Acts of Union 1707 - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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Union with Scotland Act 1706
[1]
Parliament of England
Long title An Act for a Union of the Two
Kingdoms of England and Scotland
Chapter 6 Anne c. 11
Territorial
extent
Kingdom of England (inc. Wales)
Status: Current legislation
Revised text of statute as amended
(http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ann/6/11)
Union with England Act 1707
Parliament of Scotland
Long title Act Ratifying and Approving the
Treaty of Union of the Two Kingdoms
of SCOTLAND and ENGLAND
Chapter Anne c. 7
Territorial
extent
Kingdom of Scotland
Status: Current legislation
Revised text of statute as amended
(http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707/7)
Documents relevant to personal
and legislative unions of the
Acts of Union 1707
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the
Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the
Parliament of England, and the Union with England
Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland.
They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union
that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following
negotiation between commissioners representing the
parliaments of the two countries. The Acts joined the
Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland
(previously separate states with separate legislatures,
but with the same monarch) into a single, united
kingdom named "Great Britain".
[2]
The two countries had shared a monarch since the
Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of
Scotland inherited the English throne from his double
first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I.
Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707
there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the
same head (as opposed to the implied creation of a
single Crown and a single Kingdom, exemplified by
the later Kingdom of Great Britain). There had been
three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689 to unite the
two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it was not
until the early 18th century that both political
establishments came to support the idea, albeit for
different reasons.
The Acts took effect on 1 May 1707. On this date, the
Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament united
to form the Parliament of Great Britain, based in the
Palace of Westminster in London, the home of the
English Parliament.
[3]
Hence, the Acts are referred to
as the Union of the Parliaments. On the Union, the
historian Simon Schama said "What began as a hostile
merger, would end in a full partnership in the most
powerful going concern in the world ... it was one of
the most astonishing transformations in European
history."
[4]
Contents
1 Historical background
1.1 Previous attempts at union
countries of the United Kingdom
Treaty of Windsor 1175
Treaty of York 1237
Treaty of Perth 1266
Treaty of Montgomery 1267
Treaty of Aberconwy 1277
Statute of Rhuddlan 1284
Treaty of EdinburghN'hampton 1328
Treaty of Berwick 1357
Poynings' Law 1495
Laws in Wales Acts 15351542
Crown of Ireland Act 1542
Treaty of Edinburgh 1560
Union of the Crowns 1603
Union of England and Scotland Act 1603
Act of Settlement 1701
Act of Security 1704
Alien Act 1705
Treaty of Union 1706
Acts of Union 1707
Wales and Berwick Act 1746
Irish Constitution 1782
Acts of Union 1800
Government of Ireland Act 1920
Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921
Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
N. Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972
Northern Ireland Assembly 1973
N. Ireland Constitution Act 1973
Northern Ireland Act 1998
Government of Wales Act 1998
Scotland Act 1998
Government of Wales Act 2006
Scotland Act 2012
Edinburgh Agreement 2012
1.1.1 Early Stuart union
1.1.2 Union during the
interregnum
1.1.3 Later attempts
1.2 Treaty and passage of the Acts of
1707
2 Political motivations
2.1 English perspective
2.2 Scottish perspective
2.3 Irish perspective
3 Provisions of the Acts
4 Criticisms
5 300th anniversary
6 Scottish Voting Records
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Historical background
Previous attempts at union
England and Scotland were separate states for several
centuries before eventual union, and English attempts
to take over Scotland by military force in the late 13th
and early 14th centuries were ultimately unsuccessful
(see the Wars of Scottish Independence). The first
attempts at Union surrounded the foreseen unification
of the Royal lines of Scotland and England. In
pursuing the Scottish throne in the 1560s, Mary,
Queen of Scots pledged herself to a peaceful union
between the two kingdoms.
[5]
England and Scotland were ruled by the same king for
the first time in 1603 when James VI of Scotland also
became the king of England. However they remained
two separate states until 1 May 1707.
Early Stuart union
The first Union flag, created by
James VI and I, symbolising the
uniting of England and Scotland
under one Crown
Flag showing the 'perfected' union
between England and Scotland
The first attempt to unite the parliaments of England and Scotland was by Mary's son, King James VI
and I. On his accession to the English throne in 1603 King James announced his intention to unite his
two realms so that he would not be "guilty of bigamy". James
used his Royal prerogative powers to take the style of 'King of
Great Britain'
[6]
and to give an explicitly British character to his
court and person.
[7]
Whilst James assumed the creation of a full
union was a foregone conclusion, the Parliament of England was
concerned that the formation of a new state would deprive
England of its ancient liberties, taking on the more absolutist
monarchical structure James had previously enjoyed in
Scotland.
[8]
In the meantime, James declared that Great Britain
be viewed 'as presently united, and as one realm and kingdom,
and the subjects of both realms as one people'.
[9]
The Scottish and English parliaments established a commission
to negotiate a union, formulating an instrument of union between the two countries. However, the idea
of political union was unpopular, and when James dropped his policy of a speedy union, the topic
quietly disappeared from the legislative agenda. When the House of Commons attempted to revive the
proposal in 1610, it was met with a more open hostility.
[10]
Union during the interregnum
The Solemn League and Covenant 1643 sought a forced union of
the Church of England into the Church of Scotland, and although
the covenant referred repeatedly to union between the three
kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, a political union
was not spelled out.
In the aftermath of the Civil War, in which the Covenanters had
fought for the King, Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and
began a process of creating a 'Godly Britannic' Union between
the former Kingdoms.
[11]
In 1651, the Parliament of England
issued the Tender of Union declaration supporting Scotland's
incorporation into the Commonwealth and sent Commissioners
to Scotland with the express purpose of securing support for
Union, which was assented to by the Commissioners (Members
of Parliament) in Scotland. On 12 April 1654, Cromwell styling himself Lord Protector of England,
Scotland and Ireland enacted An Ordinance by the Protector for the Union of England and Scotland,
which created 'one Commonwealth and under one Government' to be known as the Commonwealth of
England, Scotland and Ireland.
[12]
The ordinance was ratified by the Second Protectorate Parliament, as
an Act of Union, on 26 June 1657.
[13]
One united Parliament sat in Westminster, with 30 representatives
from Scotland and 30 from Ireland joining the existing members from England. Whilst free trade was
brought about amongst the new Commonwealth, the economic benefits were generally not felt as a result
of heavy taxation used to fund Cromwell's New Model Army.
[11]
This republican union was dissolved automatically with the restoration of King Charles II to the thrones
of England and Scotland. Scottish members expelled from the Commonwealth Parliament petitioned
unsuccessfully for a continuance of the union. Cromwell's union had simultaneously raised interest in
"Articles of Union with Scotland",
1707
and suspicion of the concept of union and when Charles II attempted to recreate the union and fulfil the
work of his grandfather in 1669, negotiations between Commissioners ground to a halt.
[14]
Later attempts
An abortive scheme for union occurred in Scotland in 1670.
[15]
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the records of the Parliament of Scotland show much
discussion of possible union. William and Mary, whilst supportive of the idea, had no interest in
allowing it to delay their enthronement. Impetus for this incorporating union came almost entirely from
King William, who feared leaving Scotland open to a French invasion. In the 1690s, the economic
position of Scotland worsened, and relations between Scotland and England became strained.
[16]
In the
following decade, however, union again became a significant topic of political debate.
Treaty and passage of the Acts of 1707
Deeper political integration had been a key policy of Queen
Anne from the time she acceded to the throne in 1702. Under the
aegis of the Queen and her ministers in both kingdoms, the
parliaments of England and Scotland agreed to participate in
fresh negotiations for a union treaty in 1705.
Both countries appointed 31 commissioners to conduct the
negotiations. Most of the Scottish commissioners favoured
union, and about half were government ministers and other
officials. At the head of the list was Queensberry, and the Lord
Chancellor of Scotland, the Earl of Seafield.
[17]
The English
commissioners included the Lord High Treasurer, the Earl of
Godolphin, the Lord Keeper, Baron Cowper, and a large number
of Whigs who supported union. Tories were not in favour of
union and only one was represented among the
commissioners.
[17]
Negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners
took place between 16 April and 22 July 1706 at the Cockpit in
London. Each side had its own particular concerns. Within a few days, England gained a guarantee that
the Hanoverian dynasty would succeed Queen Anne to the Scottish crown, and Scotland received a
guarantee of access to colonial markets, in the hope that they would be placed on an equal footing in
terms of trade.
[18]
After negotiations ended in July 1706, the acts had to be ratified by both Parliaments. In Scotland, about
100 of the 227 members of the Parliament of Scotland were supportive of the Court Party. For extra
votes the pro-court side could rely on about 25 members of the Squadrone Volante, led by the Marquess
of Montrose and the Duke of Roxburghe. Opponents of the court were generally known as the Country
party, and included various factions and individuals such as the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Belhaven and
Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, who spoke forcefully and passionately against the union. The Court party
enjoyed significant funding from England and the Treasury and included many who had accumulated
debts following the Darien Disaster.
[19]
Portrait of Queen Anne in 1702, the year
she became queen, from the school of John
Closterman
In Scotland, the Duke of Queensberry was largely responsible for the successful passage of the Union
act by the Scottish Parliament. In Scotland, he received much criticism from local residents, but in
England he was cheered for his action. He had received around half of the funding awarded by the
Westminster treasury for himself. In April 1707, he travelled to London to attend celebrations at the
royal court, and was greeted by groups of noblemen and gentry lined along the road. From Barnet, the
route was lined with crowds of cheering people, and once he reached London a huge crowd had formed.
On 17 April, the Duke was gratefully received by the Queen at Kensington Palace.
[20]
Political motivations
English perspective
The English purpose was to ensure that Scotland would not
choose a monarch different from the one on the English
throne. The two countries had shared a king for much of the
previous century, but the English were concerned that an
independent Scotland with a different king, even if he were a
Protestant, might make alliances against England. The
English succession was provided for by the English Act of
Settlement 1701, which ensured that the monarch of
England would be a Protestant member of the House of
Hanover. Until the Union of Parliaments, the Scottish throne
might be inherited by a different successor after Queen
Anne: the Scottish Act of Security 1704 granted parliament
the right to choose a successor and explicitly required a
choice different from the English monarch unless the
English were to grant free trade and navigation. Many
people in England were unhappy about the prospect,
however. English overseas possessions made England very wealthy in comparison to Scotland, a poor
country with few roads, very little industry and almost no Navy. This made some view unification as a
markedly unequal relationship.
Scottish perspective
In Scotland, some claimed that union would enable Scotland to recover from the financial disaster
wrought by the Darien scheme through English assistance and the lifting of measures put in place
through the Alien Act to force the Scottish Parliament into compliance with the Act of Settlement.
[21]
The combined votes of the Court party with a majority of the Squadrone Volante were sufficient to
ensure the final passage of the treaty through the House.
Personal financial interests were also allegedly involved. Many Commissioners had invested heavily in
the Darien Scheme and they believed that they would receive compensation for their losses; Article 15
granted 398,085 10s sterling to Scotland, a sum known as The Equivalent, to offset future liability
towards the English national debt. In essence it was also used as a means of compensation for investors
in the Company of Scotland's Darien Scheme, as 58.6% was allocated to its shareholders and
creditors.
[22]
18thC French illustration of an
opening of the Scottish Parliament
Even more direct bribery was also said to be a factor.
[23]
20,000 (240,000 Scots) was dispatched to
Scotland for distribution by the Earl of Glasgow. James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, the Queen's
Commissioner in Parliament, received 12,325, more than 60%
of the funding. (Some contend that all of this money was
properly accounted for as compensation for loss of office,
pensions and so forth not outwith the usual run of government. It
is perhaps a debate that will never be set to rest. However,
modern research has shown that payments were made to
supporters of union that appear not to have been overdue salaries.
At least four payments were made to people who were not even
members of the Scottish Parliament.) Robert Burns referred to
this:
We're bought and sold for English Gold,
Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation.
Some of the money was used to hire spies, such as Daniel Defoe; his first reports were of vivid
descriptions of violent demonstrations against the Union. "A Scots rabble is the worst of its kind," he
reported, "for every Scot in favour there is 99 against". Years later Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, originally
a leading Unionist, wrote in his memoirs that,
(Defoe) was a spy among us, but not known as such, otherwise the Mob of Edinburgh would pull
him to pieces.
Defoe recalls that he was hired by Robert Harley.
The Treaty could be considered unpopular in Scotland: Sir George Lockhart of Carnwath, the only
member of the Scottish negotiating team against union, noted that "The whole nation appears against the
Union" and even Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, an ardent pro-unionist and Union negotiator, observed that
the treaty was "contrary to the inclinations of at least three-fourths of the Kingdom". Public opinion
against the Treaty as it passed through the Scottish Parliament was voiced through petitions from shires,
burghs, presbyteries and parishes. The Convention of Royal Burghs also petitioned against the Union as
proposed:
That it is our indispensable duty to signify to your grace that, as we are not against an
honourable and safe union with England far less can we expect to have the condition of
the people of Scotland, with relation to these great concerns, made better and improved
without a Scots Parliament.
[24]
Not one petition in favour of an incorporating union was received by Parliament. On the day the treaty
was signed, the carilloner in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, rang the bells in the tune Why should I be so
sad on my wedding day?
[25]
Threats of widespread civil unrest resulted in Parliament imposing martial
law.
Irish perspective
Ireland, the third of the "sister kingdoms", was not included in the union. It remained a separate kingdom
and indeed was legally subordinate to Great Britain until 1784.
Royal heraldic badge of
Queen Anne, depicting the
Tudor rose and the Scottish
thistle growing out of the
same stem.
Ireland's benefits from the Union of 1707 were few. Its preferential status in trade with England now
extended to Scotland. However, Ireland was left unequal and unrepresented in the Parliament of Great
Britain.
In July 1707 each House of the Parliament of Ireland passed a congratulatory address to Queen Anne,
praying that "May God put it in your royal heart to add greater strength and lustre to your crown, by a
still more comprehensive Union".
[26]
The British government did not respond to the invitation and an
equal union between Great Britain and Ireland was out of consideration until the 1790s. The union with
Ireland finally came about on 1 January 1801.
Provisions of the Acts
The Treaty of Union, agreed between representatives of the Parliament
of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1706, consisted of 25
articles, 15 of which were economic in nature. In Scotland, each article
was voted on separately and several clauses in articles were delegated to
specialised subcommittees. Article 1 of the treaty was based on the
political principle of an incorporating union and this was secured by a
majority of 116 votes to 83 on 4 November 1706. To minimise the
opposition of the Church of Scotland, an Act was also passed to secure
the Presbyterian establishment of the Church, after which the Church
stopped its open opposition, although hostility remained at lower levels
of the clergy. The treaty as a whole was finally ratified on 16 January
1707 by a majority of 110 votes to 69.
[27]
The two Acts incorporated provisions for Scotland to send representative
peers from the Peerage of Scotland to sit in the House of Lords. It
guaranteed that the Church of Scotland would remain the established
church in Scotland, that the Court of Session would "remain in all time
coming within Scotland", and that Scots law would "remain in the same
force as before". Other provisions included the restatement of the Act of
Settlement 1701 and the ban on Roman Catholics from taking the throne.
It also created a customs union and monetary union.
The Act provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of
the Act would "cease and become void."
Soon after the Union, the Act 6 Anne c.40 (later infelicitously named the Union with Scotland
(Amendment) Act 1707) united the English and Scottish Privy Councils and decentralised Scottish
administration by appointing justices of the peace in each shire to carry out administration. In effect it
took the day-to-day government of Scotland out of the hands of politicians and into those of the College
of Justice.
Criticisms
The English and Scottish parliaments had evolved along different lines; especially, the Parliament of
Scotland had been unicameral while that of England had been bicameral. Following Union, the
parliament at Westminster followed the English model.
The 2 coin issued in the United
Kingdom in 2007 to commemorate
the 300th anniversary of the Acts of
Union
Defoe drew upon his Scottish experience to write his Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain,
published in 1726, where he admitted that the increase of trade and population in Scotland, which he had
predicted as a consequence of the Union, was "not the case, but rather the contrary".
However, by the time Samuel Johnson and James Boswell made their tour in 1773, recorded in A
Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, Johnson noted that Scotland was "a nation of which the
commerce is hourly extending, and the wealth increasing" and in particular that Glasgow had become
one of the greatest cities of Britain.
300th anniversary
A commemorative two-pound coin was issued to mark the
tercentennial300th anniversaryof the Union, which occurred
two days before the Scottish Parliament general election on 3
May 2007.
[28]
The Scottish Executive held a number of commemorative events
through the year including an education project led by the Royal
Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of
Scotland, an exhibition of Union-related objects and documents
at the National Museums of Scotland and an exhibition of
portraits of people associated with the Union at the National
Galleries of Scotland.
[29]
Scottish Voting Records
Voting Records for the 16 January 1707 ratification of the
Treaty of Union
Commissioner Constituency/Position Party Vote
James Graham, 1st
Duke of Montrose
Lord President of the
Council of Scotland
Court
Party
Yes
John Campbell, 2nd
Duke of Argyll
Court
Party
Yes
John Hay, 2nd
Marquess of
Tweeddale
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
William Kerr, 2nd
Marquess of Lothian
Court
Party
Yes
John Erskine, 22nd
Earl of Mar
Stirling
Court
Party
Yes
John Gordon, 16th
Earl of Sutherland
Court
Party
Yes
John Hamilton-
Leslie, 9th Earl of
Rothes
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
James Douglas, 11th
Earl of Morton
Yes
William
Cunningham, 12th
Earl of Glencairn
Yes
James Hamilton, 6th
Earl of Abercorn
Yes
John Ker, 1st Duke
of Roxburghe
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Thomas Hamilton,
6th Earl of
Haddington
Yes
John Maitland, 5th
Earl of Lauderdale
Yes
David Wemyss, 4th
Earl of Wemyss
Yes
William Ramsay, 5th
Earl of Dalhousie
Yes
James Ogilvy, 4th
Earl of Findlater
Banffshire Yes
David Leslie, 3rd
Earl of Leven
Yes
David Carnegie, 4th
Earl of Northesk
Yes
Earl of Belcarras Yes
Archibald Douglas,
1st Earl of Forfar
Yes
William Boyd, 3rd
Earl of Kilmarnock
Yes
John Keith, 1st Earl
of Kintore
Yes
Patrick Hume, 1st
Earl of Marchmont
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
George Mackenzie,
1st Earl of Cromartie
Yes
Archibald Primrose,
1st Earl of Rosebery
Yes
David Boyle, 1st Earl
of Glasgow
Yes
Charles Hope, 1st
Earl of Hopetoun
Yes
Henry Scott, 1st Earl
of Deloraine
Yes
Archibald Campbell,
Earl of Illay
Yes
William Hay,
Viscount Dupplin
Yes
William Forbes, 12th
Lord Forbes
Yes
John Elphinstone,
8th Lord Elphinstone
Yes
William Ross, 12th
Lord Ross
Yes
James Sandilands,
7th Lord Torphichen
Yes
Lord Fraser Yes
George Ogilvy, 3rd
Lord Banff
Yes
Alexander Murray,
4th Lord Elibank
Yes
Kenneth Sutherland,
3rd Lord Duffus
Yes
Robert Rollo, 4th
Lord Rollo
Yes
James Murray, Lord
Philiphaugh
Lord Clerk Register Yes
Adam Cockburn,
Lord Ormiston
Lord Justice Clerk Yes
Sir Robert Dickson
of Inverask
Edinburghshire Yes
William Nisbet of
Dirletoun
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
John Cockburn,
younger, of
Ormestoun
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Sir John Swintoun of
that ilk
Court
Party
Yes
Sir Alexander
Campbell of
Cessnock
Berwickshire Yes
Sir William Kerr of
Greenhead
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Archibald Douglas of
Cavers
Court
Party
Yes
William Bennet of
Grubbet
Court
Party
Yes
Mr John Murray of
Bowhill
Selkirkshire
Court
Party
Yes
Mr John Pringle of
Haining
Court
Party
Yes
William Morison of
Prestongrange
Court
Party
Yes
Alexander
Horseburgh of that
ilk
Yes
George Baylie of
Jerviswood
Lanarkshire
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Sir John Johnstoun
of Westerhall
Court
Party
Yes
William Dowglass of
Dornock
Yes
Mr William Stewart
of Castlestewart
Yes
Mr John Stewart of
Sorbie
Court
Party
Yes
Mr Francis
Montgomery of
Giffan
Ayrshire
Court
Party
Yes
Mr William
Dalrymple of
Glenmuir
Ayrshire
Court
Party
Yes
Mr Robert Stewart of
Tillicultrie
Yes
Sir Robert Pollock of
that ilk
Court
Party
Yes
Mr John
Montgomery of
Wrae
Yes
John Halden of
Glenagies
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Mongo Graham of
Gorthie
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Sir Thomas Burnet of
Leyes
Kincardineshire
Court
Party
Yes
William Seton,
younger, of
Pitmedden
Aberdeenshire
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Alexander Grant,
younger, of that ilk
Court
Party
Yes
Sir William
Mackenzie
Yes
Mr Aeneas McLeod
Yes
of Cadboll
Yes
Mr John Campbell of
Mammore
Argyllshire
Court
Party
Yes
Sir James Campbell
of Auchinbreck
Argyllshire
Court
Party
Yes
James Campbell,
younger, of
Ardkinglass
Argyllshire
Court
Party
Yes
Sir William
Anstruther of that ilk
Yes
James Halyburton of
Pitcurr
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Alexander
Abercrombie of
Glassoch
Clackmannanshire or
Banffshire
Court
Party
Yes
Mr James Dunbarr,
younger, of
Hemprigs
Yes
Alexander Douglas
of Eagleshay
Orkney and Shetland
Court
Party
Yes
Sir John Bruce, 2nd
Baronet
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
John Scrimsour Yes
Lieutenant Colonel
John Areskine
Yes
John Mure Yes
James Scott Montrose
Court
Party
Yes
Sir John Anstruther,
1st Baronet, of
Anstruther
Anstruther Yes
James Spittle Yes
Mr Patrick Moncrieff
Court
Party
Yes
Sir Andrew Home
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Sir Peter Halket
Squadrone
Volante
Yes
Sir James Smollet
Court
Party
Yes
Mr William
Carmichell
Yes
Mr William
Yes
Sutherland
Yes
Captain Daniel
McLeod
Yes
Sir David Dalrymple,
1st Baronet
Culross
Court
Party
Yes
Sir Alexander
Ogilvie
Banff Yes
Mr John Clerk Whithorn
Court
Party
Yes
John Ross Yes
Hew Dalrymple,
Lord North Berwick
Yes
Mr Patrick Ogilvie Cullen
Court
Party
Yes
George Allardyce Kintore
Court
Party
Yes
William Avis Yes
Mr James Bethun Yes
Mr Roderick
McKenzie
Yes
John Urquhart Yes
Daniel Campbell Inveraray
Court
Party
Yes
Sir Robert Forbes Yes
Mr Robert Dowglass Yes
Mr Alexander
Maitland
Court
Party
Yes
Mr George
Dalrymple
Yes
Mr Charles Campbell Campbeltown Yes
Total Ayes 106
James Hamilton, 4th
Duke of Hamilton
No
William Johnstone,
1st Marquess of
Annandale
No
Charles Hay, 13th
Earl of Erroll
No
William Keith, 9th
Earl Marischal
No
David Erskine, 9th
Earl of Buchan
No
Earl of Buchan
Alexander Sinclair,
9th Earl of Caithness
No
John Fleming, 6th
Earl of Wigtown
No
James Stewart, 5th
Earl of Galloway
No
David Murray, 5th
Viscount of Stormont
No
William Livingston,
3rd Viscount of
Kilsyth
No
Alexander Fraser,
13th Lord Saltoun
No
Francis Sempill, 10th
Lord Sempill
No
Charles Oliphant, 7th
Lord Oliphant
No
John Elphinstone,
4th Lord Balmerino
No
Walter Stuart, 6th
Lord Blantyre
No
William Hamilton,
3rd Lord Bargany
No
John Hamilton, 2nd
Lord Belhaven and
Stenton
No
Lord Colvill No
Patrick Kinnaird, 3rd
Lord Kinnaird
No
Sir John Lawder of
Fountainhall
Haddingtonshire No
Andrew Fletcher of
Saltoun
Haddingtonshire No
Sir Robert Sinclair,
3rd Baronet
Berwickshire No
Sir Patrick Home of
Rentoun
Berwickshire No
Sir Gilbert Elliot of
Minto
No
William Bayllie of
Lamingtoun
No
John Sinclair,
younger, of
Stevensone
No
Stevensone
James Hamilton of
Aikenhead
No
Mr Alexander
Fergusson of Isle
No
Sir Hugh Cathcart of
Carletoun
Ayrshire No
John Brisbane,
younger, of
Bishoptoun
Ayrshire No
Mr William
Cochrane of
Kilmaronock
No
Sir Humphray
Colquhoun of Luss
No
Sir John Houstoun of
that ilk
No
Robert Rollo of
Powhouse
No
Thomas Sharp of
Houstoun
No
John Murray of
Strowan
No
Alexander Gordon of
Pitlurg
Aberdeenshire No
John Forbes of
Colloden
No
David Bethun of
Balfour
No
Major Henry Balfour
of Dunboog
No
Mr Thomas Hope of
Rankeillor
No
Mr Patrick Lyon of
Auchterhouse
No
Mr James Carnagie
of Phinhaven
Forfarshire No
David Graham,
younger, of Fintrie
Forfarshire No
William Maxwell of
Cardines
No
Alexander McKye of
Palgown
No
James Sinclair of
Stempster
No
Stempster
No
Sir Henry Innes,
younger, of that ilk
No
Mr George
McKenzie of
Inchcoulter
No
Robert Inglis Edinburgh No
Alexander Robertson No
Walter Stewart No
Hugh Montgomery
Court
Party
No
Alexander Edgar No
Alexander Duff Banffshire No
Francis Molison No
Walter Scott No
Robert Scott No
Robert Kellie No
John Hutchesone No
Archibald Scheills No
Mr John Lyon No
George Brodie No
George Spens No
Sir David
Cuningham
Lauder No
Mr John Carruthers No
George Home New Galloway No
John Bayne No
Mr Robert Fraser No
Total Noes 69
Total Votes 175
Sources: Records of the Parliament of Scotland
(http://www.rps.ac.uk/), Parliamentary Register, p.598
(http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/555089378.pdf)
See also
Andrew Fletcher
Daniel Defoe
History of democracy
List of treaties
MacCormick v Lord Advocate
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Political union
Real union
English independence
Scottish independence
Scottish Parliament
Unionism in Scotland
Welsh independence
Notes
1. ^ The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the Short Titles
Act 1896. Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act
1978.
2. ^ Article I of the Treaty of Union
3. ^ Act of Union 1707, Article 3
4. ^ Simon Schama (presenter) (22 May 2001). "Britannia Incorporated". A History of Britain. Episode 10. 3
minutes in. BBC One.
5. ^ ABDN.ac.uk (http://www.abdn.ac.uk/historic/actsofunion/panel2.php)
6. ^ Larkin, James F.; Hughes, Paul L., eds. (1973). Stuart Royal Proclamations: Volume I. Clarendon Press.
p. 19.
7. ^ Lockyer, R. (1998). James VI and I. London: Addison Wesley Longman. pp. 5152. ISBN 0-582-27962-3.
8. ^ Lockyer, op. cit., pp. 5459
9. ^ Parliament.uk (http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/tk_01_dream.html)
10. ^ Lockyer, op. cit., p.59
11. ^
a

b
Parliament.uk (http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/tk_02_cromwell.html)
12. ^ Constitution.org (http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur098.htm)
13. ^ The 1657 Act's long title was An Act and Declaration touching several Acts and Ordinances made since 20
April 1653, and before 3 September 1654, and other Acts
14. ^ C. Whatley, op. cit., p.95
15. ^ C. Whatley, op. cit., p.30
16. ^ Whatley, C. (2006). The Scots and the Union. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-
7486-1685-3.
17. ^
a

b
"The commissioners"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090619224021/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/04_01_commissioners.htm
l). UK Parliament website. 2007. Archived from the original
(http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/04_01_commissioners.html) on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 5 February
2013.
18. ^ "The course of negotiations"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090721014514/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/04_02_course.html). UK
Parliament website. 2007. Archived from the original
Wikisource has original
text related to this article:
Acts of Union 1707
References
Defoe, Daniel. A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, 172427
Defoe, Daniel. The Letters of Daniel Defoe, GH Healey editor. Oxford: 1955.
Fletcher, Andrew (Saltoun). An Account of a Conversation
Herman, Arthur. How the Scots Invented the Modern World. Three Rivers Press, 2001. ISBN 0-
609-80999-7
Lockhart, George, "The Lockhart Papers", 17021728
External links
Union with England Act and Union with Scotland Act
Full original text
(http://www.rahbarnes.demon.co.uk/Union/index.htm)
Treaty of Union and the Darien Experiment (http://www.collectionscanada.ca/collectionsp-
Parliament website. 2007. Archived from the original
(http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/04_02_course.html) on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
19. ^ "Ratification"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090619224031/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/05_ratification.html). UK
parliament website. 2007. Archived from the original
(http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/05_ratification.html) on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
20. ^ "1 May 1707 the Union comes into effect"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090619224036/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/08_union.html). UK
Parliament website. 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/08_union.html)
on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
21. ^ Whatley, C. A. (2001). Bought and sold for English Gold? Explaining the Union of 1707. East Linton:
Tuckwell Press. p. 48. ISBN 1-86232-140-X.
22. ^ Watt, Douglas. The Price of Scotland: Darien, Union and the wealth of nations. Luath Press 2007.
23. ^ Parliament.uk (http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/09_bribery.html)
24. ^ The Humble Address of the Commissioners to the General Convention of the Royal Burrows of this
Ancient Kingdom Convened the Twenty-Ninth of October 1706, at Edinburgh
25. ^ Notes by John Purser to CD Scotland's Music, Facts about Edinburgh
(http://www.electricscotland.com/familytree/magazine/augsep2003/edinburgh.htm).
26. ^ Journals of the Irish Commons, vol. iii. p. 421
27. ^ Riley, P. J. W. (1969). "The Union of 1707 as an Episode in English Politics". The English Historical
Review 84 (332): 498527 [pp. 523524]. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxiv.cccxxxii.498
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxiv.cccxxxii.498). JSTOR 562482
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/562482).
28. ^ House of Lords Written answers (http://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2006-11-06a.79.0), 6
November 2006, TheyWorkForYou.com
29. ^ Announced by the Scottish Culture Minister, Patricia Ferguson, 9 November 2006
bin/colldisp/l=0/c=81), University of Guelph, McLaughlin Library, Library and Archives Canada
Text of the Union with Scotland Act 1706 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?
title=Union+with+Scotland+Act+1706) as in force today (including any amendments) within the
United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database
Text of the Union with England Act 1707 (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?
title=Union+with+England+Act+1707) as in force today (including any amendments) within the
United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database
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