Heat TransferAsian Research, 00 (0), 2014

Dynamical Study of Pulsed Impinging Jet with Time Varying Heat

Flux Boundary Condition
Sina Ghadi, Kazem Esmailpour, Mostafa Hosseinalipour, and Mehrdad Kalantar
CFD&CAE laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and
Technology, Tehran, Iran
Pulsed jets in different confguration are potentially considered for enhancing
transport phenomenon generally. Flow and temperature feld in a pulsed impinging
jet are simulated numerically by solving the governing equations using the control
volume method. Ensemble Averaging Method as well as Phase Averaging has been
employed for reporting the results in this study. In order to simulate a pulsating jet,
inlet velocity profle was exerted as a time dependent sinusoidal and step signals.
The results of this simulation showed an oscillatory jet could lead to an increase in
jet development and its cross section with the wall and also a more uniform Nus-
selt profle would be obtained compared to the steady jet. For parametric investi-
gations and extracting fow and thermal characteristics of a pulsed impinging jet,
the effects of various parameters including fow frequency and amplitude and heat
fux frequency were considered. It has been seen that Nusselt number varies by the
changes in frequency, amplitude and the type of the excitation. It has been shown
that the oscillating impinging jet has a better performance rather than the steady
case when the excitation amplitude and frequency increase. Finally, it is also obser-
ved how a thermal feld is going to respond with two pulsating inputs.
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2014 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 00(0): 116, 2014; Published online in Wiley
Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21154
Key words: pulsed impinging jet, heat transfer, oscillating, parametric study
1. Introduction
An impinging jet is a fuid jet that is used for cooling or heating a surface which may be
arranged in a perpendicular or inclined confguration. Due to the high rate of heat transfer, this
method is involved in many industrial drying processes like the drying of tissues, photographic neg-
atives, cloth, and so on, or for making some foods like corn, chips, pizza, and so on and also for seed
producing like coffee, cocoa, and nuts. In industrial food, depending on the kind of product, and in
order to reach the desired point water vapor was also used instead of hot air. During the past 30 years,
many experimental and computational investigations on fow and heat transfer characteristics of
single and multiple impinging jets were one of researchers favorite felds of study in fuid dynamics
extent. Effects of jets nozzle geometry, distance fromsurface, and boundary conditions were studied
experimentally [13]. Polat has done a thorough review on the effects of the above parameters
on the transform phenomenon of an imping jet [4]. A thorough comprehensive review was done
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2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1
experimentally and computationally on heat transfer of impinging jets by Huang and colleagues [5].
They also showed that the k standard model with various wall functions has some errors in antic-
ipating Nusselt number and temperature feld near the wall. A comparative evaluation on different
high-Reynolds and low-Reynolds RANS model was done by Hosseinalipour and Mujumdar [6]
that shows low-Reynolds models are much more successful in predicting the Nusselt number.
In general, there are two methods for improving a systems fow and thermal characteristics:
passive and active. In the passive method geometry characteristics of the system have to be changed
that is expensive and in some situations impossible. In the active method the system is controlled dy-
namically by designing different mechanisms to control transport phenomenon. Researchers of fuid
dynamics attribute transport phenomenon in a system to a series of coherent and organized struc-
tures that are named according to their appearance shape (e.g., tube vortex, sheet vortex, horse shoe
vortex, and hair pin vortex). These structures have the ability to produce, dissipation of turbulence
energy, and energy exchange. This hypothesis that turbulent fow is strongly affected by formation
and interaction between big coherent structures is approved by all researchers. In order to control
the production rate and strength of vortexes, inlet mass fow rate can be adjusted. Dynamical control
of the mass fow rate or time dependency is included in active methods of improving engineering
systems. This method is divided into two main categories:

Synthetic jet injection: inlet fow exerted as a time dependent function such that net entering
fow rate is zero.

Pulsed jet injection: inlet fow exerted as a time dependent function such that a mean none-zero
fow rate entered into the system.
By discovering the crucial role of big coherent structures in the growth and mixing of a jet,
studies on them have increased impressively. Researchers thought about how we can make these
structures more organized with a pulsating jet and also with increasing mixing and growth rate.
Crow and Champagne [7] showed that in a round jet these structures would be formed in shear layer.
The Strouhal Number of those structures was between 0.3 and 0.4. They also showed that these
structures can get more coherent and larger at a Strouhal number around 0.3. Most initial research
which was done in the feld of oscillating impinging jet is attributed to Nevins and Ball [8]. They
considered heat transfer between a fat surface and an oscillating jet and reported that there are no
signifcant differences between and an oscillating jet and a steady one. The tests were done for 1,200
< Re < 120,000 and 10-4< St <10-2 and the distance between the nozzle and fat surface was 8 to
32. Nevins and Ball presented nothing about formation of second fow structures and their exper-
iments were limited to low St. Due to the research of Nevins and Ball, oscillating impinging jets
were not considered and were not researched for about 25 years. In the late 1980s and early 1990s,
several research groups started to work on oscillating streams again. Azevedo and colleagues con-
sidered impinging heat transfer for a wide range of frequencies [9]. They made the fow oscillating
by means of a valve which was like a ball valve and rotates at specifc frequencies. The instant and
average heat transfer were measured by hot-wire and infrared photography techniques and compared
to those of the steady one where the 4,000 < Re < 40,000 and the frequency was between zero and
200 Hz. Their studies showed that the value of Nu for an oscillating one is less than steady. The
rate of heat transfer in an oscillating jet is about 0% to 20% less than a steady one. Mladin and
Zumbrunnen theoretically and by means of a boundary layer model considered the effects of
2
different kinds of inlet oscillating function, frequency, and amplitude on the instant and average
convectional heat transfer of a fat plate [10]. They presented that there is a critical St at which no
signifcant increase in heat transfer, compared to a steady one, will be observed in values less than
that. They reported the critical St is equal to 0.26. Mujumdar and colleagues simulated the fow
and thermal feld of a laminar oscillating fow numerically [11]. Considered parameters include:
average Reynolds number (100 Re 1,000), oscillating frequency (1 f 20Hz), and distance
between nozzle and fat plate (4 H/D 9). Their results show that increasing Re causes no signif-
icant changes in Nu, but as the distance from impingement area increases the harmonic oscillation
of Nu will increase. Mujumdar and colleagues simulated heat transfer of an impinging jet under a
step kind of oscillation numerically [12]. The effects of reave, the temperature difference between
the entering stream and impingement plate, the distance of nozzle to plate, and frequency on heat
transfer were investigated. They showed that Nu values will increase as Re increases due to the
fact that turbulence intensity and turbulence eddy viscosity will increase by raising the Re values.
The Nu
o
value for steady state is larger than for the oscillating one. By tracing Nu downstream
and near the wall region, the ratio of Nu for the oscillating to the steady one will increase. Sailor
and colleagues considered an oscillating impinging jet experimentally and introduce an extra fow
parameter as the duty cycle which is defned as the percentage of one period in which a signal is
active [13]. While Zumbrunnen focused on boundary layer differentiation and oscillating effects on
its average thickness, Eibek claimed that fow secondary structures have the critical role in transport
phenomenon [14]. Liewkongsataporn and colleagues [15] studied pulsating slot impinging jet heat
transfer numerically. They showed that periodic formation of a recirculation zone in pulsating jet
can improve heat transfer from a hot surface. Their parametric study reveals that higher frequencies
have more effect on cooling performance at low pulsation amplitudes. Jiang and colleagues issued
impinging jets from the tailpipe of pulse combustors which have been evaluated in their studies for
possible applications in the rapid drying of continuous sheets [16]. Their examination of the velocity
and thermal felds showed that the instantaneous heat transfer rate on the target surface was highly
dependent on development of the hydrodynamic boundary layer with time. An investigation was
performed on a pulsating impinging jet array under large temperature differences between jet fows
and impingement wall [17]. Their results show that pulsating an impinging jet without phase an-
gle difference has a marginal effect on heat transfer, while introducing a phase angle difference can
strongly enhance heat transfer. In other studies, phase difference between the nozzle exit velocity
profles and its potential to make the stagnation point oscillate between the two jets were investigated.
This is so important in mixing behavior and drying [1820]. Kurnia and colleagues investigate the
performance of impinging jet drying under various confgurations [21]. They noted that lower en-
ergy consumption of impinging jet with pulsating and/or intermittent fow offers comparable drying
kinetics as compared with that of a steady jet, which shows potential for energy saving. As a key
parameter, the distance between the nozzle exit and impinging surface (H/W) has a crucial role on
the physics of a pulsating impinging jet. It was investigated numerically that for various H/W the
frequency would affect rate of heat transfer in completely different ways. Thus, an increase in heat
transfer, as a result of increasing frequency, could not be expected under every condition [22].
Because of the periodic formation of structures in the shear layer and the non-linear dynam-
ics and chaotic behavior in the boundary layer induced by pulsation, prediction of fow and heat
transfer characteristics of pulsating jet impingement has been a complex and challenging problem.
Moreover, most of the previous studies have focused on steady heat fux [2327]. While, consider-
ing that unsteady heat fux does not have less importance than steady heat fux due to their physical
3
applications in a computers CPU, air-cooled reciprocating engines, and in metal forming process. It
should also be mentioned that very few practical events are going to experience specifcally shaped
periodic heat fuxes like a sinusoidal or square type. As an example, in CPUs or reciprocating en-
gines we have heat fuxes which are not exactly sinusoidal or square shaped but they are periodic. In
another way, in a metal stretching process unsteady heat fux which is not periodic can be observed.
Further studies are therefore needed to examine the effect of the intermittent pulsations on
heat transfer of an impinging jet with a variable heat fux input. In this study a parametric investi-
gation is thus performed on a two-dimensional pulsating turbulent impinging jet with variable heat
fux input by the computational fuid dynamic approach. The local and instantaneous heat transfer
rate and fow dynamics of pulsating impinging jet is compared with the steady case. To have a good
parametric study, the effect of amplitude, frequency and shape of the pulsation signal on the local
and instantaneous Nusselt number distribution on the target surface is investigated.
Nomenclature
C
p
specifc heat capacity (J/kg.K)
D inlet diameter (m)
H height of the channel (m)
k heat conduction coeffcient (W/m.K)
L length of the channel (m)
p time averaged pressure (Pa)
t time (s)
T temperature (k)
T
p
period of pulsation
x, y system coordinate (m)
u velocity vector (m/s)
u
jet
jet inlet velocity (m/s)
u
i
time averaged velocity (m/s)
u

i
u

j
Reynolds stress (m
2
/s
2
)
u

i
T

turbulent heat fux (mK/s)

f frequency (Hz)
A amplitude (m)
Dimensionless Number
Nu Nusselt number (
hD

k
)
Nu
o
Stagnation Nusselt number
Re Reynolds number (
u
j et
D
/

)
St Strouhal number (
f D
/
u
j et
)
Greek Symbols
dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
density (kg/m
3
)
4
Fig. 1. Schematic of oscillating impinging jet and boundary conditions.
Table 1. Thermophysical properties of incompressible air [28]
Properties Values
Density (kg.m
3
) = 0.92102
Viscosity (kg.m
1
.s
1
) = 1.4507 10
6
+ 6.6289 10
8
T 3.1933 10
11
T
2
Specifc heat (J.kg
1
.K
1
) C
p
= 1032.3 0.2104T + 4.1274 10
4
T
2
Thermal conductivity (W.m
1
.K
1
) k = 2.8257 10
4
+ 9.9136 10
5
T 35,751 10
8
T
2
2. Problem Description and Mathematical Modeling
The focus of this study is the investigation of the fow and heat transfer characteristics of
two-dimensional, confned turbulent pulsed impinging slot jets. Figure 1 illustrates the schematic
diagram of the slot impinging jet, computational domain and boundary conditions simulated in this
work. Because of symmetric geometry and boundary conditions, only half of the domain is con-
sidered for computations. In order to reach an oscillating fow, a sinusoidal and step velocity profle
changing over time with various frequencies and amplitudes is used for the jet inlet. The open source
CFDsoftware, OpenFoam1.6 is used to solve the governing equations involved in impinging jet heat
transfer. In the present study, incompressible air with temperature dependent properties [28] is con-
sidered as the working fuid. The fuid properties are presented in detail in Table 1.
The partial differential equations, including conservation of mass, momentum, and energy
for a time-dependent two dimensional turbulent fuid fow and heat transfer of a incompressible
Newtonian fuid are expressed in the following form.
Mass

t
+

x
i
( u
i
) = 0 (1)
Momentum
(
u
i
t
+ u
j
u
i
x
j
)
=
1

p
x
+
1

x
j
(

u
i
x
j
u

)
(2)
5
Energy C
P
(
T
t
+ u
j
T
x
j
)
=

x
j
(
k
T
x
j
C
P
u

j
T

)
+ H. (3)
Modeling of turbulent fows requires describing the effect of turbulent fuctuations of velocity
and scalar quantities on mean fow and energy quantities. In turbulent fows, the velocity, pressure,
and temperature at a point are considered as a sum of the mean and fuctuating components. In the
averaged equations, Reynolds stresses, u

i
u

j
, and the turbulent heat fuxes, u

i
T

, are required to
be determined to address their effects on mean fow and energy quantities. In order to character-
ize u

i
u

j
and u

i
T

, many turbulence models have been proposed in the literature. In the present
study, the k RNG model is used in order to simulate turbulent fow, since this model has an ex-
cessive source term in its dissipation equation that could better consider the effects of non-isotropic
fows and recirculation areas. As a result, heat transfer rate on the surface could be evaluated better
through this model. The boundary conditions applied in the present work are illustrated in Fig. 1. As
shown in this fgure, oscillatory velocity at constant temperature (293 K) is assumed at the jet exit.
The thermal boundary condition at the target surface is an unsteady heat fux in accordance with
a sinusoidal function while the other walls are insulated. No-slip condition has been applied at all
walls. Also at the fow outlet, the pressure-outlet boundary condition has been assumed. Mass, mo-
mentum and energy conservation equations have been discretized by the control volume technique.
The pressurevelocity coupling has been established through the PISO algorithm. The second-order
upwind method and central difference method have been used for calculating the convective and
diffusive terms, respectively.
Due to the large number of case studies, grid independency process was not feasible. Thus,
checking grid independency was done for the one case to overcome this problem, the appropriate
density of meshes was found through a doubling procedure. The mesh which gave grid independent
result was applied to all other cases. The mesh densities 30 50, 50 130, 75 150, 100 200
were considered to study grid independency. To assure time step independency study, the problem is
solved for four different cases which are 5 10
5
, 10
5
, 5 10
6
, and 10
6
. After analyzing the
results; 50 130 and 10
5
were selected as the mesh density of computational domain and time
step, respectively. In order to validate the present study, the distribution of Nusselt number on the
impinging surface is compared to Mladin and Zumbrunnens experimental results [29] for H/W =
5 and Re = 5,500. Figure 2 shows that the results obtained from numerical simulations are in good
agreement with the experimental ones.
3. Results and Discussion
In pulsed impinging jets which cause wall temperature changes as a function of time the
amount of repelled heat from the wall would be variant with time as well and changes in the form
of an oscillating function. Although in the previous studies the temperature feld was considered as
time averaged, Due to the fact that the Nu number varies as oscillating functions, this method does
not reveal precise results. Thus, an ensemble Averaging Method as well as Phase Averaging has been
employed for reporting the results in this study. For this purpose, one is initially supposed to ensure
the fow variables periodicity in terms of time and then report them in specifc phases of one period.
The distribution of averaged Nu along the impinging surface for the steady heat fux case is shown in
Fig. 3. In a steady impinging jet the Nu decreased monotonically with increasing distance from the
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Fig. 2. Validation of simulation study with experimental data [29], H/W = 5; Re = 5,500;
A = 17%; f = 41.
Fig. 3. Effect of oscillation frequency on local phase averaged Nu number of sinusoidal function,
steady heat fux, Re = 5,000, A = 50%.
stagnation point. But, in the pulsating jet the Nu variation experiences a second or even third peak
because of periodic formation and damping of vortical structures in the wall jet zone. By enhancing
the frequency of inlet fow pulsation, the amount of heat transfer will be improved.
Variations of Nu value in cases of sinusoidal excitation with various frequencies and am-
plitudes have been shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The main phenomenon in oscillating fows is periodic
formation of coherent structures in the inlet shearing layer. These structures break down into smaller
ones while moving downstream and are eventually damped. We know that these vortices cause heat
to repel and cooling when they hit the hot wall. In many industrial applications the entering heat
fux changes with time but most researchers considered that value constant in order to simplify their
simulation. For simulating this issue in this study, the inlet heat fux has been considered as a sinu-
soidal function of time with small amplitude. As shown in Figs. 4 and 5, due to variations of the inlet
momentum with time in oscillating jets, in some phases the oscillating jets have better performances
compared to the steady ones and in some others they show an inverse behavior. Unlike the steady jet,
7
Fig. 4. Effect of oscillation frequency on local phase averaged Nu number of sinusoidal function:
(a) T
p
/4, (b) T
p
/2, (c) 3T
p
/4, and (d) T
p
.
Fig. 5. Effect of oscillation Amplitude on local phase averaged Nu number of sinusoidal function:
(a) T
p
/4, (b) T
p
/2, (c) 3T
p
/4, and (d) T
p
.
8
Fig. 6. Effect of oscillation frequency on local phase averaged Nu number of Step function:
(a) T
p
/4, (b) T
p
/2, (c) 3T
p
/4, and (d) T
p
.
the Nu graph exhibits a second peak in most frequencies and its position changes in different phases
toward downstream which is as a result of the periodic formation of vortices and their dynamics. In
phases T
p
/2 and T
p
/4, the Nu
o
was intensifed by a decrease in frequency; however, Nu improves
with an increase in frequency in the two end phases of the cycle. This phenomenon shows that the
governing physics on the oscillating fows is very complex and the heat and fow boundary layers are
completely nonlinear and chaotic in this confguration. In general, it could be claimed that, through
making the fow oscillating, an improved cooling process over hot surfaces could be achieved in a
time period. As shown in Fig. 4, due to the fact that the fow senses larger abrupt changes and as a
result stronger vortices are formed in the shear layer, the Nu number in oscillating jets increases by
giving rise to the fuctuation amplitude.
If we assume two divided regions, wall jet and stagnation regions, it could be concluded that
the oscillating jet could cause heat transfer enhancement in the wall jet region. Because the periodic
formation of the vortices in the shear layer could lead to the contraction near the wall and, conse-
quently, make the fow accelerate. However, a general result could not be extracted in the stagnation
region since the Nu behavior varies signifcantly in different phases and conditions. In the best case
a heat transfer enhancement of 25% has been observed in the oscillating sinusoidal impinging jet
with respect to the steady jet. According to the distribution of Nu in a pulsation impinging jet, it is
clear that pulsating jet causes a more uniform heat transfer from the hot surface. This phenomenon
is due to an increase in the rate of jet spreading in pulsation mode as compared with a steady one.
In Figs. 6 and 7, variations of Nu number have been demonstrated for the step function. The
trend of this variation in different phases is the same as for the sinusoidal case. According to the
9
Fig. 7. Effect of oscillation Amplitude on local phase averaged Nu number of step function:
(a) T
p
/4, (b) T
p
/2, (c) 3T
p
/4, and (d) T
p
.
fact that there are two abrupt changes of momentum in the step profle, changes of Nu number in
this case is more impressive than the sinusoidal one. It is noticeable that jet oscillation could lead
to an increase in jet development and its cross section with the wall and also a more uniform Nu
profle would be obtained compared to the steady jet which could be an interesting subject for many
researchers in this feld. Therefore, if the pulsed impinging jet is employed for drying a specifc
product, it would be expected that a higher quality product could result. The step function creates
rather larger Nu numbers with respect to the sinusoidal function and this is due to the fact that
the step function has abrupt blows and suctions which could produce larger vortices. In the best
case, the step function exhibits a 30% heat transfer enhancement compared to the steady jet. Similar
to the sinusoidal case, Nu number increases as the frequency decreases in the frst two phases of
each period and increases in the last two phases of each cycle. Generally heat transfer in a pulsating
impinging jet is controlled by three mechanisms: periodic formation of vortex structure in shear layer,
chaotic and non-linear response of thermal boundary layer and increasing and decreasing of inlet
momentum in an oscillation cycle. At low pulsation frequency a quasi-steady behavior is observed
in a pulsation fow and a dominate phenomenon is the periodic formation of vortex structures. So, at
low frequencies heat transfer enhancement occurs because of mixing due to vortex interaction with
the hot surface. But at higher frequencies the fow is more chaotic and the non-linear response of
boundary layer is more obvious.
In order to study the dynamical response of fow, Nu variations of the stagnation point have
been considered in terms of time. As shown in Figs. 8 and 9, variations of Nu
o
in time depend on
frequency, amplitude and the type of the excitation. In fact, the frequency of the stagnation point
temperature variations would be a function of the excitation frequency and the frequency of the
10
Fig. 8. Effect of oscillation amplitude and frequency on instantaneous Nu
o
of sinusoidal function.
Fig. 9. Effect of oscillation amplitude and frequency on instantaneous Nu
o
of step function.
heat fux. For instance, in the sinusoidal case the period of variations of Nu
o
for frequencies of 40
and 80 is the same as the inlet fux frequency but the period of the variations for frequencies 20
and 60 is twice the steady case. Maximum variations of the Nu
o
occur for frequency 20. Increasing
the oscillating amplitude could lead to a rise in the Nu
o
fuctuations as well. The period of Nu
o
variations of frequencies 20, 40, and 80 in the step case is similar to the steady one; however, this
11
Fig. 10. Effect of heat fux frequency on local phase averaged Nu number of sinusoidal function
f = 40, A = 50%: (a) T
p
/4, (b) T
p
/2, (c) 3T
p
/4, and (d) T
p
.
Fig. 11. Effect of heat fux frequency on instantaneous Nuo of sinusoidal function, f = 40,
A = 50%.
period in the frequency 60 is twice that of the steady case. By increasing the frequency in a specifc
period, more maximum and minimum points will be observed compared to the steady case which
could be due to the periodic changes of the fow. In the step kind, the amplitude of Nu
o
variations
is larger than the sinusoidal one. As shown in Figs. 8 and 9, the variations of Nu
o
profle in terms
of time axis is approximately symmetric; thereby the average heat transfer in a given time is of no
signifcant difference between the steady and oscillating cases. However, it should be considered that
the oscillating impinging jet has better performance rather than the steady case when an increase in
the excitation amplitude and frequency occurs.
The effect of frequency of inlet heat fux on the oscillating jet heat transfer has been also
considered. In Figs. 10 to 13 variation of local and Nu
o
for sinusoidal and step functions have been
considered. While, f = 40, the value of Nu
o
varies in the range of 30 to 60. The amount of heat
transfer and the Nu variations profle both depend on the frequency of the inlet heat fux. The highest
12
Fig. 12. Effect of heat fux frequency on local phase averaged Nu number of step function f = 40,
A = 50%: (a) T
p
/4, (b) T
p
/2, (c) 3T
p
/4, and (d) T
p
.
Fig. 13. Effect of heat fux frequency on instantaneous Nu
o
of step function, f = 40, A = 50%.
performance for the heat transfer is obtained for the fux frequency of 20 and the maximumamount of
heat transfer for this case exhibits a considerable difference with the other ones. As mentioned in the
previous sections, the step functions exhibits a better performance compared to the sinusoidal case
for different heat fux frequencies. Heat transfer in the oscillating impinging jet depends on various
parameters and many characteristics should be accounted for analyzing these systems. It could be
generally concluded that decreasing the inlet heat fux frequency and increasing the amplitude and
frequency of inlet jet could result in a better cooling performance from the hot surface.
To investigate the fow dynamics in different cases, FFT has been applied on the stagnation
temperature function and the power spectral density diagram via frequency has been displayed in
Figs. 14 and 15. In statistical signal processing, statistics, and physics, the spectrum of a time-series
or signal is a positive real function of a frequency variable associated with a stationary stochastic
13
Fig. 14. PSD of the instantaneous temperature in the stagnation point of the sinusoidal function.
Fig. 15. PSD of the instantaneous temperature in the stagnation point of the step function.
process, or a deterministic function of time, which has dimensions of power per hertz (Hz), or energy
per hertz. As shown in Figs. 14 and 15, the temperature values in the frequency and its sub harmonics
have the highest values. Through raising the inlet stream frequency, the PSD function faces higher
variations since a rise in the frequency could cause the fow to become divided into more modes.
Thus, the fow energy is distributed between more modes. It should be noted that the highest energy
rates occur in the integer coeffcients of the excitation frequency. It is expected that more energy
would have been injected to the system if the jet could be excited according to the natural frequency
of the excitation shear layer and, subsequently, the transfer processes could be more affected. In
14
regard to Fig. 15, the trend of variations in PSD of the step function is similar to that in the sinusoidal
one. However, for the step function, more energy is injected into the system and oscillating modes
possess higher energy rates than the sinusoidal ones.
4. Conclusions
Numerical simulation of a pulsed turbulent impinging jet under a time varying heat fux
was performed by fnite control volumes method. Our investigation has been concentrated on the
dynamic behavior of the temperature feld near the impinging surface. The important results based
on this study of pulsed turbulence impinging jet are as follows:
1. Because of periodic formation of vortex structure in the shear layer, the mixing rate of a
jet in stagnant air is intensifed compare to steady one.
2. Increasing of frequency and amplitude of pulsation leads to heat transfer improvement
from the impinging surface. As a comparison, a step signal has more effect on heat transfer than a
sinusoidal one.
3. The effect of time dependent heat fux is investigated on the cooling performance of the
jet. The heat fux frequency has a great effect on the temperature feld and consequently heat transfer.
A decrease in heat fux frequency can enhance the heat transfer.
4. Instantaneous variation of stagnation Nusselt number is a function of excitation charac-
teristics. The frequency of the stagnation point temperature variations would be a function of the
excitation frequency and the frequency of the heat fux.
5. At a higher pulsation frequency, total Energy of fow is divided in more modes and so, in
order to describe the physics of a pulsed jet, we need more data than a steady one.
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