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∂t α ∂t
k
where α = is the thermal diffusivity
ρc
“A heated/cooled body at Ti is suddenly exposed to fluid at T∞ with a
known heat transfer coefficient . Either evaluate the temperature at a
given time, or find time for a given temperature.”
Solid
Total Resistance= Rexternal + Rinternal
GE:
dT
=−
hA
(T − T∞ ) BC: T (t = 0 ) = Ti
dt mc p
Solution: let Θ = T − T∞ , therefore
dΘ hA
=− Θ
dt mc p
Lumped Parameter Analysis
Θi = Ti − T∞
Θ hA
ln =− t
Θi mc p
hA
Θ − t
=e
mc p
Θi
- To determine the temperature at a given time, or
T − T∞
mc p
−t
=e hA - To determine the time required for the
Ti − T∞ temperature to reach a specified value.
T − T∞ hA
T= = exp( − t)
T0 − T∞ ρcV
hA ⎛ hLc ⎞⎛ k ⎞ 1 1 α
t =⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ t = Bi 2 t
ρcV ⎝ k ⎠⎝ ρc ⎠ Lc Lc Lc
Thermal diffusivity: ⎛ k ⎞ (m² s-1)
α ≡ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ρc ⎠
Lumped Parameter Analysis
Define Fo as the Fourier number (dimensionless time)
α hLC
Fo ≡ 2
t and Biot number Bi ≡
Lc k
The temperature variation can be expressed as
T = exp(-Bi*Fo)
where Lc is a characteristic length scale : realte to the size of the solid invloved in the problem
r
for example , Lc = o (half - radius) when the solid is a cylinder.
2
r
Lc = o (one - third radius) when the solid is sphere
3
1 ∂T ∂ 2T
⋅ = 2
a ∂τ ∂x
T ( x, 0) = Ti
∂T
=0
∂x x =0
∂T
−k = h[T ( L, t ) − T∞ ]
∂x x =l
The Plane Wall:
θ i Ti − T∞
x
Dimensionless coordinate: x* =
L
αt
Dimensionless time: t* = 2
= Fo
L
hL
The Biot Number: Bi =
k solid
The solution for temperature will now be a function of the other non-dimensional
quantities
θ * = f ( x * , Fo, Bi )
θ = ∑ C n exp(− ζ n2 Fo )cos(ζ n x * )
∞
*
Exact Solution:
n =1
4 sin ζ n
Cn = ζ n tan ζ n = Bi
2ζ n + sin(2ζ n )
The roots (eigenvalues) of the equation can be obtained from tables given in standard textbooks.
The One-Term Approximation Fo > 0.2
θ * = θ 0* = cos(ζ 1 x * )
liquid
Coating with density ρ,
latent heat of fusion: hsf
S(t) δ
solid
Substrate, k, α
Example
k(Ts − Ti )
qs"(t)=
παt
Example (contd...)
T ( x, t ) − TS ⎛ x ⎞
= erf ⎜ ⎟,
Ti − TS ⎝ 2 αt ⎠
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
T ( x, t ) = 2318 + (300 − 2318)erf ⎜ ⎟ = 2318 − 2018erf ⎜ 79.06 ⎟
⎝ 2 αt ⎠ ⎝ t⎠
Example (contd…)
x 0.79
T ( x = 0.01, t ) = 2318 − 2018erf 79.06 = 2318 − 2018erf
t t
Example (contd...)
2000
1600
At x=1 cm, the temperature
T1( t )
rises almost instantaneously at a
Temperature
1200
T2( t )
800
very fast rate. A short time later,
T3( t )
400
the rate of temp. increase slows
0
down significantly since the
0 2 4 6 8 10
energy has to distribute to a very
t
Time large mass.
x=1 cm
x=2 cm At deeper depth (x=2 & 3
x=3 cm
cm), the temperature will not
respond to the surface condition
until much later.
Example (contd...)
We can also examine the spatial temperature distribution at
any given time, say at t=1 second.
T ( x, t = 1) = 2318 − 2018erf 79.06 x = 2318 − 2018erf 79.06 x
t
3000
Heat penetrates into the
substrate as shown for different
Temperature (K)
T1( x )
2000 time instants.
T2( x ) It takes more than 5 seconds
T3( x ) 1000 for the energy to transfer to a
depth of 5 cm into the substrate
0 The slopes of the temperature
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
profiles indicate the amount of
x
distance (m) conduction heat transfer at that
t=1 s. instant.
t=5 s.
t=10 s.
Numerical Methods for Unsteady
Heat Transfer
Unsteady heat transfer equation, no generation, constant k, two-
dimensional in Cartesian coordinate:
1 ∂T ∂ 2T ∂ 2T
= 2 + 2
α ∂t ∂x ∂y
We have learned how to discretize the Laplacian operator into system of
finite difference equations using nodal network. For the unsteady
problem, the temperature variation with time needs to be discretized too.
To be consistent with the notation from the book, we choose to analyze the
time variation in small time increment Δt, such that the real time t=pΔt.
The time differentiation can be approximated as:
∂T TmP,n+1 − TmP,n
≈ , while m & n correspond to nodal location
∂t m ,n Δt
such that x=mΔx, and y=nΔy as introduced earlier.
Finite Difference Equations
m,n+1
m,n-1
From the nodal network to the left, the heat equation can be written
in finite difference form:
Finite Difference Equations
(contd…)
P +1
1 Tm ,n − Tm ,n Tm +1,n + Tm −1,n − 2Tm ,n Tm ,n +1 + Tm ,n −1 − 2Tm ,n
P P P P P P P
= +
α Δt ( Δx ) 2
( Δy ) 2
αΔt
Assume Δx=Δy and the discretized Fourier number Fo=
( Δx )
2