Dr.

Mom Mony
Managing Director, Mony Engineering Consultants Ltd
Director, Mony Akademia
M:+855-69-816 888
E: monystructural@gmail.com
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
According to ACI 318M-11
Academic Year 2014-2015
Lecture 1: Introduction
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Terminology and units
Historical background
Advantage and disadvantage of reinforced concrete
structures
Cement, Concrete, reinforcement, and admixture
Design loads
Design methods
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Terminology and Units
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SI Metric Unit
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Conversion US Customary to SI Units
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History of the Development of
Reinforced Concrete
History of Concrete/Reinforced Concrete as
Structural Materials
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Cement and Concrete
Volcanic ash mixed with lime (pozzolana) by
Romans, called Roman cement
Panthoen in Rome, Italy (AD 126)
Limestone mixed with clay by John Smeaton
Eddystone Lighthouse, south coast of England (AD 1800)
Limestone mixed with clay and heated in a kiln by
Joseph Aspdin in England (1824), the inventor of
Portland cement
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Volcanic ash
mixed with lime
(pozzolana) by
Romans, called
Roman cement
Panthoen in Rome, Italy (AD 126)
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Limestone mixed
with clay by
John Smeaton,
English Engineer
Eddystone Lighthouse, south coast of England (AD
1800)
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Portland Cement
Limestone mixed with
clay and heated in Kiln
by Joseph Aspdin in
England (1824)
Portland stone quarry in Isle of Portland, England
History of Concrete/Reinforced Concrete as
Structural Materials (cont)
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Reinforced Concrete Tub
(~1850) Joseph Monier, French gardener, invented
concrete tub with iron for his garden use
Patents
Pipes & tanks
Flat plates
Bridges
Stairs
Reinforced Concrete Boat
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1848, Joseph-Louis Lambot , French Engineer, built a
RC boat.
Reinforced Concrete Beam, Floor
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RC Beam
1850, Thaddeus Hyatt, American Lawyer and Engineer,
built a RC beam with longitudinal bars in tension zone
and vertical stirrups for shear.
RC Floor
1854, William BoutlandWilkinson, Enland, built a RC
floor deck.
Reinforced Concrete Theory
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Theory of Flexure
1886, Mathias Koenen, German engineer, developed
method computing the strength of reinforced concrete,
called Theory of Flexure
Working Stressed Design for Flexure
1894, Coignet de Tedeskko, France, extended Koenens
theory of flexure
1928, Prestressed Concrete was pioneered by
Eugene Freyssinet, French civil/structural engineer
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Advantage and Disadvantage of
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Advantage vs Disadvantage
Advantage
Availability of local materials
Less labor skills required
Cast-in-place for any shape in comparison with steel
fabrication
Economical materials for footings, basement walls,
piers, floor slabs and similar applications
Great resistance to fire and water
Low maintenance
Longer lifespan as the strength of RC concrete does not
decrease with time but increasing
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Advantage vs Disadvantage (cont..)
Rigidity of RC structures
Considerable compressive strength per unit weight
Disadvantage
Low tensile strength (1/10 of compressive
strength), is that, requiring to use reinforcing steel
Require forms to hold structural elements until
the hardening of concrete is sufficiently hard
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Advantage vs Disadvantage (cont)
Low strength per unit weight => heavy
Low strength per unit volume => large
Properties of concrete vary widely due to its
mixing and proportions.
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Cement, Concrete, Reinforcement,
Admixture
Types of Portland Cement (ASTM)
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Type I: normal cement
Use for general purpose of construction works
Type II: modified cement Type I
Use for lower heat hydration and minor exposure to sulfate attack
Type III: high early strength cement
In 24hrs, double strength of Type I but higher heat of hydration
Type IV: low-heat cement
Generates heat very slowly, use for very large concrete structures
Type V: sulfate resistant cement
Use for high concentration of sulfate
*ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
Admixture
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Air-entraining admixture
- Increase concrete resistance to freeze and thaw
- Better resistance to deicing salt
The air-entraining agents cause the mixing water to foam.
When the concrete freezes, the water moves into the air
bubbles, relieving the pressure in concrete. When the
concrete thaws, the water moves out of the bubbles, less
cracking the concrete.
Accelerating Admixture
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Accelerating admixture
- Accelerates early strength development in concrete
- Reduces curing times and early removal of formworks
- Good for cold climate
- Agents contains such as Cacium Chloride (CaCl),
soluble salt and other organic compound
Retarding Admixture
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Retarding admixture
-Slow the setting time of concrete hardening
-Retard the temperature increases
-Prolong the plasticity of concrete, enabling better
bending or bonding
-Slow the hydration of cement on exposed concrete
surfaces
-Useful for large pour of concreting
-Agents contain acids, sugars or sugar derivatives
Superplasticizers
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Superplasticizer admixture
- Reduce water content in W/C ratio in concrete mixing
while increasing slump
- Good for workability of concrete or against segregation
of concrete during pouring
- Useful for self-consolidating concrete (no vibration
required)
- Agents contain organic sulfonates
Water Proof Materials
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Water proofing admixtures
-Retard the penetration of water into porous concrete
-It may be applied to hardened concrete surfaces or added
to concrete mixes
-Agents contain some type of soaps or petroleum
products (such as asphalt emulsion)
Concrete/Reinforced Concrete
Concrete = cement (+inert materials)+ aggregate
(coarse gravel/crushed rock+ sand) + water
(+admixture)
Reinforced Concrete = reinforcement (reinforcing
bar)+ concrete
Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension.
Reinforcement is good in tension.
Reinforced concrete acts as the result of coupling
interaction tension-compression of the reinforcement
and concrete.
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Strength of Concrete
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Compressive strength tested by cylinder model
diameter:150 mm, height: 300 mm
Normal Strength Concrete
-Compressive strength, 17 MPa<f
c
, 40 MPa (N/mm
2
)
-Modulus of elasticity of concrete (E
c
)
E
c
=0.043(w
c
1.5
)f
c
(MPa), 1500 kg/m3 <w
c
<2500kg/m3
-Unit weight (w
c
) or mass density: 2300 kg/m
3
(normal
concrete)
-Water/cement ratio: 0.4-0.5
-Mixing water (drinking water),
P
H =6-8
Strength of Concrete (cont..)
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Gain of Compressive Strength with Age (Type I)
f
c(t)
=f
c(28)
[t/(4 + 0.85t)]
Tensile strength of concrete (modulus of rupture)
Beam specimen (150mmx150mmx750mm)
fr = 6M/bh
2
, where M: moment, b: width (150mm), h:
height (150mm)
Cylinder specimen (150mmx300mm)
splitting tensile strength (fct) = 2P/ld, where P:
applied load, l:length (300mm), d: diameter
(150mm)
Strength of Concrete (cont..)
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Relationship between Compressive Strength and Tensile
Strength (10 times less)
fr = minimum (0.7fc , 0.5fc )
Factors affecting compressive strength
-water/cement ratio
-types of cement
-cementitious materials (fly ash, slag, silica fume)
-aggregates (sand, crushed stone,..)
-temperature conditions
Stress-Strain Curve in Concrete
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Tangent
Modulus of
Elasticity
(Ec)
Grades of Reinforcement (ASTM)
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ASTM A615 (designated letter S): plain and deformed
bars
Grade 40(280 MPa) represents minimum yield strength of
40,000 psi, Grade 60(420 MPa), Grade 75(520 MPa),
Grade 80(550 MPa)
ASTM A706 (designated letter W): low-alloy plain and
deformed bars, special use for welding
Grade 60(420 MPa), Grade 80(550 MPa)
ASTM A996 (designated letter R): deformed rail steel or
axle steel bars
Grades of Reinforcement (ASTM)
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Bar sizes
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Design Loads (ASCE 7-10)
Factor Loads and Load Combination
(ASCE 7-10)
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Gravity loads
D: dead load; L: live load; Lr: roof live load; S: snow
load; R: rain load; F:fluid load
Lateral loads
W: wind load; E: earthquake load; F: fluid load; H: load
due to earth pressure
Dead Loads
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Materials
Steel 78.5 kN/m3
Aluminum 25.9 kN/m3
Reinforced concrete (normal weight) 23.6 kN/m3
Reinforced concrete (light weight) (14.1-18.9) kN/m3
Brick 18.9 kN/m3
Wood (5.3-5.8) kN/m3
Dead Loads (cont..)
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Building Component Weight
Ceiling
Gypsum or suspended metal lath 0.48 kN/m2
Acoustical fiber tile or channel ceiling 0.24 kN/m2
Roof
Three-ply felt tar and gravel 0.26 kN/m2
2-in. (50 mm) insulation 0.14 kN/m2
Dead Loads (cont.)
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Walls and Partitions
Gypsum board (1 in. (25mm) thick) 0.19 kN/m2
Brick (per inch thickness) 0.48 kN/m2
Hollow concrete block (12 in. thick)
Heavy aggregate 2.83 kN/m2
Light aggregate 2.63 kN/m2
Clay tile (6 in. thick) 1.44 kN/m2
Live Loads
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Assembly areas and theaters
Fixed seats (fastened to floor) 2.87 kN/m2
Lobbies 4.79 kN/m2
Stage floors 7.18 kN/m2
Libraries
Reading rooms 2.87 kN/m2
Stack rooms 7.18 kN/m2
Garage: vehicle passenger garage 1.92 kN/m2
Live Loads (cont..)
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Office Buildings
Lobbies 4.79 kN/m2
Offices 2.40 kN/m2
Residential
Habitable attics and sleeping areas 1.44 kN/m2
Uninhabitable attics with storage 0.96 kN/m2
All other areas 1.92 kN/m2
Schools
Classrooms 1.92 kN/m2
Corridors above the first floor 3.83 kN/m2
Live Loads (cont..)
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Live Loads (cont..)
RC Design I: Introduction 44
Live Loads (cont..)
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Live Loads (cont..)
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Live Loads (cont..)
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Live Loads (cont..)
RC Design I: Introduction 48
Roof Live Load
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Live Load Reduction
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When influence areas (K
LL
A
T
) 37.2 m2
L =Lo (0.25 + 4.57/K
LL
A
T
where Lo: Live Load(original)
L: reduced value of live load,
A
T
: tributary area (m2),
K
LL
: live load element factor (4 for columns, 2 for beams)
But L 50% of Lo for column or beam supporting a
single floor; L 40% of Lo for column or beam
supporting two or more floors
Live Load Reduction
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Live Load Not To Be Reduced
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Heavy Live Load
Live load that exceeds 4.79 kN/m2 (100 lb/ft2) shall
not be reduced, except live loads for members supporting
two or more floors shall be permitted to be reduced by
20%.
Passenger Vehicle Garage
The live load (1.92 kN/m2) shall not be reduced,
except live loads for members supporting two or more
floors shall be permitted to be reduced by 20%.
Live Load Not To Be Reduced
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Assembly Uses
The live loads shall not be reduced.
Rain Loads
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Design rain loads
- R: rain loads on the undeflected roof (kN/m2)
- d
s
: static head (mm), the depth of water up to the
inlet of the secondary drain.
- d
h
: hydraulic head (mm), additional depth of water
above the inlet of the secondary drain
Loads Not Specified
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Partition wall
Partition can be considered as dead load or live
load.
Live load: >0.72 kN/m2. It is not required if the
minimum live load exceeds 3.83 kN/m2.
Loads Not Specified
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Loads on Handrail and Guardrail
Not to be considered for
- One- and two-family dwellings,
- Areas that are not accessible to the public
Concentrated load: 0.89 kN (200 lb) applied in any direction
on the handrail or top rail, and 0.22 kN (50 lb) applied
horizontally normal to the area of rail panel.
Uniform load: 0.73 kN/m (50 lb/ft) applied in any direction
along the handrail or top rail
All these loadings need not to be applied concurrently.
Loads Not Specified
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Load on Grab Bar
Concentrated load: 1.11 kN (250 lb) applied in any direction
on the grab bar.
Load on Fixed Ladder with rungs
Concentrated load (live load): 1.33 kN (300 lb) applied at any
point on the fixed ladder to produce maximum load effect
on the element. This loading shall be applied 1 unit (1.33
kN) for every 3 m (10 ft) of ladder height. The extended
part of the rail above platform, 0.445 kN (100 lb) applied at
any direction on the top of side rail extension.
Loads Not Specified
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Load on Vehicle (Passenger) Barrier
Concentration load: 26.7 kN (6,000 lb) applied
horizontally in any direction to the barrier.
The loading is assumed to act at heights between
460mm (1 ft 6 in.) and 686 mm (2 ft 3 in.) above the
floor or ramp surface to produce the maximum load
effect.
Loads Not Specified
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Impact Loads: weight of elements and live or moving loads
shall be increased
Elevators
-increased by 100%
Machinery
-Light machinery, shaft, or motor driven: 20%
-Reciprocating machinery or power-driven units: 50%
-Cab-operated traveling crane support girders and their connections:
25%
Hangers
-Hangers supporting floors or balconies: 33%
Loads Not Specified
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Crane Loads:
Maximum wheel load (MWL): weight of bridge (DL) + sum
of rated capacity and weight of trolley (LL) that induces
maximum load effect on its runway.
Vertical impacts or vibration force: increase of MWL
- Monorail cranes (powered), 25%
- Cab-operated or remotely operated bridge cranes
(powered), 25 %
Loads Not Specified
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- Pendant-operated bridge cranes (powered), 10 %
- Bridge cranes or monorail cranes with hand-geared (not powered)
bridge, trolley, and hoist 0%
Lateral Force
-20% of the sum of rated capacity of crane, and the weight of trolley
and hoist. It is assumed to act horizontally at the traction surface of a
runway beam in either direction perpendicular to the beam.
Longitudinal Force
-10% of MWL. It is assumed to act horizontally at the traction
surface of a runway beam in either direction parallel to the beam.
Wind Load (Lateral Force)
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Static wind pressure (q
s
)
q
s
=0.613V
2
(1) where V: basic wind speed (m/s)
Velocity wind pressure at height z above ground
level (q
z
)
q
z
= q
s
I K
z
K
zt
K
d
(2)
I: importance factor, Kz: velocity exposure coefficient,
Kzt: topographic factor, Kd: wind direction factor
Wind Load (cont..)
RC Design I: Introduction 63
Design wind pressure
p =q
z
GC
p
(3)
p: design wind pressure, G: gust factor, C
p
: external
pressure coefficient
Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure
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If the soil load is not given by soil investigation,
Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure
RC Design I: Introduction 65
Uplift Force: water pressure shall be taken as the
full hydrostatic pressure applied for the entire area
Factor Loads and Load Combination
(ASCE 7-10)
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1.4D (1)
1.2D + 1.6L +0.5 (Lr, or S or R) (2)
1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(1.0L or 0.5W) (3)
1.2D+1.0W+1.0L+0.5(Lr or S or R) (4)
1.2D+1.0E+1.0L+0.2S (5)
Control Overturning or Sliding
0.9D+1.0W (6)
0.9D+1.0E (7)
Factor Loads and Load Combination
(ASCE 7-10) (cont..)
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If fluid load is present: 1.4F to be included in (1)
If earth pressure is present: 1.6H to be included in (2,6.7);
if it is permanent present: 0.9H in (2,6,7)
If earthquake designed for service-level: 1.4E in (5)
If wind is designed for service-level: 1.6W in (4,6) and 0.8W
in (3)
If small live loads: 0.5L in (3,4,5) except for garages,
areas of public assembly, areas where live loads is greater
than 100 psf (4.78 kN/m2)
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Design Methods
Design Methods
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Working Stress Design (WSD)
Based on working loads/service loads/unfactored loads
Drawbacks
Inability to account properly for the variability of resistances
and loads
Lack of knowledge of the level of safety (safety factor),
Inability to deal with the effects of variation of loads in groups
Design Methods (cont..)
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Strength Design (SD)
Required strengths (Ru) computed from the
combination of factored loads, and
Design strengths (R)computed as the product of
nominal resistance and strength reduction factors ()
(also known as resistance factors)
Limit-state design philosophy
R Ru
Design Methods (cont..)
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Performance-Based Design (PBD)
Rational method is employed to provide reliability that is
not less than that expected for with the Strength Design,
Uncertainties are considered for loadings and resistance,
Design is carried out by analysis or the combination of
analysis and testing. The design assumptions are based on
approved test data or referenced standard,
Testing used to substantiate the performance capacity,
Peer review
Design Methods (cont..)
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Strength reduction factor ()
Tension-controlled sections =0.90
Compression-controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement =0.70
Other reinforced members =0.65
Shear and torsion =0.75
Bearing on concrete =0.65
Design Procedure
1. Strength design
2. Check with working stress design
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Thank You !
Q & A ???