MYP 3 Worksheet 2.

6
LEARNING WORKSHEET ON ATOMIC STRUCTURE
No-one really knows what atoms are
like. Scientists have built up pictures
to help them explain what they
observe and measure in experiments.
These pictures are called "models".
The model we use to explain all we
need to know about atoms from a
chemical point of view is the
Rutherford Model shown opposite.
THE THREE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
There are three important particles which to!ether make up an atom.
"omplete the table.
PARTICLE
WHERE
!OUN"
RELATI#E
MASS
RELATI#E CHARGE
$roto% in the nucleus
%e&tro% in the nucleus
e'e(tro%
around the
nucleus
The electrons have such a small mass that we usually i!nore them and
think of the neutrons and protons as providin! the overall mass of an
atom. The more neutrons and protons in the nucleus the heavier the
atom is. Neutrons and protons are sometimes called NUCLEONS
because they are found in the nucleus of the atom.
TWO IMPORTANT NUMBERS
#ny individual atom can be identi$ed by two numbers. These are the
ATOMIC NUMBER and the MASS %or NUCLEON& NUMBER. 'oth these
numbers are whole numbers.
ATOMIC NUMBER This is !iven the symbol Z and it tells us the
number of PROTONS.
(t is also the number of electrons in the neutral atom.
(t identi$es which chemical element the atom is.
MASS NUMBER This is !iven the symbol A and it tells us the TOTAL
number of PROTONS + NEUTRONS in the nucleus.
This !ives us the relative mass of the individual atom.
Page 1
cloud of electrons
(negatively charged)
very small nucleus
(positively charged)
MYP 3 Worksheet 2.6
)hen we want to describe a
particular atom we usually write
these numbers with the element
symbol in the format shown here
for a ma!nesium atom. )e can
see that there are *+ protons.
There must be *+ electrons too.
This atom has *+ neutrons %since
+,-*+ -*+&.
(t has a relative mass of +,.
.ach of the boxes below shows an atom of a di/erent element. )rite down
the name of each element and the number of protons electrons and
neutrons the atoms contain.
ISOTOPES
(t is possible for atoms of the same chemical element to have di/erent
numbers of neutrons. The number of protons and electrons is the same
Page 2
ATOMIC NUMBER
(no. of p = no. of e)
MASS NUMBER
(total no. of p + n)
Mg
24
12
element symbol
N
14
7
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
Si
28
14
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
Fe
56
26
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
Ag
108
47
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
Pb
207
82
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
U
28
!2
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
"
1
1
name = #$%rogen
protons = 1
electrons = 1
neutrons = 0
"
2
1
name = #$%rogen
protons = 1
electrons = 1
neutrons = 1
"

1
name = #$%rogen
protons = 1
electrons = 1
neutrons = 2
&
12
6
name = carbon
protons = 6
electrons = 6
neutrons = 6
&
1
6
name = carbon
protons = 6
electrons = 6
neutrons = 7
&
14
6
name = carbon
protons = 6
electrons = 6
neutrons = 8
MYP 3 Worksheet 2.6
so the atoms behave in exactly the same way chemically. 0i/erent
numbers of neutrons means there is a di/erent relative mass e.!.1-
Le)r% th*s +e,%*t*o% o- *soto$es.
2ill in the details of protons electrons and neutrons for each of the pairs of
isotopes below1-
ISOTOPES AN" RELATI#E ATOMIC MASS
)e saw on pa!e * that the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom make up virtually all the mass of the atom %the electrons only
contribute a tiny amount to the total&. The relative atomic mass of an
element is obviously related to the total number of neutrons and protons
in the nucleus. Many of the chemical elements have two or more
naturally occurrin! stable isotopes. #ny sample of the element will
contain atoms of di/erent mass. The relative atomic mass is an average
which takes into account the masses of the di/erent stable isotopes as
well as the propor!on of each one present so it is not usually a whole
number. Most 3eriodic Tables show the relative atomic masses of each
element rounded to the nearest whole number but chlorine %mass 45.5&
and sometimes copper %mass 64.5& are often exceptions.
"ow o Cal#ulae Rela!ve Aom!# Mass
7sin! chlorine as an example1 859 of "l atoms have mass 45 and +59
have mass 48 so the wei!hted avera!e is1-
Page 3
Isotopes are atoms of te same element! "#t te same n$mber of
protons! b$t "#t a %#fferent n$mber of ne$trons an% a %#fferent mass.
'
0
16
8
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
&a
40
20
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
Sn
118
50
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
'
18
8
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
&a
44
20
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
Sn
120
50
name =
protons =
electrons =
neutrons =
MYP 3 Worksheet 2.6
%85 45& : %+5 48& - 45.5Relative atomic mass for "l -
45.5
*;;
0o similar calculations for copper and silicon !ivin! your answers to *
decimal place.
8;9 of "u atoms have mass 64 and 4;9 have mass 65.
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.
=+9 of Si atoms have mass +> 59 have mass += and 49 have mass
4;.
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.
WHAT ABOUT THE ELECTRONS/
There is evidence to su!!est that
the electrons are arran!ed around
the nucleus in "shells" a little bit
like the skins on an onion. .ach
shell can hold only so many
electrons. )hen one shell is full
the remainin! electrons have to !o
into the next shell. )e represent
the shells by drawin! circles of
increasin! radius around the
nucleus.
The electrons can be represented by dots or crosses on these circles e.!.
Page 4
1
st
shell
(holds 2 electrons)
2
nd
shell
(holds 8 electrons)
3
rd
shell
(holds 8 electrons)
H has only 1 electron
in the 1
st
shell
Mg has 12 electrons
2 in the 1
st
shell
8 in the 2
nd
shell
2 in the 3
rd
shell
He has 2 electrons.
1
st
shell is now full
O has 8 electrons
2 in the 1
st
shell
in the 2
nd
shell
!e has 1" electrons
2 in the 1
st
shell
8 in the 2
nd
shell
(2 shells now full)
MYP 3 Worksheet 2.6
0raw similar dia!rams below for the atoms indicated1-
B 0Ato1*( N&12er
34
! 0Ato1*( N&12er
54
S* 0Ato1*( N&12er
674
Ele#ron #on$gura!on% This means the arran!ement of electrons in
shells and can be written in shorthand as follows1-
He 8 2 O 8 296 Ne 8 29: M; 8 29:92
Page 5
MYP 3 Worksheet 2.6
ELECTRON CON!IGURATIONS AN" THE PERIO"IC TABLE
2or ?"S. "hemistry you need to be able to !ive the &ULL electron con$!urations for the elements up to and includin! "alcium
%#tomic Number +;&. The 3eriodic Table below shows the $rst four 3eriods %rows&. The #tomic Number is !iven for each
element. Remember that this tells you the number of electrons in the atom. 2ill in the electron con$!urations for every
element up to "alcium %"a&. The $rst three have been done for you.
Gro&
$
I
Gro&
$
II
Gro&
$
III
Gro&
$
I#
Gro&
$
#
Gro&
$
#I
Gro&
$
#II
Gro&
$
<
Per*o
+
6
H
*
*
He
+
+
Per*o
+
2
L*
4
+*
Be
,
B
5
C
6
N
8
O
>
!
=
Ne
*;
Per*o
+
3
N)
**
M;
*+
TRANSITION METALS
A'
*4
S*
*,
P
*5
S
*6
C'
*8
Ar
*>
Per*o
+
7
K
*=
C)
+;
Sc Ti @ "r Mn 2e "o Ni
"u An
?a ?e #s Se 'r Br
Page 6
REMEMBER T&AT
Ea' (ERIO) (ro") 'orrespon%s to an ele'tron sell. Te (er#o% N$mber tells yo$ te n$mber of sells o''$p#e% by ele'trons.
Te *ROU( n$mber tells yo$ te n$mber of ele'trons #n te OUTSI)E sell (e+'ept for te Noble *ases , *ro$p -).
MYP 3 Worksheet 2.6
IONS
#toms sometimes lose or !ain electrons when they react with other
atoms. This results in imbalance between the number of protons %positive
char!es& and the number of electrons %ne!ative char!es&. The atom is no
lon!er electrically neutral and so we call it an ION.
POSITI'E IONS
These have LOST electrons.
They have more protons than
electrons.
NE(ATI'E IONS
These have (AINE) electrons.
They have more electrons than
protons.
IMPORTANT% The number of proons an* neurons in the nucleus does
NOT chan!e.
(t is only the ouer ele#rons that are involved in
#hem!#al rea#!ons.
.xamples of each type of ion are shown below. Notice that the char!e is
written on the top ri!ht hand side of the element symbol.
2ill in the table for the followin! atoms and ions !ivin! symbols as in the
examples above.
ELEMENT
PROTON
S
ELECTRO
NS
NEUTRO
NS
ATOM OR
ION+
&ULL
S,MBOL
3otassium *= *> +;
"alcium +; *> +;
'romine 45 45 ,,
Tin 5; 5; 6=
"hlorine *8 *> +;
#luminium *4 *; *,
"opper += += 4,
Page 7
so%ium ion
protons = 11
electrons = 10
neutrons = 12
Na
2
11
(
magnesium ion
protons = 12
electrons = 10
neutrons = 12
)g
24
12
2(
o*i%e ion
protons = 8
electrons = 10
neutrons = 8
'
16
8
2+
,luori%e ion
protons = !
electrons = 10
neutrons = 10
F
1!
!
+
MYP 3 Worksheet 2.6
Nitro!en 8 *; 8
(odine
54 5, 8,
Page 8