Question No 1

As a general procedure, we take the node numbering as shown in the right side figure.
Moreover, all the equations are derived using same node number arrangement. So, as
a first step, we will transform the node numbering so as to make them the same for
which the derivation of element stiffness matrices and shape functions has been carried
out.

4 3
2 1

3 in

2 in
1 2
3 4

x
Y4 Y3

4 X4 3
X3

Y2

1 2
X2

(1)
,
,

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

3
2
2 3
20
10
20
10
3
1
0, 2 , , 0
2 2
:
20
10
20
10
3 4
10
10
10
10
2
1
0, 0 , , 3
3 3
:

(2)
 15
15
15
15

20
10
35
25
15
15

So the resulting force vector :

{q} = [00 20 10 35 25 15 15]T
Now Calculating matrix ' D'
For plane strain conditions
 
1 −ν ν 0 
E
D=  ν 1 −ν 0 
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )  1 − 2ν 
 0 1 
 2 
40.385 17.308 0 
6
D = 10 17.308 40.385 0 
 0 0 11.538

(3)
The stiffness matrix for rec tan gular element is given as :
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
 D11b D 33 a D12 + D 33 − D11 b D 33 a D12 − D 33 − D11 b D 33 a − D12 − D 33 D11 b D 33 a − D12 + D 33  u1
 3 a + 3b 4 3a
+
6b 4 6a
−
6b 4 6a
−
3b 4

 D 22 a D 33 b − D12 + D 33 D 22 a D 33 b − D12 − D 33 − D 22 a D 33 b D12 − D 33 − D 22 a D 33 b

 + − − +  v1
 3b 6a 4 6b 3a 4 6b 6a 4 3b 6a 
 D11 b D 33 b − D12 − D 33 D11 b D 33 a D12 − D 33 − D11 b D 33 a D12 + D 33 

 u2
+ − −
 3a 3a 4 6a 3b 4 6a 6b 4
 D 22 a D 33 b − D12 + D 33 − D 22 a D 33 b D12 + D 33 − D 22 a D 33 b  v 2
 + + − 
K = t 3b 3a 4 3b 6a 4 6b 3a

 D11 b
+
D 33 a D12 + D 33 − D11 b
+
D 33 a D12 − D 33
 u3
 3a 3b 4 3a 6b 4 
 D 22 a D 33 b − D12 + D 33 − D 22 a D 33 b 
v
 3b
+
3a 4 6b
−
3a
 3
 D11 b D 33 a − D12 − D 33

 + u4
 3a 3b 4 
 D 22 a
+
D 33 b 

 3b 3a   v4
Now we that :
{qi } = [K ]{ui }
The equation can be rewritten in the form of free and restrained nodes :
q f   K ff K fs  u f 
 =  
 q s   K sf K ss   u s 
u 2 
u 
 3 
Now free nodal diplacements are u f =  v3 
u 
 4
v 4 

(4)
so,
u2 u3 v3 u4 v4
 D11b D33 b D11b D33 a D12 − D 33 − D11b D 33 a D12 + D 33  u
 3a + 3a 6a
−
3b 4 6a
−
6b 4
 2
 D11b D 33 a D12 + D 33 − D11b D 33 a D12 − D 33

 + + u
 3a 3b 4 3a 6b 4  3
 D 22 a D 33 b − D12 + D 33 − D 22 a D 33 b  v 3
K ff =  + −

3b 3a 4 6b 3a
 D11b D 33 a − D12 − D 33

 +  u4
 3a 3b 4 
 D 22 a D 33 b 
+
 3b 3a  4
v
14743590 - 1282051 1442308 - 7371795 7211538 
 4395561 7211538 - 6089744 1442308 

K ff =  22756410 - 1442308 7532051 
 
 14743590 - 7211538
 22756410
 x 2  20
 x  35
 3   
q f =  y 3  = 25
 x  15 
 4  
 y 4  15 
As {q } = [K ]{u }+ [K ]{u }
f ff f fs s

{u s }= 0
so {q } = [K ]{u }
f ff f

This implies that {u }= [K ] {q }

−1
f ff f
−1
u 2  14743590 - 1282051 1442308 - 7371795 7211538  20
u   4395561 7211538 - 6089744 1442308  35
 3    
 v3  =  22756410 - 1442308 7532051  25
u   14743590 - 7211538
 15 
 4   
v 4   22756410 15 

(5)
u 2   4.35641E - 06 
u   5.55496E - 06 
 3   
 v3  = - 9.31463E - 07 inches
u   5.94637E - 06 
 4  
v 4   1.11924E - 06 

Now we will write the results in the original node numbering which was given in question
statement

4.3564
5.55496
0.931463 10
5.94637
1.1192

(6)
Question No 2

Part (a)

As a first step, we will determine Aatrix [D].

E = 30 X 10 6
ν = 0.30
Stress State 
→ Plane Stress Condition
Now Calculating matrix ' D'
For plane strain conditions
 
1 ν 0 
E 
D= ν 1 0 
(1 − ν 2 )  1 −ν 
0 1 
 2 
32.967 9.89 
0
6
D = 10  9.89 32.967 0 
 0 0 11.538
Now the general form of matrix [ B ] is given by :
− (b − y ) 0 (b − y ) 0 y 0 −y 0 
1 
B= 0 − (a − x) 0 −x 0 x 0 (a − x)
ab 
 − (a − x) − (b − y ) −x (b − y ) x y (a − x) − y 
for all the elements in the given figure
a = 4 in
b = 3 in
Therefore matrix [ B] will be the same for all the three elements
− (3 − y ) 0 (3 − y ) 0 y 0 −y 0 
1 
B=  0 − (4 − x) 0 −x 0 x 0 (4 − x)
12
− (4 − x) − (3 − y ) −x (3 − y ) x y (4 − x) − y 

(7)
Part (b)

In the given question statement, the displacements U1, U2……U13 are the values
of global displacements. We first draw each element separately and establish
relationship between local displacements of that particular element with the global
displacements. Subsequently, we will determine the respective elements of ‘Element
Stiffness Matrix’ for each element. We will then use the principle of superposition to the
required elements of ‘Structural Stiffness Matrix [K]’. Now taking each element one by
one, we follow the above mentioned procedure.

U5 U9 U13

4 3 4 U4 3 4 U8 3 U12

U1
1 2 1 U3 2 1 U7 2 U11
U2 U6 U10
Figure 2 (a)

v3
U5 v4 v3
u3 U5 U9
u4 u3
4 3 U4
4 U4 3 U8
Elea 1
v2 Elea 2
U1 1 2 U3 v1 v2
u2 U3 1 u1 2 U7
U2 u2
U2 U6

v4 v3
U9 U13
u4 u3
4 U8 3 U12
Elea 3
v1 v2
U7 1 u1 2 U11
u2
U6 U10

(8)
 Figure 2(b)

Element KU2U2

The displacement U2 is shared by Element 1 and 2. So the effect of KU2U2 will come
from both the elements. So, considering both the elements one by one.

Element 1:
Global U2 ------- Local u2
So KU2U2 ------- Ku2u2 for element 1
From stiffness matrix [K] (given in question No 1) we find

3 3

Element 2:
Global U2 ------- Local u1
So KU2U2 ------- Ku1u1 for element 2
From stiffness matrix [K] (given in question No 1) we find

3 3

3 3 3 3
32.967 3 11.538 4 11.538 3
2 10
3 4 3 3 3 4
24.967 10

Element KU6U7
The displacement U6 and U7 are shared by Elements 2 and 3. So the effect of KU6U7 will
come from both the elements. So, considering both the elements one by one.

Element 2:
Global U6 ------- Local u2
Global U7 ------- Local v2
So KU6U7 ------- Ku2v2 for element 2
From stiffness matrix [K] (given in question No 1) we find

Element 3:
Global U6 ------- Local u1
Global U7 ------- Local v1
So KU6U7 ------- Ku1v1 for element 3
From stiffness matrix [K] (given in question No 1) we find

(9)
 4

4 4
0

Element KU7U6
The displacement U6 and U7 are shared by Elements 2 and 3. So the effect of KU7U6 will
come from both the elements. So considering both the elements one by one.

Element 2:
Global U6 ------- Local u2
Global U7 ------- Local v2
So KU7U6 ------- Kv2u2 for element 2
From stiffness matrix [K] (given in question No 1) we find

4
Element 3:
Global U6 ------- Local u1
Global U7 ------- Local v1
So KU7U6 ------- Kv1u1 for element 3
From stiffness matrix [K] (given in question No 1) we find

4 4
0

Element KU5U12

The displacements U5 and U12 does not have any common element. U5 belongs to
elements 1 and 2, while U12 is associated with element 3. Therefore, in the ‘Structural
Stiffness Matrix’, the place of element KU5U12 will be empty. Hence we can conclude that

(10)
Part (c)

In order to find the nodal loads, we will have to convert the distributed loading to
its equivalent nodal loading. For this purpose, as the distributed load is applied to
element 3 only, for simplicity purpose, we will consider only this element in our
calculations.

1:

, 34 3,

34
0
3
2
4

3
4
0, 0, ,
4 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
3 4 3
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
4 4 4 4
3
0 0 0 0 0 0 2
4 16 8 4 16
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
6

(11)
Question No 3

As per the principle of Virtual Work, the work done by the body forces aust be
equal to the work done by the concentrated applied loads in the absence of any other
type of loading.

,
∑

1 1
2
:
1 0,0
2 ,0
3 ,
4 0,
:
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1
1 0 0

3
1 0 0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1 1
0 0
1 1 1 1

(12)
1
0
0
0
1 0 10 1 2
0 20 1
0
0
0
1 2
2 1
1 2
10 2 1
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 1
2 , 1
35
3
40
3
55
3
40
3
55
3
50
3
35
3
50
3

(13)
 35
3
40
3
55
3
40
3
55
3
50
3
35
3
50
3
60
45
15
, 0
0
0
0
0
∑ 60 15 =0
40 40 50 50
∑ 45 0
3 3 3 3
∑ ∑ 0,

(14)
Q No 4

Part (a)

In this question, the center of the coordinate system has been shifted to the
centroide of the rectangle. Therefore, the corresponding shape matrix will be different
for this case. Hence, before going to the matlab programming we will first find matrix [A]
which will subsequently be used in matlab code for calculation of shape matrix.

y
4 3

b
x

a
1
2

4 3

a
1 qx2
2
qy1 qy2

1 1
2
:

(15)
1 ,
2 2 2 2 4
2 ,
2 2 2 2 4
3 ,
2 2 2 2 4
4 ,
2 2 2 2 4
:
1
2 2 4
1
2 2 4
1
2 2 4
1
2 2 4
1
2 2 4
1
2 2 4
1
2 2 4
1
2 2 4

(16)
Part (b)

Now, we will use this new [A] for calculation of our shape matrix using matlab

The Matlab code is as follows:

%---------- SOLUTION CODE FOR Q NO 4 ---------------

%----------(ASSIGNMENT FEA)-------------------------
clc
clear all
syms x y
P=1000;
% DEFINING a AND b
a=2.0;
b=2.0;
% DEFININT MATERIAL PROPERTIES
v=0.3;
E=70000000000;
%
A=[1 -a/2 -b/2 a*b/4;1 a/2 -b/2 -a*b/4;1 a/2 b/2 a*b/4;1 -a/2 b/2 -a*b/4];
phi=[1 x y x*y];
N=phi*(inv(A));
N1=N(1,1);
N2=N(1,2);
N3=N(1,3);
N4=N(1,4);
NN=[N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0;0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4];
B=[diff(N1,x) 0 diff(N2,x) 0 diff(N3,x) 0 diff(N4,x) 0;0 diff(N1,y) 0 diff(N2,y) 0 diff(N3,y) 0
diff(N4,y);diff(N1,y) diff(N1,x) diff(N2,y) diff(N2,x) diff(N3,y) diff(N3,x) diff(N4,y)
diff(N4,x)];
% DEFINING MATRICES [D] AND [B]
D=(E/((1+v)*(1-2*v))).*[1-v v 0;v 1-v 0;0 0 (1-2*v)/2];
Bt=transpose(B); %TRANSPOSE OF [B]
k1=Bt*D*B;
K=int(int(k1,x,-a/2,a/2),y,-b/2,b/2);
% DEFINING Kff -----------------
%
% FREE NODES -- U1, U3, V3, U4, V4
Kff=[K(1,3) K(1,5) K(1,6) K(1,7) K(1,8); K(5,3) K(5,5) K(5,6) K(5,7) K(5,8);K(6,3) K(6,5)
K(6,6) K(6,7) K(6,8);K(7,3) K(7,5) K(7,6) K(7,7) K(7,8);K(8,3) K(8,5) K(8,6) K(8,7)
K(8,8)];
F=[0;0;-P;0;0] % DEFINING LOAD VECTOR {F}
Uf=(inv(Kff))*F;
%

(17)
%
%---- PART (b)-------
%
U=[0;0;Uf(1,1);Uf(2,1);Uf(3,1);Uf(4,1);0;0];
U=[Uf(1,1);0;0;0;Uf(2,1);Uf(3,1);Uf(4,1);Uf(5,1)]
Epsilon=B*U
Sigma=D*Epsilon

The Resultant displacement and stress values are as follows:

Displacement Value
U1 ‐5.57143E‐09
V1 0
U2 0
V2 0
U3 3.03333E‐08
V3 ‐3.77619E‐08
U4 ‐2.47619E‐08
V4 ‐1.17619E‐08

Part (c)

The resulting relations for stresses are as follows:

Stress Value
σx 262.5y‐262.5‐500x
σy 112.5y‐612.5‐1166.667x
ζXY 75x‐333.333y

(18)
Part (d)

The same problem was modeled and run in Ansys. The model with boundary conditions
and displacement plot are shown below:

(Figure 1- Force and Boundary Conditions)

(Figure 2- Displacement Plot)

(19)
In the following table, Ansys results are shown in comparison with Matlab results:

PARAMETER MATLAB RESULTS ANSYS RESULTS

U1 ‐5.57143E‐09 -5.234E-9
V1 0 0
U2 0 0
V2 0 0
U3 3.03333E‐08 2.9123E-8
V3 ‐3.77619E‐08 -3.567E-8
U4 ‐2.47619E‐08 -2.442E-8
V4 ‐1.17619E‐08 -1.23E-8

(20)
Question No 5
Y

v1, θ1

X P=20
B v2, θ2

2
3
,

20
,
0

0
0
, 3 4
12 6

6
4
10000
10
1
2
2
12 3
10000 2 0.12 0.6
10 3 0.6 4
4

3 100 5 20
2000 3 0
5 1

(21)
 1
3
20
2

12 6

6
2
2000 0.12 0.6
3 0.6 2
2000 1
0.12 0.6 3 20
3 0.6 2 200
20
200 1
300
2
3
1
300

Part (b)

The matlab code for the beam problem is as follows:

%---------- SOLUTION CODE FOR Q NO 5 ---------------

%----------(ASSIGNMENT FEA)-------------------------
clc
clear all
P=20; %FORCE AT THE FREE END
M=0; %MOMENT AT THE FREE END
% DEFINING Geometry
NumberofElement=10;
L=10;
b=1;
h=2;
% DEFININT MATERIAL PROPERTIES
E=10000;
I=(b*h^3)/12;
m=2*NumberofElement;
%
% CONSTRUCTING Kff
%
n=m;
temp=1;
for i=1:m
for j=1:n

(22)
 Kff(i,j)=0;
end
end
for i=1:m
for j=1:n
if i==j
if temp==1
if (m-i)>1
Kff(i,j)=2*E*I/L*(12/L^2);
else Kff(i,j)=E*I/L*(12/L^2);
end
end
if temp==0
if (m-i)>1
Kff(i,j)=2*E*I/L*4;
else Kff(i,j)=E*I/L*4;
end
end
end
if abs(i-j)==1
Kff(i,j)=E*I/L*(6/L);
end
end
if temp==0
temp=1;
else temp=0;
end
end
%
% CONSTRUCTING qf
%
for i=1:m
qf(i)=0;
end
qf(m-1)=P;
qf(m)=M;

qf=transpose(qf);

uf=-inv(Kff)*qf
vc=uf(m-1)
thetac=uf(m)
%----------------------------------------------------

(23)