Shijiazhuang Elites' Model United Nations

Summit 2014
Background
Guide
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'ear d el egates and *acul t+ ad,isers-
(t is m+ esteemed .leasure to / el come +ou to the SEMUN S ummit 2014 and to the
S%)&UM council i n . articular0 ( 1elie,e that i t / ill 1eco me an e2traordin ar+ MUN
e2 .erience *or al l di stingui shed del egates0
M+ n ame i s 3eiji a !uo- + ou can call me 4ince and ( am a seni or t/o student i n
Shi jiazhuang No02 Middl e S chool0 ( ha, e 1 een .arti ci.ate i n man+ other MUN acti,i ti es-
such as the &MUN 2014 and the UNMUN 2014- ( ac5ui red man+ s.eci al and neoteri c
understandi ng a1o ut MUN and these attracti,e i nternati onal a airs * orm m+ e2 .erience
o* MUN- and i t is m+ .leasure to share these i deas /ith all the delegates in these summit-
( am look *or/ard to i t0
(n thi s meeting / e /il l address issues criti cal around the / orl d / hich are relati,e /i th
soci t+- humani t+ and culture- the+ are natio nal sel *6determi natio n and death .enalt+0
'uri ng the con* erence- +o u / il l 1e call ed u .on to demonstrate critic al th inkin g-
inno,ati,e i deas- and mul tilateral col la1oration- + our goal i s to tackl e th e .ro1l ems o*
th e agenda items0( ho.e that the 1ackground g ui de can .ro ,ide + ou essenti al and
.ractical acad emi c con ten t- and ( am sti ll stro ngl + suggest all th e d elegates to
su..l ement the content / ith *urther research0
( /oul d al so li ke to a..reci ate +our co mi ng- ( am here to hel . to di rect- so ( / ant al l the
del eg ates to 1 e * ree to talk to ask me some rele,ant 5uestions e, en to 5uestion m+
mi stake0 ( / ould lo,e to 1ecome *amili ar / ith each o* + ou i n this summit0 ( am l ook
*or/ard to meeting + ou and /itnessing the .roducts o* +o ur .re.arati on0 see +ou at
o.eni ng ceremonies0
Si ncerel+
!uo 3eiji a- 789:;<
'irecto r- Social &umanitari an and )ultural )ommi ttee
Shi jiazhuang El ites' Mod el Un ited Nati ons Summi t 2014
SEMUN
!E""E# $#%M "&E SS(S"N"
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'ear delegates and * acult+ ad,i sers-
(t's m+ great .l easure to /elcome +o u to Shi ji azhuang E lites' Model United N ations
S ummit 2014= ( am , er+ d el ighted that +o u /il l 1e joi ning our Eng lish sessio n o* this
con* erence0
M+ name i s !il + &an and ( am a seni or t/ o stu dent o* (nternati onal 'i, isi on -
S hij iazh uang N%02 Middl e S chool 0('m e2cited to see al l o* +ou and al so ( am con dent in
/ hat al l o* +ou /i ll 1 ri ng to the con*erence0 ( / ould li ke to e2.ress m+ gratitude to + ou
* or j oini ng SEMUN 2014 and ( ho.e that / e can enjo+ this summit0 s a mem1er o* Model
United Nati ons - ( am e2 tremel+ *ond o* i t and real l+ enj o+ attending meetings0 s o*
no/- ( ha, e 1een in, ol,ed in Mo del United N ations *or a1out 1 + ear no/ and h a,e taken
.art i n > con*erences0 "hanks to these meeti ng- ( recei ,ed man+ memora1l e e2.eriences
* or m+ career in MUN and * or m+ sel*0 " his /il l 1e m+ rst time to direct the commi ttees 0
$or al l o* + ou- ( /i ll tr+ m+ utmost o* m+ .otenti al to hel. + ou and al so to make this
meeting a memora1le e2.eri ence * or all o* us 0( /ish +ou all the 1est o* luck .re.aring *or
the con*erence0 ?lease remem1er th at in additi on to readi ng the stud+ guid e care*ul l+-
+ our o/n research is essenti al in order * or all o* +ou to make accurate and ,alua1le
contri1utions to the committee sessions0 %ur resolution /il l onl + 1e as e ecti, e as the
5ualit+ o* + our research- thought- and the energ+ + ou .ut into it- and ( e2.ect each o* + ou
to do +our 1est to .arti ci.ate0 ( lo, e hearing * rom d el egates- so .lease do not hesitate to
contact me i* + ou ha,e an+ 5uesti ons or comments leadi ng u. to the con* erence0
S incerel+
&an 3enchu- @A9BCD
ssistant 'i rector- Soci al &umanitari an an d )ul tural )ommittee
Shi ji azhuang E lites' Model United Nations Summit 2014
SEMUN
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'ear delegates and * acult+ ad,i sers-
('m E asmi ne Fhang- a senior stud ent i n (nternatio nal )lass0 (t is m+ di stinct . leasure to
/ el come +o u to Shi ji azhuang El ites' Model Uni ted Nations 2014= ( am incred i1l+ el ated
that + ou /il l 1e joi ning us *or our * ourth session o* SE MUN- and am assurance that +ou
/ ill ac5uire great har,est in this con*erence0 ('m reall + looking * or/ard to seeing the
i ncredi1 le / ork /hi ch .ro duced 1+ +ou and +our .eers0 (n this con* erence- + ou need to
make a statement and create resolutions in order to sa* eg uard legal rights i n +our
countr+0 (t /il l de1ate 1ack and *orth thro ug h th e three da+s o* meetin gs0
#eg ardless o* +o ur l e, el o* e2 .erience in Model UN- ( urge +ou to .re.are resources
a1out * undamental /orld issues0 (n ad dition- it i s necessar+ * or +ou to reg ard SE MUN as
an i n nite and o.en tri 1une to n egoti ate and d e1ate0 "r+i ng to transcend +our o /n
countr+ .ers.ecti, es and re.resent other interests0 ( assure th at + ou / il l sur.ri se at the
multitude o* no,el ideas arising *rom ste..ing 1ack and treating things * ro m anoth er
.oi nt o* ,ie/0 %n the co ntrar+- some issues might 1e contentious or 5uite com.l icated-
remem1er to .erse, ere=
Ultimatel +- ( e2tremel+ ho.e that +ou / il l use the 1 ackground guide as a detai led
resource and s.ringin g 1oard *or + our o /n research and .re.aratio n *or committee- and
on 1ehal* o * SEMUN- ( sincerel + /elcome +ou to con* erence=
S incerel+
Easmine Fhang- G7HA7I
ssistant 'i rector- Soci al &umanitari an and )ul tural )ommittee
Shi ji azhuang E lites' Model United Nations Summit 2014
SEMUN
)ommittee
Social- &umanitarian and )ultural )ommittee
genda
National Sel*6'etermination
'eath ?enalt+
%**icial !anguage
English
"B!E %$ )%N"EN"
"o.ic JNational Sel*6'etermination 1
&istor+ o* the (ssue 2
)ase Stud+ K
?ast (nternational ction L
Muestion and #esolution must ns/er 10
Bi1liogra.h+ 11
"o.ic B J'eath ?enalt+ 12
)urrent Situation 12
)ase Stud+ 1N
#ele,ant UN ctions 20
Muestion and #esolution must ns/er 22
Suggestions *or $urther #esearch 2O
?osition ?a.er #e5uirement 24
Bi1liogra.h+ 2N
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Topic A: National Self-Determination
Introduction
"he right o* nations to sel*6determination is a cardinal .rinci.le in modern
international la/ as such on the United Nations as authoritati,e inter.retation o* the
)harter's norms0 (t states that nations 1ased on res.ect *or the .rinci.le o* e5ual
rights and *air e5ualit+ o* o..ortunit+ ha,e the right to *reel+ choose their
so,ereignt+ and international .olitical status /ith no e2ternal com.ulsion or
inter*erence /hich can 1e traced 1ack to the tlantic )harter- signed on 14 ugust
1L41- 1+ $ranklin '0 #oose,elt- ?resident o* the United States o* merica- and 3inston
)hurchill- ?rime Minister o* the United Pingdom /ho .ledged "he Eight ?rinci.al
.oints o* the )harter0 "he .rinci.le does not state ho/ the decision is to 1e made- or
/hat the outcome should 1e- /hether it 1e inde.endence- *ederation- .rotection-
some *orm o* autonom+ or e,en *ull assimilation0 Neither does it state /hat the
delimitation 1et/een nations should 1e QR or e,en /hat constitutes a nation0 (n *act-
there are con*licting de*initions and legal criteria *or determining /hich grou.s ma+
legitimatel+ claim the right to sel*6determination0
%n 14 'ecem1er 1L>0- the United Nations General ssem1l+ ado.ted United Nations
General ssem1l+ #esolution 1N14 ST4U under titled 'eclaration on the Granting o*
(nde.endence to )olonial )ountries and ?eo.les .ro,ided *or the granting o*
inde.endence to colonial countries and .eo.les in .ro,iding an ine,ita1le legal
linkage 1et/een sel*6determination and its goal o* decolonization- and a .ostulated
ne/ international la/61ased right o* *reedom also in economic sel*6determination0 (n
rticle N statesJ (mmediate ste.s shall 1e taken in "rust and Non6Sel*6Go,erning
"erritories- or all other territories /hich ha,e not +et attained inde.endence- to
trans*er all .o/ers to the .eo.les o* those territories- /ithout an+ conditions or
reser,ations- in accordance /ith their *reel+ e2.ressed /ill and desire- /ithout an+
distinction as to race- creed or color- in order to ena1le them to enjo+ com.lete
inde.endence and *reedom- moreo,er on 1N 'ecem1er 1L>0 the United Nations
General ssem1l+ ado.ted United Nations General ssem1l+ #esolution 1N41 ST4U
under titled ?rinci.les /hich should guide mem1ers in determining /hether or not an
o1ligation e2ists to transmit the in*ormation called *or under rticle KOe o* the United
Nations )harter in rticle O .ro,ided that ade5uac+ o* .olitical- economic- social or
educational .re.aredness should ne,er ser,e as a .rete2t *or dela+ing inde.endence0
"o monitor the im.lementation o* #esolution 1N14 in 1L>1 the G eneral ssem1l+
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cr ea te d th e S. e cia l )om mitt ee
r e * e r r e d t o . o . u l a r l+ a s t h e
S . e c i a l ) o m m i t t e e o n
' e c o l o n i z a t i o n t o e n s u r e
d e c o l o n i z a t i o n c o m . l e t e
com. liance / it h the .rinci.le o*
s e l*6 d e t e r m in a t i o n in G e n e r a l
s se m1l+ #e so lu tion 1N41 ST 4U-
12 ?rinci. le o* the nne 2 de *in in g
* r e e a s s o c i a t i o n / i t h a n
i nd e .e n d en t St a te - in te g r at io n
i nt o an in d e . e nd e nt S ta t e - o r
i nd e. e nd e nce as th e th re e le g it ima te o . tio ns o * *u ll s e l*6 go ,e r nme n t
com. lia nce /ith the .r in ci. le o* sel*6d ete rminat ion0
History of the Issue
P re-20t h ce n tu ry
E ust as co lo niza tion and co lonialism ha,e 1e en .ra ct ice d t hroug hout recor ded
h is to r +- . o li ti cal s e l*6d e te r mi na t io n- o n a n i nd i, id ua l le ,e l - ha s 1 e e n
d ocumente d s imila rl+ and che rishe d high l+ 1 + collecti,e . eo .les des .ite t hemV
a ncie nt M eso .ot amia a nd the late r G ree k cit+6sta tes are ear l+ e2am. les o * it s
. ractice0 "he e m.lo +ment o* im. er ialism- thr ough the e2.a nsion o* em.ire s-
a nd the conce .t o* .olitical so ,e re ignt+- as d e,e lo.e d a*te r the "re at+ o*
3es t.ha lia - a ls o e2. lain the e mer ge nce o* sel*6d ete rmina tion dur ing the
mod er n e ra0 'u ring- a nd a*te r- the ( ndus trial #e,o lution man+ gro u.s o*
. eo. le reco gniz ed the ir shar ed histo r +- g eog ra .h+- langua ge - and cus toms0
N ation alism e merg ed a s a uniting id eolo g+ not onl+ 1 et /ee n com. eting
. o/e rs- 1ut a lso *or gro u.s th at *elt s u1o rdinat ed o r dis en*ra nchised inside
lar ger sta tes - in this situat io n se l*6de te rminatio n can 1 e see n a s a rea ction to
im.e rialis m0 S uch g rou. s o*te n .ur sued inde .en den ce and s o,er eign t+ o,er
te rrito r+- 1 ut some times a di**ere nt se nse o* a utonom+ ha s 1e en . ursue d or
achie ,ed 0
" he /or ld .os ses sed s e,e ral trad itiona l- co ntine ntal em. ir es such as the
% ttoman - # ussia n- ustria nW&a1s 1urg - a nd the Ming Em.ire 0 ?olitical s cie ntists
o*te n de *ine com.e tition in E uro.e dur in g the M od ern E ra as a 1ala nce o*
.o /er str ugg le- /hich a ls o ind uced ,arious Eur o.e an state s t o .u rsue colon ia l
e m.ires - 1e ginning /ith the S .anis h an d ?or tug uese - and la ter including the
Br itish- $ren ch- 'utch- and Ge rma n0 'ur ing th e e arl+ 1Lth ce ntur +- com. etitio n
in Eu ro.e .ro duced multi.le /ar s- mo st no ta1 l+ the N a. oleo nic 3ar s0 *ter
this con*lict- the British E m. ire 1e came d ominant an d ente red it s Xim. er ia l
cent ur+ X- /hile nation alism 1e ca me a . o/e r*ul .o lit ical id eolo g+ in Euro .e 0
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" he %tto man Em. ire- ustr ian Em. ire- #u ssian E m.ire - M ing Em. ire a nd the
ne / Em. ire o* Ea .an maint ained thems el,e s- o*t en e 2. anding or cont racting a t
th e e2.e nse o* ano the r e m.ire 0 ll ig nore d not io ns o* s el*6d ete rminatio n *o r
th ose go,e rne d0
" he re ,olt o* N e/ 3orld B ritish colo nists in No rt h mer ica- dur ing the mid6
1KK0s - has 1e en se en a s t he *irst as ser tion o* the rig ht o* na tional and
d emocra tic se l*6de ter mination - 1e ca use o* the e2. licit in,ocation o* natur al
la /- the natur al rig hts o* ma n- a s /e ll as the cons ent o*- a nd so ,ere ignt+ 1+- the
. eo. le g o,e rned V thes e id eas /er e ins. ired .ar ticular l+ 1+ E ohn !o cke's
e nlig hte ne d /rit ing s o* the . re, ious ce ntur +0 "h oma s E e **er so n *ur t her
. romote d t he no tion th at the /ill o* the .e o.le /as su.r eme - e s.e ciall+
th rough autho rshi. o* the U nite d St ates 'eclara tion o* (n de. end ence /hich
ins. ired Euro .e ans thr ougho ut the 1Lth ce ntur +0 "he $re nch #e,olut ion /as
mo ti,a ted s imila rl+ a nd leg it imatiz ed the id ea s o* se l*6de ter mina tion on tha t
% ld 3o rld cont in ent0
3ithin th e N e/ 3orld dur in g the ea rl+ 1Lth ce ntur +- mos t o* the nations o*
S .a nish me rica achie ,e d in de .e nd en ce *r om S .a in0 " he U nite d S ta tes
su ..o rte d t hat st atus - a s .o lic+ in th e he mis.he re relat i,e to E uro. ea n
colo nia lism- /it h the M onr oe 'octr ine 0 " he m er ica n . u1lic- o rga niz ed
a ssociate d g rou. s- a nd e ,e n )ong ress ional re solut ions- o*te n s u.. or ted s uch
mo,e ment s- .a rt icular l+ t he Gr ee k 3ar o* (nde .e nde nce S1Y21Z) 2LU a nd the
d e m a n d s o * & u n g a r i a n
r e ,o l ut io n a r ie s in 1 Y4Y0
S u c h su . . o r t - h o /e ,e r-
n e , e r 1 e c a m e o * * i c i a l
g o,er nment .o lic+- due to
1 a l a n c i n g o * o t h e r
n a ti on a l i nt e r e st s 0 *t e r
the me rican )i,il 3a r a nd
/ith incre as in g ca.a 1ilit+-
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
g o , e r n m e n t d i d n o t
a cce .t sel*6de ter minat io n
a s a 1 a s i s d u r i n g i t s
? ur ch a s e o * la s k a a n d
at tem. ted .urchas e o* the
3 e s t ( n d i a n i s l a n d s o *
S aint "ho mas a nd Sa in t E ohn in 1Y>0s- or its g ro/ing in*luen ce in t he &a/aiia n
(s lands - tha t le d to ann e2atio n in 1YLY0 3ith its ,ictor + in the S .anis h6
me rican 3ar in 1YLL a nd its gr o/ing stat ure in the /o rld- the U nited Sta tes
su. .o rte d anne 2a tion o* the *o rmer S .anish colonie s o * G uam- ?ue rto # ico
an d the ?hili.. in es- /ithout th e co nse nt o* the ir .e o.le s- a nd it reta ined
X5ua si6suz er aint+X o ,er )u1a - as / ell0
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Nanking PM" Go,ernment
W orld Wa rs I an d II
3oo dro/ 3ilso n re,i,e d me rica's commitme nt to s el*6d ete rminatio n- a t leas t
*o r Euro .e an sta tes - du ring 3orld 3ar (0 3he n the Bolsh e,iks came to . o/e r in
# ussia in No,e m1e r 1L1K- t he+ ca lled *or #us sia's imme diate /ith dra /al a s a
me m1e r o* th e llie s o* 3or ld 3ar ( 0 " he + also su. .o rte d t he r ight o * all
na tions - including co lonies - to sel*6d ete rminat ion0 X " he 1L1Y )o nstitut io n o*
th e S o,ie t U nion a ck no/le dg ed the right o* se ce ssio n *or its cons titue nt
re .u1 lics 0
" his .re sen ted a challeng e to 3ilson's more limited d ema nds0 ( n E anuar + 1L1Y
3ilso n iss ued his $o urt ee n ?oints o* Ea nuar + 1L1Y /hich- a mong o ther th in gs-
calle d *o r a djustme nt o * co lonial cla ims - as lo ng as the intere sts o* colo nial
. o/e rs ha d e5 ual /eig ht /ith the cla ims o* su1je ct . eo .les 0 " he "rea t+ o*
B res t6!it o,s k in Ma rch 1L1Y led to #u ssia 's e2it *ro m the /a r a nd the
ind e. end ence o* r menia - $inland- E ston ia - !at,ia- U kr aine - !it huania- Ge orgia
a nd ?oland 0 " he end o* the / ar le d to the d isso lution o* the de *ea ted ustro 6
&ung aria n E m.ire an d the crea tion 1+ the llies o* )ze ch oslo,ak ia and the
unio n o* the S tate o* S lo ,ene s- )roa ts and S er 1s and t he Ping dom o* S e r1ia as
ne / s tate s0 &o/e ,er- this im. ositio n o* s tate s /h ere so me na tion alities
Ses .e cia ll+ ?o les- )z echs- and S er 1s a nd #omania nsU /e re gi,en .o/ er o,er
na tionalitie s /ho dislike d an d dis truste d t hem e ,entua ll+ hel. ed le ad to 3orld
3ar ( (0 "he de *eat ed %tto man e m.ire /as disso l,ed in to the #e .u1 lic o* "urke +
a nd se ,era l smalle r natio ns- in clud ing [eme n- . lus the ne/ M idd le Ea st llied
Xmand ate sX o * S+r ia a nd !e 1an on S*utur e S +ria- !e 1an on a nd &ata + Sta teU-
?ale stine S*utu re "ran sjord an an d (s rae lU- Me so .ota mia S*uture (ra 5U0 " he
!e ague o* N atio ns /as .r o.o sed as much a s a mea ns o* co nsolida ting the se
ne / sta tes- as a .ath to . ea ce 0
'uring th e 1L20s a nd 1LO0s th ere /e re some s ucce ss*ul mo,eme nts *or se l*6
d ete rminatio n in t he 1eg innings o* the . roces s o* deco lo niza tion0 (n the
St atute o* 3e stminste r the U nited Ping dom gra nte d ind e. end ence to )anad a-
N e/ Fe aland - N e/*ou ndland - the (rish $re e St ate- the )ommo n/ea lth o*
us tralia - and the U nion o* S outh *rica a *ter the B ritish .arlia ment de cla red
itse l* as inca.a 1le o* . assin g la/s o ,er t hem /itho ut the ir conse nt0 Eg+. t-
*gh anista n and (ra 5 als o achie ,ed in de. end ence *rom Br itain a nd !e 1anon
*rom $ra nce0 % the r e**or ts /e re unsu cce ss*ul- like the (ndia n ind e. end ence
mo,e ment 0 nd (tal+- E a.a n and G e rman+ a ll initia ted ne/ e **or ts to 1ring
cer tain te rr it orie s unde r the ir co ntro l- lea ding to 3or ld 3a r ((0
(n sia - Ea.a n 1 ecame a ris in g . o/e r a nd ga in ed more re s. ect *ro m 3es tern
.o /er s a*te r its ,ictor + in the # usso 6Ea.a nes e 3a r0 E a.an jo in ed the llied
?o/e rs in 3o rld 3ar ( a nd a ttacke d G er ma n colon ia l .o sse ssion s in th e $ar
Ea st- ad ding *o rmer G erma n .o sse ssions to it s o/n em. ir e0 (n t he 1LO0s - E a.an
ga ined s igni*icant in*luen ce in ( nner Mong olia an d Ma nch uria a*t er it in,ad ed
M a n ch u r i a 0 ( t e s t a 1 l is h e d M a n c hu k u o - a . u. . e t s t a t e in M a n ch u r ia a n d
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e ast ern (nne r M ongo lia0 "h is /as e sse ntiall+ th e mo del Ea. an *ollo /ed as it
in,ad ed othe r are as in s ia and e sta 1lishe d the Gr eat er E ast s ia )o 6?ros. er it+
S .he re 0
( n 1L12- t he #e .u1lic o* )hina o**icia ll+ succee de d the M ing '+nast +- /hile
% uter Mong olia- "i1 et a nd "u,a . roclaime d the ir inde .e nde nce 0 ( nde .en den ce
/a s not acce. ted 1 + th e go,e rnme nt o* )hina0 B+ t he "re at+ o* P+ akhta S1L1NU
% uter M ong olia re co gniz ed )hina 's so,e re ig nt+0 &o/e ,er- the S o,ie t thre at o*
s eiz in g .a rts o* (nne r Mo ngo lia induce d )hina to recog nize %ut er M ong olia's
ind e. end ence- .r o,ide d tha t a r e*e rend um /as held 0 " he r e*e rend um too k
. lace on % cto 1e r 20- 1L4N- /ith Saccord ing to o**icia l num1e rsU 100\ o* the
e lector ate ,o ting *or ind e. end ence 0
M an+ o* Eas ter n sia's cu rren t dis. utes to so,e reig nt+
a nd sel*6d ete rminat io n s tem *rom u nres ol,ed dis .ute s
*ro m 3or ld 3ar ((0 *ter it s *all- the Em.ire o* Ea.a n
re noun ce d cont rol o,e r ma n+ o* its *orme r .o sse ssio ns
including Pore a- Sa khalin ( sland - a nd "a i/an]0 (n none o*
t he s e a r e as / e r e th e o . in io ns o * a ** e ct e d .e o . le
co n su lt e d - o r g i ,e n si gn i* ica nt . r io r it +0 P o re a / a s
s. eci*ica ll+ gr ante d ind e.e nde nce 1 ut th e re cei,er o*
,ar io us o the r a rea s /a s no t st ated in t he "re at+ o* Sa n
$r ancisco- gi,ing "a i/an d e *acto ind e. end ence a lthoug h
its . olitical sta tus continue s to 1 e am1 iguou s0
Th e o ld War !o rl d
(n 1L41 llies o* 3or ld 3ar ( ( sig ned the tla ntic )har ter and acce. ted the
. rinci. le o* se l*6de ter min ation0 (n Ea nuar + 1L42 t/e nt+6si2 sta tes s igne d the
'e c la ra t io n 1+ U n it ed N a t io ns - / hi ch ac ce . te d t ho s e . ri nci .l e s0 " he
ra ti*ica tion o* the U nited N atio ns )ha rt er in 1L4N a t t he en d o* 3orld 3ar ((
. la ce d th e righ t o* s el*6d ete rminatio n into the *r ame /ork o * inte rna tional la/
an d di.lo mac+0
10)ha .te r 1- r ticle 1- .a rt 2 sta tes that . ur.o se o* the U N )har ter is J X"o
d e,elo . *r iend l+ re lations a mong natio ns 1ase d on res .ect *or the .r inci. le o*
e 5ual r ig hts a nd se l*6de ter mination o * . eo .les - a nd to ta ke o ther a.. ro.r iate
me asure s to s treng the n uni,er sal .e ace0X
20 rticle 1 in 1o th t he ( nter nation al )o,e nant on )i,il an d ?olitical # ights
S())?# U and the (nt erna tiona l )o,en ant on E co nomic- So cia l and )ultura l
# ights S()ES )# U re ad sJ Xll .e o.le s ha,e the right o* sel*6d ete rmina tion0 B +
,ir tue o* th at rig ht the + *re e l+ d ete rmine their . olitical sta tus a nd *ree l+ .ur sue
the ir econ omic- so cia l a nd cultura l d e,e lo.me nt0X
O0" he U nit ed N atio ns U ni,e rs al 'e cla ra tio n o* &u man #ig ht s a rt icle 1N s ta te s
N
N
SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
th at e,e r+o ne has th e right to a nat ionalit+ and t hat no one s hould 1e
a r1itr aril+ de .r i,e d o* a na tionalit+ o r de nied the rig ht to chang e na tionalit+0
&o /e,e r- the char te r a nd o the r re solut ions did not insist on *ull inde .en den ce
a s th e 1 es t /a + o* o1 tain ing s el*6g o,e rnme nt- nor did the + includ e a n
e n*orceme nt mecha nism0 M ore o,er- ne / s tate s /er e recog nize d 1+ th e leg al
d octrine o* uti .o sside tis juris- mean in g that old a dministr ati,e 1 ounda rie s
/o uld 1 ecome inte rnatio nal 1 ound arie s u. on ind e. end ence e,e n i* the + had
little re le,a nce to ling uistic- ethn ic- a nd cult ural 1oun dar ie s0 N e,e rt hele ss-
jus ti*ie d 1+ th e lang uage o* s el*6d ete rminatio n- 1 et/e en 1L4> and 1L>0- the
. eo. les o* thirt +6se,e n ne / natio ns *re ed t hemse l,es *rom colonial sta tus in
s ia- *rica - a nd the Mid dle E ast 0 " he te rr it orialit+ is sue ine ,ita1 l+ /ould lead
to mo re con *licts a nd inde .e nde nce mo,e ment s /ithin man+ s tate s and
challe nge s to the a ssum. tion that ter ritor ia l inte grit+ is a s im. or tant as se l*6
d ete rminatio n0
Af te r th e o ld War
" he )old 3ar 1 ega n to /ind d o/n a*t er M ik hail Go r1a che , ass umed . o/e r in
M arch 1LYN0 3ith the co o.e ra tion o* the mer ica n .r esid ent #ona ld #e ag an-
G or1 ache, /ound d o/n the siz e o* the S o,ie t rmed $o rce s and re duced
nucle ar ar ms in Euro. e- /hile li1e ra liz ing the econo m+0
(n 1LYLZ)L0- t he co mmu nist re gime s o* S o,ie t s ate llite st ate s colla. sed in r a.id
s ucces sio n in ?o lan d- &un ga r +- )z ech osl o,ak ia- E as t G e rma n+- B ulg ar ia-
#o mania - a nd M ong olia0 E ast and 3e st Ge rma n+ unite d- )ze chos lo,akia
. eace *u ll+ s .lit into )z ech #e .u1lic and Slo ,a kia- /hile in 1LL0 [ug osla,ia
1 ega n a ,iolent 1 rea k u. into its *or mer > su16unit re .u1 lics 0 Pos o,o- /hich
/a s .re ,ious l+ a n auto nomou s unit o* S er1 ia de clare d inde .e nde nce in 200Y-
1u t has re cei,ed less int erna tiona l re cogn it ion0
(n 'ecem1 er 1LL1- Go r1a che , re sign ed as .re side nt a nd the So ,iet Unio n
dis sol,e d re lati,el+ . ea ce *ull+ into *i*te en s o,er eign re. u1lics- a ll o* /hich
re jected communism a nd mo st o* /h ich a do. ted de mocrat ic re *orms and *ree 6
mar ket e conomie s0 (nside tho se ne / re .u1 lics- *our major a rea s ha,e claimed
t h e ir o / n in d e . e n d e n ce - 1 u t no t r e ce i , e d / id e s . r e a d i nt e r n a t io n a l
re co gnitio n0
(n 1L4L- the )ommun is ts /on the ci,il /a r a nd es ta1lis hed the ?eo .le's
#e .u1 lic o* )h in a in Mainla nd )hina0 " he P uominta ng6le d #e. u1lic o* )hina
go ,ern ment re trea ted to "a i.ei- it s jur isdiction no/ limited to "a i/an and
se ,er al outl+ing isla nds0 Since t hen- the ?eo .le's #e .u1 lic o* )h in a has 1e en
in,ol,e d in d is .ute s /ith the # %) o ,e r is sues o* so,e reig nt+ a nd the .o lit ica l
sta tus o* "a i/ an0
*te r d ecad es o * ci,il /ar- ( ndon esia *in all+ reco gniz ed the ind e. end ence o*
Ea st " imo r in 20020
22> SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
ase Study
a se ": Dis pu t ed st a tu s o f #i$ ra lt ar
" he U nite d Ping do m g a,e assu rance s that the r ig ht to s el*6d ete rminat io n o*
G i1r altar ia ns /ould 1e r es. ecte d in an+ tra ns*er o* so,e reig nt+ o ,er the
te rrito r +- is a *actor in the d is.ute /ith S .ain o ,er t he te rrito r +0 " he im. act o*
th e rig ht to se l*6de ter mination o* G i1ra ltar ia ns /a s se en in the 2002 Gi1r alta r
s o,ere ignt + re*e rend um- / here G i1 ralt arian ,o ter s o,e r /helming l+ reje ct ed a
. lan to sha re s o,er eignt + o,e r G i1ra ltar 1e t/ee n th e U P a nd S .a in0 &o /e,e r-
t he UP g o,e rnme nt di**e r s /it h th e G i1 ra lta rian go ,e rnme nt in th at it
con side rs G i1ra ltar ian sel*6de ter minat ion to 1e limite d 1+ t he "re at+ o*
U t re cht - /h ich . re ,e n ts G i1 ra lta r ach ie ,in g ind e .e nd e nce / ith ou t t he
a gre eme nt o* S .a in - a .o sition that the G i1 ralt arian go,e rnme nt d oe s no t
a cce .t0
" he S.a nish g o,e rnmen t de nies tha t G i1 ralt arian s ha,e the rig ht to se l*6
d ete rminatio n- co nside ring the m to 1e Xan ar ti*icial .o. ulatio n /itho ut a n+
g enuine au tonom+ X and not Xindig eno usX&o/e ,er- t he ?a rtid o n dalucista
ha s agr ee d to re co gniz e the right to se l*6det ermina tion o* Gi1 ralta rians 0
a se 2: Se pa rat is m in Ira n a nd 20"2 Sy ri an %urd is ta n re $e ll ion
P urdista n is a h is torical re gio n .rima ril+ inha1 it ed 1 + the Purd ish .e o.le o* the
midd le e ast 0 " he ter ritor + is cur rent l+ .ar t o* 4
st ate s "urke +- (ra 5- S+ria a nd (ra n0 " he re are
Pu rdish s el*6de te rminatio n mo,eme nts in e ach
o* the 4 sta tes0 (ra 5i Purd is tan ha s to date
a c h i e , e d t h e l a r g e s t d e g r e e o * s e l * 6
d ete rminatio n t hroug h th e *ormat ion o* the
P ur d is ta n #e g io n al G o ,e rn me n t- an e nt it +
re co gniz ed 1+ the ( ra5 i $ ede ra l )on stitutio n0
ltho ugh t he r ig ht o* the crea tion o* a Purd ish
st ate /as recog nize d *ollo /ing 3or ld 3a r ( in the "re at+ o * SZZ ,res - th e tr eat +
/a s t hen annulle d 1+ the "re at + o* !a usan ne0 "o d ate t/ o s e.a rate P urdis h
re .u1 lics a nd on e Pu rdish P in gdo m ha,e d eclare d s o,er eignt +0 " he #e. u1lic o*
r ara t S r ?ro ,ince- "ur ke+U- t he # e.u 1lic o * Meh a1ad S3e st z e r1aija n
?ro ,ince - (r anU a nd the P ingdo m o* Purd ista n SS ula+mani+a h ? ro,ince- ( ra5 i
Pu rdis tan- ( ra5 U- e ach o * the se *led gling st ate s /a s cru she d 1 + milita r +
inte r,e ntion 0 "he ?at riotic U nion o* P urdis tan /hich curre ntl+ holds the ( ra5 i
.r esid enc+ and the Purd istan 'e mocrat ic ?ar t+ /hich g o,er ns the Purd istan
#e giona l G o,e rnmen t 1 oth e2.licitl+ co mmit the mse l,e s to the de ,elo. ment
o* Purd ish sel*6d ete rmina tion- 1 ut o.inio ns ,ar + as to the 5ue stion o* se l*6
de te rminatio n s oug ht /ithin the cur rent 1 ord er s and coun tries 0
2
K
SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
a se &: Th e 'n it ed Sta t es of Am e ri ca
" he co loniz ation o*
t h e N o r t h
m e r i c a n
co nt in e nt an d its
N a t i , e m e r i ca n
. o . u l a t i o n h a s
1 ee n t he so urce o*
le gal 1 attle s since
t h e e a r l + 1 L t h
ce ntu r +0 S ur ,i,ing
N a ti ,e me r ica ns
h a , e 1 e e n
r e s e t t l e d o n t o
s e.a rate tra cts o* la nd Sre ser ,atio nsU- /h ich ha ,e re taine d a cer ta in d eg ree o*
a utono m+ /ithin the U nited State s0 "he *ed er al go ,ernme nt re cogniz es "ri1 al
S o,e reig nt+ a nd h as e sta 1lishe d a num1 er o* la/ s a ttem. ting to clar i*+ the
r e la t io ns h i. 1 e t/ e e n th e *e d e r al - s ta t e - a nd t r i1 al g o ,e r nm e nt s0 " he
)ons titution an d la ter *e der al la /s recog nize the local so,e reig nt+ o * tri1 al
na tions- 1ut do no t re cogn iz e *ull s o,e reign t+ e 5ui,ale nt to that o* *o reig n
na tions- he nce the te rm Xdo mest ic de .e nde nt nat ionsX0
)er ta in )hicano nat ionalist g rou.s s ee k to Xre cre ateX an ethn ic61a sed s tate
ca ll e d z t lZ^ n - th e le g e n da r + ho m e la nd o * t he z t ec s c om . ri si ng t he
S outh /est ern U nite d Sta tes0
" her e ar e multi. le acti,e &a/aiia n auto nom+ or inde .e nde nce mo,e ments
e ach /ith the ir o/ n distinct mo dalit+ o* re aliz in g some le,e l o* . olitical contro l
o ,e r sing le or s e,e ral isla nds0 "he gro u.s ra nge *rom thos e se ek in g ter ritor ia l
units similar to (nd ian res er ,ations und er the U nite d S tate s / ith th e le as t
a mo unt o* inde .e nde nt contro l to the &a /aiian so ,ere ignt+ mo ,eme nt /hich
/o uld ha,e t he mos t a mount o* contro l- " he &a/a iian So ,ere ignt+ mo,e men t
a ims a t re,i,ing t he &a/a iian natio n u nde r the &a/ aiian const itution- /hich
su ..o sed l+ ha s re taine d its so,e reig nt+ / hile u nde r cont rol o* the U nited
St ates 0
S ince 1LK2- the U0 N 0 'e coloniz atio n )ommitte e has called *or ?ue r to # ico's
d eco loniz at ion a nd *or the U 0 S0 to re cog nize t he islan d's rig ht to s el*6
d ete rminatio n and ind e.e nde nce0 (n 200K the 'e co loniz ation S u1co mmit tee
calle d *or the U nite d N ation s G ene ral s sem1 l+ to re ,ie/ the .olitical s tatus o*
?ue rt o # ico - a .o/ er rese r ,ed 1+ th e 1LNO # eso lution0 "his *ollo/s the 1L>K
.a ssa ge o* a .le 1iscite act tha t .r o,ide d *or a ,o te o n the stat us o* ?ue r to # ico
/ it h th r e e s ta t us o . t io ns J co nt in u e d co mm on / e al t h- s t a te h o o d - a nd
inde .e nde nce0 (n t he *ir st . le 1s cite the common/ ealth o.t ion /o n /ith >004\
o* t he ,ot es 1u t U 0 S0 co ngr es sio na l comm itte e s *a ile d to e nact leg is lati on t o
2
Y
SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
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a ddr ess the s tatus issue 0 ( n su1s e5 uent . le1 iscit es in 1LLO a nd 1LLY- the s tatu s
5 uo /as u.h eld0 (n a re*e rend um th at took .la ce in No ,em1 er 2012- a major it+
?ue r to #ican res id ent s ,o ted to chang e the te rritor + 's rela tionshi. /ith the
U nite d Stat es- /ith the s tate hood o.t io n a.. are ntl+ 1eing the .r e*er red
o .tion - ho/e ,er a la rge num1 er o* 1a llotsQR one 6third o* a ll ,ote s cas tQR /ere
le *t 1 lank on the 5ue stio n o* .re *e rre d alte rnati,e s tatus 0 3hen co unte d- the
1 lank ,ote s are ,ie /e d as ant i6s tate hoo d ,otes - re sulting th at the s tate hood
o .tion /o uld ha,e re cei,e d less t han N0\ o* all 1allo ts rece i,e d0 s o* Eanu ar +
2014- 3as hingto n has no t take n action to a ddre ss t he re sults o* this . le1is cite 0
M an+ curre nt U 0S 0 s tate - re gion al and cit+ se cess ion gro u.s us e the lang uage o*
se l*6de te rminatio n0 200Y Fo g1+ (nte rnat io nal . oll re ,ea le d that 22\ o*
me ricans 1 elie ,e tha t Xan+ st ate o r re gion ha s the right to .e acea 1l+ se ce de
a nd 1e come an ind e. end ent re .u1 lic0 X
(t is im. or tant to note tha t in t he ca se o* &a/ aii- the stru ggle *or se l*6
d ete rminatio n do es not *a ll unde r sece ssion- a s it is less a 1re ak *ro m *ed era l
a dministr ation- tha n a re turn t o the .ro ce ss t hroug h /hich cess io n /as
claime d to ha,e occu rred J na mel+ the ongo ing occu.at io n ,ia a U S im.o sed
mil itar + cou .V a nd Wor re mo,a l *r om t he U N list o* N on 6S el*6G o,e r ning
"e rr it orie s0 " he US la rge l+ ig nore d it s S acre d "rus t t o e ducat e or .ro .er l+
in*or m the citize nr + o* &a /aii o* it s o .tion s *or se l*6de ter min ation and
sid es te. .e d g uide lines laid out in U N G e ner al s sem1 l+ re solut ion K42
S1LNOU0U 0N 0 # eso lution K42 d eclare s tha t one o* the X*acto rs indicat i,e o* the
a t t a i n me n t o * i n d e . e n d e n ce o r o * o t h e r s e . a r a t e s + s t e m s o * s e l *6
g o,er nment-X is X*r ee dom o* cho osing o n the 1a sis o* th e right o* se l*6
d e t e r m i n a t i o n o * . e o . l e s 1 e t / e e n s e , e r a l . o s s i 1 i l i t i e s i n c l u d i n g
ind e.e nde nce0X
Past International Actions
" he U nited N atio ns de co loniz ation /o rk ga rde n Xthe )har te r o* t he U nited
N ations X in t he '. eo. le's e5 ual rig hts and se l*6de termina tion' .rinci.le - and
the Xchar te rX d is cu ss t hree s. eci*ic cha.te rs **iliate d ?eo .le's inter est s0 Since
1L>0- t he Un ited N atio ns Ge ne ra l ss em1 l+ ha s t o d o X'e clar atio nX o*
inde .e nde nce to colo nial coun tries an d . eo. les /hich 1a se d o n- said mem1 er
st ates mus t 5uickl+ the e nd o* co lo nialism0 " he U N a ls o *ollo/ the gen era l
as sem1 l+ in 1L>0 1N41st S1OU re solut io n- /hich .ro ,ide thre e /a +s *u ll+ se l* to
non s el* go ,e rning terr itorie s
S ince the U N /as *oun ded in 1L4N- mo re than Y0 ha ,e co loniz ed count ries
joine d the Unite d N ation s- ma n+ othe r ter ritor ia l dis.u tes /it h othe r co untr ie s
2
L
SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
th roug h merg er or s el*6de te rminatio n throu gh ot her inde .en den t countr ie s0
" he U nited N atio ns has .la +ed a n im. or tant ro le in th is his toric tran sition-
e ncoura ge a**ilia ted .eo .le sta+ hu ngr +- and dete rmine the o 1je cti,e s and
s tand ards - accele rat e the in de. end ence .roce ss
" he U N a lso su. er ,ise d ind e.e nde nce e lections in "ogo in 1LN>- 1L>1 in
3es ter n S amoa - 1LY0 is a .o. ular cons ultation o* the E ast " imor and Nami1 ia
in 1LLL0
lth ough in 1 ut to colonia lis m has mad e .rog res s- 1ut the re are still a 1ou t
1O00000 .e o.le li,ing un der colonia l rule - t he U nite d N atio ns to continue
e **or ts to he l. the non se l* go,e rning te rrito ries to achie,e s el*6d ete rminatio n
o r inde .e nde nce o* th e re st- *or t his .ur .os e- the ge ner al as sem1 l+ in 2000
a nnounce d the 200162010 s econd sho,e l o** colo nialism inte rnat io nal te n
+e ars 0 ( n 2010 'ece m1er- )o ngre ss a nnounce d- 201162020 +ea rs *o r the
e rad ica tion o* colonia lis m in th e third int erna tiona l te n +ea rs0
N o/- the rig ht o* . eo. les to se l*6de ter mination ha s n ot a.. ea red in the a nti
colon ial mo ,eme nt- it has g rad uall+ 1ecome a hot to. ic in ,a rious e thnic
con*licts0
(uestions and )esolution must
ans!er
Th e d e fi nit io n o f t he ri* ht of n a ti on al s e lf-d et e rmin at io n +
th e d e *in ition o* th e r ight o* na tio nal s el*6de te rmina tion 0 ltho ugh the
na tional li1 era tion a nd n ationa l inde .e nde nce .r ocess has 1e en com. lete d-
colon ia lism h as disa ..e are d- 1 ut the se l*6de ter mination o* the .e o. le is still
the commo n iss ues o* the U nite d N atio ns- the sco. e o* se l*6de termina tion o*
. e o . le s h as a l so 1 e e n mo r e a n d mo re d i** icu lt t o d e *in e - i ncl ud i ng
inte rna tiona l ter ror ist o rga niza tions are us in g 'sel*6de termin ation' as the
mas ses an d t he co n*lict e2cuse 0 (n a dd it ion0 Still ha,e the ?ales tine nee ds
inte rnat ional he l. to rea lize the right o* .e o.le s to sel*6d ete rmina tion cas e0
# an min s el*6d ete rminat io n in to da+ 's not o utdat ed0 But 1e cause o* this
situ ation- the de *inition o* the s el*6d ete rminatio n o* the . eo. le nee d to 1e
clea rl+ and s trictl+ de *ined - this can g uar ante e to g et a id to tho se us ing the se
rig hts o* the state - 1 ut not ma ke it a s e.a ratis t *orces a nd te rror ist org aniz ation
too ls0
Ap pli cat io n a nd s up er ,i si on o f t he n at io na l s el f-de t erm ina t io n ri* ht s
.. li cat io n o * n at io na l con sc iou s ne ss i s a l/ a +s re la t ed t o th e ri gh t o* t he
2 10 SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
T he re s ol ut io n of et h nic co nf lict s
d ,ocate the s .irit o* the )h ar ter o* the U nited N atio ns- to discuss nation al
cont rad ictio n to so l,e natio nal .ro 1lems o * . ea ce media tion0
-i$lio*raphy
10 'a ns .e ckg ru 1e r- 3o l*g an g $0 - ed 0 " he S e l*6'e te r mina tio n o* ?e o. le sJ
)ommunit +- Na tion- and Sta te in a n (nte rde .e nde nt 3or ld - Bould er J !+nne
# ienne r ?u1 lis her s- 20020
20 'a ns. eckgru 1er- 3ol*g ang $0- and r thur 3at ts- ed s0 Se l*6'ete rminatio n and
S el*6 dministr ationJ S ource1 ook - Bould er J !+nne # ienn er ?u1 lisher s- 1LLK0
O 0 l le n B uc ha n a n- E u s ti ce - ! e g it im a c+- a n d S e l*6' e te r m in a ti on J M o r a l
$o unda tions *or ( nter nation al !a / S% 2*ord ?olitical "he or +U- % 2*o rd U ni,e rs it+
?re ss- U S - 200K0
40 nnalisa Finn- G lo1a liza tion and Se l*6'ete rmina tion SP in dle Edit io nU- "a+lor
_ $r ancis- 200K0
N0 Marc 3e ller- uto nom+- Se l* G o,e rnance a nd )on*lict # eso lution SPindle
E ditionU- "a+lor _ $ rancis- 200K0
>0 4a l.+ $itz ger ald- $rance s Ste/ ar t- # ajes h 4e nug o.al SEdito rsU- G lo1 aliza tion-
4iole nt )on*lict a nd S el*6'e ter mina tion- ?a lgra ,e Ma cmillan - 200>0
K0 Eoa nne Ba rker SEd itorU- So,e re ig nt+ Ma tte rsJ !o ca tions o* )onte sta tion and
?os si1 ilit+ in (n dig en ous St rug gle s *o r Se l*6'e te rmin ati on- U ni,e rs it+ o*
N e1 rask a ?re ss- 200N0
Y0 'a ,id # aic- Sta teho od and the !a/ o* S e l*6'e te rminatio n S'e,e lo.me nts in
(n terna tiona l !a/- 40 4OU S'e ,elo. ment s in (nter natio nal !a /- 40 4OU- S. ringe r-
20020
L0[0 N0 Pl+ a nd '0 P l+- (n . ursuit o* "he #igh t t o Se l*6de termina tion- )o lle cted
?a.e rs _ ?roce ed in gs o* t he $irst (nt erna tiona l )on*e rence o n the #ight to
S el*6'e ter min ation _ t he U nited Nat io ns- Ge ne,a 2000- G E N E 4 2000-
.r e*ace 1 + #ichard $a lk- )la rit+ ?re ss- 20010
100 nto nio )as se se - S el*6'et er mina tio n o* ?e o. le sJ !e g al # ea .. ra isa l
S&er sch !aute r.acht M emor ial !ecture sU- )am1 ridg e U ni,ers it+ ?res s- 1LLL0
2 11 SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
Topic -: Death Penalty
Statement and History of the issue
( n 1LYL- the U nited Na tions .ut *o rt h a reso lution that e2.licitl+ d eman ded
th at the nat ions o* t he /orld ma ke a co nce r ted e **o rt to a 1olish the d ea th
. ena lt+0 " he / orld re s. onde dV 1e t/e en this re so lu tion and O1 'ece m1 er 200K0
NL co untrie s a1o lis hed t he de ath . ena lt +0 )urre ntl+- a tot al o * L1 cou ntrie s
ha ,e e nde d ca.ita l . unishme nt0 [e t- in t he /o rld to da+- hund re ds o* .e o. le are
s ente nced to d eat h 1+ their natio n's cour ts e ,er + +e ar in the N1 cou ntrie s
/h ere ca. ital .unish ment is still le ga l0 E2ecutio ns are cons id ere d 1+ man+ no t
o nl+ ,io lation s o* the hu man righ t to li*e- 1ut a lso indicat io ns tha t othe r huma n
r ig hts ma+ 1 e at risk 0 (n t he Unite d State s- e ,iden ce o* discriminatio n ha s 1 ee n
*ou nd 1o th along racial a nd econ omic line s0 (n )olom1ia - /he re the d eat h
. ena lt+ has 1e en outla /ed - o rga nize d mu rde rs h a.. en at th e ha nds o*
.a ramilita r+ g rou. s /ithou t *a ir tria l0 $a ir tria l is a lso
a 1se nt in ot her co untrie s- such as Sa udi r a1ia - /he re the accus ed ma+ no t
ha ,e acce ss to a la/+e r- an d )hina - /her e trials o*te n o ccur so 5 uick l+ tha t a
con,icte d murd ere r ma + 1e e 2e cuted just d a+s a*te r he commits a crime 0 ( n
a dditio n- ma n+ co untrie s do not ha ,e consis tent . olicies to .rot ect the rights
o* childre n- the me ntall+ ill- the me nta ll+ d isa1 led- an d .re gna nt /o me n0
!as tl+- 1a r1a ric e 2e cution metho ds- s uch a s s toning- hanging - and . u1lic
e 2e cution- rema in in . ractice in nat ions ar ound th e /or ld0 S ome co untrie s-
M uslim co untrie s in . ar ticu la r- co ntinue to us e the dea th .e nalt+ 1e cause it is
/r itten in to the ir re ligiou s la/0 %the rs- like Sing a.o re- re tain the d ea th . ena lt +
1 ecause the+ 1e lie,e it hel. s to d ete r cr imin als0 St ill othe rs - like man+ East
s ia n countr ie s- 1e lie ,e t hat the de ath . ena lt+ is a cultura l le ga c+ t hat is .a rt
o* the ir Xsia n ,a lues 0X &o /e,e r- as long as
the human r ights are co nce rne d- the dea th .e nalt+ is not cons ider ed / ithin the
*ra me/o rk o* re ligion or ,alue sV re ga rdle ss o* th e cult ural conte 2t - the de at h
.e nalt + is g ene ra ll+ cons ider ed a mong the inter natio nal co mmunit+- and
accord ing to the o **icial .olic+ o* t he human it aria n 1 ranche s o* t he U nited
N ations - a huma n right s ,iolatio n that mus t 1e s to.. ed 0
urrent Situation
2 12 SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
In tro du cti on
t . re se nt- m an+ cou ntr ie s ha ,e a lre ad + a 1r og at ed th e de at h . en alt +0
&o /e,e r- the re a re ma n+ *actor s to co m.licate the .ro gre ss o* a 1ro gating
d ea th . enalt + /or ld/ide 0 Be lo/ is the leg islatio n o* d ea th . ena lt+ in e ach . ar t
o* the /o rld0 "he use o* the de at h . ena lt+ ,a ries /id el+ 1+ reg ion and ma n+
e 2am.le s0 E,e n thou gh - so me a rea s ha ,e d i**e rent leg islati,e rule s0 Ge ner all+ -
th e tr end o* de ath .e nalt+ le gisla tion ca n 1e .r edicte d0 &o/e ,er- t hese a rea s
can com1ine to *o rm 1 locs i* their re s.e cti,e leg is lation are s imila r0 SS ee 1 loc
. ositio nsU
Th e ' nit e d Sta t es of Am e rica. a na d a. a nd Aus t ra lia
( n*l ue nce d 1 + B r itis h col on ia lis m -
Br itish )ommon/e alth include s the se
t hre e cou nt rie s all ha, e the d e ath
. ena lt +0 Such a s " he U nited Sta tes o*
m e r ic a - ) a n a d a a n d u s t r a l i a 0
&o /e,e r- )ana da an d ustr alia ha,e
a 1olishe d th e de ath .en alt+ 0 "o *ollo/
the .att ern o* 3e ste rn indus trializ ed
c o u n t r i e s - t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o *
me rica continue s to us e to th is da+0
" he d ear th . ena lt + is a co ntro,e rsia l
to .ic in " he U nite d St ate s o* me rica0
" her e are .len t+ o* hu man right s and
re lig io us . e o. le .r ote st ing ag a inst
the de ath .en alt+ in e ach e2e cut ion0
'e ath . ena lt + o.. one nts o * E uro. ea n Un io n and some inte rnatio nal huma n
rig hts org aniz ations criticize d US )o n*ede ra te go,e rnme nt a nd +et thirt +
st ate s still re tain the de ath .en alt+0 mer ica .e o.le's o.. osit io n to t he d eat h
. enalt + .e aked in 1L>>- *or t+6se ,en . erce nt o* the .e o. le ar e a gains t the
d eat h .e nalt+0 t . rese nt- a num1e r o* the st ate s o* U S ha s a 1olis hed the
d eat h .ena lt+- 1ut s ome st ate s rema in u ncha nge d0
(n contra st -1 oth )a nad a a nd ustra lia ha ,e *u ll+ a1 olishe d th e d ea th . ena lt+0
mo ng t he rea sons cited *or 1an ning ca. ital .unishme nt in )anad a /ere *e ars
a1 out / rong *u l co n,ictio ns an d uncer ta in t+ a1 out the de ath . ena lt+'s role as a
de te rre nt *or crime 0 " he . res ent )an adia n go,e rnme nt is o. .os ed t o the
re turn o* ca .ita l .unish ment and has r eje cte d calls *or a nat ional r e*er end um
on the is sue 0 ustra lia h as 1e en *irml+ o ..o se d to the de ath .e nalt +0 nd
,ote d *or t heir so lutions o* the U N G e nera l sse m1l+- ca lled *or a glo1a l
mor ator ium on the de ath . ena lt+ S200K 'ecem1 er 1YU0 u stra lia ea ch +e ar
s. onso red a res olution - the UN &u man #ig hts )ommissio n ca lle d o n a ll
count ries to a1o lis h the d ea th .e nalt+0
2 1O SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
W es t ern / u ro p e
" he d ea th .en alt+ has 1 ee n
co m.le te l+ a 1o lish ed in a ll
E ur o. e an cou ntr ie s - e2ce . t
*o r B ela rus and P az akhs tan0
" h e a 1 s o l u t e 1 a n o n t h e
d ea th . ena lt+ is e nshrine d in
1 o t h t h e ) h a r t e r o *
$ und a me nt al #i gh ts o* t he
E uro. ean U nion SE UU and the
E u r o . e a n )o n , e n t i o n o n
&uma n #ig hts o* the )ouncil
o * E u r o . e - a n d i s t h u s
cons ide red a ce ntra l ,alue 0 % *
a l l m o d e r n E u r o . e a n
co u nt rie s - S a n M a r ino a nd
?or tug al /ere the *ir st to a 1olish ca. ital .u nishmen t- /he re as on l+ B elar us and
P az akhst an still .ra ct ice ca. ital .unis hment in some *orm or an othe r0 (n 2012-
!at ,ia 1e came t he la st EU M em1e r St ate to a1 olish ca. ital . unishme nt in /ar
time 0
s o* 201O- in E uro. e- d eat h .e nalt+ *or .ea ce6time crimes has 1e en a1o lis hed
in a ll countr ies e2ce .t Be la rus- /h ile the d eat h .e nalt+ *or / ar6t ime crime s has
1 ee n a1 olishe d in all countr ies e2ce.t Be la rus and Paz ak hsta n0SPa za khsta n is a
count r+ s ituate d .a rtl+ in Eur o.e and . ar tl+ in siaU0
0a t in Am erica
M ost co untrie s in S ou th me rica ha s a1 olishe d t he d ea th .e nalt +- ho/e ,er- a
*e / co untrie s including B raz il- rg entina - )hile - El Sa l,a dor and ?er u still
re se r,e it *or e 2ce. tiona l crime s0 &o/e ,e r- the se ar eas are u suall+ e**e ct ed 1 +
iss ues /h ich are initiate d 1+ dr ugs- ,iolen ce - an d milit ar + reg ime s0 (llega l
d eat h ma kes t hes e more co m.le2 an d di**icu lt t o sol,e 0
(n )hile - the de at h .e nalt+ has 1e en a1o lished se ,en +ea rs ago 0 But until 2001-
/he n it /a s o utla/e d *or ord in ar + crimes - /a s the .re scri1 ed .unishme nt *or
o,e r t/e nt+ crime s0 &o/ e,e r- r ecent l+- ma n+ de ath s ente nces ha ,e 1 ee n
chang ed to li*e im.r is onme nt0 " he )hile an ?arliame nt is t r+ in g to r econs id er
the d ea th .en alt+ 1ut its e**or ts ar e ham.e re d 1 + t he Se nat e- /hich is still
he a,il+ in*lue nce d 1+ me m1e rs /ho / ere .ar t o* the *orme r milita r+ reg ime0 4
no the r re late d is sue in )hile is the unla /*ul to rtu re o * .ris one rsV man +
criminals d ie in .ris on 1e cause o* t his .ra ct ice 0 " he las t e2ecutio n occur red in
1LYN0
(n B elize - t he de ath . ena lt+ is use d in some ca ses to .ro secute thos e con,icted
2 14 SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
o* cr imina l homicide 0 U nlike )h ile - Beliz e ca rrie s o ut mos t o* the ir d ea th
s ente nces 1 + hang ing0 (n 1LLL- the Su. reme )our t rule d tha t the de ath . ena lt+
/ as no t a h uma n rig ht s , io lat io n- si nce it is su .. or t ed in th e Be liz e
cons titutio n0 K &o/e ,er- the la st e2e cu tion occurre d in 1LYN0
B ecause o* the ser ious iss ues / ith dru gs an d ,iole nce in )olom1ia - . unishme nt
a nd tor ture is o*ten unr eg ulated 1+ the s tate 0 )olom1 ia a1 olishe d the d ea th
. ena lt+ in 1L10V ho/e ,er- th ere are still man + killings a nd d isa. .e ara nce s-
/h ich in man+ cas es are ass ociated /ith .ara milit ar + org aniz atio ns- e,e n
th ough the se orga niza tions are ag ainst the la/0 Since Y0\ o* crimes are no t
re .o rte d- it is unlikel+ tha t rein sit uation o* th e de ath . ena lt+ /ould d ecre ase
th e rat e o* ,iolen t cr ime in )o lom1ia 0
/ as t ern /u ro p e a nd t he 1o rme r So , iet -lo cs
# u s s ia 's 1 l o o d + hi s t or + ha s 1 e e n a s tr o n g
in*lue nce o n t he /hole o* Eas ter n E uro.e 0 " he
d eat h . ena lt + ha s 1 ee n a 1olish ed in a ll Eur o.e an
co untr ies - e2ce. t *o r B ela ru s a nd P az ak hst an
unt il 5uite r ecent l+0 *te r the dis in teg ratio n o*
" he So ,iet U nion - mo re nation s a1 olishe d t he
. unishme nt /hile ot her s did no t re. eal it until
1L00s0
lth ough it /a s onl+ to 1 e utiliz ed *or the mo st se rious crime s aga inst huma n
li,es - child ren as +o ung as *o ur tee n +e ars old co uld 1e sen tence d to de ath in
# ussia 1 e*or e the 1LL> mor ator ium0 10 &o /e,e r- n o child crimina ls ha,e 1 ee n
. ut to de ath s in ce 1LL00
*te r the diss olution o * t he S o,iet Unio n- 1o th the )z e ch #e .u1 lic a nd S lo,enia
ha ,e a1o lished the de ath . ena lt +0 12 &o/e ,er- Paz ak hstan . er siste d the d eat h
. enalt + until 200K- a nd in 2001 ha d the *our th highe st r ate o* e2ecutio n
/o rld/id e d es. ite its small . o.ula tion0 1O 14 % nl+ 3o men un der the age o* 1Y
an d . reg nant /omen could n ot 1 e e 2ecute d0 %**e nde rs / ere e2e cut ed /ith a
sho t to the 1ack o* the head V th e last s uch e2ecution o ccur red in 200O0
?oland re taine d t he d ea th . ena lt+ until 1LLK a*te r t he disinte gra tion o* the
S o,iet U nion- / hen it /a s a1o lis hed *or all cr imes0 E ,en thoug h t here /e re
e ight o**en ses . unisha 1le 1 + de ath- ho/e ,er a ll 1 ut t/o o * th ose a re s ente nced
to e 2ecution 1 et/e en 1LY0 a nd 20020
ase Study
2 1N SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
'2ra ine a nd th e o un cil of /u rop e
" he last e2ecutio n o* the de ath .en alt+ o ccurr ed in 1LLK in U kra ine0 (t ke.t it
un til 2000V Uk raine /ith dre / ca. it al . unishme nt *ro m its list o* o**icial
. unishme nts0 (ts de cision t o a 1olish this / as in *lue nced 1+ the )o uncil o*
E uro. e- the joining o* /hich ha d 1 ecome a nece ssit+ in 1LLN du e to increa se in
its o /n .o /er a nd the .roce ss o* 1e co ming more *ull+ inte gr ate d into the
E uro. ean commun it +0 1K 1Y
&o /e,e r- the tr ansit io n to a 1olition /as no t ea s+ *or U kr aine0 U kra in e /a s
e 2.er iencing incline in crime ra tes due to social un rest V t he dea th . ena lt+
re maine d *o r t /o ma jor rea sons J *ir st is o 1,ious - t o cont rol crime 0 nd se co nd-
1 ecaus e th e . eace *ul reg ime tr ansitio n le*t man+ e 26So ,iet o**icials in .o/e r-
/ hich re ta ined S o,ie t a ttit ude s to/ ard s . unis hmen t0 $ro m the mo men t
U kra ine e nter ed t he )ouncil o* Euro .e - the + /e re re 5uire d to end t he d eat h
. ena lt +- thr ough a mora tor iu m on e2e cu tions and 1 + ra ti*+ing ?rot ocol N o0
>0 &o/e ,e r- Uk raine /as s lo/ to a cce de V in *act- the nu m1 er o* e 2ecution s in
1LL> S1>KU /a s the se cond hig hest in the / orld - a*te r )hina0 ?u1 lic *ea r o*
ris ing crime ra tes me ant t hat U kra inian .u1 lic o. inion su. .o rte d re tent io n o*
the d ea th . ena lt+V onl+ 1N . erce nt o* .e o.le /e re ag ainst the de ath .e nalt+ in
1LLK0 (n 1LLK- the ?arliame ntar + sse m1l+ o* th e )ouncil o* E uro. e S?)EU
intro duce d #es olution 1112- /hich thre ate ned to remo ,e U kra in e *rom ?)E i*
it did not sto. e 2e cu tions0 $ina ll+- the . resid ent o* U kra ine launched a motio n
to a1 olis h th e d e ath .e na lt+ in .ar liame nt 0 N o/- th e r eg iona l . olitica l
or ganiz atio ns in Eu ro.e ha,e 1e en th e e nd o* the de ath . ena lt+ /ithin its
1 orde rs - as s uch t he Eur o.e an )ommissio n ca n e**ecti,e l+ a 1o lis h the d eat h
.e nalt +0
Afri ca
$ro m th e o,e rall situat ion- *r ica is und erd e,e lo.e dV the e co nom+ on the
/o rld . olitical situa tion is an u nsta1 le a nd a lso a relig ious a rea 0 ( n the
no rth/ est o* *r ica - th ere are thre e countr ies / hich ha ,e a 1olishe d t he de at h
.e nalt + in la/ V onl+ 4 coun tries in t he . ast 10 +ear s ha ,e 1ee n e 2ecute d0 Bas ed
on this situa tion- it can 1 e conclud edJ Xin the .as t 10 +e ar s- thes e count ries
mos t / it hout the d eat h . ena lt+- /h ich is a g oo d s ign0 N o/ the + ta ke *ull ste .s
an d the a1 olition o * the d ea th .e nalt+ in la/ a nd in . ractice0 X B+ 2002- a 1out
hal* o* t he *r ican co untrie s ar e no longe r re taining the de ath . ena lt+0
" here *ore - /e can d ra/ a conclusion JXsince the 1LL0s - the a 1olitio n o * de ath
.e nalt+ has 1e come a tren d in *rican co ntinent 0X O0 $rom the last 20 +ea rs o*
the last ce ntur + *rica d eat h situat ion- it see ms tha t *rica ha ,e em1 arke d on
the ro ad o* the a 1olitio n o* t he de ath .en alt+0 Bu t the *a ct is t hat- *r ica
countr ies are not unanimo us- and ca nnot .ro ce ed /itho ut he sitat io n to
a1 olish d ea th . enalt +0 No/- the countr ie s / hich ha,e not alrea d+ a 1olis hed
the d eat h . ena lt + ar e *a ce d /ith thes e cho ice s0 lso - some *r ica count ries
/hich ha,e a1olished the dea th .e nalt+ in la/ or in *act are *acing such a cho ice 0
2 1> SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
ma + 1e e 2ecute d- r ega rdle ss o* ag e- and t he se crec+ and har shnes s o* the S au di
le gal s+ste m mainta ins const ant *e ar among the .e o.le 0 "he situa tion in (ran is
s imila r- a lt houg h t he leg al s+ste m co mes *ro m a d i**e re nt school o* (sla m0 (ra n
is o ne o* si2 natio ns that h a,e e 2e cuted at lea st one ch ild since 1LL00
So ut h a nd / as t As ia
S out h an d E ast s ia a re in a 1a ck /ard st ate in
th e re*or mation o* the de ath .e nalt +0 Bu t t he
re ductio n o* the dea th .e nalt+ in this reg ion
is a n in di s. ut a1 le *a ct0 M or e an d m or e
coun tries a nd reg io ns are tr +ing to make th e
d eat h . ena lt+ 1 ecome a n e 2ce .tio nal .e nalt+
ins tead o* reg ular .a st0
(n the ca se o * t he S out h sian co untrie s- man+
o* them ha,e a larg e Mus lim .o .ulatio n SBa nglad esh - ?a kista n an d ( ndiaU- so
S +aria h in *lue nces the r ete ntion o* the de ath .ena lt+0 (n Ea st s ia- t he hist or + o*
cont rolling go ,ern ments a nd militar + reg imes cont in ues to in*lue nce the
re ten tion o* the de ath . ena lt+0 (ndia 's d eat h .e nalt+ is s trictl+ limited 1+ the
num1 er o* e2ecutio ns- a nd sho/ ed a do /n/a rd tren d- *or e 2am.le - *rom 1LY2
to 1LYN O - a to tal o* o nl+ ON ca ses o* de ath- the a,e rag e /as le ss tha n 12
.a tient s . er +e ar0 S ome s ch olars ha ,e .oint ed out J X)o nside ring (n dia as the
se cond most .o. ulous co untr + in the /o rld- this num1e r sho uld 1 e re lati,e l+
lo/0 X $r om 1LLL to 200K- the num1e r o* the d ea th .e nalt+ /a s onl+ one .e o.le 0
(n )hina - in the .re se nt circu mstance doe s
no t a llo/ *or the a1 olish men t the d ea th
. ena lt+- the main rea so n 1 eing tha t t his
actio n is d ecide d 1 + the natio nal ins titute 0
S a u d i r a 1 i a o *t e n e 2e cu te s t h e d e a t h
. enalt + / ith a.. are ntl+ .rimiti,e t ri1e o r
tr i1al color0 M an+ count ries in the Midd le
Ea st ar ea s till r eta in s ome cru el de ath- such
as Sa udi (r an 1e he ading - s toning Si0 e0 sto ning
criminal .en alt+U0 So me g rou. sa +s- Sa udi
r a1ia is the /or ld's highe st .e rcenta ge o*
e 2e cution o* de ath . ena lt + state 0
(nd ia a lso r eta ins the d eat h .e nalt+ 1ut onl+ *or the mos t e 2t reme crimes - s uch
as mass murde r a nd . olitical as sas sinatio n0 &o /e,e r- unlike man+ o ther
count ries / ho re tain the de ath . ena lt+- the (ndia n justice s+s tem . rote ct s the
rig hts o * the accused 0 "he s+s tem's ind e.e nde nce also makes it le ss ,ulnera 1le
to cor ru.t ion0
Ea .an a ls o re tains the de ath . enalt +V in .r actice - . eo .le a re se nte nce d to d ea th
2 1Y SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
$r om the de ,elo .men t histo r+ o* S outh *rica - the histor + o * the de ath . ena lt+
ha d e2. erie nced thr ee s tag es- the de at h . ena lt+ a1us in g .e riod- the d ea th
. ena lt+ limita tion .e riod a nd the a 1olitio n o* the d ea th .e nalt+0 Be *ore 1L00-
th e de ath .e nalt+ /as ,er + common in S outh *rica 0( n E une >- 1LLN- the
cons titutio nal cour t thro ugh co nstitutio nal re ,ie/V it s aid t hat o rdinar + crime
could not 1e se ntence d /ith the de ath . ena lt+ accord ing to the constit ution0
( n 'ecem1 er 1L- 1LLK- the So uth *r ica n ?arliame nt .a sse d a mend ments and
a 1olishe d the de ath .e nalt+0 *te r ne ar l+ te n +e ars ' e**o rts - So uth *rica
re mitte d or commute d a ll co nde mned .r isone rs in the .a st0 $rom then on- the
d eat h .e nalt+ com. lete l+ disa ..e are d in S outh *rica0 N ige ria o nce had one o*
th e highe st r ate s o* e2ecutio n in the /o rld- 1ut in 2000- ?res ide nt %1a sanjo
li*te d the de ath sen tence *rom all th ose on de ath ro/0 &o/e ,er- in N ig er ia- the
M uslim6major it + s tate s in the no rth ha ,e the ir o/n leg al co de - /hich inclu des
the de ath .en alt+ as a .u nishment *or tr eas on- arme d ro 11e r +- murde r-
curre nc+ o**e nse s- a nd the conce alment o* *irea rms0 E 2e cutions a re .u1 lic and
a re ca rrie d out 1+ a *iring s 5uad V ho/e ,er- mnes t+ ( nter natio nal is concer ned
a 1out /ome n 1e in g sto ned to d eat h *or ha ,ing childre n out side o* the ir
mar riag es0 2O1 2O2 N iger ia is thus cons ide red a n Xa ct i,e l+ rete ntio nistX
count r+- a nd 1 ecaus e o* the S+ar iah la/ in th e nor th- /ill .ro 1a1 l+ h a,e a
d i**icult time a 1olishing the d ea th .e nalt+0
Th e 3i dd le /a s t
'e ath .e nalt+ le gisla tion in the Midd le Ea st can 1 e ,er + com. le 2 de .en ding o n
the re ligion o* t he nation in 5 ues tion0 M ost o* the na tions in t he Midd le East
ar e cons er ,ati,e Mus lim co untrie s- /he re t he d ea th .e nalt+ is an im. or tant
.a rt o* the (sla mic leg al code - S +aria h0
(n (s rae l- the d eat h . ena lt+ is o nl+ im.o se d *o r cr imes committe d 1+ the N azis
ag ainst hu mankind a nd the E e/ s- a s /ell as tre aso n during /ar time0 (sra el has
carr ied o ut onl+ one e 2e cution- that o* do l. h Eichmann- &itle r's s econd 6in6
comman d- in 1L4Y0 lmos t all d ea th .en alties /e re a 1olish ed 1+ le gislat io n in
1LN4 e 2ce .t *o r se rious cr imes co mmit ted during /ar time 0 " he last e2ecutio n
to e ,er t ake . la ce in (sra el /a s that o* d ol* Eich mann- / ho /as co n,icte d *or
his role in the &olo ca ust- in 1L>20 mora torium has since 1 ee n . la ced on a ll
*ur ther e2e cut ions- and Ee /ish r eligiou s la/ ma kes the dea th . enalt + di**icult
*or ra 11inical aut horitie s to discuss0 2O> !ike N iger ia- S aud i r a1ian la/
*ollo/ s S +ariah - a nd more s. eci*ica ll+ the &an1 ali schoo l o* S unni ( slam- an
e s.e cia ll+ in*le2i1le tra dition o* *i 5h- the (sla mic s+ste m o* jur is.ru den ce 0 "his
nat ion has o ne o* the highe st e 2e cution ra tes /orld /ide - in .ar t 1 ecaus e so
man+ crime s ma+ re sult in the d ea th .e nalt+- including d rug d ea ling - so do m+-
and X/itchcr a*t-X to na me a *e/0 'e *end ants ma+ not ha ,e acce ss to a la/+e r0
E2e cut io ns a re a l/a+s . u1lic 1e hea ding *o r me nV / omen are some times
e 2e cu ted in .ri,ate a ndWor 1 + *iring s5 uad 1u t ma + 1 e su1je ct to the s ame
met hod as me n0 "ho se /ho ha ,e e 2trama rital a **airs ma + 1e sto ned to d ea th-
and cr uci*i2ion is so metime s use d to . unish e2tr eme l+ ,i ole nt cr ime s0 n +on e
2 1K SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
o nl+ *or mur de r and ro1 1e r+ resu lt ing in murd er0 " he dea th . enalt + is *urio usl+
d e1a ted in Ea.a n- a lthoug h the ma jorit+ o * th e .u 1lic o .inion s till *a ,ors it s
re te ntion0 Ea .an has sho /n a do /n/a rd t rend in the num1e r o* e2e cut ions .e r
+e ar V s till- Ea st sia in g ene ral is the most r ete ntionist r egio n in the /o rld0
So ut h %o rea
#e ga rding the d ea th .e nalt+ in S out h Pore a- the . eo .le a re s o *ond o* a hea ted
a rgume nt on the ret entio n or a1 olition o* the de ath .e nalt +0 S ince 1LLK- a *ter
t he e 2e cuti on o* t /e nt +6t hre e co nd e mne d - no ne ot he r ha ,e no t 1 e e n
e 2e cuted 0 S out h Pore a /o uld 1e the re*o re ide nti*ied as a co untr + /hich ha s
a 1olishe d the de ath . ena lt +0
" he a1o litionist mo,eme nt in Sou th Po rea has se,e ra l co m.one nts 0 $ir st-
S outh Pore a's *irs t a1 olitionist org aniz ation - S a. eh+u. - /as *o rme d in 1LYL- as
a res .on se to t he S e co nd % .tio nal ?r otocol ado .te d 1 + the U N G e nera l
s sem1 l+ in t he sa me +e ar0 "he + *ile d th ree .et itions to t he )ons titutiona l
)our tV altho ugh a ll thre e /e re ,ote d do /n- the third / as s ig ni*ica nt in tha t t/o
jus tice s ,o ted the d eat h .e nalt + to 1 e unconst itution al0 Se cond - d uring
?re side nt P im's te rm S1LLY62002U- 1o th the ?re side ntial "ruth )o mmis sion o n
S us. iciou s 'e aths and the N atio nal &uma n # ights )ommissio n /e re *orme d0
" he *irst re sea rched th e circumst ances o* de aths tho se *ighting *or d emo cr ac+
in the 1LK0s a nd 1LY0s0 " he s econd o rga niza tion de *ie d the sian .o litica l
s ta nce o *Xs ia n ,a lu e sX So* te n us ed t o de *e n d .r a ctice s li ke ca .i ta l
. unishmen t o n the g round s that the + g round ed in sian cu lt ural ,alues U and
so ught to achie,e u ni,ers al sta ndar ds o* human r ig hts0
ll o* t he a1o ,e re ason s s lo/ So uth Pore a's . rog res s to/ar d a1o lit ion de s.ite
the e **or ts o* a1 olition is t g rou. s0 S outh Por ea's .ath to/ ard en ding the d eat h
.e nalt + / ill .r o,ide a use*ul e 2a m.le o* ho/ a co untr + ca n cha nge le ga l
a ndcult ura l no rms de s. ite a ge ne ra ll+ ho stile e n,ir onme nt to/ ard s the
re le,ant is sue0
So ut he a st Asia
G ene rall+- s ome cou ntrie s in S outhe ast sia ha ,e 1 ee n a1o lishing th e de at h
.e nalt +- or at le ast ha,e not conducte d e 2ecutions *or a cons ide ra1 le le ngth o*
time 0 Still- some na tions con tinue to car r + o ut the d ea th .e nalt+ de s. ite the
tre nd to /ard s a1o lition0
(n Mala +sia- ha nging is re se r,e d *o r so me o**e nce- su ch as *ire arm ,iolatio ns-
dr ug or murde r0 "h e n um1er o* e2ecution s ha s d ecre ase d in rece nt +e ar s- most
re ce nt e2e cut ions ha,e 1 ee n *or dr ug tra **icking 0 " he s+s tem o* the de ath
.e nalt+ in Sing a.o re is e2tre mel+ cold- it mainl+ r e*lects in thre e as .e cts 0 " he
*i r s t is t h at th e n u m1 e r o * th e d e a t h . e n al t + cha r g e s ,a r i e s s ig n i*i ca n tl +0
2 1L SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
( t includ es en gag ing in o r atte m.ting to e nga ge in ,iole nt actions /hich are
a gains t the g o,er nment - ha,ing co nne ctio n /ith the ar med *orces in th e crime
o* se ditio n- committing murde r etc0 cco rding to stat istic- in S in ga. ore - K0\ o*
th e d eat h .e nalt+ is sen tence d to o**e nde rs in dru g6rela ted crimes0 S econ dl+-
th e num1e r o* t he e2e cut io ns is ,er + high0 B et/e en 1LL1 and 2000- mo re tha n
th ree hundr ed . eo .le / ere .lace d on d ea th ro/0 "he e2ecutio n rate /a s
1O0OO\- /hich is cons id ere d re lati,e l+ rar e in the /or ld0 "hird l+- the+ used
ha nging /hich is a ,e r + inhu mane me thod to . unish cr imina ls0 ltho ugh the
s +stem o* t he de ath .e nalt+ in S ing a.o re has 1e en criticize d 1+ ,ariou s
o rgan iz at io ns- the g o,er nment s till in sists o n an un/a ,ering stan ce on the
ma tter a nd ha s ac5uire d the su.. or t o* gen era l . o. ulation0
4iet nam also re tains the dea th .e nalt+- thoug h the se ntence is no t ma ndat or +
*or .oss i1le o**e nce 0 'e ath 1+ *iring s5ua d is a .o ssi1le sen tence *or a ,a riet +
o* o**e nse s includ in g r a.e - murde r- e s.ion age - ter roris m- a nd drug crime s0 (t is
uncle ar ho/ man+ .e o.le ar e killed e,e r + +e ar 1e ca use the n um1er is ke. t a
s ecre t 1o th d om es tical l+ a nd i nte rna tio na ll+0 (t 's .o ss i1le t hat 4ie tna m
cond ucts e2e cut io ns o* innocen t .eo .le - as t here are 5 ues tions a s to the
*air ness o* t rials the re 0
o nclu si on
3orld /ide - t he d ea th . enalt + is 1 eing sent enced to o**e nde rs less *re5 uen tl+
1 + a ge ne ral tre nd- 1 ut s ome ar eas cont in ue to hold out 0 Eas t sia and M uslim
count ries te nd to re ta in the d eat h . enalt +- the *or mer *or cultural and .o litica l
re aso ns and the la tter *o r r eligio us 1 elie *s0 U kra in e has de monst rate d the
. o /e r o * r e g io na l 1 o d ie s t o a* *e ct ch an g e in . e na l cod e s V h o/ e ,e r-
inte rnat ional a nd reg io nal o rga niza tions ma + ha ,e tr ou1le /ith Eas t sia and
the Mus lim na tions 1 ecaus e o* di**er in g cultural custo ms0
)ele,ant 'N Actions
Th e 'n i, ers a l De cl ara ti on of Hu ma n )i* h ts
" he *irs t Unite d N ation s docume nt re le ,ant to the a 1olitio n o* t he de at h
.e nalt + /as t he U ni,er sal 'e cla ratio n o* &uman # ight s- / hich t he G en era l
s sem1 l+ ad o. ted on 10 'ece m1e r 1L4Y0 2N2 3hile this do cument do es not
ta ke an e2. licit sta nce on the d eat h . ena lt+- rticle O state s tha t XE,e r +one
ha s the right to li*e- li1e rt +- and securit + o* the .er son 0X2NO " his outlo ok / as a
com.r omise 1 et/e en a1 olitionis t a nd ret entio nist outlo oks- 1oth 1 ecause o*
de 1a tes / ithin the Ge ne ral s sem1 l+ and 1e ca use this a rticle /as also me ant
to add res s a1 or tion in ,a gue ter ms02N4 Beca use o* the co ncis ion o* this ar ticle -
it r em ain ed unch ang e d d es .it e m an+ .o te ntia l a men dme nt s0 %ne intere sting
2 20 SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
a nd ultimate l+ unsucces s*ul- ame ndme nt came *ro m t he S o,iet U nion- /hich
inte nde d to a1 olish ca. it al .unishme nt *or .e ace time onl+V t he S o,iet s /ere
o ..o se d most stro ngl+ 1+ ce rt ain !atin me rican coun tries - including U rugua +
a nd )o sta #ica0 " he *inal ,e rsio n o* the te2t /as stro ngl+ su.. or ted 1 + the
U nite d S tate s- the Unite d Pingd om- $r ance- a nd the ir a llie s0 2N> #at her tha n
s er ,ing a s an imme dia te 1 in ding a gre eme nt to a1o lish the de ath . ena lt+- the
U ni,er sal 'eclar ation's go al see ms to ha,e 1 ee n t he achie ,e men t o * a gr adu al
a 1olitio n o * ca. ital .unis hment 0
Th e In te rna t io na l o, en a nt on i ,i l an d P oli ti cal )i *h ts
" he ne2t major do cu me nt to a dd ress the d ea th . ena lt + /a s the ( nter nation al
)o,e nant on )i,il and ?o lit ica l #ig hts- /h ich the Ge ne ral sse m1l+ . asse d in
1L>> a* ter nine te en +e ars o * d ra*t ing Ssee .. end i2 1U0 " he U N 1 odie s mos t
d ee .l+ in,ol,e d in t he ( nter nation al )o,en ant /e re the )o mmission on &uma n
# ights and the S ocial- )ultura l- a nd &uman it aria n )o mmittee 02NY Un like the
U ni,er sal 'e clar atio n- the (nte rna tional )o,e nant d irectl+ re *ere nces t he d eat h
. ena lt + in rticle >V it de clare s th at X one sha ll 1e ar 1itra ril+ d e. ri,ed o* h is
li*e-X tha t Xse nte nce o* de ath ma+ 1 e im.o se d on l+ *o r th e mos t se rious
crime s-X t hat X. ers ons 1 elo / eig htee n +ea rs o* a geX ma+ not 1e s ente nced
to d ea th- a nd tha t .re gna nt /oman ma + not 1e e2e cute d0
)e po rt s t o t h e 'n ite d Nat io ns
" he *irs t t/o r e.o rt s to the U nited Nat io ns a1 out t he de ath .en alt+- )a.ita l
?unis hment Sth e nce l #e. or t- 1L>2U- a nd )a. ital ?unis hmentJ 'e ,elo. ments
1L>161L>N Sthe M orr is # e.o rt - 1L>KU- u sed in*or mation *rom 5ue stionn aires
tha t the U N S e cre ta r+6G en era l sent t o mem1 er na tions a 1ou t the us e o* the
d eat h .en alt+0 "h e sur ,e +s /e re me ant to de termine 1o th the de jur e and the
de *acto us es o* ca .ital . unishme nt- a nd ho / man+ e 2ecutions occurre d ea ch
+e ar0 "he se sur ,e+s /ere issu ed e ,er + *i,e +ear s as .ar t o* a cont inuing e **o rt
to monitor the use o* ca .ital .unishme nt / orld/ ide0 " he *irst ed it io n o* o ne o*
the most hel.*ul so urces *o r this stud +guide - " he 'eat h ?e nalt+ 1 + #og er &ood
an d )aro l+n &o+le - /as commission ed 1+ t he Economic a nd S ocial )o uncil in
1LYY in ord er to .ro,id e Xa stud + o* the 5 ues tion o* the d ea th .e nalt+ an d ne/
contr i1utio ns o* the criminal s cie nces in the matte r-X a nd to u.d ate the
in*or ma tion glea ned *rom e ar lie r s ur ,e+s0 2>1 " he most re ce nt s ur,e + a ,a ila 1le
no/ is the Se ,ent h M uin5ue nnial Sur ,e + Suse d as a major s ource *or the *o urth
e ditionU- /hich / as curre nt as o* 'e ce m1e r 200K0
)ece n t 'N Acti on s
(n 1LY4- a r eso lution mad e 1+ the Economic and S ocial )ouncil r esulte d in the
do cu mentXS a*e guar ds Gu ara ntee ing ?rote ction o* t he #ig hts o* t hose $acing
the 'e at h ?e nalt+0X N ot inte nde d to . ost. one a1o lit io n o* the death .e nalt+ in
2 21 SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
a n+ nat ion- this d ocument inste ad soug ht to .ro tect th ose *acing t he d ea th
. ena lt+ in natio ns /he re it /as s till lega l0 " he Sa *e gua rds stron gl+ sug ge st tha t
th e de ath .e nalt+ onl+ 1e use d *or the mo st e2tre me o* crime sV tha t . eo .le 1e
. rote ct ed *ro m Xre tros .e ct i,e a.. lica tions o* th e de ath . ena lt+VX tha t lig hte r
crime s 1e ser iousl+ cons ide red - tha t child ren - .r egn ant /o men- ne/ mo the rs-
a nd the me ntall+6unst a1le 1 e s.a red o* the s ente nceV t hat the d eat h . ena lt+
o nl+ 1e use d /h en t he cour t is de *in it el+ . ositi,e that the .er .e trat or is guilt+V
th at a *a ir tria l /ith leg al de *en se ha s 1e en a,aila1 le to allV t hat a ..e al- .ard on-
a nd commuta tion o* se nte nce 1e access i1le a nd . ossi1 le- and that t hose
e 2e cutions th at are car ried o ut use th e most huma ne meth ods . ossi1 le0 3hile
id eall+- such a do cume nt /ould no t nee d to e 2ist - the S a*e gua rds ar e a ste . in
the right d ir ection *or re ten tionist count ries- and in 1LYN- E)%S % ) 1e ga n
e **o rt s to che ck ho/ care *ull+ the se re 5uire ments /e re 1e ing *o llo/ed 1 +
re ten tionist co untrie s0 (n 1LYL- the S e,e nth U nite d N ations )o ngre ss o n the
?re ,ent ion o* )r ime and th e "re at me nt o* %**e nde rs re sulted in t he *or ma l
a do. tion o* *o ur mo re s tand ard sJ that ther e 1 e e noug h time to .re .are the
cas e o* t he de *ens e 1e *ore t he tria l- tha t t here 1e ma ndat or + a .. eal or r e,ie /
/ith t he o. tion o* .a rdo n and le nienc+- tha t a ma2imum ag e *or e ligi1ilit+ *or
e 2 e c u t i o n 1 e e s t a 1 l i s h e d - a n d t h a t n o i n t e l l e c t u a l l + d i s a 1 l e d o r
Xcom. romise dX indi,idu als 1e sen tenced to de ath o r e2e cute d0
" he UN - in .a rt icula r th e &uma n # ights )ommissio n S&#)U- co ntinue s to
o1 se r,e na tions use o* the de ath .e nalt+ a nd t o e nco ura ge its a 1olitio n
/o rld/id e0 (n 1LLY t he &#) issue d a re solutio n ca lling *o r sta tes to s ign the
S econd %. tional ?ro tocol and to halt e 2e cutions u ntil t he+ d id so0 "his
re solut io n /a s 1a cked 1+ si2t +6*o ur state s0 2>N ( n the sa me +e ar- a U N s.e cia l
in,e stiga tion lam1a sted t he U nited St ate s *o r co ntinuing to se nte nce minors
an d ment all+ ch alleng ed in di,idua ls to de at h0 " he re .o rt a lso *ou nd e,id ence
o* dis cr imina tion a lo ng 1 oth ra cia l and e conomic lines 0 (n 200K- the UN issue d a
similar re solut ion- this time 1a cke d 1+ eig ht+6one s tate s0 " his r eso lution /as
dire cted at sta tes / it h the mo st e2e cut io ns- like Sing a. ore0
(uestions and )esolution 3ust
Ans!er
10 re the re an+ acce. ta1 le cultura l- re ligious - an dWor le ga l jus ti*ica tions *o r the
de ath . ena lt+`
20 &o/ ca n th e in ter nat iona l communit + *or ce o r e ncour ag e r ete ntio nist
count ries and de *acto re te ntionist countr ies to ma ke s te. s to/ ard *ull
a1 olition`
2 22 SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
O0( n cou ntrie s t hat ret ain t he de ath .e nalt+- ho/ can /e .r e,e nt t he e2ecutio n
o* childre n- . reg nant /o men- and me ntall+ re tard ed in di,idua ls `
40 (n co unt rie s t hat re tain the d ea th . e nalt +- ho / can the int er nat iona l
communit+ en sure tha t th e t rials are *air an d t he metho ds o* e 2e cution are
huma ne`
N03ha t is the role o* in tern ationa l and re gion al 1o die s in the /or ld /ide
a1 olition o* the de ath . enalt +`
>03ha t is th e ro le o* huma n right s org aniz atio ns in the a1 olition o* t he d ea th
.e nalt +`
Su**estions for 1urther )esearch
s de leg ates - +ou s hould 1e *amiliar not onl+ / it h +our o/ n countr +'s . ositio n
on the de ath .e nalt+ 1ut also the .o sitions o* a ll co untrie s t hat ma+ e ither
ag ree or d isag ree /ith +ou0
G ett in g accurate in*ormat ion a1 out /hich countr ie s ha,e a1o lished the d eat h
.e nalt+- or /hich count ries ha,e sig ned /hich t rea ties- can 1e di**icult0 Sin ce
the a 1olitio n mo,e ment is h a.. ening so 5uickl+- much o* th e in*o rmatio n
a,aila 1le to +ou is o utda ted 0 (t is re commen ded t hat +ou co nsult (nte rne t
so urces o r " he 'e ath ?ena lt+ 1+ # oge r &oo d a nd )aro l+ n &o+le SOrd e d0 U in
ord er to o1 tain the most corre ctin*orma tion0 ?u1 lis hed in 200Y- this 1 ook
conta ins . er tine nt an d d eta ile d in*ormat ion a 1out almos t e ,er + coun tr +- and
has hel.*ul char ts in t he a ..e ndices *or *inding co untrie s' .o sitions 5uickl+0
%t her 1o oks /ith us e*ul S1 ut .o tent iall+ ou tdate d in *o rmatio nUin clud e " he
1 olition o* the 'e ath ?e nalt+ in (nt erna tiona l !a/ 1+ 3illia m 0 S ch a1as
S.u1 lis hed in 1LLOU- )om.a rati,e nal+sis o* )a.ita l ?u nishment 1 + #ita E0
S imo n and 'a gn+ 0 Blas ko,ich S. u1lishe d in 2002U- and 3he n the State No
!ong er Pills 1+ S ang min Ba e S.u1lis hed in 200KU0 "he *ir st 1o ok is an e2cellent
so urce *or re se arching .a st actions o* th e U nited N atio ns and r egio nal 1o dies
ag ainst the d ea th .e nalt+0 ( ts cha. ter s include de taile d ana l+sis o* 1 loc
.o sitions and .ote ntial amend ment s to e 2isting legis lation- an d man+ o*the
do cume nts and reso lutions discuss ed in this g uide a. .ea r in th is 1o ok 0 " he
se co nd 1oo k g i,es an o,e r,ie / o * the de ath .e nalt+ in d i**e re nt re gio ns o * the
/or ld- in a dditio n to cha. ters a1 out .u1 lic o.inio n- det err ence- a nd e2ecution
o* inno cents - to.ics that ar e not discuss ed in d eta il he re 1ut could 1e ,e r +
im.or ta nt in de 1ate at con*e rence 0 " he la st 1o ok is e s.e ciall+ use *u l *o r the
d e le g a t e s r e . re s e n ti n g t he U ni te d S ta t e s - S o u t h Po r e a - S o u t h * ri ca - an d
2 2O SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
U kra ine- as thes e a re th e a uthor 's cas e st udie s0 'e leg ate s sho uld als o use the
( n t e r n e t - i n . a r t i c u l a r t h e B r i t i s h B r o a d c a s t i n g ) o m . a n +
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mne st+ (n tern ationa l 1 rie *ing s a1 out the sta tus o* human rig hts0
Position Paper )e4uirements
$o r ea ch to. ic a rea - +o u /ill 1e /riting one .o sition .a. er0 Ea ch .os it ion .a .e r
sho uld 1 e one .ag e- sing le6s.a ce d- a nd /r itten in 126. oint *o nt0 (n a he ade r a t
the to . o* t he .ag e- include +ou r *ull na me- /h ich to.ic a rea +ou are
ad dre ssing - t he cou ntr + +ou / ill 1 e re .re se nting- an d the high school +o u
tte nd0 ?os ition .a. er s should 1 e di,ide d into thre e se ctions0 "he *ir st should
ad dre ss t he mo st im.o rta nt iss ues o * t his to. ic a rea *or +o ur count r+0 $o r our
to. ics - it is re co mmend ed that +ou dr a/ in s.ira tion *rom +o ur co untr +'s
histo r +- cultur e- a nd re ligion- in add ition to o ther is sue s +ou ma+ *ind re le,an t0
" he second se ction should discus s the a ct io ns +o ur n ation is curre ntl+ taking
/ith re ga rd to th e to. ic a rea 0 [our co untr +'s . olic+- legis lation- and recen t
actio ns re la ting to the to.ic are a s hould a ll go into this se ction0 "he third
se ction sh ould d es cr i1e .ote ntial s olutio ns +our countr + mig ht su. .o rt0 [our
nat ion ma+ ha,e its o/ n . ro.o se d solutio nV ho/ e,er- o*te n this in*o rmat io n is
har d to *ind0 (* +ou canno t *in d in*orma tion a1 out the solut io n +our cou ntr +
o**icia l e nd orse s- +ou sho uld de duce a logical so lution th at +our co untr + /ould
su. .or t 1a se d on . ossi1 le so lutions +o u ha,e rea d a1 out in +ou r o/n re se arch0
Stud + guid es a re a .lace to succinctl+ s ummariz e +ou r natio ns .o sition /it h
re gard to to.ic a rea s0 ?lea se do n ot t r+ to le ngthe n +o ur st ud+ g uide s 1 +
including e2tr a in*o rmatio n or *acts that are no t re le,a nt to the to .ics a t ha nd0
Ma in . oints *rom the stu d+ guide a re dist ri1ute d at the 1e ginning o* the
con*er ence- so the stud + g uide s o*ten d ete rmine the *o rmat io n o* 1 locs at the
out set o* co mmit tee 0 [ou should the re *o re de ,ote +o ur t ime and 1e st thinking
to th em as the+ can d ete rmine the co urse o* the e ntire co mmittee se ssion0 [our
stud + gu id es ma+ a lso s ho/ me /he re clar i*ica tion o r e2. lanat io n might 1e
ne ede d a t the 1 eginn in g o* co mmit tee 0
2 24 SEMUN )%N$E#EN)E2014
SEMUN SUMM(" 2014
Nanking PM" Go,ernment
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