~1~isli origin.
Turks in the v;dlcy of I<oh-l)am:~n.
f ~ ~ ~ ' Ol ' ~ ~ i 1 1 g \y( 1 0 1 ) . ' kl l )l l r, \\ l l t bl l t l t 3 C 0 1 l ( ~ t l P ~ ~ ~ ( ~ i \ f ~ ~ l : l l ~ i ~ t : l l l .
locb:~ttvl a 1111111l1t~r of' l l i h ( Y ) I I I A ~ I * ! ~ I ~ ( ~ ~ I in 1\011-1)a111:~11, ~:lIlciy to
tlio i1ortli of l<nl1t11~ fro111 wl~i(lll it is s ~ ~ ~ ) : ~ ~ * ; ~ t c v l 1)). ;i low ~-i(lgo
I I OI f ar fro111 t l ~ c to~vli. 'llli(l \-:lll~y is ft l l . t i l t l :1nc1 this 110 tlolrht
t ~ i o : t l : I to I I o r I I . '21 l l T O O ( l ' ~
timv t l ~o cle~scscntlants of tll(1sv 7'11rI<s I V ~ ~ ~ C tlltl 111osI ~) r os ] ) ( ~r ot ~s
~)ool)lt' in tilth ~.;illtby. \\' ll(~u :itltll.c1ssi1lg cli1(*11 0thc.r they still s1)o1;('
thtb 'I'llrkisll l:lng11:1gth. t11011gli I'thr~ii~ll \\.as t l ~ r ~ ~ ~ ( ' Cl i l l l ~ l of ('0111-
rnrlrlic*:ttion ivitli their nt>ighI)ours. :It III;\. st : ~y in K:tlj111 I k~ic\v
110t liing :iI)out \Vooilss st :I t~lri(~1it. :111(1 t1111s cbo~r1~l not c1ontre~l
wl1c1tl1clr t l l t ~o cloantrymoi~ of l::ll)r~l. st i l l sl)oktb rl'l~rkisll, or if t l i o~-
\ v o I . ~ ~ t r:l(ltla I ) ] ( ' ~~(b\j-:i(lity~,
' M i*3os. :I. 1). lfi3.
, A 11 I.%>IIs. 3, 1). I?!), IHO.
a Ft'oon. fill. YI , ~ , L, 11. 114.
t h! ) l l r d(.s(.rihi>s 1 1 1 ( ~ vwllth! i n I ~ : ~ l ~ l l r - l l i i l ~ ~ ; ~ . tral l hl . I{~:\~l:,l{ll'~il., 1. 1) . 21.7
t i .
Qizilbashes.
Xadir Shah of Persia, who himself was of Turkish descent,'
originally belonging to the Turkman trihe Afshar, from 1536 on-
wards invaded Afghanistan and India. Soldiers of Turkish origin
n-ere the11 placed as garnisons in the captured towns of Kabul,
Herat and others. According to BELLEW V a d i r Shah about 1737
left a detachment of twelve thousand of his Qizilbashes as a chan-
daul or >>rear guard, a t Kabul. After the death of Nadir Shah
they remained at Kabul as a military colony, and their descen-
clants still occupy a distinct quarter of tht: city, which is c:alled
Chandaul. The Qizilbashes held their own ground there as a
distinct I'ersian community of the Shi:i persuasion against the
nativt: population of the Y~lnrii profession. They constitutetl an
important element in the general population of the city ant1 escr-
cised a consicieralrle influence in its local politics.
T h ~ s e Turkish soltlier~ of Nadir Shah arc: the origin of that
part of the population in Afghanistan which is still called Qizil-
hash (cli'zHlhn.i. ' r c~d- h~ad' ) . ~ They are related to those known to
exist in Persia, the Caucasus and Tarkcy. They are to be foi ~nd
mainly in the towns,' especially in Kahul and Herat,6 (according
to EL~IIINSTONF. " also aI)out, this town). They used to he mirzn's
(writers) and employees of the Afghan government and at the
Loc.~rr!\wr, Nadir Shah (1938) p. 17-20 et Neq. with valr~able in-
forniation about his origin.
REI.I.EW, The raceR of Afghanistan. p. 107; Journal of n political
mission, p. 1Ck-17.
3 General information about the Qizilba~h in E. I., art. Kizil-hash
(HITART); cf. further LE COY, Kyzyl ha~ch und Yl l ~chi l ha~ah.
Gaz~tteer of India, vol. 5, p. 47; BECK, Dm afghaniache S t r ~ f p ~ ~ e t z -
bnch. p. 71, n. 1 etc. MARKOWSKI, p. 23.
"NIEDERNAYER, p. 71; MONAN L41, travel^. p. 2ti6.
a ~~. FRIZIS' TC) NE. 1. P. 417.
Turk Tribes i l l Afghanistau
--
d 1
royal court of Kahul till the death of I1abil)ullah Khan (1919), but
they also occupiccl arid occupy tllemselves as traders and crafts-
men. They are now said to be quite Persianized, but according
to ELPHINSTONE they used their original Turlri at t hat time when
adressing each other.' This is further confirmed by VICNE,' who
says that .if Dost Mohan~ed adresses an Afghan, he speaks Poshtu.
To the Kuzzelbash of l i al ~ul , and visitors from Turlrist:111, he
speaks Turki>).
The Qizilbashils of Persia originally consisted of seven Turkisll
tribes (no doubt originally of Turkrnan origin) according to
MALCOL~ ~ called Oostojaloo, (Ustajln), Shamloo (Shamlu), Kilralloo
(Nikalu), Baharloo (Baharlu), Zulkudder (Zull;adar), lcujur (Laj ar)
anci Affshar. Each of these had seven su1,ordinale triks under
them, but Ndcolm did riot thinli t,liis referred to real tribes, but
to subordinate tcercrhs ( t i n) or l)ranches. Among tlie subdivisioils
among the Qizilbashes of Babul EL~H~XSTUI\-1;4 cnui~ierates the
'Chendawuls' (Chanclaul in Kabul) or 'Jen-allnslieers' and tlie
'Moraud Khannccs', wl~icll have tlicir name from the L)ur;~ni cliief
who was their leader once upon a time.
The only indication of Qizilbashes living outside the town is
that of ELI'IIIWSTONE and of HACKIN ', kvl10 fouild a small nllmher
o f Qizill~ash living in the high valleys of Foladi.
The number of Qizilhashes in Afghanistan.
T1101~il is grtb:ht unclcrtainty ,zl)out the numi ~er of Qizilbash living
in Afghanistan. Thc highest numhcr is gi\.cn hy RELI.EW ' with
200,000, A~r s ~r ov ' with 100-150,000 and KICANI: " ,vllo 11:1s 150,Oi)O.
- - - --A -
op. cit. 1). 417: ~IUART. 1':. I.
Vrarw, 1'. 335.
MAT,(Y'I.M, I, p. 502, the forms within ( ) according to Suses, 11. p. 1.59
hut he givra instead of Nikalu Takalu. HUART. Enz. d. Isl, has ITstPdjlu,
Shiimln, TekelU, Rahiirlu, Dhil'l-krdr, Kadjar and Af~lliir.
' EI ~PHI NYT~NE. I, p. 419.
"f. p. 76.
"ACRIN, I n Persia a ~i d Afghaointnn. 1). 359.
HEI.LEW, Journal of a political miasion, p. 17.
"RISTOV, t \ ~~l : ~o- ~~t ~, l i f l c* ~i i n ~ ~ ~ I HI ; ; I . I I . . trl~ 51.
k'eiht~, A~i a , I, p. 51.
lIr:.\~c.r ' gi vt ~s 75,000. whilst tilt. 1rnpcri:ll (;azcktteer of 1ntli;t ' gives
loss t h: ~n 51).1)00 ancl S(TIIW.\(;I;K :' only I-ec*l<ons lvi th 1 2-1 6,000.
111 tho ~ I I - I ~ I I I I I ~ I c . i i ol ) ~i ~~~r , ' is given '300,000 (the
*ilmrb as B~-:r-r,l.:w), whi cal ~ is no tlonht at)s~rrd, but the anonynlolls
: ~ ~ ~ t h o r acids that ot11cl.s tlstinlate only 13,000 families. This later
s t ; ~t t ~ni t ~~~t may l)tb t ht ) Ibnsis for SCIIW.I(;EI:'s ar~d othtlrs' opinion,
t 1 ~ 1 t tht~y 1111nll)t~r O I A I ~ 12- 1.5,0( 1 1 1.
. - -
I KnX. dl. I S~.
Vol. 5. 11. 47.
1). :31. 11. 40.
l;l.lll. ;:. ( * I 1). 1:;
Hazora and Aimaq.
It is ;i well-kno~vii facat that there is in , l \ f gl l ; ~~i i st n~~ also n
l~ol)ulation of Jlongol origin, (1;llltld H:~z;-lras.' They rhiclfly ill-
hal ~i t thc c.entr;ll parts o f thc countq-, hut :lrc ;ilso to 1~ foluncl in
the north, ant1 in aclj;~c.ent pa1.t~ of Iran : ~nd Russian T111.lit~~t:t11.'
Tliey are assiimetl to 1)c desc~cuci:~nts of Jloligols 1~110 stlttletl tlltirc
in the l3tll ccbntllry. Tlit. E1il~:ir:~s l)ibol't>r a1.r :11sc1 canllctl Rf1rl~cl.i.
ant1 are clivitl(~t1 into t ~v o gro111)s: tl~tb 1);ii-Ku~idi. living i i i tllc. neigh-
11oi1rhooti of tlorat nncl Qi ~l a- i - l ~o~\ . ; ~n d in J'crsinn Kl~or:\s;~n, anti
thtl I);li-S('~igi;' living I)(lt~voc~il tho I I i ~ l ~ l i ~ l ~ ~ ~ s l l , l\oli-i-H;1\):1 ;111(1
IIilrr~oncl.~ \Yo also 11:1\7t> tllc ('liali;i~.-,l\i~n;~cl 'the follr tl.il)cs'. ~vllic~h
nclc*ol.cling to l l I ~l j ~ow, c~; ~ ' ;111(1 othc\l*s I~oforc l i i i ~r ar e tliviciod i nt o
fo111. ~ I ~ O I I ~ S : t 1 1 ~ l ) j i ~ ~ ~ ~ s l ~ i ( l i aro1u11~1 1<11~111<, tli(l I~iroski111i on tlit:
111)1)cb1. l l i l ~- gh: ~l ~, the 'l';~i~n;lni at t h ~ sout ht rn 1loril.ud slid in (';110r,
;tu(l t l ~c T; ~i nl i ~r i in tho n~oluntains of 1Vesto1.n Afgl~nllistan. As I
o111y c3onsicir1r tlltb 'T'nrlrisll l ) op~~l at i on of Afgl~anistan in this ~vor k
of mine T shall not try t o givv a tlcsc.ription of those t rilws of
X1011gol origin, I ~ l t l)~.ovidt. sorntl I ~i nt s 011 th(1 1itc~riitr11.c nl)out then^.
r 7
I h i ~ s IV( I l~avt? i nfor~n: ~t i nn al ) ol ~t t111>111 i.:t. i n YI\.LI;. 1;ngIirnrl :zn~l
KIISS~R, unclcr thc h(lacling,rs i n the. inc1c.s Ainiak trihes, Rarbari Tlaz:tras,
C'hahar aim:rk,rs. I2iri~zkuhis. Hazaras. ,1~11isl1i1lis. 'r:iirn:inis, 'I':iin~llri~; i n
JV\1.r:.. Nnrthrrn Afghani,rst:~n. 1111t1vr 1 h 1 ~ I~oatlings 11inl:tks. IJirozkohis,
lTasl.arahs, , Jamshidis, Mogl~ls, 'I':limanix: Ill.ar*r)~;s. 1). 562 r:t svq. t , l i ~ ,Ja~nsl)idi
s e t t l ( ~ n l ~ n t of l i i ~s l i k. Ini port nnt iriform:llinn ;ihol11 Ihc 1T:tzaras and Ai maqs
' ~ J O ~ l : \ \ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ l ' l l 1 ),\MILS. 1 I;i~A,r:l, I<. 1.
For I { I ~ SS~ : I I I r l ' i ~ r k ( l ~ t : ~ ~ ~ V. i. ;a. I. ;o:~IIv:I I:III I i . \ j l lk ~ I I I I ~ ~ I , ~ ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I I I - I . J~: I *I Y~~I I I ; I . I I , I
I..I$I ~, I I ~~. I I I ~~I , ~I ~I I ~I I I I I 1111 ;III,I.~IIIIIO.IIII'IIII 11 . ) ~ . I I ( I I . ~ I I I I I I I I I I I ~; ~: I ; I J; ( - T; I I I ; I I I I ~I I I ~. ~I I I ~; I : I I I ; I ~~I ~I ~I I K
I~~~I*II!.~,.IIII;. c- r l l . 2:M: for Iran c:f. 11;. Iv.~so\.. Nolf>s on tllc cthnnlog;\- of
Kl i i ~r ; cs; ~n. wit li \.nlll;tl)lcb infon~r:it i on HI SO :~l.)ol~t t he l' nrlin of h;ll~~r:~s;~n.
.7 IKAXOV, 01). ('it.. 1). 1.55: Daizangi a n d 1)nikancli.
' ~\ r ( . - nr ( l i ~i g t o ~ ~ A I : K I I \ . . S K I . 11. 2:). originally frnrn XII.;IIF,I~II.\YI;II. 1,. 31.
Qq). pit. 11. L'.-).
no Gunnar Jarri ng
of Qattaghan and 13atlakhsllan it3 to be found in BURHAW-UD-DIN referred to
elsewhere (p. 15 seq.): FERRIER, Caravan journeys, p. 194-195 about the divi-
&ions of the Ha a a r ~ and the Chahar-ainiaqs; WOOD, p. 127 with a table of the
divisions of the Hazara, further quoted by SPIEGEL, Erbnische Alterthums-
knnde. I, p. 343-4349; YULE: Papers connected with the Upper Oxus regions,
with many indications about districts, towns and villages inhabited by
llazaras and Aimaqs; BELLEW, H. W., The races of Afghanistan, p. 113-17;
H.\\..ER'TY. On the Turks, Tattare and Mughals; PERRIN, L'Afghanistan,
p. 397-412 EimAke et Hazarahs; BURKEY, Cabool, p. 229--33 the tribes of
the Hazarahs with a special article by LEECH; MASSON, Narrative of various
journeys . . .. vol. 1 3 . 1844: etc.
'I'he languagc ol the 3fongols of Afghanistan was first treated
by ('. v o s DER GABELENTZ,' who made an investigation into the
vocabulary collected in 1836 hy LEECH.^ Later RAMSTEDT "ollected
some specimens from natives from the northern part of Afghanistan.
It is obvious that the language the I-iazaras spoke at that time
was Mongol hut very intermixed with Iranian elements. We have,
however, every reason to assume that most of the Hazaras of
our clays are quite Iranized and speak Persian.
Our general knowledge of the Hazaras and Cliahar-Aimacls is
very scanty: ant1 above all it ought to be investigated whether
traccs of Turks arc to be foi ~nd among them. In many cases there
seems to he little difference in the habits ant1 manner of living of
the Turks and the Chahar-Aimaq and Hazar m4 I have not been
C. von I>ER C~ARELENTZ, ITeher die LSprache tler Haxaras und Ai mak~
(1866).
' LEECII, A vocabulary of the language of the Moghal Aimake (1&7R).
' RAMYTEDT, Mogholica. Reitrlpe zur kenntnia der moghol-sprache in
Afghnni ~t an (lm). Cf. further :j. 1'. r\ amcrl ;~~*~-, (HAFE'I.:RRERU), { P c ~ p r t ~ r C, l ) i t ~i l
11 ~ ' ~ i J f ' f i 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~ ' ) ~ ~ ~ H. [ F B I ,CK~'%!llfIl~[fWi 11 Xtb.IiI I):, (( ' t ~ H~ ' TCI < ~ I $1 . ) TJ I ~ 1~);1fIt11%1. 1 936) with
some materials from Hazaras living in R ~ ~ s ~ i a n Turkestan.
cf. for example YATE, England and Rumsia. p. 228 et weq. His defini-
tion of the word nimnl; i~ of gr mt int,erest (p. 230), though I do not
entirely helisve in it. Yate writes: Rg the word Aimak i~ held t o be ex-
pressed semi-pastoral. a~mi-agricultaral t,rihea, generally of Persian origin,
and apenkinp; Peraian, and of the Sunni faith. The term Aimak is never
applied to T~~r komane, though I have heard i t applied to nomad Afghans.
And yet it by no means neceesarily implie8 nomad, though commonly
applied to nomada. Neither the Chahar Aimak of the Herat province
(.ramshidis, Haaarae, Fi ruzkuhi ~, and Taimanis). nor the Tai mi ~ri s of Khaf
in Pemia. are nomrds. thoqzh they change their dwelling-place from time
t o time.
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan 8 1
able to trace the sources of H. I,ONGWORTH DAMES' statement in
the E. I. art. Hazt-ira, that the Chahar Aimaq are Turkish-speaking
Su~lnites and contrary to the Persian-speaking Hazaras, who
are Shiites. I dare not say if this statement is true. BELLEW is
more cautious in saying that with the exception of a few Turki
words, they have entirely lost their mother tongue and adopted
in its place the I'ersian language of the 13th century, and with
it the national for111 of religion of that people, namely, the Shi6
doctrine of Islam.' I t is, however, evident fro111 the inforlnation
given by Burhan-ud-Din about the population of Qattaghan and
Badakhshan (v. p. 20-21) that we may suspect t hat the term
Mongol or Rloghul is not strictly applied to Hazaras, but could
also be applied to Turkish-speaking peoples.
The same statement that the Cliahar Aimaqs and Hazaras(!) were
formerly Turltish-speaking is found in MA C M~ E ; , Afghanistan, p. 25:
TRINKLER, p. 33. SCII\V~IUER, p. 31. MIR ABDOUL KERII HOC' KI I ~ ~ RY, Histoire
de 1'Asie Centrale, p. 256 without hesitation speaks of 'the Turkish tribes
EIazarah, Tainiani, ,Jamshidi and Tinluri'.
RI~:I.I.I;\\-, The ri1ct.s of Afglianist:~n, 1). 115.
The place-names as indicating a Turkish
population or traces of it.
As the different peoples of Afghanistan ar e so internlived i t
is very difficult to ascertain the boundaries of the peoples and
languages. This especially applies to Afghan Turkestan, as has
been seen hefore. One might reckon with aicl in this task from
the place-names, and I have tried to draw up a boundary-line
for the dissemanation of the Turks of Xorthern Afghanihtan with
their help but I must confess with negative result. This is clue
to the fact that our material of place-names from the maps is
very scanty and generally unreliable. The names have never
been collectetl by skilled linguists. Then in many (.sues the places
evidently have two or more namw owing to a mixer1 poplilation
in them (Turks and Iranians).
In Qnttaghan and Badakhshnn the Turkish elements of the gco-
graphical nomenclature ar e often quite clear. With Bririrri~~-r7~)-ll)rn~
as source 1 indicated a lot of Turkish place-names there in the
chapter on the pol~ulation of that province. Thus e. g. the villages
enlimerated in the district of Nahrein almost all have names
containing Turkish elements or of pure Turkish origin.' I n
some canes i t is also possible with the material availalrrle from
Bilrhan-ucl-Din to find connections between the place-names and
trihes of Turkish origin. Thus the village-name Ila-chulacl in the
district of Nahrein might he connected with the Turk tribe 11%
tiirk or Qarghan known from Khost and Fe r e n g . Vt has to he
investigated whether we have traces of this tribe also in Nahrein.
With fresh material I think there will be Rome possibility for
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan 83
a successful study of the place-names of Qattaghan and Badakh-
shan as indicating a Turkish population or traces of it.
I n Afghan Turkestan it is more difficult to draw conclusions
as to the distribution of the Turk peoples from the ylace-names.
We possess no good maps and the names existent in maps and in
the works of the different travellers are in most cases very un-
reliable. VAMBCIZY once tried to make some revision of the place-
names of the district round Herat in his paper >The geographical
nomenclature of the disputed country between Merv and Herat,,
tmt it does not bring any new material or conclusions to light.
In my opinion i t will he a very difficult - if not impossible -
task to draw any conclusions allout the distribution of the Tllrks
of Northern Afghanistan in older times with the place-names as
source-material. I t may he possitble to adjust the southern
bounclary-line in the Hindllkush and point out places which
according to the Turkish form of their names must have heen
inhabited 11y Turlts earlier. For the chronology of such a11 earlier
spread of Turlrs in Afghanistan they will, 1io11-ever, be of little
value, as everywhere in co~lntrics inhabited by Turks.
In4 other parts of Afghanistan the place-names will, however,
he of the greatest importance as sonrcea for the earlier dissexnana-
tion of the Turk peoples. This is especially the case for the terri-
tories arouncl Kabul, in Koh-Danlan and in Kohistan which I nlen-
t'ioncd before. The place-names of these parts ought to he collected
carefully, as here (and probably also in other parts of the country)
we might find traces of the Tn1-ks and Mongols ~vho invacletl India
from the 13th century onwards.
Proceedings of the R. pcopr. sop. 188,5, p. 601 ct seq.; cf. F. J. GOI,D-
s~rn's additio~is and correctionfi in the same Proc~edings, p. 823-24.
lndex of tribes and peoples.
Abakhli 56
Abdal 38, 56
Achamaili 56
Achmaili 59, 61
Achumfiillee 61
Afchar 61; cf. Afshar
Affshar 77; cf. Afshar
Afghans 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22,
23, 26, 34, 35 n., 36, 45, 58, 39, 61,
74, 80 n.
Afshar 49, 51, 65, 76, 7711.; cf. Af-
char, Affshar. Efchar, Ufshur
Agar 39
Agir 56
Ai ~naq 16, 19, 79- 81; cf. Eimak
Aimaqs of Qattaghan 19
Ak-Wekil 48
Akhal-Teke 47. 48
AlacljagCiz 48
Alain 41
Alan1 40
Alan 4 1
Alascha 42 n., 43; cf. Alasha
Alasha 37
Alavach 40 n.
AleRhah 43: cf. Aliahah
Ali-herdi 56
Ali-ili 40
Alieli 35. 49-50
Alishah 42. 13, 44
Alla-berdi 57
Alnakh 37
Alniah 37
Aman-Ychah (Amanshah) 47, 48
Anabcleghi 41
Anahnlegi 40
Anauli 40
Andijani 56
Apani 56
Aq Mangit 52
Arabs 17, 20, 24, 31, 40, 46, 51, 54
Aralat 54
Argun 53
Arik Karadj a 48
Arkhaki 37
Armat 56
At a 39
Atchamali 59 n.
Atchmayli 59
Atrenji 24, 25, 31
Bachschi 48; cf. Bakhshi
Baharloo 77
Baharlu 77. 77 n.
Rai-geldi 56
Rai-kashka 57
Bairach 37, 42, 43, 44; cf. Bairaj,
Biradj
Rairaj 48; cf. Bairach
Bairam-Choli 38
Raknschtliire 40
Rakhrin 56
Bakhshi 38, 48; cf. Bschachi
Baliqshi 56
Balish 56
Ralus 17
Banki ~hi 56
Haqila-bat cha 56
Haraq 57
Rarq 23
Barut 56
Rawiz !if;
Bataah 55
Rayat 57, 68
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan
Bazachi 39
Beden 43
Bedeng 43
Beiat 39
Bek 38, 48
Bek-aul 39
Bekaul 45, 47
Bek-Ghezen 41
Bek-Sakar 41
Beludjis 27, 33
Ber-sakar 41
Berberi 79
Berke 23, 23 n.
Berkuut 54
Beroi 55
Besh-tentek 56
Besh-urug 41
Besh Uruk 41
Bcybiilegi 40
Biradj 42 n.; cf. Bairach
Bogadja 43
Roin-Kasimir 56
Bokburun Amanshah 48
Roltkara 40
Hui-maut 54
Biikri 47
Rurka 56
Rurlaq 53
Burundjnq 39
Ruslaq 53
Butrak 53
Ruzachi 55
Ruzan 55
CArli~gh 68
Chagat ae~ 68
Chagatai Turks 63, 67-68; cf. J a -
gatai
Chahar-aimaq 65, 79, 80, 81
Chai 47
Chal-khanakha 56
(Ihali 56
Chamcheh 43
Chandanl 77
C'handar 35, 50
('hckhnt 56
(' hendaw~lls 77
Cheni-Atabai 38
Cher-batcha 56
Chershenge 47
Chichak 53
Chichka 20
Chil-djuiot 54
Chilkas 55
Chirikche 68
Chong 68
Choudar 38
Chung 68
Chuplachi 54
Churaq 17, 18, 69
Cobi 35
Dadeh Quli 43
Dagcli-Kuli 43
~ a i - ~ u n d i '79
Dai-Sengi 79
nal i 46
Danashi 5G
Daz 41, 59
Dczerdu (Ordu?)-Chodscha 4 1
Dhu'l-kadr 77 n.: cf. Zu1kad:ir
Dirnirek 16
Djamshidi 65, 7!1; cf. Jan~shitli
Djanibeg 43
L)jandor 38
Djid 54
Djimebai 55
Iljuiot 54
J)juirat 55
T)julagan 54
I>jnlnn b4
1,oazdah Aimak 58
Ihchani-Beg 43
Il ~l herga 39
JJudakli 43
1)urani 77
1)urmcn 54
1h1z 51) n.
Efchar 61 n.; cf. Afehar
Kgri-agir 42
Kimak 62; cf. Aimaq
Enish 43
Erdan 43
86 Gunnar Jarri ng
Erden 43
Erki-Guram 43
Ersari 36, 39, 45-47, 48
Eshka 57
Fangani 56
Fazil 56
Firoakuhi 79; cf. Firuzkuhi
Firilzkuhi 61, 65, 80 n.; cf. Firos-
k~i hi
Galachi 53
(landashi 56
Gazalkli 56
Gedoi 54
Gendaliali 39
Gerzrbki 37
Ghilji 67, 74
Ghilzai 36, 61
Gichara 41
Gbk-chaqli 39
Goklan 39
Oiiktche Reg 48
Gordjikli 40
Culdscha 43
Gunash 46
Gune ~h 39
Gr~rl at 55
Harzegi 43, 44, 45; cf. Hazurghi,
Herzegi
Hazara 15, 16, 17, 20 n., 21, 22, 23,
2-1, n, 31, 31, 5s. 59, 65, 79-41
Hazurghi 44: cf. Htlrzegi
Herati 16, 59
EIerzegi 42, 43: cf. Harzegi
Hindup 61, 59
IIi~szein Kara 13
Hu~zei nal i 43
Iglan 55
Ikdir 38
11%-tiirk 1.5, 15 n., 82
Ilachi 54
Ilaz 56
Imam-temez 57
fncha 47
Ja-binish 56
Jadr an 67
Jagat ai 67, 68; cf. Chagatai Turks
Jkj i 67
Jalali 39
Jalawatsch 40; cf. Yalavach
Jamshidi 16, 65, 80 n., 81 n.; cf.
D jamshidi
Japagy 43
Jasman (Yasman) 47
Jat an 43
Jau-keldi 57
Jazi 48
Jewaunsheers 77
Jews 51, 58, 59
Jilair 53
Jilandi 56
Kabat 54
Kadj ar 77 n.; cf. Kajar
Kadyr 43
Kagi 16
Kai 39
Kaiaan .?5
Kaj ar 77; cf. Kadjar, k' ujur
Kakhet 55
Kakschal 47
Kaldamen 56
Kalkaban 56
Kalli-Makhtum 10
Kalluk 20, 27, 71; cf. Qarluq
R ~ l t a Tai 20
Kalta-toi 56
Kan 48
Kanahati T i
Ksndjeli 6.9; rf. Kanjali
Kangit 54
Kanjali 69, 67; cf. Kandjeli
Kanli-basch 43; cf. Qanli-ba~h
Kanlibaah 43: cf. Qanli-bash
Kapchak 68, 65; cf. Qipchaq
~ a r a ' 45, 18: cf. Qara
Kar a- J um~i 47
#ma-kongur 47
Kara-Wekil 48
Knradasch-Ajak 47
Karaie 66
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan
Karama (Qarama) 35, 50
Karaman 37, 40, 41; cf. Qaraman
Karawan 41
Karlogh Turks 33, 71; cf. Qarluq
Kartak 20
Kattaghan 57: cf. Qattaghan
Kazan 46
Kazandschi 43
Kazilar 48
Kedschuk 47
Kelletscho 48
Kenigas 56
Kerim-aga 42
Kesse 42
Khafiz 55
Rhaja-Khoshgar 56
Rhalawat 54
Rhallukh Turks $3: cf. Qarluq
Khan-batcha 57
I,
Khar 48
Khatab 39
Khazar-mamisli 56
Khitai 54, 67
Kliizr 40
Khizr-ili 40
Khodja 39
Khodjali 43
Khoja-hatcha 56
Khoja-Ramazan 57
Khoji Nazara 37
Khorasanli 37, 42, 43. 44
Rhutat ,56
Richi-aga 37, 41
Kinngaz 53
Kipchak 66 cf. Qipchaq
Kiptschak v. Qipchaq
Kireit 54
Kirkin 55
Kirahe Agha 41
I i i ~hgenn 56
Ki ~hl i k 54
Kizil 48
Kotljeck 43
Kodech~li-Kizil 43
Kongor 48
Kongur 47, 48
Kolrngratl (Qungrad) 58
KBkt,che 48
Koktsche 47, 48
Korszagry 48
Kuderi 2;2
Kudghun 17
Kudjaliq 55
Kujur 77; cf. Kaj ar
Kultcha 43
Kiinesch 45
Kurama 43
Kurd 43
Iiuttaghunn 17
Lab-i-abi 46
Lebab-Turkmen 46 n.
Lerkhabi 16, 17
Lokai 56
lliakhturkl 40
Malai 56
Mamai 5G
Mamatai 43
Manae 20 11.
Mangal 9, 67
Maugit 52
Mardat 57
Marka-kchi-yiiz 56
Marsi 48
Masad .54
Ma~hat i 56
Mashriq 38
Mekrit 58
Merdad 17
Merkit 58 11.
Merv-Teke 47, 48
Min 59
Min%s 20
Ming 52, 57, 69. (22
Mirisch 47
Mirishgar 56
Moghul 20. 20 n., 72
Mongal 56
Mongolis) 20, 26, 67. 79. 83
Moraud Khaunce~ 77
Mughal 5.5. (58
M11gh111 5.5
Mukri 39
88 Gunnar Jarri ng
Mumatag 43
Mumin 64
Murcha 40
3lurkut 54
Nachar 55
Xaiman 53
Nargil 55
Nikalloo 77
Nikalu 77
Nikiiz 55
Nukhurli 10
Xur-Makhtum 40
Ogurdjali 39
Oinli 53
Okensziz 48
Okuz 38
Olarn 41
Ong .%3
Oostojaloo 77
Orda-khod 41
Ordahodja 41
Ordukhodja 40
Or ~uqchi 38
Ortrt-xiiz 67
Otak 36
Otamiah 38
Otemisch (Otemish) 48
Otemish 48
C)z-temir 57
Palvan 56
Pandji 47
Pa nj i r ~ 23
Prsrsi v~n 59. 60, 61
Perreng 48
Perrik 47
Yokirak 57
Pulat-shall 37
Qairrsali .%
Qalmaq 53
Qandjagali h9
Qanpli 54
Qanl i -he~h 43; cf. Kanli-basch,
Iianliba~h
Qar-tu 53
Qara 39, 45, 46, 47; cf. Kara
Qara-aul 39
Qara-bekaul 46
Qara-boin 47
Qara-bulaq 56
Qara-cheqa 38
Qara-dashli 39
Qara Mangit 52
Qarama 50; cf. Karama
Qaraman 40, 41; cf. Karaman
Qaraqalpaq 11, 70
Qarasha 56
Qaraul 66
Qarghali 15
Qarghan 15, 82
Qari ,54
Qarliq 56
Qa.rluq 20, 27, 31, 32, 33, 68, 71-
73; cf. Kalluk, Karlogh Turks,
Khallukh Turks
Qarqin 39
Qartaq 20
Qashqarbacha 23
Qataghrtn 53, 57; cf. Qattaghan
Qataghan-qalasi 57
Qattaphan 17, 62; cf. Kattaghan.
Qataghan
Qazaq 11, 17, 17 n., 18, 20, SO: 55,
65, 69
Qipchaq 41, 53, 65-66: cf. Kapchak,
Ripchak
Qir 5.3
Qir-dar 55
Qirghiz 11, 17 ~ i . , 29, 80. 31, 63. 69,
70
Qirq 20, 59, 69
Qirq-qiz 55
Qircl-nili 42
Qizilbash 11, 76-78
Qongrat 53
Quderi 22
Qilndazi 66
Qungrad 53, 58
Ql ngr r t 17. 18
Qurala8 -54
Qurt 42
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan
Qushi 56
Qushtamghali 53
Qutlar 40
Qutlu-Temir 38
Quzi 15
Said 39
Pakar 40, 50
Sakari 60
Sakhau 56
Salakh 38
Salar 40; cf. Palor
Salcngi 16
Salik 47
Salor 35, 37, 40-48, 48; cf. Salar.
Salur, Salyr
Paltiq 47
Salnr 40: cf. Salor
Salyr 40; cf. Salor
Samarchin 53
Sapi 37
Parai 53, -57
Sari-bash 57
Sari-malo 56
Sari-Qataghan 56
Sari-sangi ,56
Sarigh-hash 20
Sarikli 56
Sariq 35, 37, 38, 42-4.i, 48: cf.
Sirilk
Sarli 47
Sarmantai 56
S RT~ S 64
Shrilk 44: cf . Sariq
Saryk v. Srtriq
Sayitl 26, 9.3
Sayitli 16
Sedjani 17
Sc.miz 68
Phakzei 36
Shali-temcz 57
Sliamloo 77
Sham111 77, 77 n.
Sliarif-1)jaf~rbai 38
Shralika 56
Phikh 39, 57
Shir 23
Shirin 56
Sliivachi 31
Slioraq 57
Shuldur 55
Sichmaz 38. 48; cf. Yitschmaz
Sidlik(?) 43
Sikhtian 55
Sitschmaz 47, 48; cf. Sichmaz
Sogunali 33
Pokhti 42 n., 44; cf. Sukhti
Subaq 57
Sujani 56
Siilthti 42, 43: 44: cf. Pokhti
Sulduzi -77
Sultan Murad Khan 18
Sultansiz 48
Sunchi 40
Suraj 69
Suray &!
Sxaad 43
Szitschniaz Kar a Ahmed 48
Szadjan 43
Tabin 34
Tagan 47
Tainiani 61, 79, 80 n.. 81 n.
Taimuni 65
Tai mr~ri 79, 80 n.
T:+imaz 22, 23
Tajilts 1.5, 16. 17, 19, SO, 21, 22, 23:
24. 25. 57. 38. 59, 31, 33, 34. 49.
58, 59, 60, 61. G7
Takal o 77
' rakl~tanlish 38
TiikkU Toinitls 21
Tama 34
Tantai 56
'Fnp!-r 43
Tartar8 67
Tanhajak Ak ~e f i ('oh 48
Tat ar 5.7
' ratars 68
Taz -76
Tchar Sengui 35 n.
90 Gunnar Jarring
Teke 36, 38, 47-49
Tekelii 77 n.
Temez 56
Timur 40
Timuri 81 n.
Tiszi 40
Titan 46
Tleu 55
Tochtamisch 48; cf. Tokhtamish
Toga 49
Togalan 57
Tokhtamish 48
Toktamish 48
Topaz 48
Tscheltek 47
Tuch 33
Tughlun 17
T~l ghul 17, 20, 56
Tugruk 23
Tulkishi 57
Tiima 55
Tumai 55
Tupchi 54
Tuq Mangit 52
Tilrk 56
Turkmans 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 26,
35-.51, 52, 58, 60, 61, 70, 77, 80 n.
Turkmen 54
IJfshur 62; cf. Afshar
Uglan 54, 56
Ugrudjihli 41
Ui-maut M
Uighur 55
Uirat 53
Uluq 39
Uluq-tepe 45
Ulutepe 45
Ung 53, 59 n.
IJngachi t 53
Ungut M
IJpulachi 54
ZTrdi-hodja 41
Urns 42
Uehaq 38
Ueta 37
Ustsdjlu 77 n.
Ustajlu 77
Ustalik 43
Uta-bulaq 56
Utarchi 54
Ut li-Temir 38
u z 54
IJzbeks 11, 14! 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. 20,
28, 23, 24, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 35 n., 49, 51? 32-64. 6,5, 66. 67.
70, 72
Uzbek 56
Uzoi 54
Vakil 38
Waqtamgali 53
Wekil 48
Wun 59
Yaboo 62
Yabu 55, 62
Yadschi 40
Yagrini 55
Yaka 68
Yakka-Moghal 31
Yalavach 40; cf. Jalawatech, Yala-
vad j
Yalawach 41
Yalavadj 40; cf. Yalavach
Yalchin 53
YalowaE 40, 41
Yalovach 41
Yangi-gaur 57
Yangi-tagan 56
Yaemau 47
Yasz 40
Yazir 39
Yelovach 37
Yemrili 38
Yer-teber 67
Yerki 43
Yomud 38
Yuiruchi 55
Yuishun 54
Yussuf 48
Yusuf 41
Yiiz 53
Yiizak 55
Turk Tribes in Af gha~~i s t a~l
Zakir 48
Zarmukha 57
Zor-burun 57
Zulkadar 77
Zulkudder 77
Index of geographical names.
Ab-i-asiyabe 33
Ab-i-barik 26
Ab-i-Qaisar 46
Abdul-Nazar-bek 34
Agil-siyay 32
Xkh-buria 26
Akh~hi r e 29
Alchin 18
Ali-qatan 24
Almanku 26
Amn-darya 16. 46, 47
Anbar-kuh 21
Andemin 30
Anderab 15, 16, 36
Andkhui 35, 36, 44, 47, 4!), 50, 57,
-3, 61, 69, TO
Aniva 29
Aq-chashrna 23
Aq-jir 32
Aq-kotal 22
Aq-lsi 20 n.
Aq-tash 29 n.
Aq-tepe 19
Aq-yaylaq 21
Aqrha .36, 47, 58, 62, 69
Xqsai-chapa 22
Araban 21
Argu 25, 26, 31
Arlat 82
Ashtaken 21)
A~i sh- dev 68
Aatrne 21
Ata Khan Khojah 60
Avleger 24
Azgicha 29
Hadam-dara-i-kelan 23
Baghlan 15, 16, 31, 36, 63
Bai-abe 34
Bai-nazar 32
Bala Murghab 35, 36 n., 42, 44, 60
Balkh 24, 36, 46, 50, 57, 62, 64, 65,
68
Bamyan 63
Rangi (Bengi) 15
Barq 24
Bashen 29
Bazai-gumbad 30
Belcheragh 61
Reloot Taugh 25
Rengi 15
Berk 24
Berke-u-Taimuz 22
Berlas 26
Betash 25, 32
Bish-kend 32
Hiah-kupriik 18
Holor 25
Bugha-qara 26
Bukluk 28
Bulak-i-balk 21
RiilUk-dmht 32
RHliik-i-peste 22
Bulat-taph 23
Huutan 34
(Ihah-i-ab 34
C'hahar-dara 19, 69
( I hahar - e~i 23
(Ihahtar Tagou 66
Chahar-tut 21
Chahar-vilayet 11, fi4
Chahar~hamba 42, 46, 58. ti5
C'hakhal-kapa 26
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan
Chakhansur 44
Chal 22, 23, 63
Chaman-i-bad 36
Chaqal 21
Chaqal and Meden-i-Nemek 21
Chaqir 33
Chaqir-qishlaq 33
Charjui 46
Charkh 15
Chashmegan 32
Chegian 33
Ch~ngkha 28
Chep-dara 32
Chichpktu 59
Chie-khana 32
Chile-i-mir 18
Chilla-mazar 19
Chinar 33
Chinar-i-gunjeshkan 21
Churaq 19
Fereng 15, 82
Fergambul 27
Foladi 77
Gazistan 24
Gejan 29
Geleban 32
Genda-chashma 32
Gendabai 32
Geri 26
Ghazni 68
Glior 79
Ghori 15, 16, 31, 36, 63
Ghuri 15, 16, 31, 36, 63
Great Pamir 29 n., 30, 70
Gul-bulaq 20, 71
Guldash 34
Gulfegan 21
Cruzar 28
Haibak 63. 67
Haji-Ramazan 21
Hazar-limiuch 32
IIazar-rnishi 26
1Iazar-qaq 23
Jiazara-district of the North West
Frontier Province 73
Hazara-i-Qarluq 72
Ilazara Qila 58
Ilazara-terrilory 72
lJazrat Imam 16
l l a z r ~t Imani 17
Hazrct-i-Imam Sahib 10, 03
Herat 35 n., 36, 57, M, 58 n., 59, 67,
68. 76, 79. 80 n., 83
JIerirud 79
Jlilmcnd 79
IIirak 58
113-cliulaq 29, 82
Imam Sahib 15, 36
Isl~kamish 22, 23, (i4
94 Gunnar Jarri ng
Jigdalik 76
,Jigdillik 75
J'ildnragh 21
,Jirghan 61
Jubashi 34
Jurin 28
Juvaz-khana 32
Juzun 25
Kabul 31, 74, 75, 76, 77, 83
Kafir Qala 59
Kaisar 66
Kakil-bek 32
Kakul 34
Kalache 20 n.
Kan-i-nemek 24
Kandut 30
Karlogh %I, 71, 72
Kashghar 27, 30
Kashl i k Eshan 50
Kaushkaur 25
Kechi Sebzi-i-mar 26
Kefter-i-Ali 34
Kej-Gerden 28
Keji 26
Kcliilegi 27
Kernanger 33
Kemer-qishlaq 23
Kendelan 27
Kerkes-khana 34
Khaf 89 n.
Khafezan 32
Khaf iz-i-Mogul 25
Khairabad 59
Khakaari 25
Khan-de~t mal 21
Khanabad 14, 1.;. 16, 31, 86, 63, 64,
69
Kharuki 26
Kh a ~ h 28
Khenjan 16
Rherandab 28
Kherakan 21
Khevaeai 2C)
Khezar-bagh 20
Khoja-Baha-ud-Din 34
Khoja-Oaru 20
K hoja-giran 22
Ichoja-Hafiz 34
Khoja-jergatu 33
Khoja-Rashkar 32
Khoja-pelkha 24
Khorasan 50, 79
Khost 15, 82
Khuarau 29
Khwaja Imlm Saiyid 16
Khwaja Salah 69
Khwaja Salar 46, 50, 69
Khwoja Khedari 75
Gishan 33
Koh-Daman 74-75, 83
Koh-i-Baba 79
Kohistan 11, 74-75, 83
Koksha 33
K0ktll 34
Kube-i-Sufli 18
Kuhe-i-Ulia 18
Knl-i-Pamir-Kalan 29 n.
Kundut 30, 69
K~l nduz v. Qunduz
Kurram 67
Kushan 68
Kushk 44, 79
Kntur-bulaq 23
Langar 30, 32, 33
La.ngar Yhur-i-khurda 29
~ e r k h a b i 19
Little Pamir 29, 30, 70
Lilgeri 32
Md.highir 75
Maida-chapa 22
Maimana 35 n., 36, 42, 44, 50, 58, ,59,
60, 61, 64, 65
Maluiq-Mamam 21
Mnmai 20 n.
Marucheq 35, 44, 44 n.
Mazar-i-Sharif 36, 47, 57, Tfi , 62, 64,
70
Medan-i-Nemek 21
Meilik 62
Maw 48, 49
Ming-darakht 46
Turk Tribes in Afghanistan
Moghul 21
Moghulan 28, 34
Mulla-Bek-Muhammed 34
Mulla-qalendar 19
Mullai 22
Murgek 32
Xurghab 44, 49, 79
Nagi 19
Nahrein 22, 23, 63, 83
Nangrahar 74
Nar-dara 27
Nemek-ab 21
Nov-abad 18
Novan 21
Obeh 58, 66
Ogan Kala 62
Pahlavan-tash 23
I'iiman-iistang 71
Pamir 29. 70
Pamir Alichur 29
E'amir, Great 29, 30, 70
Pamir Kalan 29
Panlir Khargoshi 29
Pa~ni r Iihnrd 20
Pamir, Little 28, 30, 70
E'amir Rangkul 29
Pamir Sarcs 29
Fnnja river 30, 69
I'anjdah 44, 45
I'ata-kesar 62
Penjchakh 33
Pcshawar 74
Pccltcko 33
Petvan 26
Pewhr 67
Pindi 44
Pi sh-g~ze 23
l'iahkinpe 34
Pustkhur 26
Qadiq 33
Qai ~ar 66
Qaissar 65
Qnla-i-gerdab 88
Qala-i-jarara 29
Qala-i-now 79
Qala Wali 44, 65
Qandahar 31, 63
Qara-badam 21
Qara-bagh 68
Qara-be1 44
Qara-bulaq 21, 32
Qara-kul 32
Qara-Mogul 26
Qara-qazi 26
Qara-tepe 34
Qara-tu 21
Qaraghach 32
Qaraghach-mirza 23
Qaraqin 60
Qarawal Khalia 45
Qarawulkhana 44
Qarlnq 33
Qattaghan and Badakhslian 13- 34.
36, 63, 64, 72, 82, 83
Qazaq 19
Qilah Maur 43
Qilal~ Flrali 44. 45
Qirq-sai 21
Qishlaq-khoja 22
Qislilaq-qara-apaq 22
Qiehlaq-shirim 22
Qizil-kul 22
Qizil-qala 33
yizil-qishlaq 39
Qizil-clishu 22
Qizil-sai ?:!
Qizil-tamishk 22
Quclii 18
Quduq 32, 33, 34
Qunduz 15, 17, 18, 19, 27, 36. 57, 63,
61, 69
Qnngrat 19
Qnnprat-i-sani 19
Qurhan-bai-Ali Mogul 29
Q~irchi 61
Qush-tepe 18
Rabat Abdullah Khan 59
Reishkhan 26, 27
Ituat,ak 33
Rnst.aq 31, 34, 64, 71
96 Uunnar Jarri ng
Saighan 63
dalimazar 60
Salmazar 60
Sar-i-chashma-i-chichakli -12
Saripul 60, 61
Sarliilc 28
Sa yid-abad 33
Sedjani 19
Seidabad 60
Sekana 33
Ser-i-jn-i-bala 32
Ser-i-ju-i-payan 32
Shabash 67
Shahr-i-buzurg 31, 64, 71, 72
8haikh Sulaiman 32
Sharan 28
Shenvar-biy 19
Shibarghan 42, 47, 67, 58, 59, 60
Shiran-shah 26
Shirm 22
Shiva 31
Shomari 26
Phor-ab 19
Shughnan 30, 69, 70
Shur-i-khurd 30
SBur-quduq 23
Sll~lrche 2:2
Siab-i-Shir-Muhammed 32
Siahgird 62
Sir-i-kul 29 n.
Sirvan 58
Siyay 32
Spin-Cihar-range 74
Surkh 20 n.
Yurkh-ab 36
8yghan 63
Taife-i-ser-Sine 19
Tair-Turkman 19
Taj-chaahma 22
Takht-i-shah 26
Talek 32
Taleqan (Taliqan) 15. 19-21. 36,
&q, 69, 71
Taliqan v. Ta l ~q a n
Tangi-murch 23
Tash-malta-bek 31
Taehqurghan 36, 57, 62, 63, 64
Tashtuqan d2
Tash-yaylaq 21
Taulikaun v. Taleqan
Tave-tash 32
Tchitchektoo 59
Tekran 52
Ter-u-Mogul 25
Teshkan 27, 28, 71, 72
Togh Bogha 75
Togh Verdee 7;
Tokchi 75
Tschicliardschuj 46
Tugai-chashma S-2
Tugdane 2-1
Tugh-bai 26
Tughul 90
Tukharistan 72
Turk 23
T h m- d a r a 7:
Ur-nimet 28
[.!ran-kul 26
Urti-khoja 34
Ushkan 29
Vercluj 28
E'aftal 27
Yakhmir 30
Yakka-badam 23
Yakka-tut 24, 26, 32
Yaman-chalaq 30
Yamchi 32
Yangi-qala 34
Yarkand 24. 25, 27
Yon-qam ?!
E'urnel 2!)
Yr~~ngan 28
Yi~rchi 76
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- Zur Terminologie der semitischen Lauttihnlict~keiten. 1933. Kr . 2: -.
PK~~RRSSON, H., Arinclle llllcI armer~incl~e Stndien. 1920 l i r. 7: 60.
- Haltiucl~e nlrd slnviect~e Worl~tlldirrl. 1918. ICr. 2: 50.
- Baltincl~ea nnd Sl avi ~cl ~es. 1916. l<r. 2: -.
- Ety~nologi~lche hlisxellen. 1923. ICr. 1 : 50.
- Vergleicl~entle ulnvincl~e Wortstndien. 1 . 1<r. 2: -.
- Zur Kentltniu der i ndoger ~na~~i ecl ~en ileterokliuie. 1922. Kr. 2: -.
- Z~l r ~ l n v i ~ c l ~ e n und vel-gltticl~entlen Wortforucl~nng. 1916. Kr. 1: -.
RAQUETTE, G., Eine kn~cligarieche Wakf-Urkunde nrie der Khodschfl-Zeit
Oat-Tnrkeetane. 1930. 1 kr.
- Englieh-Turki dictionary based on t he dialect0 of Kaehgar and Yarkand.
1927. Kr. 6: 50.
- The accent proble~n in Turkish. 1927. Kr. 1: 25.
- T i I a . Eine osttilrkische Vnriante der 8age von Tal ~i r und Zohrn.
1931. Kr. 4: -.
H ~ i i l . ~ , II., Die oa~etiochen 1,elrnwtirter im IJngrcriecl~en. 1926. Kr. 3: 50.
- I.ellnw~~rterut~idien. 1923. I<r. 1 : 60.
- 1,ingoiutic ~lenningm. 19'23. 1<r. 2: 50.
- Papera 011 Piiair~i and Indinn gra~nrnnr in goneral. 1926. Kr. 1: 78.
- Ungariache E:ncil)eton~~ng. 1926. I<r. 3: 60.
- Unteraucl~ungen xlir Getlesie der al t i r ~di wcl ~e~~ etymologiecl~erl 1, itter~tnr.
'11, 1928. Kr. il: - ; 6. 1930. Kr. I: -,
- Z~ i r Cllror~ologie tler ~t nk~vi ucl r en Akxel l t ver ~cl ~i e\ ) n~~g. 1022. Kr. 3: 75
MOBRRO, A. , Eine flprieche Ma ~ o r n - k ~ ~ ~ ~ d o c l ~ r i f t in der Universitats-Ribliotllck
xu 1,und. 1928. Kr. 0: 75.
- On Nome Spriac f r agnl ent ~ of the hook of Timotheue Ailuros ngainst tl10
~ynot l of Chalcetlon. 1928. Kr. 0: 76.
- nbe r einige chrietliche Legenden in der ielarniscl\en Tr ~di t i on.
1930.
Kr. I: -.
-- -
I'riu 3 kr. 50 fire.