&

Norman M. Wade
The Lightning Press
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incorporating Change 1 to BSS3
(ADRP 5-0/6-0/1-02 & ATTP 5-0.1)
THE
Battle Staff
The Operations Process
(Doctrine 2015 Updates)
Understand, Visualize,
Describe, Direct,
Lead, and Assess
Military Decisionmaking
Process & Troop Leading
Procedures (MDMP & TLP)
Integrating Processes
& Continuing Activities
(Intel, IPB, Targeting)
Plans & Orders
(WARNOs, OPORDs
and FRAGOs)
Mission Command,
Command Posts & Liaison
Rehearsals &
After Action Reviews
Operational Terms
and Military Symbols
Plan
Design
Prepare
Execute
Completely Updated and
Aligned with the Armys New
Doctrine 2015 Publications!
Assess
Fourth Revised Edition
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The Lightning Press
Norman M. Wade
THE
SMARTbook
Battle Staff
incorporating CHANGE 1 to BSS3
(ADRP 5-0/6-0/1-02 SMARTupdate)
Change 1 (ADRP 5-0/6-0/1-02 SMARTupdate) to BSS3 updates/replaces material in
the third edition Battle Staff SMARTbook (ISBN 978-0-9824859-4-1) with new material
from the Armys new Doctrine 2015 publications; along with pen and ink
reference citation and terminology changes from ATTP 5-0.1, ADRP 2-0 and 3-09.
Read more at: www.TheLightningPress.com/doctrine-2015/
Readers of the 3rd Rev. Ed. Battle Staff SMARTbook (ISBN 978-0-9824859-4-1)
can obtain Change 1 (ADRP 5-0/6-0/1-02 SMARTupdate) to BSS3 online at:
www.TheLightningPress.com/SMARTupdates/
Fourth Revised Edition
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The Battle Staff SMARTbook
The Lightning Press
2227 Arrowhead Blvd.
Lakeland, FL 33813
24-hour Voicemail/Fax/Order: 1-800-997-8827
E-mail: SMARTbooks@TheLightningPress.com
www.TheLightningPress.com
Guide to Designing, Planning &
Conducting Military Operations
Change 1 (ADRP 5-0/6-0/1-02 SMARTupdate) to BSS3 updates/replaces material in the
third edition Battle Staff SMARTbook (ISBN 978-0-9824859-4-1) with new material from
the Armys new Doctrine 2015 publications; along with pen and ink reference citation
and terminology changes from ATTP 5-0.1, ADRP 2-0 and 3-09. Read more at: www.
TheLightningPress.com/doctrine-2015/
Copyright 2012 Norman M. Wade
ISBN: 978-1-935886-21-1
All Rights Reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or other means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval
systems, without permission in writing by the publisher. Inquiries should be addressed to
The Lightning Press.
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any liability to any person or entity with respect to liability, loss, or damage caused directly
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ment. This SMARTbook does not contain classifed or sensitive information restricted from
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The views presented in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily
represent the views of the Department of Defense or its components.
SMARTbook is a trademark of The Lightning Press.
Photo Credits. Cover photo: Directing movements. A U.S. Army Sgt. 1st Class, 509th
Infantry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division directs the
movements of his platoon outside Combat Outpost Zormat, May 30, 2012. (www.fickr.
com/photos/soldiersmediacenter/). Other photos courtesy Department of Defense and the
Military Services.
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
Fourth Revised Edition
incorporating Change 1 (ADRP 5-0/6-0/1-02 SMARTupdate) to BSS3
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Preface-1
Change 1 (ADRP 5-0/6-0/1-02 SMARTupdate) to BSS3 updates/replaces material
in the third edition Battle Staff SMARTbook (ISBN 978-0-9824859-4-1) with new
material from the Armys new Doctrine 2015 publications; along with pen and ink
reference citation and terminology changes from ATTP 5-0.1, ADRP 2-0 and 3-09.
Read more at: http://www.TheLightningPress.com/doctrine-2015/
Readers of the 3rd Rev. Ed. Battle Staff SMARTbook (ISBN 978-0-9824859-4-1) can
obtain Change 1 (ADRP 5-0/6-0/1-02 SMARTupdate) to BSS3 online at:
www.TheLightningPress.com/SMARTupdates/
Doctrine 2015 changes/updates include:
ADP/ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (May 12), provides a discussion of plan-
ning, preparing, executing, and assessing operations. ADRP 5-0 updates doctrine on
the operations process to include incorporating the Armys operational concept of
unifed land operations (ADP 3-0) and the principles of mission command (ADP 6-0).
Overall, the doctrine in ADRP 5-0 remains consistent with FM 5-0, The Operations
Process (2010); the most signifcant change is the restructuring of doctrinal information.
ADP/ADRP 6-0, Mission Command (May 12), presents the Armys guidance on
command, control, and the mission command warfghting function. It describes how
commanders, supported by their staffs, combine the art of command and the science
of control to understand situations, make decisions, direct action, and accomplish
missions. As with other Doctrine 2015 publications, the signifcant change from FM
6-0 (2003), is the restructuring of doctrinal information.
ADP/ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbology (Aug 12), contains
a compilation of Army operational terms, defnitions, abbreviations, and acronyms
as refected in the latest editions of Army doctrinal publications. These terms are
commonly used for the conduct of operations. These terms form the basis for the
language of the land operations and should be understood by all professionals.
ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept 11), includes many of the
appendices previously found in FM 5-0 (2010) and FM 6-0 (2003) that addressed the
how to of mission command. It provides leaders with a single consolidated refer-
ence to assist them with the tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP) associated
with planning, preparing for, executing, and continually assessing operations.
ADP/ADRP 2-0, Intelligence (Aug 12), is the Armys reference publication for Army
intelligence. It provides a common construct for intelligence doctrine from which
Army forces adapt to conduct operations.
SMARTbooks - The Essentials of Warfghting!
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the world, SMARTbooks are designed with all levels of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen,
Marines and Civilians in mind. SMARTbooks can be used as quick reference guides
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professional development courses, and as lesson plans and checklists in support of
training. Serving a generation of warfghters, military reference SMARTbooks have
become mission-essential around the world.
SMARTregister for Updates
Keep your SMARTbooks up-to-date! The Lightning Press will provide e-mail
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lished. Users can register their SMARTbooks online at www.TheLightningPress.com.
CHANGE 1 to BSS3
The Battle Staff SMARTbook (4th Rev. Ed.)
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2-References
References
The following references were used to compile The Battle Staff SMARTbook. All references
are considered public domain, available to the general public, and designated as approved
for public release; distribution is unlimited. The Battle Staff SMARTbook does not contain
classifed or sensitive material restricted from public release.
Joint Publications (JPs)
JP 3-0 Aug 2011 Joint Operations
JP 5-0 Aug 2011 Joint Operation Planning
Army Doctrine 2015 Publications (ADP/ADRP/ATTP)
ADP/ADRP 1-02 Aug 2012 Operational Terms and Military Symbols
ADP/ADRP 2-0 Aug 2012 Intelligence
ADP/ADRP 3-0 May 2012 Unifed Land Operations
ADP/ADRP 3-09 Aug 2012 Fires
ADP/ADRP 3-90 Aug 2012 Offense and Defense
ADP/ADRP 5-0 May 2012 The Operations Process
ADP/ADRP 6-0 May 2012 Mission Command (INCL C-1)
ATTP 5-0.1 Sept 2012 Commander and Staff Offcer Guide
Field Manuals (FMs) Including Previous Editions and Doctrine 2015 Adaptations
FM 5-19 Aug 2006 Composite Risk Management
FM 6-01.1 Jul 2012 Knowledge Management Operations
FM 6-20-10* May 1996 The Targeting Process
(superseded)
FM 34-8-2* May 1998 Intelligence Offcers Handbook
(out-of-print)
FM 34-130* Jul 1994 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld
(superseded by FM 2-01.3)
Leaders Guides,Training Circulars and other Publications
CAC-TMD Aug 2012 Leaders Guide to After Action Reviews (AAR)
(US Army Combined Army Center - Training
Management Division)
BCBL* 1995 Battle Command Techniques and Procedures
(out-of-print)
CALL 93-3* 1993 The Battalion and Brigade Battle Staff
(out-of-print)
CALL 96-12* 1996 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld
(out-of-print)
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Table of Contents-1
Table of Contents
I. The Operations Process (Overview) ...........................................1-1
ADRP 5-0: Major Changes (from FM 5-0) ..........................................................1-2
I. Activities of the Operations Process ................................................................1-4
II. The Nature of Operations ...............................................................................1-6
- Unifed Land Operations (Army)..................................................................1-7
- Decisive Action ............................................................................................1-8
A. Offensive Tasks ...................................................................................1-8
B. Defensive Tasks ..................................................................................1-8
C. Stability Tasks ......................................................................................1-9
D. Defense Support of Civil Authority Tasks ............................................1-9
III. Mission Command .........................................................................................1-6
IV. Principles of the Operations Process ..........................................................1-10
A. Commanders Drive the Operations Process ..........................................1-10
B. Build and Maintain Situational Understanding ........................................ 1-11
C. Apply Critical and Creative Thinking ....................................................... 1-11
D. Encourage Collaboration and Dialogue ..................................................1-12
V. Battle Rhythm ...............................................................................................1-12
VI. Running Estimates ......................................................................................1-12
II. Commanders Activities: Understand, Visualize, ...................1-13
Describe, Direct, Lead, Assess
I. Understand ....................................................................................................1-13
- Operational and Mission Variables (PMESII-PT & METT-TC) ..................1-16
- The Military Aspects of Terrain (OAKOC) ............................................1-17
- Civil Considerations (ASCOPE)...........................................................1-17
- Principles of War and Joint Operations .....................................................1-26
II. Visualize .......................................................................................................1-14
III. Describe.......................................................................................................1-14
A. Commanders Intent ...............................................................................1-18
B. Planning Guidance..................................................................................1-18
C. Commanders Critical Information Requirements (CCIR) .......................1-19
- Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR) ...............................................1-19
- Friendly Force Intelligence Requirement (FFIR)..................................1-19
D. Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI) .................................1-19
IV. Direct ...........................................................................................................1-15
- Operational Framework.............................................................................1-20
- Area of Operations, Area of Infuence, Area of Interest .......................1-20
- Deep-Close-Security, Decisive-Shaping-Sustaining ............................1-21
- Main and Supporting Efforts ................................................................1-21
- Elements of Combat Power ......................................................................1-22
- The Six Warfghting Functions ..................................................................1-23
- Integrating Processes and Continuing Activities .......................................1-24
V. Lead ..............................................................................................................1-15
VI. Assess .........................................................................................................1-15
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The Operations
Process
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A. Planning .....................................................................................1-27
Army Planning Methodologies ..........................................................................1-27
The Value of Planning .......................................................................................1-29
Problem Solving Steps .....................................................................................1-30
Joint Operation Planning ..................................................................................1-32
- Deliberate and Crisis Action Planning (CAP) ............................................1-33
I. Army Design Methodology .............................................................................1-34
- Operational Art and Planning ....................................................................1-35
- Elements of Operational Design and Operational Art ..........................1-35
- Activities of the Army Design Methodology ...............................................1-36
A. Frame an Operational Environment ..................................................1-37
B. Frame the Problem ............................................................................1-38
C. Develop an Operational Approach ....................................................1-40
- Army Design Methodology and the Military Decisonmaking Process .......1-46
II. The Military Decisionmaking Process (MDMP) ............................................1-41
III. Troop Leading Procedures (TLP) ................................................................1-46
Key Components of a Plan ...............................................................................1-42
Guides to Effective Planning .............................................................................1-44
B. Preparation ................................................................................1-47
I. Preparation Activities .....................................................................................1-47
II. Guides to Effective Preparation ....................................................................1-52
A. Secure and Protect the Force .................................................................1-52
B. Improve Situational Understanding .........................................................1-52
C. Understand, Refne, and Rehearse the Plan ..........................................1-52
D. Integrate Organize, and Confgure the Force .........................................1-52
E. Ensure Forces and Resources are Ready and Positioned .....................1-52
C. Execution ...................................................................................1-53
I. Responsibilities During Execution .................................................................1-53
A. Commanders, Deputies, and Command Sergeants Major .....................1-53
B. Staff .........................................................................................................1-56
II. Fundamentals of Execution ..........................................................................1-54
A. Seize the Initiative Through Action ..........................................................1-54
B. Accept Prudent Risk to Exploit Opportunities .........................................1-55
III. Decisionmaking During Execution ...............................................................1-57
A. Assessment and Decisionmaking ...........................................................1-57
B. Variances ................................................................................................1-58
C. Types of Decisions ..................................................................................1-58
- Decision Support Tools ........................................................................1-59
- Change Indicators................................................................................1-60
IV. Rapid Decisionmaking and Synchronization Process (RDSP) ....................1-62
A. Compare the Current Situation to the Order ...........................................1-62
B. Determine the Type of Decision Required ..............................................1-63
C. Develop a Course of Action ....................................................................1-63
D. Refne and Validate the Course of Action ...............................................1-64
E. Implement ...............................................................................................1-64
D. Assessment ...............................................................................1-65
I. The Assessment Process ..............................................................................1-65
A. Monitoring ...............................................................................................1-66
B. Evaluating ...............................................................................................1-66
C. Recommending or Directing Action ........................................................1-66
II. Assessment Working Groups .......................................................................1-67
III. Evaluation Criteria (MOEs, MOPs, and Indicators) .....................................1-68
IV. Formal Assessment Plans ...........................................................................1-70
V. Guides to Effective Assessment ...................................................................1-72
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The Military Decisionmaking Process (MDMP) ............................2-1
I. MDMP Overview ..............................................................................................2-1
II. Running Estimates..........................................................................................2-4
III. The Role of Commanders and Staff ..............................................................2-6
MDMP Step I. Receipt of Mission ...................................................2-7
1. Alert the Staff ..................................................................................................2-7
2. Gather the Tools .............................................................................................2-8
3. Update Running Estimates .............................................................................2-8
4. Conduct Initial Assessment.............................................................................2-8
- Initial Allocation of Available Time ...............................................................2-9
5. Issue the Commanders Initial Guidance ......................................................2-10
6. Issue the Initial Warning Order .....................................................................2-10
MDMP Step II. Mission Analysis ...................................................2-11
1. Analyze the Higher Headquarters Order.......................................................2-12
- Staff Mission Analysis Guidelines by Warfghting Function .......................2-14
2. Perform Initial Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld (IPB) .....................2-12
3. Determine Specifed, Implied, and Essential Tasks ......................................2-12
4. Review Available Assets and Identify Resource Shortfalls ...........................2-13
5. Determine Constraints ..................................................................................2-13
6. Identify Critical Facts and Develop Assumptions ..........................................2-18
7. Begin Composite Risk Management (CRM) .................................................2-18
- Composite Risk Management (CRM) .......................................................2-19
8. Develop Initial CCIR and EEFI .....................................................................2-18
9. Develop Initial Reconnaissance and Surveillance Tools ...............................2-20
10. Develop Initial Reconnaissance and Surveillance Plan ..............................2-21
11. Update Plan for the Use of Available Time .................................................2-21
12. Develop Initial Themes and Messages .......................................................2-21
13. Develop a Proposed Problem Statement ...................................................2-22
14. Develop a Proposed Mission Statement.....................................................2-22
15. Present the Mission Analysis Briefng .........................................................2-24
16. Develop and Issue Initial Commanders Intent ...........................................2-24
17. Develop and Issue Initial Planning Guidance .............................................2-25
- Commanders Planning Guidance by Warfghting Function ......................2-26
18. Develop Course of Action Evaluation Criteria .............................................2-25
19. Issue a Warning Order ................................................................................2-25
MDMP Step III. COA Development ...............................................2-27
COA Screening Criteria ....................................................................................2-29
1. Assess Relative Combat Power....................................................................2-28
2. Generate Options .........................................................................................2-28
3. Array Forces .................................................................................................2-30
4. Develop a Broad Concept.............................................................................2-31
5. Assign Headquarters ....................................................................................2-32
6. Prepare COA Statements and Sketches ......................................................2-34
7. Conduct a Course of Action Briefng .............................................................2-34
8. Select or Modify COAs for Continued Analysis.............................................2-34
Military Decision
Making (MDMP &TLP)
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MDMP Step IV. COA Analysis and War-Game .............................2-35
General War-Gaming Rules .............................................................................2-36
War-Gaming Responsibilities ...........................................................................2-38
1. Gather the Tools ...........................................................................................2-37
2. List all Friendly Forces ..................................................................................2-37
3. List Assumptions ...........................................................................................2-37
4. List Known Critical Events and Decision Points ...........................................2-37
5. Select the War-Game Method ......................................................................2-40
A. The Belt Method ......................................................................................2-40
B. Avenue-in-Depth Method ........................................................................2-40
C. The Box Method .....................................................................................2-40
6. Select a Technique to Record and Display Results ......................................2-42
A. Synchronization Method .........................................................................2-42
B. Sketch Note Technique ...........................................................................2-43
7. War-Game the Operation and Assess the Results .......................................2-44
- Products/Results of the War Game ...........................................................2-45
8. Conduct a War-Game Briefng (Optional) .....................................................2-46
MDMP Step V. COA Comparison ..................................................2-47
1. Conduct Advantages and Disadvantages Analysis.......................................2-48
2. Compare Courses of Action ..........................................................................2-48
- Sample Decision Matrix ............................................................................2-49
3. Conduct a COA Decision Briefng .................................................................2-50
MDMP Step VI. COA Approval ......................................................2-51
1. Commanders Decision ................................................................................2-51
2. Issue Final Commanders Planning Guidance .............................................2-51
3. Issue Final Warning Order ............................................................................2-52
MDMP Step VII. Orders Production ..............................................2-53
1. Prepare the Order or Plan ............................................................................2-53
2. Commanders Review and Approval ............................................................2-53
3. Dissemination and Confrmation ...................................................................2-53
* Plans-to-Ops Transition ..................................................................................2-53
Planning in a Time-Constrained Environment ............................2-55
The Commanders Role ....................................................................................2-55
The Staffs Role ................................................................................................2-55
Time-Saving Techniques...................................................................................2-56
Troop Leading Procedures (TLP) .................................................2-57
1. Receive the Mission......................................................................................2-58
2. Issue a Warning Order ..................................................................................2-58
3. Make a Tentative Plan ..................................................................................2-58
4. Initiate Movement .........................................................................................2-59
5. Conduct Reconnaissance .............................................................................2-59
6. Complete the Plan ........................................................................................2-59
7. Issue the Order .............................................................................................2-59
8. Supervise and Refne ...................................................................................2-59
Troop Leading Procedures and the MDMP ......................................................2-60
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I. Integrating Processes & Continuing Activities .........................3-1
I. Integrating Processes ......................................................................................3-1
II. Continuing Activities........................................................................................3-2
II. Intelligence in the Operations Process .....................................3-3
I. Intelligence Warfghting Function Tasks...........................................................3-3
II. Facilitating Understanding ..............................................................................3-4
III. Intelligence Core Competencies ....................................................................3-5
IV. The Intelligence Process ...............................................................................3-6
V. Types of Intelligence Products ........................................................................3-8
III. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld (IPB) ....................3-11
IPB Step I. Defne the Operational Environment ..............................................3-12
IPB Step II. Describe the Environmental Effects on Operations .......................3-15
A. Analyze Environmental Effects ...............................................................3-15
B. Describe the Environmental Effects on Threat and Friendly ...................3-23
Capabilities and Broad COAs
IPB Step III. Evaluate the Threat/Adversary .....................................................3-24
A. Update or Create Threat/Adversary Models ...........................................3-24
B. Identify Threat/Adversary Capabilities ....................................................3-26
IPB Step IV. Determine Threat/Adversary Courses of Action ...........................3-28
IV. The Decision Support Template (DST) ...................................3-35
Decision Support Matrix....................................................................................3-35
Developing the DST ..........................................................................................3-36
1. MCOO/AA Overlay Development ............................................................3-36
2. Enemy Situation Template (SITEMP) Development ................................3-36
3. Event Template (EVENTEMP) Development ..........................................3-36
4. Targeted Area of Interest (TAI) Development ..........................................3-37
5. Friendly Course of Action (COA) Development .......................................3-37
6. Decision Point and Critical Event Development ......................................3-37
Elements of the DST .........................................................................................3-38
1. Time Phased Lines (TPLs) ......................................................................3-38
2. Named Areas of Interest (NAIs) ..............................................................3-38
3. Targeted Areas of Interest (TAIs) .............................................................3-38
4. Decision Points (DPs) .............................................................................3-38
V. Fires and Targeting (D3A) .........................................................3-39
Targeting (and the Operations Process) ...........................................................3-41
I. Decide............................................................................................................3-40
A. High-Payoff Target List (HPTL) ...............................................................3-40
B. Intelligence Collection Plan .....................................................................3-42
C. Target Selection Standards (TSS) ..........................................................3-42
D. Attack Guidance Matrix (AGM) ...............................................................3-44
II. Detect ...........................................................................................................3-46
III. Deliver ..........................................................................................................3-47
A. Tactical Decisions ...................................................................................3-47
B. Technical Decisions ................................................................................3-48
IV. Assess (Combat Assessment) .....................................................................3-49
A. Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) .........................................................3-49
B. Munitions Effects Assessment (MEA) .....................................................3-49
C. Reattack Recommendation ....................................................................3-50
Integrating
Processes
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6-Table of Contents
I. Plans and Orders .........................................................................4-1
I. Guidance for Plans ..........................................................................................4-2
II. Mission Orders ................................................................................................4-3
III. Types of Plans and Orders ............................................................................4-4
IV. Characteristics of Plans and Orders ..............................................................4-6
II. Task Organization ........................................................................4-7
I. Fundamental Considerations ...........................................................................4-7
II. Command and Support Relationships ............................................................4-9
III. Unit Listing Sequence ..................................................................................4-12
IV. Outline Format (Sample) .............................................................................4-14
III. Administrative Instructions & Examples ...............................4-15
I. Administrative Instructions .............................................................................4-15
A. Acronyms and Abbreviations...................................................................4-15
B. Place and Direction Designations ...........................................................4-15
C. Naming Conventions ..............................................................................4-16
D. Classifcation Markings ...........................................................................4-16
E. Expressing Time .....................................................................................4-16
F. Expressing Unnamed Dates and Times ..................................................4-17
G. Attachments (Annexes, Appendixes, Tabs, and Exhibits) .......................4-18
H. Identifying Pages ....................................................................................4-20
I. Numbering Pages.....................................................................................4-20
IV. Example Plan and Order Formats ...........................................4-20
Warning Order (WARNO) Format ...............................................................4-21
Annotated OPLAN/OPORD Format ............................................................4-22
Attachment Format (General)......................................................................4-28
Overlay Order Format (Example) ................................................................4-30
Fragmentary Order (FRAGO) Format .........................................................4-32
Plans &
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Mission
Command
I. Mission Command Overview.......................................................5-1
I. Mission Command ...........................................................................................5-1
II. The Exercise of Mission Command ................................................................5-2
III. Principles of Mission Command ....................................................................5-4
IV. Information .....................................................................................................5-6
II. Mission Command Warfghting Function .................................5-7
I. Mission Command Warfghting Function Tasks ...............................................5-8
A. Commander Tasks ..................................................................................5-10
B. Staff Tasks ..............................................................................................5-12
C. Additional Tasks ......................................................................................5-14
II. Mission Command System .............................................................................5-9
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Table of Contents-7
III. Command Post (CP) Organization/Operations ......................5-15
I. Command Post Organization.........................................................................5-15
A. Command Posts .....................................................................................5-15
B. Command Group ....................................................................................5-16
C. Early Entry Command Post (EECP) .......................................................5-17
II. Command Post Operations ..........................................................................5-17
A. Standing Operating Procedures..............................................................5-17
B. Battle Rhythm .........................................................................................5-24
C. Meetings .................................................................................................5-25
- Working Groups and Boards ...............................................................5-25
III. Command Post (CP) Organization Considerations .....................................5-18
IV. Command Post Cells and Staff Sections
IV. Liaison .......................................................................................5-27
I. Liaison Fundamentals....................................................................................5-27
A. The Liaison Offcer ..................................................................................5-27
B. Liaison Elements.....................................................................................5-28
II. Liaison Duties ...............................................................................................5-29
III. Liaison Responsibilities ...............................................................................5-30
- Sending Unit..............................................................................................5-30
- Receiving Unit ...........................................................................................5-31
IV. Liaison During Unifed Action .......................................................................5-32
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Rehearsals & After
Action Reviews (AARs)
I. Rehearsals ....................................................................................6-1
I. Rehearsal Techniques .....................................................................................6-2
A. Full-dress Rehearsal .................................................................................6-2
B. Reduced-force Rehearsal .........................................................................6-2
C. Terrain-model Rehearsal ..........................................................................6-2
D. Sketch-map Rehearsal .............................................................................6-3
E. Map Rehearsal..........................................................................................6-3
F. Network Rehearsal ....................................................................................6-3
II. Rehearsal Responsibilities .............................................................................6-4
III. Rehearsal Types ............................................................................................6-6
A. Backbrief ...................................................................................................6-6
B. Combined Arms Rehearsal .......................................................................6-6
C. Support Rehearsal ....................................................................................6-6
D. Battle Drill or SOP Rehearsal ...................................................................6-6
IV. Conducting the Rehearsal .............................................................................6-7
A. Before the Rehearsal ................................................................................6-7
B. During the Rehearsal .............................................................................6-10
- The Rehearsal Script .............................................................................6-9
C. After the Rehearsal .................................................................................6-12
II. The After Action Review (AAR) ................................................6-13
Types of After Action Reviews ..........................................................................6-14
The After Action Review (AAR) .........................................................................6-15
Step 1: Planning the After Action Review ....................................................6-16
Step 2: Preparing the After Action Review ..................................................6-18
Step 3: Conducting the After Action Review ................................................6-20
Step 4: Follow-Up: Using the Results of the After Action Review................6-22
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8-Table of Contents
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Operational Terms,
I. Operational Terms & Acronyms ..................................................7-1
Glossary (ADRP 5-0/6-0) ....................................................................................7-2
Acronyms and Abbreviations ..............................................................................7-3
II. Military Symbology Basics ........................................................7-9
A. Framed Symbols ..........................................................................................7-10
- Amplifers for Framed Symbols .................................................................7-12
B. Unframed Symbols .......................................................................................7-14
C. Echelon Amplifers (Field 6) .........................................................................7-15
III. Units, Individuals, and Organizations ....................................7-17
Main Icons for Units ..........................................................................................7-17
- Full-Frame Icons for Units .........................................................................7-18
- Sector 1 Modifers for Units .......................................................................7-18
- Sector 2 Modifers for Units .......................................................................7-18
- Echelon Amplifers (Field 6) ......................................................................7-18
- Task Force Amplifers (Field 8) ..................................................................7-19
- Reinforced, Detached or Both (Field 1).....................................................7-19
- Command Posts and Command Group Amplifers (Field 14) ...................7-19
- Combat Effectiveness Amplifers (Field 12) ..............................................7-19
- Offset Indicators (Field 11) ........................................................................7-19
- HQs Staff Offset Locator Indicator Amplifer (Field 10) .............................7-19
Main Icons for Individuals (Civilians) and Organizations ..................................7-20
- Sector 1 Modifers .....................................................................................7-20
- Sector 2 Modifers .....................................................................................7-20
IV. Equipment, Installations, Activities ........................................7-21
Main Icons for Installations ...............................................................................7-21
- Sector 1 Modifers for Installations ............................................................7-21
- Sector 2 Modifers for Installations ............................................................7-21
Main Icons for Equipment .................................................................................7-22
- Sector 1 Modifers for Equipment ..............................................................7-23
- Mobility Indicator Amplifer (Field 13) ........................................................7-23
Activities ............................................................................................................7-24
- Sector 1 Modifers for Activities .................................................................7-24
V. Control Measure Symbols ........................................................7-25
Point, Line, Boundary, and Area Symbols ........................................................7-26
Mission Command (Command and Control) ....................................................7-28
Movement and Maneuver .................................................................................7-28
Fires ..................................................................................................................7-29
Protection..........................................................................................................7-29
Sustainment ......................................................................................................7-29
Airspace Control Measures ..............................................................................7-29
Abbreviations and Acronyms for use with Control Measure Symbols ..............7-30
VI. Tactical Mission Tasks .............................................................7-31
A. Mission Symbols ..........................................................................................7-31
B. Effects on Enemy Forces .............................................................................7-32
C. Actions by Friendly Forces ...........................................................................7-33
D. Tactical Mission Tasks (Chart) ......................................................................7-34
Acronyms & Graphics
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(The Operations Process) I. Fundamentals 1-1
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The Armys framework for exercising mission command is the operations processthe
major mission command activities performed during operations: planning, preparing,
executing, and continuously assessing the operation (ADP 5-0). Commanders, sup-
ported by their staffs, use the operations process to drive the conceptual and detailed
planning necessary to understand, visualize, and describe their operational environ-
ment; make and articulate decisions; and direct, lead, and assess military operations.
The activities of the operations process are not discrete; they overlap and recur as
circumstances demand. Planning starts an iteration of the operations process. Upon
completion of the initial order, planning continues as leaders revise the plan based
on changing circumstances. Preparing begins during planning and continues through
execution. Execution puts a plan into action by applying combat power to seize,
retain, and exploit the initiative to gain a position of relative advantage. Assessing is
continuous and infuences the other three activities.
Both the commander and staff have important roles within the operations process. The
commanders role is to drive the operations process through the activities of understand-
ing, visualizing, describing, directing, leading, and assessing operations as depicted ear-
lier. The staffs role is to assist commanders with understanding situations, making and
implementing decisions, controlling operations, and assessing progress. In addition, the
staff assists subordinate units (commanders and staffs), and keeps units and organiza-
tions outside the headquarters informed throughout the conduct of operations.
The Operations Process
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process, fig. 1-1, p. 1-2.
Ref: ADP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12) and ADRP 5-0, The Operations
Process (Mar 12), chap. I.
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Operations Process
I. Fundamentals of the
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1-2 (The Operations Process) I. Fundamentals
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Ref: ADP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), introduction.
ADRP 5-0: Major Changes (from FM 5-0)
ADRP 5-0 is a new publication that expands on the principles of the operations process
found in ADP 5-0. Overall, the doctrine in ADRP 5-0 remains consistent with Field
Manual (FM) 5-0, The Operations Process. The most signifcant change from FM 5-0
is the restructuring of doctrinal information. The principles of the operations process
are now found in ADP 5-0 and ADRP 5-0. A new feld manual (currently under develop-
ment) will address the specifc tactics and procedures associated with planning, preparing,
executing, and assessing operations. In the interim, ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff
Offcers Guide, contains these details.
ADRP 5-0 updates doctrine on the operations process to include incorporating the
Armys operational concept of unifed land operations found in ADP 3-0 and the prin-
ciples of mission command found in ADP 6-0. While the major activities of the operations
process have not changed, the following is a summary of changes by chapter.
ADRP 5-0 provides a starting point for conducting the operations process. It establishes
a common frame of reference and offers intellectual tools Army leaders use to plan,
prepare for, execute, and assess operations. By establishing a common approach and
language for exercising mission command, doctrine promotes mutual understanding and
enhances effectiveness during operations. The doctrine in this publication is a guide for
action rather than a set of fxed rules. In operations, effective leaders recognize when
and where doctrine, training, or even their experience no longer fts the situation, and
adapt accordingly.
Chapter 1 describes the nature of operations in which commanders, supported by
their staffs, exercise mission command. Next, this chapter defnes and describes the
operations process. A discussion of the principles commanders and staffs consider for
the effective execution of the operations process follows. The chapter concludes with
discussions of the integrating processes, continuing activities, battle rhythm, and running
estimates. The following are signifcant changes from FM 5-0 in chapter 1. The principles
of the operations process now include
Commanders drive the operations process
Build and maintain situational understanding
Apply critical and creative thinking
Encourage collaboration and dialogue
ADRP 5-0 adopts the joint defnitions of operational approach, commanders intent, and
risk management. ADRP 5-0 replaces the continuing activity of intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance with information collection.
Chapter 2 defnes planning and plans and lists the values of effective planning. Next,
this chapter describes integrated planning and operational art. The chapter next
describes the Armys planning methodologies: Army design methodology, the military
decisionmaking process, and troop leading procedures. This chapter then describes key
components of a plan or order. This chapter concludes by offering guidelines for effective
planning and describes planning pitfalls that commanders and staffs guard against. The
following are signifcant changes from FM 5-0. ADRP 5-0
Retitles design to Army design methodology and modifes the defnition
Associates the Army design methodology with conceptual planning and operational art
Modifes the defnition of the military decisionmaking process
Modifes step 7 of the military decisionmaking process from orders production to
orders production, dissemination, and transition
Reintroduces key tasks as a component of commanders intent
Modifes guidelines to effective planning
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(The Operations Process) I. Fundamentals 1-3
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Chapter 3 defnes preparation and lists the preparation activities commonly performed
within the headquarters and across the force to improve the units ability to execute
operations. The chapter concludes by providing guidelines for effective preparation. The
following are signifcant changes from FM 5-0. ADRP 5-0
Adds the preparation activity initiate network preparations
Modifes the preparation activity initiate reconnaissance and surveillance to initi-
ate information collection
Modifes the guidelines to effective preparation
Chapter 4 provides guidelines for effective execution. It describes the role of the com-
mander and staff in directing and controlling current operations. Next, this chapter
describes decisionmaking in execution. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the
rapid decisionmaking and synchronization process. ADRP 5-0 modifes guidelines to
effective execution to seize the initiative through action and accept prudent risk to exploit
opportunities.
Chapter 5 defnes assessment as a continuous activity of the operations process and
describes its purpose. Next, it describes an assessment process and offers guidelines
commanders and staffs consider for effective assessment. This chapter concludes with
a discussion of assessment working groups and assessment support from operations
research and systems analysis.
The following are signifcant changes from FM 5-0. ADRP 5-0
Adopts the joint defnition of assessment
Modifes guidelines to effective assessment
ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11)
The following appendixes formally found in FM 5-0 are now found in ATTP 5-0.1:
Command post organization and operations
Military decisionmaking process
Troop leading procedures
Army operation plan and order format
Task organization formats
Running estimates
Formal assessment plans
Rehearsals
Military briefngs
ADP 5-0 and ADRP 5-0 (New & Modifed Terms)
Introductory Table-1. New Army terms
Term Remarks
Army design methodology Replaces design.
Introductory Table-2. Modified Army terms
Term Remarks
assessment Adopts the joint definition.
design Formal definition replaced by Army design methodology.
direct support Modifies the definition.
general support-reinforcing Modifies the definition.
military decisionmaking
process
Modifies the definition.
operational approach Adopts the joint definition.
planning Modifies the definition modified.

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1-4 (The Operations Process) I. Fundamentals
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Ref: ADP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 2 to 6 (and fg. 1, p. iv).
I. Activities of the Operations Process

The Armys framework for exercising mission command is the operations processthe
major mission command activities performed during operations: planning, preparing,
executing, and continuously assessing the operation. Commanders, supported by their
staffs, use the operations process to drive the conceptual and detailed planning neces-
sary to understand, visualize, and describe their operational environment; make and
articulate decisions; and direct, lead, and assess military operations.
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(The Operations Process) I. Fundamentals 1-5
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Understand
To understand something is to grasp its
nature and signifcance. Understanding
includes establishing contextthe set of cir-
cumstances that surround a particular event
or situation. Throughout the operations
process, commanders develop and improve
their understanding of their operational en-
vironment and the problem. An operational
environment is a composite of the condi-
tions, circumstances, and infuences that af-
fect the employment of capabilities and bear
on the decisions of the commander (JP 3-0).
Visualize
As commanders begin to understand their
operational environment and the problem,
they start visualizing a desired end state
and potential solutions to solve the problem.
Collectively, this is known as commanders
visualizationthe mental process of devel-
oping situational understanding, determin-
ing a desired end state, and envisioning an
operational approach by which the force will
achieve that end state. Commanders visu-
alization begins in planning and continues
throughout the operations process until the
force accomplishes the mission.
Describe
After commanders visualize an operation,
they describe it to their staffs and subor-
dinates to facilitate shared understanding
and purpose. During planning, command-
ers ensure subordinates understand their
visualization well enough to begin course
of action development. During execution,
commanders describe modifcations to their
visualization resulting in fragmentary orders
that adjust the original order. Commanders
describe their visualization in doctrinal terms,
refning and clarifying it as circumstances
require. Commanders express their visu-
alization in terms of commanders intent;
planning guidance, including an operation-
al approach; commanders critical informa-
tion requirements (CCIRs); and essential
elements of friendly information (EEFI).
Direct
Commanders direct all aspects of opera-
tions by establishing their commanders
intent, setting achievable objectives, and
issuing clear tasks to subordinate units.
Lead
Through leadership, commanders provide
purpose, direction, and motivation to
subordinate commanders, their staff, and
Soldiers. In many instances, a command-
ers physical presence is necessary to lead
effectively. Where the commander locates
within the area of operations is an impor-
tant leadership consideration. Command-
ers balance their time between leading the
staff through the operations process and
providing purpose, direction, and motiva-
tion to subordinate commanders and
Soldiers away from the command post.
Assess
Commanders continuously assess the
situation to better understand current con-
ditions and determine how the operation
is progressing. Continuous assessment
helps commanders anticipate and adapt
the force to changing circumstances.
Commanders incorporate the assess-
ments of the staff, subordinate command-
ers, and unifed action partners into their
personal assessment of the situation.
Based on their assessment, commanders
modify plans and orders to adapt the force
to changing circumstances.
See pp. 1-65 to 1-72 for further discussion
The activities of the operations process are not discrete; they overlap and recur as
circumstances demand. Planning starts an iteration of the operations process. Upon
completion of the initial order, planning continues as leaders revise the plan based on
changing circumstances. Preparing begins during planning and continues through execu-
tion. Execution puts a plan into action by applying combat power to seize, retain, and
exploit the initiative to gain a position of relative advantage. Assessing is continuous and
infuences the other three activities.
Commanders Drive the Operations Process
Commanders are the most important participants in the operations process. While staffs
perform essential functions that amplify the effectiveness of operations, commanders
drive the operations process through understanding, visualizing, describing, directing,
leading, and assessing operations. See pp. 1-15 to 1-28 for further discussion.
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(The Operations Process) I. Fundamentals 1-7
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Ref: ADP 3-0, Unifed Land Operations (Oct 11).
Unified Land Operations (Army)
Unifed land operations describes how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initia-
tive to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations
through simultaneous offensive, defensive, and stability operations in order to prevent
or deter confict, prevail in war, and create the conditions for favorable confict resolu-
tion. ADP 3-0, Unifed Land Operations, is the Armys basic warfghting doctrine and is
the Armys contribution to unifed action.
Refer to The Army Operations & Doctrine SMARTbook (Guide to Unifed
Land Operations and the Six Warfghting Functions) for discussion of the
fundamentals, principles and tenets of Army operations, plus chapters on
each of the six warfghting functions: mission command, movement and
maneuver, intelligence, fres, sustainment, and protection.
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(The Operations Process) II. Commanders Activities 1-13
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Commanders Activities
Commanders are the most important participants in the operations process. While
staffs perform essential functions that amply the effectiveness of operations,
commanders drive the operations process through understanding, visualizing,
describing, directing, leading, and assessing operations.
The Commanders Role in Ops Process
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process, fig. 1-2, p. 1-3.
I. Understand
Understanding is fundamental to the commanders ability to establish a situations
context. It is essential to effective decision making during planning and execution.
Analysis of the operational and mission variable provides the information used to
develop understanding and frame the problem. In addition, conceptual and de-
tailed planning assist commanders in developing their initial understanding of the
operational environment and the problem. To develop a better understanding of an
operational environment, commanders circulate within the area of operations as
often as possible, collaborating with subordinate commanders and with Soldiers. Us-
ing personal observations and inputs from others (to include running estimates from
the staff), commanders improve their understanding of their operational environment
throughout the operations process.
Information collection (to include reconnaissance and surveillance) is indispensable to
building and improving the commanders understanding. Formulating CCIRs, keeping
them current, determining where to place key personnel, and arranging for liaison
also contribute to improving the commanders understanding. Greater understanding
enables commanders to make better decisions throughout the conduct of operations.
See pp. 1-16 to 1-17 (operational and mission variables) and p. 1-26 (principles of
war and joint operations).
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), chap. I.
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Describe, Direct, Lead, Assess
II. Understand, Visualize
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1-14 (The Operations Process) II. Commanders Activities
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II. Visualize
As commanders begin to understand their operational environment and the problem,
they start visualizing a desired end state and potential solutions to solve the prob-
lem. Collectively, this is known as commander's visualizationthe mental process of
developing situational understanding, determining a desired end state, and envision-
ing an operational approach by which the force will achieve that end state (ADP
5-0). Assignment of a mission provides the focus for developing the commanders
visualization that, in turn, provides the basis for developing plans and orders. During
preparation and execution, the commanders visualization helps commanders deter-
mine if, when, and what to decide, as they adapt to changing conditions.
Completed Commanders Visualization
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process, fig. 1-3, p. 1-4.
In building their visualization, commanders frst seek to understand those conditions that
represent the current situation. Next, commanders envision a set of desired future con-
ditions that represents the operations end state. Commanders complete their visualiza-
tion by conceptualizing an operational approacha description of the broad actions the
force must take to transform current conditions into those desired at end state (JP 5-0).
Commanders apply the Army design methodology and use the elements of opera-
tional art when developing and describing their commanders visualization. They also
actively collaborate with higher, subordinate and adjacent commanders, the staff,
and unifed action partners to assist them in building their visualization. Unifed ac-
tion partners are those military forces, governmental and nongovernmental organiza-
tions, and elements of the private sector that Army forces plan, coordinate, synchro-
nize, and integrate with during the conduct of operations (ADRP 3-0). Because of the
dynamic nature of military operations, commanders must continuously validate their
visualization throughout the operations process.
See p. 1-35 for discussion of the elements of operational design and art.
III. Describe
After commanders visualize an operation, they describe it to their staffs and subordi-
nates to facilitate shared understanding and purpose. During planning, commanders
ensure subordinates understand their visualization well enough to begin course of
action development. During execution, commanders describe modifcations to their
visualization in updated planning guidance and directives resulting in fragmentary
orders that adjust the original order. Commanders describe their visualization in doc-
trinal terms, refning and clarifying it, as circumstances require. Commanders express
their visualization in terms of:
Commanders intent
Planning guidance, including an operational approach
Commanders critical information requirements
Essential elements of friendly information
See pp. 1-18 to 1-19 for further discussion of the above elements.
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1-24 (The Operations Process) II. Commanders Activities
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Integrating Processes &
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 1-11 to 1-12.
Continuing Activities (Direct)
Throughout the operations process, commanders and staffs integrate the warfght-
ing functions to synchronize the force in accordance with the commanders intent and
concept of operations. Commanders and staffs use several integrating processes and
continuing activities to do this.
A. Integrating Processes (See p. 3-1)
In addition to the major activities of the operations process, commanders and staffs use
several integrating processes to synchronize specifc functions throughout the operations
process. The integrating processes are
1. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld (IPB)
Intelligence preparation of the battlefeld (IPB) is a systematic, continuous process of
analyzing the threat and other aspects of an operational environment within a specifc
geographic area. Led by the intelligence offcer, the entire staff participates in IPB to de-
velop and sustain an understanding of the enemy, terrain and weather, and civil consider-
ations. IPB helps identify options available to friendly and threat forces. IPB consists of
four steps. Each step is performed or assessed and refned to ensure that IPB products
remain complete and relevant. The four IPB steps are
Defne the operational environment
Describe environmental effects on operations
Evaluate the threat
Determine threat courses of action
2. Targeting
Targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropri-
ate response to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (JP 3-0).
The purpose of targeting is to integrate and synchronize fres into operations. Targeting
begins in planning, and it is an iterative process that continues through preparation and
execution. The steps of the Armys targeting process are
Decide
Detect
Deliver
Assess
3. Risk Management
Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks arising
from operational factors and making decisions that balance risk cost with mission ben-
efts (JP 3-0). Identifying and accepting prudent risk is a principle of mission command.
Throughout the operations process, commanders and staffs use risk management to
identify and mitigate risks associated with all hazards that have the potential to injure or
kill friendly and civilian personnel, damage or destroy equipment, or otherwise impact
mission effectiveness. Like targeting, risk management begins in planning and continues
through preparation and execution. Risk management consists of the following steps:
Identify hazards
Assess hazards to determine risks
Develop controls and make risk decisions
Implement controls
Supervise and evaluate
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(The Operations Process) II. Commanders Activities 1-25
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B. Continuing Activities (See p. 3-2)
While units execute numerous tasks throughout the operations process, commanders
and staffs always plan for and coordinate the following continuing activities:
1. Liaison
Liaison is that contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of military
forces or other agencies to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose and action
(JP 3-08). Most commonly used for establishing and maintaining close communications,
liaison continuously enables direct, physical communications between commands. Com-
manders use liaison during operations and normal daily activities to help facilitate com-
munications between organizations, preserve freedom of action, and maintain fexibility.
Effective liaison ensures commanders that subordinates understand implicit coordination.
Liaison provides commanders with relevant information and answers to operational ques-
tions, thus enhancing the commanders situational understanding.
2. Information Collection
Information collection is an activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and
employment of sensors, assets, and processing, exploitation, and dissemination systems
in direct support of current and future operations. Information collection integrates the
intelligence and operations staffs functions that are focused on answering the command-
ers critical information requirements. For joint operations, this is referred to as intelli-
gence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). The Army expands the joint ISR doctrine
contained in JP 2-01 by defning information collection as an activity that focuses on
answering the CCIRs. This highlights aspects that infuence how the Army operates as
a ground force in close and continuous contact with the threat and local populace. At the
tactical level, reconnaissance, surveillance, security, and intelligence operations are the
primary means by which a commander plans, organizes and executes tasks to answer
the CCIR. Refer to FM 3-55 for a detailed discussion of information collection.
3. Security Operations
Commanders and staffs continuously plan for and coordinate security operations through-
out the conduct of operations. Security operations are those operations undertaken by a
commander to provide early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the
force being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy,
and to develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force
(FM 3-90). The fve forms of security operations are screen, guard, cover, area security,
and local security. Refer to FM 3-90 for a detailed discussion of security operations.
4. Terrain Management
Terrain management is the process of allocating terrain by establishing areas of opera-
tion, designating assembly areas, and specifying locations for units and activities to de-
confict activities that might interfere with each other. Throughout the operations process,
commanders assigned an area of operations manage terrain within their boundaries.
Through terrain management, commanders identify and locate units in the area. The op-
erations offcer, with support from others in the staff, can then deconfict operations, con-
trol movements, and deter fratricide as units get in position to execute planned missions.
Commanders also consider unifed action partners located in their area of operations and
coordinate with them for the use of terrain.
5. Airspace Control
Airspace control is the process used to increase operational effectiveness by promot-
ing the safe, effcient, and fexible use of airspace (JP 3-52).Throughout the operations
process, commanders and staffs must integrate and synchronize forces and war fghting
functions within an area of operations (ground and air). Through airspace control, com-
manders and staffs establish both positive and procedural controls to maximize the use
of air space to facilitate air-ground operations. Airspace is inherently joint, and the Army
processes and systems used to control and manage airspace are joint compliant.
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), chap. 2.
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Planning is the art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired
future, and laying out effective ways of bringing that future about (ADP 5-0). Planning
helps commanders create and communicate a common vision between command-
ers, their staffs, subordinate commanders, and unifed action partners. Planning
results in a plan and orders that synchronize the action of forces in time, space, and
purpose to achieve objectives and accomplish missions.
Army Planning Methodologies
Successful planning requires the integration of both conceptual and detailed thinking.
Army leaders employ three methodologies for planning, determining the appropriate
mix based on the scope of the problem, their familiarity with it, the time available,
and the availability of a staff. Methodologies that assist commanders and staffs with
planning include:
Planning is both a continuous and a cyclical activity of the operations process.
While planning may start an iteration of the operations process, planning does not
stop with the production of an order. During preparation and execution, the plan is
continuously refned as the situation changes. Through assessment, subordinates
and others provide feedback as to what is working, what is not working, and how the
force can do things better. In some circumstances, commanders may determine that
the current order (to include associated branches and sequels) is no longer relevant
to the situation. In these instances, instead of modifying the current plan, command-
ers reframe the problem and develop an entirely new plan.
Planning may be highly structured, involving the commander, staff, subordinate com-
manders, and others to develop a fully synchronized plan or order. Planning may also
be less structured, involving a platoon leader and squad leaders rapidly determining
a scheme of maneuver for a hasty attack. Planning is conducted for different planning
horizons, from long-range to short-range. Depending on the echelon and circum-
stances, units may plan in years, months, or weeks, or in days, hours, and minutes.
(The Operations Process)
A. Planning
Army Planning Methodologies
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process.
Army Design Methodology
I
The Military Decisionmaking Process
(MDMP)
II
Troop Leading Procedures (TLP)
III
See pp. 1-34 to 1-41.
See pp. 2-1 to 2-56.
See pp. 2-57 to 2-60.
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Ref: JP 5-0, Joint Operation Planning (Aug 11).
Joint Operation Planning
Joint operation planning consists of planning activities associated with joint military opera-
tions by combatant commanders (CCDRs) and their subordinate joint force commanders
(JFCs) in response to contingencies and crises. It transforms national strategic objec-
tives into activities by development of operational products that include planning for the
mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, redeployment, and demobilization
of joint forces. It ties the military instrument of national power to the achievement of
national security goals and objectives and is essential to securing strategic end states
across the range of military operations.
Joint Operation Planning Activities
Ref: JP 5-0, Joint Operation Planning, fig. II-5, p II-14.
Operational
Activities
Planning
Functions
Planning
Products
Plan Assessment
(Refine, Adapt, Terminate, Execute)
Plan
Development
Concept
Development
Strategic
Guidance
Situational Awareness
Planning
Execution
Review Cycle
IPR
F
IPR
R
IPR
C
IPR
A
Prepare to
Deploy Order
Deployment Order
Global Force
Management
Allocation Plan
Execute Order
Operation
Order
Alert
Order
Planning
Order
Warning
Order
Level 1
Commander's Estimate
Level 2
Base Plans (BPLANs)
Approved
Plan
Approved
Concept
Approved
Mission
Level 3
Concept Plans (CONPLANs)
Level 4
Operation Plans (OPLANs)
Joint operation planning provides a common basis for discussion, understanding, and
change for the joint force, its subordinate and higher headquarters, the joint planning and
execution community (JPEC), and the national leadership. The Adaptive Planning and
Execution (APEX) system facilitates iterative dialogue and collaborative planning between
the multiple echelons of command to ensure that the military instrument of national power
is employed in accordance with national priorities, and that the plan is continuously re-
viewed and updated as required and adapted according to changes in strategic guidance,
resources, or the operational environment.
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), p. 2-4 and ADRP 3-0, Unifed
Land Operations (Mar 12), pp. 4-2 to 4-9.
Operational Art and Planning
Conceptual planning is directly associated to operational artthe cognitive approach
by commanders and staffssupported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativ-
ity, and judgmentto develop strategies, campaigns, and operations to organize and
employ military forces by integrating ends, ways, and means (JP 3-0). Operational art
is a thought process that guides conceptual and detailed planning to produce execut-
able plans and orders.
In applying operational art, commanders and their staffs use a set of intellectual tools
to help them communicate a common vision of the operational environment as well
as visualizing and describing the operational approach. Collectively, this set of tools is
known as the elements of operational art. These tools help commanders understand,
visualize, and describe combinations of combat power and help them formulate their
intent and guidance. Commanders selectively use these tools in any operation. How-
ever, their application is broadest in the context of long-term operations. These tools
are useful when using Army design methodology and the military decision-making
process and may frequently be used in both, simultaneously.
The elements of operational art support the commander in identifying objectives that link
tactical missions to the desired end state. They help refne and focus the operational
approach that forms the basis for developing a detailed plan or order. During execution,
commanders and staffs consider the elements of operational art as they assess the situ-
ation. They adjust current and future operations and plans as the operation unfolds.
Elements of
Operational Art
As some elements of operational design
apply only to joint force commanders, the
Army modifes the elements of operational
design into elements of operational art,
adding Army specifc elements. Dur-
ing the planning and execution of Army
operations, Army commanders and staffs
consider the elements of operational art
as they assess the situation.
End state and conditions
Center of gravity
Decisive points
Lines of operations and lines of effort
Operational reach
Basing
Tempo
Phasing and transitions
Culmination
Risk
Elements of
Operational Design
Within operational art, joint force com-
manders and staffs consider elements of
operational design. Elements of operational
design are individual tools that help the joint
force commander and staff visualize and
describe the broad operational approach.
Termination
Military end state
Objective
Effects
Center of gravity
Decisive point
Lines of operations and lines of effort
Direct and indirect approach
Anticipation
Operational reach
Culmination
Arranging operations
Force and functions
Refer to The Joint Forces Operations
& Doctrine SMARTbook and JP 3-0 for
further discussion (operational design).
Refer to The Army Operations & Doctrine
SMARTbook and ADRP 3-0 for further
discussion (elements of operational art).
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 2-14 to 2-22.
Key Components of a Plan
The units task organization, mission statement, commanders intent, concept of opera-
tions, tasks to subordinate units, coordinating instructions, and control measures are key
components of a plan. Commanders ensure their mission and end state nest with those
of their higher headquarters. While the commanders intent focuses on the end state, the
concept of operations focuses on the way or sequence of actions by which the force will
achieve the end state. The concept of operations expands on the mission statement and
commanders intent. Within the concept of operations, commanders may establish objec-
tives as intermediate goals toward achieving the operations end state. When developing
tasks for subordinate units, commanders ensure that the purpose of each task nests with
the accomplishment of another task, with the achievement of an objective, or directly to
the attainment of an end state condition.
Task Organization
Task organization is a temporary grouping of forces designed to accomplish a particular
mission. Commanders task organize the force by establishing command and support
relationships. Command relationships defne command responsibility and authority.
Support relationships defne the purpose, scope, and effect desired when one capability
supports another. The units task organization is in the base plan or order or in Annex
A (Task Organization). Army support relationships are similar but not identical to joint
support relationships. See JP 3-0 for a discussion of joint command and support relation-
ships.
See pp. 4-7 to 4-14 for further discussion of task organization. Command relationships
are discussed on p. 4-10 and support relationships are discussed on p. 4-11.
Mission Statement
The mission is the task, together with the purpose, that clearly indicates the action to be
taken and the reason therefore (JP 3-0). Commanders analyze a mission as the com-
manders intent two echelons above them, specifed tasks, and implied tasks. They also
consider the mission of adjacent units to understand how they contribute to the decisive
operation of their higher headquarters. Results of that analysis yield the essential tasks
thatwith the purpose of the operationclearly specify the action required. This analysis
produces the units mission statementa clear statement of the action to be taken and
the reason for taking it. The mission statement contains the elements of who, what,
when, where, and why, but seldom specifes how. The format for writing a task to subor-
dinate units also follows this format.
Commanders Intent
The commanders intent succinctly describes what constitutes success for the operation.
It includes the operations purpose, key tasks, and the conditions that defne the end
state. It links the mission, concept of operations, and tasks to subordinate units. A clear
commanders intent facilitates a shared understanding and focuses on the overall condi-
tions that represent mission accomplishment. During execution, the commanders intent
spurs disciplined initiative.
The commanders intent must be easy to remember and clearly understood by leaders
and Soldiers two echelons lower in the chain of command. The shorter the commanders
intent, the better it serves these purposes. Commanders develop their intent statement
personally using the following components:
Expanded purpose
Key tasks
End state
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When describing the expanded purpose of the operations, the commanders intent does
not restate the why of the mission statement. Rather, it addresses the broader purpose
of the operations and its relationship to the force as a whole. Key tasks are those activi-
ties the force most perform as a whole to achieve the desired end state. Key tasks are
not specifed tasks for any subordinate unit; however, they may be sources of implied
tasks. Acceptable courses of action accomplish all key tasks. During executionwhen
signifcant opportunities present themselves or the concept of operations no longer fts
the situationsubordinates use key tasks to keep their efforts focused on achieving the
desired end state. The end state is a set of desired future conditions the commander
wants to exist when an operation is concluded. Commanders describe the operations
end state by stating the desired conditions of the friendly force in relationship to desired
conditions of the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations. A clearly defned end state
promotes unity of effort among the force and with unifed action partners.
Concept of Operations
The concept of operations is a statement that directs the manner in which subordinate
units cooperate to accomplish the mission and establishes the sequence of actions the
force will use to achieve the end state. The concept of operations expands on the com-
manders intent by describing how the commander wants the force to accomplish the
mission. It states the principal tasks required, the responsible subordinate units, and how
the principal tasks complement one another. Commanders and staff use the following
operational frameworks to help conceptualize and describe their concept of operation:
Deep-close-security
Decisive-shaping-sustaining
Main and supporting effort
See pp. 1-20 to 1-21 for further discussion of this operational framework from ADRP 3-0.
In addition to the operational frameworks, commanders and staffs consider nested con-
cepts, the sequence of actions and phasing, decisive points and objectives, and lines of op-
erations and lines of effort when conceptualizing and describing the concept of operations.
Tasks to Subordinate Units
Tasks to subordinate units direct individual units to perform a specifc action. Tasks are
specifc activities that contribute to accomplishing missions or other requirements. Tasks
direct friendly action. The purpose of each task should nest with completing another
task, achieving an objective, or attaining an end state condition. When developing tasks
for subordinate units, commanders and staffs use the same who, what (task), when, where,
and why (purpose) construct that they did to develop the units mission statement. Sometimes
commanders may want to specify the type or form of operation to use to accomplish a task.
Coordinating Instructions
Coordinating instructions apply to two or more units. They are located in the coordinat-
ing instructions subparagraph of paragraph 3 (execution) of plans or orders. Examples
include CCIRs, fre support coordination and airspace coordinating measures, rules of
engagement, risk mitigation measures, and the time or condition when the operation
order becomes effective.
Control Measures
Commanders exercise control through control measures established throughout an OPLAN
or OPORD. A control measure is a means of regulating forces or warfghting functions
(ADP 6-0). Control measures are established under a commanders authority; however,
commanders may authorize staff offcers and subordinate leaders to establish them. Com-
manders may use control measures for several purposes: for example, to assign responsi-
bilities, require synchronization between forces, impose restrictions, or establish guidelines
to regulate freedom of action. Control measures are essential to coordinating subordinates
actions. They can be permissive or restrictive. Permissive control measures allow specifc
actions to occur; restrictive control measures limit the conduct of certain actions.
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), chap. 3.
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I. Preparation Activities
Preparation consists of those activities performed by units and Soldiers to improve
their ability to execute an operation (ADP 5-0). Preparation creates conditions that
improve friendly forces opportunities for success. It requires commander, staff, unit,
and Soldier actions to ensure the force is trained, equipped, and ready to execute
operations. Preparation activities help commanders, staffs, and Soldiers understand
a situation and their roles in upcoming operations.
(The Operations Process)
B. Preparation
Mission success depends as much on preparation as on planning. Higher headquar-
ters may develop the best of plans; however, plans serve little purpose if subordi-
nates do not receive them in time. Subordinates need enough time to understand
plans well enough to execute them. Subordinates develop their own plans and
preparations for an operation. After they fully comprehend the plan, subordinate
leaders rehearse key portions of it and ensure Soldiers and equipment are posi-
tioned and ready to execute the operation.
See following pages (pp. 1-48 to 1-51) for further discussion of activities
Commanders, units, and Soldiers conduct to ensure the force is protected and
prepared for execution.
Preparation Activities
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process, table 3-1, p. 3-1.
Continue to coordinate and conduct
liaison
Conduct rehearsals
Initiate information collection Conduct plans-to-operations transitions
Initiate security operations Refine the plan
Initiate troop movement Integrate new Soldiers and units
Initiate sustainment preparations Complete task organization
Initiate network preparations Train
Manage terrain Perform pre-operations checks and
inspections
Prepare terrain Continue to build partnerships and teams
Conduct confirmation briefs
Refer to The Small Unit Tactics SMARTbook for further discussion
of preparation (and pre-combat inspections) from a small unit
perspective. Chapters include tactical mission fundamentals,
offensive operations, defensive operations, stability and
counterinsurgency operations, tactical enabling operations, special
purpose attacks, urban operations and fortifcations, and patrols and
patrolling.
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 3-1 to 3-5.
Preparation Activities
Commanders, units, and Soldiers conduct the following activities to ensure the force is
protected and prepared for execution.
Continue To Coordinate and Conduct Liaison
Coordinating and conducting liaison helps ensure that leaders internal and external to
the headquarters understand their units role in upcoming operations, and that they are
prepared to perform that role. In addition to military forces, many civilian organizations
may operate in the operational area. Their presence can both affect and be affected by
the commanders operations. Continuous coordination and liaison between the command
and unifed action partners helps to build unity of effort.
During preparation, commanders continue to coordinate with higher, lower, adjacent,
supporting, and supported units and civilian organizations.
Establishing and maintaining liaison is vital to external coordination. Liaison enables
direct communications between the sending and receiving headquarters. It may begin
with planning and continue through preparing and executing, or it may start as late as
execution. Available resources and the need for direct contact between sending and
receiving headquarters determine when to establish liaison. Establishing liaisons with
civilian organizations is especially important in stability operations because of the variety
of external organizations and the inherent coordination challenges.
See pp. 5-27 to 5-32 for further discussion.
Initiate Information Collection
During preparation, commanders take every opportunity to improve their situational
understanding prior to execution. This requires aggressive and continuous information
collection. Commanders often direct information collection (to include reconnaissance
operations) early in planning that continues in preparation and execution. Through infor-
mation collection, commanders and staffs continuously plan, task, and employ collection
assets and forces to collect timely and accurate information to help satisfy CCIRs and
other information requirements (see FM 3-55).
Initiate Security Operations
The force as a whole is often most vulnerable to surprise and enemy attack during
preparation, when forces are often concentrated in assembly areas. Leaders are away
from their units and concentrated together during rehearsals. Parts of the force could be
moving to task-organize. Required supplies may be unavailable or being repositioned.
Security operationsscreen, guard, cover, area security, and local securityare essen-
tial during preparation. Units assigned security missions execute these missions while
the rest of the force prepares for the overall operation.
Refer to The Small Unit Tactics SMARTbook for further discussion.
Initiate Troop Movements
The repositioning of forces prior to execution is a signifcant activity of preparation.
Commanders position or reposition units to the right starting places before execution.
Commanders integrate operations security measures with troop movements to ensure
these movements do not reveal any intentions to the enemy. Troop movements include
assembly area reconnaissance by advance parties and route reconnaissance. They also
include movements required by changes to the task organization. Commanders can use
warning orders to direct troop movements before they issue the operation order.
Refer to The Sustainment & Multifunctional Logisticians SMARTbook for further discussion.
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(The Operations Process) B. Preparation 1-49
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Initiate Sustainment Preparation
Re-supplying, maintaining, and issuing supplies or equipment occurs during preparation.
Any repositioning of sustainment assets can also occur. In addition, sustainment ele-
ments need to accomplish many other activities.
During preparation, sustainment planners at all levels take action to optimize means
(force structure and resources) for supporting the commanders plan. These actions
include, but are not limited to, identifying and preparing bases, host-nation infrastructure
and capabilities, contract support requirements, and lines of communications. They also
include forecasting and building operational stocks as well as identifying endemic health
and environmental factors. Integrating environmental considerations will sustain vital
resources and help reduce the logistics footprint.
Planners focus on identifying the resources currently available and ensuring access to
them. During preparation, sustainment planning continues to support operational plan-
ning (branch and sequel development) and the targeting process.
Refer to The Sustainment & Multifunctional Logisticians SMARTbook for further discussion.
Initiate Network Preparation
During preparation, the information network must be tailored and engineered to meet the
specifc needs of each operation. This includes not only the communications, but also
how the commander expects information to move between and be available for leaders
and units within an area of operations.
Manage Terrain
Terrain management is the process of allocating terrain by establishing areas of opera-
tion, designating assembly areas, and specifying locations for units and activities to
deconfict other activities that might interfere with each other. Terrain management is
an important activity during preparation as units reposition and stage prior to execution.
Commanders assigned an area of operations manage terrain within their boundaries.
Through terrain management, commanders identify and locate units in the area. The
operations offcer, with support from others in the staff, can then deconfict operations,
control movements, and deter fratricide as units get in position to execute planned mis-
sions. Commanders also consider unifed action partners located in their area of opera-
tions and coordinate with them for the use of terrain.
Prepare Terrain
Terrain preparation starts with the situational understanding of terrain through proper
terrain analysis. It involves shaping the terrain to gain an advantage, such as improving
cover, concealment and observation, felds of fre, new obstacle effects through reinforc-
ing obstacles, or mobility operations for initial positioning of forces. It can make the dif-
ference between the operations success and failure. Commanders must understand the
terrain and the infrastructure of their area of operations as early as possible to identify
potential for improvement, establish priorities of work, and begin preparing the area.
Conduct Confrmation Briefs
The confrmation brief is a key part of preparation. Subordinate leaders give a confrma-
tion brief to the commander immediately after receiving the operation order. Ideally, the
commander conducts confrmation briefs in person with selected staff members of the
higher headquarters present.
Conduct Rehearsals
A rehearsal is a session in which the commander and staff or unit practices expected
actions to improve performance during execution. Commanders use this tool to ensure
staffs and subordinates understand the concept of operations and commanders intent.
Rehearsals also allow leaders to practice synchronizing operations at times and places
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), p. 4-4.
Decision Support Tools
Several decision support tools assist the commander and staff during execution.
Among the most important are the decision support template, decision support matrix,
and execution matrix. The current operations integration cell uses these tools, among
others, to help control operations and to determine when anticipated decisions are
coming up for execution.
Decision Support Template (DST)
A decision support template is a combined intelligence and operations graphic based
on the results of war gaming. The decision support template depicts decision points,
timelines associated with movement of forces and the fow of the operation, and other
key items of information required to execute a specifc friendly course of action (JP
2-01.3). Part of the decision support template is the decision support matrix. A deci-
sion support matrix is a written record of a war-gamed course of action that describes
decision points and associated actions at those decision points. The decision support
matrix lists decision points, locations of decision points, criteria to be evaluated at
decision points, actions that occur at decision points, and the units responsible to act
on the decision points. It also lists the units responsible for observing and reporting
information affecting the criteria for decisions.
Execution Matrix
An execution matrix is a visual and sequential representation of the critical tasks and
responsible organizations by time. An execution matrix could be for the entire force,
such as an air assault execution matrix, or it may be specifc to a war fghting function,
such as a fre support execution matrix. The current operations integration cell uses
the execution matrix to determine which friendly actions to expect forces to execute
in the near term or, in conjunction with the decision support matrix, which execution
decisions to make.
See pp. 3-35 to 3-38 for further discussion.
3-36 (Integrating Processes) IV. Decision Support Template
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1. The Modied Combined
ObstacIe OverIay (MCOO)/
Avenue of Approach (AA)
OverIay DeveIopment
The frst step in the development of the
DST is the development of the modifed
combined obstacles overlay. The MCOO
then enables the S2 to develop an AA
overlay identifying threat avenues of
approach. The MCOO and avenues of
approach assist the commander and staff
in identifying options that are available
to both the friendly and enemy com-
mander concerning maneuver. The AA
overlay will be used throughout the DST
development process, and will eventually
become the DST.
See pp. 3-18 to 3-21.
2. The Enemy Situation
TempIate (SITEMP)
The second step in the DST develop-
ment process is the development of the
enemy STEMPs. Time may preclude the
development of multiple enemy COAs,
but at least two most probable and most
dangerous COAs should be considered.
3. Event TempIate
(EVENTEMP) DeveIopment
The development of the Event Template
(EVENTEMP) is the third step in the DST
development process. As the S2 develops
each enemy STEMP, he should mentally
wargame each enemy COA and identify
those locations where enemy activity in
each COA helps distinguish that specifc
COA from the others. These areas become
named areas of interest (NAs) for each
STEMP. The STEMPs are then placed indi-
vidually under the AA overlay. The NAs from
each enemy STEMP are then transferred
to the AA overlay. The S2 should focus on
those NAs that assists him in determin-
ing and identifying which COA the enemy
selects. NAs that are common to all COAs
serve no purpose. This AA overlay now
becomes the EVENTEMP. This EVENTEMP
can also serve as a guide in the develop-
ment of the collection and R&S plan. t de-
picts when and where to collect information.
dentifying which COA the enemy selects.
NAs that are common to all COAs serve no
purpose.
This AA overlay now becomes the EVEN-
TEMP.
See p. 3-34.
Developing the DST
Ref: CALL 96-12, p. VI-9 to VI-14.
The commander should provide the S2 with
guidance as he develops his STEMPs.
This guidance may include the number of
enemy COAs that he should develop, or
other specifc for the S2.
Each enemy COA should include a list of
HVTs that the staff uses in the wargaming
and targeting process. The set provides a
basis for formulating friendly COAs.
See pp. 3-32 to 3-33.
The development of a DST uses prod-
ucts developed throughout the entire
planning process. t is not something
that is exclusively done after the plan is
developed. The goal is to use products
that are previously developed during the
planning process. Outlined below is a
six-step process in the development of
the DST:
(Integrating Processes) IV. Decision Support Template 3-37
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4. Targeted Area of Interest
(TAI) Development
The addition of targeted areas of interest
(TAIs) is the next step of the DST develop-
ment process. As the S2 develops each
enemy SITEMP, he must identify those
locations and events where the enemy may
employ potential High Value Targets (HVTs).
These areas become TAIs and are marked
on each individual SITEMP. These TAI
overlays are then placed individually under
the AA/EVENTEMP (overlay #2) and the
TAIs are copied onto overlay #2. TAIs are
defned as points or areas where the friendly
commander can infuence the action by fre
and/or maneuver.
5. Friendly Course of Action
(COA) Development
The ffth step in developing the DST is
friendly COA development. The staff
develops friendly COAs based on the
commanders guidance and the facts and
assumptions identifed during PB and mis-
sion analysis. The commanders guidance
provides a basis for the initial forces array
needed to counter the enemys actions. The
S2s role in friendly COA development
6. Decision Point and
Critical Event Development
The sixth step in the DST developmental
process is to identify decision points. This
takes place when the staff wargames
the enemy and friendly COAs. The TAI/
event template is placed over the friendly
and enemy COA overlays. As the staff
wargames the COAs, a recorder captures
the results of this wargaming process in a
synchronization matrix. During the battle,
the staff identifes all the critical events,
locations, times and decisions that both
friendly and enemy commanders must
make. As the staff proceeds through the
action-reaction-counteraction drill, this
information is added to the TAI/event tem-
plate. At the completion of the wargaming
process, the TAI/event template becomes
the DST. The DST should contain the
same info as the sync matrix, but in a
graphic form.
is to ensure each friendly COA takes
advantage of the opportunities that are of-
fered by the environment (weapons fring
lines, best defensive terrain, intervisibility
lines) and the threat situation (enemy
weaknesses).
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), chap. 5.
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Assessment is the determination of the progress toward accomplishing a task, creat-
ing an effect, or achieving an objective (JP 3-0). Assessment precedes and guides
the other activities of the operations process. Assessment involves deliberately com-
paring forecasted outcomes with actual events to determine the overall effectiveness
of force employment. More specifcally, assessment helps the commander determine
progress toward attaining the desired end state, achieving objectives, and perform-
ing tasks. It also involves continuously monitoring and evaluating the operational
environment to determine what changes might affect the conduct of operations.
I. The Assessment Process
Assessment is continuous; it precedes and guides every operations process activity
and concludes each operation or phase of an operation.
(The Operations Process)
D. Assessment
Broadly, assessment consists of, but is not limited to, the following activities:
Monitoring the current situation to collect relevant information
Evaluating progress toward attaining end state conditions, achieving objec-
tives, and performing tasks
Recommending or directing action for improvement
Throughout the operations process, commanders integrate their own assessments
with those of the staff, subordinate commanders, and other unifed action partners.
Primary tools for assessing progress of the operation include the operation order,
the common operational picture, personal observations, running estimates, and the
assessment plan. The latter includes measures of effectiveness, measures of perfor-
mance, and reframing criteria. The commanders visualization forms the basis for the
commanders personal assessment of progress. Running estimates provide informa-
tion, conclusions, and recommendations from the perspective of each staff section.
See following page (p. 1-66) for further discussion of the assessment process. See
pp. 6-13 to 6-22 for discussion of after action reviews (AARs).
Assessment Process Activities
Monitoring
A
Evaluating B
Recommending or Directing Action C
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Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 5-1 to 5-4.
The Assessment Process
A. Monitoring
Monitoring is continuous observation of those conditions relevant to the current
operation. Monitoring within the assessment process allows staffs to collect relevant
information, specifcally that information about the current situation that can be com-
pared to the forecasted situation described in the commanders intent and concept of
operations. Progress cannot be judged, nor execution or adjustment decisions made,
without an accurate understanding of the current situation.
During planning, commanders monitor the situation to develop facts and assump-
tions that underlie the plan. During preparation and execution, commanders and staffs
monitor the situation to determine if the facts are still relevant, if their assumptions
remain valid, and if new conditions emerged that affect their operations.
Commanders critical information requirements and decision points focus the staffs
monitoring activities and prioritize the units collection efforts. Information requirements
concerning the enemy, terrain and weather, and civil considerations are identifed and
assigned priorities through intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) syn-
chronization. The operations offcers use friendly reports to coordinate.
Staffs monitor and collect information from the common operational picture and
friendly reports. This information includes operational and intelligence summaries from
subordinate, higher, and adjacent headquarters and communications and reports from
liaison teams. Staffs apply information management and knowledge management
principles to facilitate getting this information to the right people at the right time. Staff
sections record relevant information in running estimates. Each staff section maintains
a continuous assessment of current operations as a basis to determine if they are
proceeding according to the commanders intent.
B. Evaluating
The staff analyzes relevant information collected through monitoring to evaluate the
operations progress. Evaluating is using criteria to judge progress toward desired
conditions and determining why the current degree of progress exists. Evaluation is
the heart of the assessment process where most of the analysis occurs. Evaluation
helps commanders determine what is working, determine what is not working, and
gain insights into how to better accomplish the mission.
See following pages (pp. 1-68 to 1-69) for discussion of evaluation criteria (measures
of effectiveness, measures of performance, and indicators).
C. Recommending or Directing Action
Monitoring and evaluating are critical activities; however, assessment is incomplete
without recommending or directing action. Assessment may diagnose problems, but
unless it results in recommended adjustments, its use to the commander is limited.
Based on the evaluation of progress, the staff brainstorms possible improvements to
the plan and makes preliminary judgments about the relative merit of those changes.
Staff members identify those changes possessing suffcient merit and provide them
as recommendations to the commander or make adjustments within their delegated
authority. Recommendations to the commander range from continuing the operation
as planned, executing a branch, or making adjustments not anticipated. Making adjust-
ments includes assigning new tasks to subordinates, reprioritizing support, adjusting
the ISR synchronization plan, and signifcantly modifying the course of action. Com-
manders integrate recommendations from the staff, subordinate commanders, and
other partners with their personal assessment. From those recommendations, they
decide if and how to modify the operation to better accomplish the mission.
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The military decisionmaking process is an iterative planning methodology to under-
stand the situation and mission develop a course of action, and produce an opera-
tion plan or order (ADP 5-0).

Key Inputs

Steps

Key Outputs

Higher headquarter's plan or
order or a new mission
anticipated by the cdr
Higher HQs plan/order
Higher HQs' knowledge and
intelligence products
Knowledge products from
other organizations
Design concept (if developed)


WARNO

Receipt
of Mission
Mission
Analysis
COA
Development
COA
Analysis
(War Game)


Mission statement
Initial cdr's intent, planning
guidance, CCIRs, and EEFIs
Updated IPB and running
estimates
Assumptions
Update running estimates
Revised planning guidance
COA statements/sketches
Updated assumptions
Update running estimates
Refined COAs
Evaluation criteria
War-game results
Updated assumptions
COA
Comparison
COA
Approval
Orders
Production
WARNO

Updated running estimates
Evaluated COAs
Recommended COA
Updated assumptions
Commander-selected COA
with any modifications
Refined commander's intent,
CCIRs, and EEFIs
Updated assumptions
Commander's intial guidance
Initial allocation of time
Mission statement
Initial commander's intent
Initial planning guidance
Initial CCIRs, and EEFIs
Updated IPB & running estimates
Assumptions

WARNO

COA statements and sketches
Tenative task organization
Broad concept of operations
Revised planning guidance
Updated assumptions
Refined COAs
Potential decision points
War-game results
Initial assessment measures
Updated assumptions
Evaluated COAs
Recommended COAs
Updated running estimates
Updated assumptions
Commander-selected COA
with any modifications
Refined commander's intent,
CCIRs, and EEFIs
Updated assumptions
Approved operation plan or
order
I
II
IV
III
V
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, fig. 4-1, p. 4-3.
The Military Decisionmaking Process (MDMP)
VI
VII
Problem statement
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making Process (MDMP)
The Military Decision-
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), chap. 4.
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The military decision making process (MDMP) helps leaders apply thoroughness,
clarity, sound judgment, logic, and professional knowledge to understand situations,
develop options to solve problems, and reach decisions. This process helps com-
manders, staffs, and others think critically and creatively while planning.
Collaborative Planning
The MDMP facilitates collaborative planning. The higher headquarters solicits input
and continuously shares information concerning future operations through planning
meetings, warning orders, and other means. It shares information with subordinate
and adjacent units, supporting and supported units, and other military and civilian
partners. Commanders encourage active collaboration among all organizations
affected by the pending operations to build a shared understanding of the situa-
tion, participate in course of action development and decision making, and resolve
conficts before publishing the plan or order.
Assessment
During planning, assessment focuses on developing an understanding of the current
situation and determining what to assess and how to assess progress using mea-
sures of effectiveness and measures of performance. Developing the units assess-
ment plan occurs during the MDMPnot after developing the plan or order.
See pp. 1-63 to 1-70 for further discussion of assessment.
Preparation
The MDMP also drives preparation. Since time is a factor in all operations, com-
manders and staffs conduct a time analysis early in the planning process. This anal-
ysis helps them determine what actions they need and when to begin those actions
to ensure forces are ready and in position before execution. This may require the
commander to direct subordinates to start necessary movements, conduct task orga-
nization changes, begin surveillance and reconnaissance operations, and execute
other preparation activities before completing the plan. As the commander and staff
conduct the MDMP, they direct the tasks in a series of warning orders (WARNOs).
See pp. 1-45 to 1-50 for further discussion of preparation.
Army Design Methodology and the Military Decision-
making Process (MDMP)
See pp. 1-34 to 1-41 for further discussion of the Army design methodology.
Depending on the situationto include the familiarity of the problemcommanders
conduct Army design methodology before, in parallel with, or after the MDMP. When
faced with an unfamiliar problem or when developing initial plans for extended op-
erations, commanders often initiate the Army design methodology before the MDMP.
This sequence helps them better understand the operational environment, frame the
problem, and develop an operational approach to guide more detailed planning.
Commanders may also elect to conduct the Army design methodology in parallel
with the MDMP. In this instance, members of the staff conduct mission analysis as
the commander and other staff members engage in framing the operational environ-
ment and the problem. Knowledge productssuch as results from intelligence
preparation of the battlefeld and running estimateshelp inform the Army design
methodology team about the operational environment. Commanders may direct
some staff members to focus their mission analysis on certain areas. This focus
helps commanders better understand aspects of the operational environment. The
results of mission analysis (to include intelligence preparation of the battlefeld and
running estimates) inform commanders as they develop their operational approach
that, in turn, facilitates course of action development during the MDMP.
In time-constrained conditions requiring immediate action, or if the problem is famil-
iar, commanders may conduct the MDMP and publish an operation order without
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formally conducting Army design methodology. As time becomes available during
execution, commanders may then initiate Army design methodology to help refne
their commanders visualization and the initial plan developed using the MDMP.
Steps of the Military Decisionmaking Process
The MDMP consists of seven steps. Each step of the MDMP has various inputs, a
method (step) to conduct, and outputs. The outputs lead to an increased understanding
of the situation facilitating the next step of the MDMP. Commanders and staffs generally
perform these steps sequentially; however, they may revisit several steps in an iterative
fashion as they learn more about the situation before producing the plan or order.
Commanders initiate the MDMP upon receipt of or in anticipation of a mission. Com-
manders and staffs often begin planning in the absence of a complete and approved
higher headquarters operation plan (OPLAN) or operation order (OPORD). In these
instances, the headquarters begins a new planning effort based on a WARNO and
other directives, such as a planning order or an alert order from their higher head-
quarters. This requires active collaboration with the higher headquarters and parallel
planning among echelons as the plan or order is developed.
This chapter describes the methods and provides techniques for conducting each
step of the MDMP. This section also describes how the following processes are
integrated throughout the MDMP:
Intelligence preparation of the battlefeld (see pp. 3-11 to 3-34)
Targeting (see pp. 3-39 to 3-50)
Risk management (see pp. 2-19)
Modifying the MDMP
The MDMP can be as detailed as time, resources, experience, and the situation per-
mit. Conducting all steps of the MDMP is detailed, deliberate, and time-consuming.
Commanders use the full MDMP when they have enough planning time and staff
support to thoroughly examine two or more COAs and develop a fully synchronized
plan or order. This typically occurs when planning for an entirely new mission.
Commanders may alter the steps of the MDMP to ft time-constrained circumstances
and produce a satisfactory plan. In time-constrained conditions, commanders assess
the situation, update the commanders visualization, and direct the staff to perform
the MDMP activities that support the required decisions. In extremely compressed
situations, commanders rely on more intuitive decision making techniques, such as
the rapid decision making and synchronization process.
See pp. 2-55 to 2-56 for discussion of planning in a time-constrained environment.
An Army headquarters (battalion through Army Service
component command) uses the MDMP and publishes plans
and orders in accordance with the Army plans and orders
format. An Army headquarters that forms the base of a joint
task force uses the joint operation planning process (JOPP)
and publishes plans and orders in accordance with the joint
format (see JP 5-0 and CJCSM 3122.03C).
An Army headquarters (such as Army Corps) that provides
the base of a joint force or coalition forces land component
command headquarters will participate in joint planning and
receive a joint formatted plan or order. This headquarters then
has the option to use the MDMP or JOPP to develop its own
supporting plan or order written in the proper Army or joint
format to distribute to subordinate commands.
Refer to The Joint Forces Operations & Doctrine SMARTbook.
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Commanders initiate the MDMP upon receipt or in anticipation of a mission. This
step alerts all participants of the pending planning requirements, enabling them to
determine the amount of time available for planning and preparation and decide on a
planning approach, including guidance on design and how to abbreviate the MDMP,
if required. When commanders identify a new mission, commanders and staffs per-
form the actions and produce the expected key outputs.
Alert the Staff and Other Key Participants
1
Gather the Tools 2
Conduct Initial Assessment 4
Update Running Estimates
3
Issue the Commanders Initial Guidance
5
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, pp. 4-4 to 4-5.
I. Receipt of Mission
Issue the Initial Warning Order
6
Key Inputs Key Outputs
Higher headquarters plan or
order or a new mission
anticipated by the commander
Commander's initial guidance
Initial allocation of time
WARNO
1. Alert the Staff and Other Key Participants
As soon as a unit receives a new mission (or when the commander directs), the cur-
rent operations integration cell alerts the staff of the pending planning requirement.
Unit standard operating procedures (SOPs) should identify members of the planning
staff who participate in mission analysis. In addition, the current operations integra-
tion cell also notifes other military, civilian, and host-nation organizations of pending
planning events as required.
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Receipt of Mission
MDMP Step I.
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 4-4 to 4-5.
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2. Gather the Tools
Once notifed of the new planning requirement, the staff prepares for mission analy-
sis by gathering the needed tools. These tools include, but are not limited to:
Appropriate feld manuals, including ADRP 5-0 and ADRP 1-02
All documents related to the mission and area of operations (AO), including
the higher headquarters OPLAN and OPORD, maps and terrain products, and
operational graphics
Higher headquarters and other organizations intelligence and assessment
products
Estimates and products of other military and civilian agencies and organiza-
tions
Both their own and the higher headquarters SOPs
Current running estimates
Any design products, including the design concept
The gathering of knowledge products continues throughout the MDMP. Staff offcers
carefully review the reference sections (located before paragraph 1. Situation) of the
higher headquarters OPLANs and OPORDs to identify documents (such as theater
policies and memoranda) related to the upcoming operation. If the MDMP occurs
while in the process of replacing another unit, the staff begins collecting relevant
documentssuch as the current OPORD, branch plans, current assessments,
operations and intelligence summaries, and SOPsfrom that unit.
3. Update Running Estimates
While gathering the necessary tools for planning, each staff section begins updat-
ing its running estimateespecially the status of friendly units and resources and
key civil considerations that affect each functional area. Running estimates compile
critical facts and assumptions not only from the perspective of each staff section,
but also include information from other staff sections and other military and civilian
organizations. While this task is listed at the beginning of the MDMP, developing and
updating running estimates is continuous throughout the MDMP and the operations process.
See pp. 2-4 to 2-5 for further discussion of running estimates.
4. Conduct Initial Assessment
During receipt of mission, the commander and staff conduct an initial assessment of
time and resources available to plan, prepare, and begin execution of an operation.
This initial assessment helps commanders determine:
The time needed to plan and prepare for the mission for both headquarters and
subordinate units
Guidance on design and abbreviating the MDMP, if required
Which outside agencies and organizations to contact and incorporate into the
planning process
The staffs experience, cohesiveness, and level of rest or stress
This assessment primarily identifes an initial allocation of available time. The
commander and staff balance the desire for detailed planning against the need for
immediate action. The commander provides guidance to subordinate units as early
as possible to allow subordinates the maximum time for their own planning and
preparation of operations. As a rule, commanders allocate a minimum of two-thirds
of available time for subordinate units to conduct their planning and preparation. This
leaves one-third of the time for commanders and their staff to do their planning. They
use the other two-thirds for their own preparation. Time, more than any other factor,
determines the detail to which the commander and staff can plan.
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A key product of this assessment is an initial allocation of available time. The com-
mander and staff balance the desire for detailed planning against the need for im-
mediate action. The commander provides guidance to subordinate units as early as
possible to allow subordinates the maximum time for their own planning and prepara-
tion of operations. As a rule, the commander allocates a minimum of two-thirds of
available time for subordinate units to conduct their planning and preparation. This
leaves one-third of the time for commanders and their staff to do their planning. They
use the other two-thirds for their own preparation. Time, more than any other factor,
determines the detail in which the commander and staff can plan.
Based on the commanders initial allocation of time, the COS or XO develops a staff
planning timeline that outlines how long the headquarters can spend on each step
of the MDMP. The staff planning timeline indicates what products are due, who is re-
sponsible for them, and who receives them. It includes times and locations for meet-
ings and briefngs. It serves as a benchmark for the commander and staff throughout
the MDMP.
A generic time line could be based on the one-third/two-thirds rule:
Mission analysis 30%
COA development 20%
COA analysis/comparison/decision 30%
Orders production 20%
One-Third, Two-Thirds Rule
Effective execution requires issuing timely plans and orders to subordinates. Timely
plans are those issued soon enough to allow subordinates enough time to plan, is-
sue their orders, and prepare for operations. At a minimum, commanders follow the
one-thirdtwo-thirds rule to allocate time available. They use one-third of the time
available before execution for their planning and allocate the remaining two-thirds to
their subordinates for planning and preparation.
Parallel and Collaborative Planning
Commanders ensure that plans are sent to subordinates in enough time to allow
them to adequately plan and prepare their own operations. To accomplish this,
echelons plan in parallel as much as possible. Additionally, new information systems
(INFOSYS) enable echelons to plan collaboratively without being co-located.
Parallel planning is two or more echelons planning for the same operation nearly
simultaneously. Since several echelons develop their plans simultaneously, parallel
planning can signifcantly shorten planning time. The higher headquarters continuously
shares information concerning future operations with subordinate units through warning
orders and other means. Frequent communication between commanders and staff and
sharing of information, such as intelligence preparation of the battlefeld products, helps
subordinate headquarters plan. Parallel planning requires signifcant interaction among
echelons.
Collaborative planning is when commanders, subordinate commanders, staffs
and other partners share information, knowledge, perceptions, ideas, and concepts
regardless of physical location throughout the planning process. Collaboration occurs
during all operations process activities, not just planning. During planning, command-
ers, subordinate commanders, and others in the area of operations share assess-
ments, statuses, and ideas.
See pp. 2-55 to 2-56 for discussion of planning in a time-constrained environment.
Initial Allocation of Available Time
Ref: Adapted from FM 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 10), pp. B-5 (not found in
ATTP 5-0.1 (Sept 11).
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The mission statement contains the elements of who, what, when, where, and why, but
seldom specifes how. The fve elements of a mission statement answer the questions:
Who will execute the operation (unit or organization)?
What is the units essential task (tactical mission task)?
When will the operation begin (by time or event) or what is the duration of the
operation?
Where will the operation occur (AO, objective, grid coordinates)?
Why will the force conduct the operations (for what purpose or reason)?
The why of a mission statement provides the missions purposethe reason the unit is
to perform the task. It is extremely important to mission command and mission orders.
It clarifes the tasks it contains and supports the exercise of subordinates initiative.
The unit mission statementwith the commanders intentprovides the primary focus
for subordinate actions during planning, preparation, execution, and assessment.
Example 1. Not later than 220400 Aug 09 (when), 1st Brigade (who) secures ROUTE
SOUTH DAKOTA (what/task) in AO JACKRABBIT (where) to enable the movement of
humanitarian assistance materials (why/purpose).
Example 2. 1-505th Parachute Infantry Regiment (who) seizes (what/task) JACKSON
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (where) not later than D-day, H+3 (when) to allow follow-
on forces to air-land into AO SPARTAN (why/ purpose).
The mission statement may have more than one essential task:
Example. 1-509th Parachute Infantry Regiment (who) seizes (what/task) JACKSON
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (where) not later than D-day, H+3 (when) to allow follow-
on forces to air-land into AO SPARTAN (why/purpose). On order (when), secure (what/
task) OBJECTIVE GOLD (where) to prevent the 2d Pandor Guards Brigade from
crossing the BLUE RIVER and disrupting operations in AO SPARTAN (why/purpose).
Tactical Mission Tasks
Commanders should use tactical mission tasks or other doctrinally approved tasks
contained in combined arms feld manuals or mission training plans in mission state-
ments. These tasks have specifc military defnitions that differ from dictionary defnitions.
A tactical mission task is a specifc activity performed by a unit while executing a form
of tactical operation or form of maneuver. It may be expressed as either an action by a
friendly force or effects on an enemy force (FM 7-15). FM 3-90 describes each tactical
task. FM 3-07 provides a list of primary stability tasks which military forces must be pre-
pared to execute. Commanders and planners should carefully choose the task that best
describes the commanders intent and planning guidance.
The following is a list of commonly used tactical mission tasks; see pp. 7-31 to 7-34
for a listing of tactical mission tasks to include graphics and defnitions:
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), p. 4-12.
Proposed Mission Statement
attack by fre
block
breach
bypass
canalize
clear
contain
control
counter reconnaissance
defeat
destroy
disengage
disrupt
exfltrate
fx
follow and assume
follow and support
interdict
isolate
neutralize
occupy
reduce
retain
secure
seize
support-by-fre
suppress
turn
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Commanders Planning Guidance
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), table 4-1, p. 4-15.
by Warfighting Function
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Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
Knowledge gaps
Enemy courses of action
Priority intelligence requirements
High-value targets
Terrain and weather factors
Local environment and civil considerations
Counterintelligence
Intelligence support requests
Intelligence focus during phased operations
Desired enemy perception of friendly forces
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Protection priorities
Priorities for survivability assets
Air and missile defense positioning
Terrain and weather factors
Intelligence focus and limitations for security
Acceptable risk
Protected targets and areas
Vehicle and equipment safety or security
constraints
Environmental considerations
Unexploded ordnance
Operational security risk tolerance
Rules of engagement
Escalation of force and nonlethal weapons
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Initial commanders intent
Course of action development guidance
Number of courses of action to consider or not
consider
Critical events
Task organization
Task and purpose of subordinate units
Forms of maneuver
Reserve composition, mission, priorities, and
control measures
Security and counterreconnaissance
Friendly decision points
Branches and sequels
Reconnaissance and surveillance integration
Military deception
Risk to friendly forces
Collateral damage or civilian casualties
Any condition that affects achievement of end
state
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Sustainment prioritiesmanning, fueling, fixing,
arming, moving the force, and sustaining
Soldiers and systems
Army health system support
Sustainment of internment and resettlement
activities
Construction and provision of facilities and
installations
Detainee movement
Anticipated requirements of classes III, IV, and V
Controlled supply rates
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Synchronization and focus of fires with
maneuver
Priority of fires
High priority targets
Special munitions
Target acquisition zones
Observer plan
Task and purpose of fires
Suppression of enemy air defenses
Fire support coordination measures
Attack guidance
Branches and sequels
No strike list
Restricted target list
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Friendly forces information requirement
Rules of engagement
Command post positioning
Commanders location
Initial themes and messages
Succession of command
Liaison officer guidance
Planning and operational guidance timeline
Type of order and rehearsal
Communications guidance
Civil affairs operations
The following list is not intended to meet the need of all situations. Commanders tailor
planning guidance to meet specifc needs based on the situation rather than address
each item.
Refer to The Army Operations & Doctrine SMARTbook (Guide to Unifed
Land Operations and the Six Warfghting Functions) for discussion of the
fundamentals, principles and tenets of Army operations, plus chapters on
each of the six warfghting functions: mission command, movement and
maneuver, intelligence, fres, sustainment, and protection.
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Sample COA Sketch and Statement
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), fg. 4-4, p. 4-21.
MISSION: On order, 3d HBCT clears remnants
of the 72d Brigade in AO TIGER to establish se-
curity and enable the host-nation in reestablish-
ing civil control and governance in the region.
INTENT: The purpose of this operation is to
provide a safe and secure environment in AO
TIGER that enables the host-nation and other
civilian organizations to reestablish civil control,
restore essential services, and reestablish local
governance within the area. At end state, the
BCT has cleared remnant enemy forces in AO
TIGER, secured population centers, and is pre-
pared to responsibility for security to host-nation
authority.
DECISIVE OPERATION: Combined Arms BN #1
(two armor/two mech) (ME) begins movement
from ATK POS B, crosses LD at PD 1, and at-
tacks along axis 1 to clear remnants of the 72d
Brigade and secure the population in OBJ 1.
SHAPING OPERATIONS: Combined Arms BN
#2 (-) (two armor/one mech) in the South fol-
lows Combined Arms BN #1 from ATK POS B,
crosses LD at PD 2, and attacks along DIREC-
TION OF ATTACK 2 to clear OBJ 3 and provide
security to dislocated civilian site vicinity EAST
CITY. RECON squadron in the NORTH begins
movement from ATK POS A, crosses LD at PD
3, and attacks along DIRECTION OF ATTACK 3
to clear the hostile gang vic OBJ 2 and provide
security to enable NGO delivery of humanitarian
assistance to WEST CITY and DODGE CITY.
3rd HBCT Main CP moves and co-locates with
RECON squadron.
The BCT reserve, Mech Company, locates
with BSB vic AA DOG with priority of com-
mitment: 1) OBJ 1 in support of Combined
Arms BN #1; 2) MSR HONDA security; and 3)
Security of supply/relief convoys.
3d HBCT TAC CP moves and co-locates with
Combined Arms BN #1 in OBJ 1. HBCT main
CP locates in ATK POS A. O/O moves and co-
locates with RECON squadron in OBJ 2.
BCT FIRES will disrupt enemy mortars vic
OBJ 1 and position to provide responsive pre-
cision fres to destroy remnant enemy forces
in AO TIGER.
BCT ISR operations focus on: 1) Identifying
the location and disposition of enemy forces
vic. OBJ 1; 2) Observation of MSR HONDA
between PL RED and PL BLUE; and 3)
Observation of dislocated civilian traffc from
CENTER CITY to EAST CITY.
SUSTAINING OPERATION: The BSB will es-
tablish LOGBASE DOG vic WEST CITY with
MSR HONDA, ASR FORD, and ASR BUICK
as the primary routes used to sustain opera-
tions. The BSB coordinates with humanitarian
relief agencies to help rapidly restore essential
services in AO TIGER.
TACTICAL RISK is assumed in the northeast-
ern portion of AO TIGER by utilizing primarily
ISR assets to maintain situational awareness
of hostile elements that may use mountains to
reconstitute forces.
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Analysis & War-Gaming
MDMP Step IV. COA
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 4-22 to 4-35.
COA analysis enables commanders and staffs to identify diffculties or coordination
problems as well as probable consequences of planned actions for each COA being con-
sidered. It helps them think through the tentative plan. COA analysis may require com-
manders and staffs to revisit parts of a COA as discrepancies arise. COA analysis not
only appraises the quality of each COA but also uncovers potential execution problems,
decisions, and contingencies. In addition, COA analysis infuences how commanders and
staffs understand a problem and may require the planning process to restart.
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, fig. 4-5, p. 4-23.
IV. COA Analysis and War-Gaming
Gather the Tools
1
List all Friendly Forces 2
List Known Critical Events & Decision Points 4
List Assumptions
3
Select the War-Gaming Method
5
Select a Technique to Record and Display
Results
6
War-Game the Operation and Assess
the Results
7
Conduct a War-Game Briefing (Optional) 8
Key Inputs Key Outputs
Updated IPB products
Updated running estimates
Updated commander's planning
guidance
COA statements and sketches
Updated assumptions
Refined COAs
Decision support templates and
matrixes
Synchronization matrixes
Potential branches and sequels
Updated running estimates
Updated assumptions
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Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 4-23 to 4-26.
War-Gaming Responsibilities
Chief of Staff (Executive Offcer)
The COS (XO) coordinates actions of the staff during the war game. This offcer is the unbi-
ased controller of the process, ensuring the staff stays on a timeline and achieves the goals
of the war-gaming session. In a time-constrained environment, this offcer ensures that, at a
minimum, the decisive operation is war-gamed.
Intelligence
The assistant chief of staff (ACOS), G-2 (S-2), intelligence, role-plays the enemy com-
mander. This offcer develops critical enemy decision points in relation to the friendly COAs,
projects enemy reactions to friendly actions, and projects enemy losses. When additional intel-
ligence staff members are available, the intelligence offcer assigns different responsibilities to
individual staff members within the section for war gaming (such as the enemy commander,
friendly intelligence offcer, and enemy recorder). The intelligence offcer captures the results
of each enemy action and counteraction as well as the corresponding friendly and enemy
strengths and vulnerabilities. By trying to win the war game for the enemy, the intelligence
offcer ensures that the staff fully addresses friendly responses for each enemy COA. For the
friendly force, the intelligence offcer identifes IRs; refnes the situation and event templates,
including named areas of interest that support decision points; refnes the event template with
corresponding decision points, target areas of interest, and high-value targets; participates in
targeting to select high-payoff targets from high-value targets identifed during IPB; and Rec-
ommends PIRs that correspond to the decision points.
Movement and Maneuver
During the war game, the ACOS, G-3 (S-3), operations, and ACOS, G-5 (S-5), plans, are
responsible for movement and maneuver.
The G-3 (S-3) normally selects the technique for the war game and role-plays the friendly
maneuver commander. The G-3 (S-3) is assisted by various staff offcers such as the aviation
offcer, engineer offcer, and red team members. The G-3 (S-3) executes friendly maneuver as
outlined in the COA sketch and COA statement.
The G-5 (S-5) assesses warfghting requirements, solutions, and concepts for each COA. This
plans offcer develops plans and orders and determines potential branches and sequels arising
from the war-gaming of various COAs. The G-5 (S-5) coordinates and synchronizes warfght-
ing functions in all plans and orders. The planning staff ensures that the war game of each
COA covers every operational aspect of the mission. The members of the staff record each
events strengths and weaknesses and the rationale for each action. They complete the deci-
sion support template and matrix for each COA. The rationale for actions during the war game
are annotated and used later with the commanders guidance to compare COAs.
Fires
The chief of fres (fre support offcer) assesses the fre support feasibility of each COA. For
each COA, the chief of fres develops the fre support execution matrix and evaluation criteria
to measure the effectiveness of the fre support. This offcer develops a proposed high-priority
target list, target selection standards, and attack guidance matrix. The chief of fres identifes
named and target areas of interest, high-value targets, high-priority targets, and additional
events that may infuence the positioning of fre support assets.
Protection
The provost marshal advises the commander regarding military police functions, security,
force protection issues, and the employment of assigned or attached military police elements
for each COA. The provost marshal assesses military police operations in support of freedom
of movement, security for ground lines of communication, operational law enforcement, and
operational internment and resettlement operations.
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Sustainment
The G-1 (S-1) assesses the personnel aspect of building and maintaining the combat power of
units. This offcer identifes potential shortfalls and recommends COAs to ensure units maintain
adequate manning to accomplish their mission. The personnel offcer estimates potential per-
sonnel battle losses and assesses the adequacy of resources to provide HR support.
The G-4 (S-4) assesses the logistics feasibility of each COA. This offcer determines critical
requirements for each logistics function (classes I through VII and IX) and identifes potential
problems and defciencies. The G-4 (S-4) assesses the status of all logistics functions required
to support the COA, including potential support required to provide essential services to the
civilians, and compares it to available assets. This offcer identifes potential shortfalls and
recommends actions to eliminate or reduce their effects. The logistics offcer ensures that
available movement times and assets support each COA.
The G-8 assesses the commanders area of responsibility to determine the best COA for use
of resources. This includes both core functions of fnancial management (resource manage-
ment and fnance operations). This offcer determines partner relationships (joint, interagency,
intergovernmental, and multinational), rqmts for special funding, and support to procurement.
The surgeon section coordinates, monitors, and synchronizes the execution of the Army
health system (AHS) activities for the command for each COA to ensure a ft and healthy force.
The surgeon provides advice for medically related matters and medical activities.
Mission Command
The G-6 (S-6) assesses network operations, electromagnetic spectrum operations, network
defense, and information protection feasibility of each COA. The G-6 (S-6), determines com-
munication systems requirements and compares them to available assets, identifes potential
shortfalls, and recommends actions to eliminate or reduce their effects.
The G-7 (S-7) assesses how effectively the information themes and messages are refected
in operations. This offcer assesses the effectiveness of the media and how the information
themes and messages impact various audiences of interest and populations in and outside the AO.
The G-9 (S-9) ensures each COA effectively integrates civil considerations (the C of METT-
TC). The civil affairs operations offcer considers not only tactical issues, but also sustainment
issues. This offcer assesses how operations affect civilians and estimates the requirements
for essential stability tasks commanders might have to undertake based on the ability of the
unifed action. Host-nation support and care of dislocated civilians are of particular concern.
The civil affairs operations offcers analysis considers how operations affect public order
and safety, the potential for disaster relief requirements, noncombatant evacuation operations,
emergency services, and the protection of culturally signifcant sites. This offcer provides feed-
back on how the culture in the AO affects each COA. If the unit lacks an assigned civil affairs
operations offcer, the commander assigns these responsibilities to another staff member. The
civil affairs operations offcer represents the other actors points of view if these agencies are
not able to participate in the war game for security or other reasons.
The red team staff section provides the commander and G-2 with an independent capability
to fully explore alternatives in plans, operations, concepts, organizations, and capabilities in the
context of the operational environment from the perspectives of adversaries, partners, and others.
The Staff Judge Advocate advises the commander on all matters pertaining to law, policy,
regulation, and good order and discipline for each COA. This offcer provides legal advice
across the spectrum of confict on law of war, rules of engagement, international agreements,
Geneva Conventions, treatment and disposition of noncombatants, and the legal aspects of
lethal and nonlethal targeting.
The ORSA staff section provides analytic support to the commander for planning and assess-
ment of operations. Specifc responsibilities includes providing quantitative analytic support
and assisting other staff elements in developing customized analytical tools.
The use of recorders is particularly important. Recorders are trained to capture coordinating
instructions, subunit tasks and purposes, and information required to synchronize the opera-
tion. Doing this allows part of the order to be written before planning is complete. Automated
INFOSYS simplify this process. These systems enable recorders to enter information into pre-
formatted forms that represent either briefng charts or appendixes to orders. Each staff section
keeps formats available to facilitate networked orders production.
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Belt Technique
Avenue-in-Depth
Technique
Box Technique
The belt method divides
the AO into belts (areas)
running the width of the
AO. The shape of each belt
is based on the factors of
METT-TC. The belt method
works best when conduct-
ing offensive and defen-
sive operations on terrain
divided into well-defned
cross-compartments,
during phased operations
or when the enemy is
deployed in clearly defned
belts or echelons.
The avenue-in-depth
method focuses on one av-
enue of approach at a time,
beginning with the decisive
operation. This method is
good for offensive COAs
or in the defense when
canalizing terrain inhibits
mutual support. In stability
operations, this method
can be modifed. Instead of
focusing on a geographic
avenue, the staff war-
games a line of effort.
The box method is a detailed
analysis of a critical area,
such as an engagement area,
a river-crossing site, or a
landing zone. It is used when
time is constrained. It is par-
ticularly useful when planning
operations in noncontiguous
AOs. The staff isolates the
area and focuses on critical
events in it. Staff members
assume friendly units can
handle most situations on
the battlefeld and focus on
essential tasks.
War-Game Methods
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 4-27 to 4-30.
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The plans-to-operations transition is a preparation activity that occurs within the head-
quarters. It ensures members of the current operations cell fully understand the plan
before execution. During preparation, the responsibility for developing and maintaining
the plan shifts from the plans (or future operations) cell to the current operations cell.
This transition is the point at which the current operations cell becomes responsible
for controlling execution of the operation order. This responsibility includes answer-
ing requests for information concerning the order and maintaining the order through
fragmentary orders. This transition enables the plans cell to focus its planning efforts
on sequels, branches, and other planning requirements directed by the commander.
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), p. 3-4 (and fg. 3-1, p. 3-4).
Conduct Plans-To-Operations Transition
The timing of the plans-to-operations transition requires careful consideration. It must
allow enough time for members of the current operations cell to understand the plan
well enough to coordinate and synchronize its execution. Ideally, the plans cell briefs
the members of the current operations cell on the plans-to-operations transition before
the combined arms rehearsal. This briefng enables members of the current opera-
tions cell to understand the upcoming operation as well as identify friction points and
issues to solve prior to its execution. The transition briefng is a mission briefng that
generally follows the fve-paragraph operation order format. Specifc areas addressed
include, but are not limited to:
Task organization
Situation
Higher headquarters mission (one and two echelons up in the chain of command)
Mission
Commanders intent (one and two echelons up in the chain of command)
Concept of operations
Commanders critical information requirements
Decision support template and matrix.
Branches and sequels
Sustainment
Command and signal
Outstanding requests for information and outstanding issues
Following the combined arms rehearsal, planners and members of the current opera-
tions cell review additional planning guidance issued by the commander and modify
the plan as necessary. Signifcant changes may require assistance from the plans cell
to include moving a lead planner to the current operations cell. The plans cell contin-
ues planning for branches and sequels.
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Procedures (TLP)
Troop Leading
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), chap. 5.
Troop leading procedures extend the MDMP to the small-unit level. The MDMP and
TLP are similar but not identical. They are both linked by the basic Army problem
solving methodology explained. Commanders with a coordinating staff use the
MDMP as their primary planning process. Company-level and smaller units lack for-
mal staffs and use TLP to plan and prepare for operations. This places the responsibil-
ity for planning primarily on the commander or small-unit leader.
1
2
4
3
5
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, fig. 5-2, p. 5-3.
TLP - Planning at Company and Below
6
Plan Development Troop Leading Procedures
Issue Warning Order
Initiate Movement
Supervise and Refine
Complete Plan
Receive Mission
Make Tentative Plan
Conduct Recon
Issue OPORD

Mission Analysis
Analysis of the Mission

Purpose
Tasks Specified, Implied, Essential
Constraints

Written Restated Mission

Terrain and Weather Analysis


Enemy Analysis

Troops Available
Time Available
Risk Assessment
Course of Action Development

Analyze Relative Combat Power
Generate Options


Develop a Concept of Operations

Assign Responsibilities

Prepare COA Statement and Sketch
COA Analysis

Hasty War Game

COA Comparison

COA Selection

METT-TC
7
8
Troop leading procedures are a dynamic process used by small-unit leaders to
analyze a mission, develop a plan, and prepare for an operation (ADP 5-0). These
procedures enable leaders to maximize available planning time while developing
effective plans and preparing their units for an operation. TLP consist of eight steps.
The sequence of the steps of TLP is not rigid. Leaders modify the sequence to meet
the mission, situation, and available time. Leaders perform some steps concurrently,
while other steps may be performed continuously throughout the operation.
Leaders use TLP when working alone or with a small group to solve tactical prob-
lems. For example, a company commander may use the executive offcer, frst
sergeant, fre support offcer, supply sergeant, and communications sergeant to
assist during TLP.
Refer to The Small Unit Tactics SMARTbook for further discussion of
troop leading procedures and related activities/topics -- such as combat
orders, preparation and pre-combat inspections (PCIs), and rehearsals
-- from a small unit perspective.
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Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 5-3 to 5-10.
Refer to The Small Unit Tactics SMARTbook for further discussion.
Troop Leading Procedures (TLP)
TLP provide small-unit leaders a framework for planning and preparing for operations.
This occurs in steps 1 and 2 of TLP and is refned in plan development. Plan develop-
ment occurs in step 3 and is completed in 6 of TLP. These tasks are similar to the steps
of the military decisionmaking process (MDMP).
1. Receive the Mission
Receive the mission may occur in several
ways. It may begin with the initial WARNO
or OPORD from higher headquarters or
when a leader anticipates a new mission.
Frequently, leaders receive a mission in
a FRAGO over the radio. Ideally, they
receive a series of WARNOs, the OPORD,
and a briefng from their commander.
Normally after receiving an OPORD, lead-
ers give a confrmation brief to their higher
commander to ensure they understand the
higher commanders intent and concept of
operations. The leader obtains clarifcation
on any portions of the higher headquarters
plan as required.
When they receive the mission, leaders
perform an initial assessment of the situa-
tion (METT-TC analysis) and allocate the
time available for planning and prepara-
tion. (Preparation includes rehearsals and
movement.) This initial assessment and
time allocation forms the basis of their
initial WARNOs.
Leaders complete a formal mission state-
ment during TLP step 3 (make a tentative
plan) and step 6 (complete the plan).
Based on what they know, leaders
estimate the time available to plan and
prepare for the mission. They begin by
identifying the times at which major plan-
ning and preparation events, including
rehearsals, must be complete. Reverse
planning helps them do this. Leaders iden-
tify the critical times specifed by higher
headquarters and work back from them.
Critical times might include aircraft loading
times, the line of departure time, or the
start point for movement.
Leaders ensure that all subordinate
echelons have suffcient time for their own
planning and preparation needs. A general
rule of thumb for leaders at all levels is to
use no more than one-third of the available
time for planning and issuing the OPORD.
2. Issue a Warning Order
As soon as leaders fnish their initial as-
sessment of the situation and available
time, they issue a WARNO. Leaders do not
wait for more information. They issue the
best WARNO possible with the information
at hand and update it as needed with ad-
ditional WARNOs.
The WARNO contains as much detail as
possible. It informs subordinates of the
unit mission and gives them the leaders
timeline. Leaders may also pass on any
other instructions or information they think
will help subordinates prepare for the new
mission. This includes information on the
enemy, the nature of the higher headquar-
ters plan, and any specifc instructions for
preparing their units. The most important
thing is that leaders not delay in issuing
the initial WARNO. As more information
becomes available, leaders canand
shouldissue additional WARNOs. By is-
suing the initial WARNO as quickly as pos-
sible, leaders enable their subordinates to
begin their own planning and preparation.
WARNOs follow the fve-paragraph
OPORD format. Normally an initial WAR-
NO issued below battalion level includes:
Mission or nature of the operation
Time and place for issuing the
OPORD
Units or elements participating in the
operation
Specifc tasks not addressed by unit
SOPs
Timeline for the operation
3. Make a Tentative Plan
Once they have issued the initial WARNO,
leaders develop a tentative plan. This
step combines the MDMP steps 2 through
6: mission analysis, COA development,
COA analysis, COA comparison, and COA
approval. At levels below battalion, these
steps are less structured than for units
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& Continuing Activities
I. Integrating Processes
I. Integrating Processes
Throughout the operations process, commanders and staffs integrate the warfghting
functions to synchronize the force in accordance with the commanders intent and
concept of operations. Commanders and staffs use several integrating processes
and continuing activities to do this. In addition to the major activities of the operations
process, commanders and staffs use several integrating processes to synchronize
specifc functions throughout the operations process. The integrating processes are:
1. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld (IPB)
Intelligence preparation of the battlefeld (IPB) is a systematic, continuous process of
analyzing the threat and other aspects of an operational environment within a spe-
cifc geographic area. Led by the intelligence offcer, the entire staff participates in
IPB to develop and sustain an understanding of the enemy, terrain and weather, and
civil considerations. IPB helps identify options available to friendly and threat forces.
IPB consists of four steps. Each step is performed or assessed and refned to ensure
that IPB products remain complete and relevant. The four IPB steps are
Defne the operational environment
Describe environmental effects on operations
Evaluate the threat
Determine threat courses of action
See pp. 3-11 to 3-34.
2. Targeting
Targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appro-
priate response to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (JP
3-0). The purpose of targeting is to integrate and synchronize fres into operations.
Targeting begins in planning, and it is an iterative process that continues through
preparation and execution. The steps of the Armys targeting process are
Decide
Detect
Deliver
Assess
See pp. 3-39 to 3-50.
3. Risk Management
Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks aris-
ing from operational factors and making decisions that balance risk cost with mission
benefts (JP 3-0). Identifying and accepting prudent risk is a principle of mission
command. Throughout the operations process, commanders and staffs use risk
management to identify and mitigate risks associated with all hazards that have the
potential to injure or kill friendly and civilian personnel, damage or destroy equip-
ment, or otherwise impact mission effectiveness. Like targeting, risk management
begins in planning and continues through preparation and execution.
See p. 2-19.
Ref: ADRP 5-0, The Operations Process (Mar 12), pp. 1-11 to 1-12. See also pp. 1-26 to 1-27.
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Ref: ADRP 2-0, Intelligence (Aug 12), pp. 5-9 to 5-12.
V. Types of Intelligence Products
The G-2/S-2 staff produces and maintains a broad variety of products tailored to its con-
sumers. These products are developed and maintained in accordance with the command-
ers guidance. For all of these products, the primary focus of the G-2/S-2 staffs analysis
is presenting predictive intelligence to support operations. Intelligence products include:
A. Intelligence Estimate
An intelligence estimate is the appraisal, expressed in writing or orally, of available intel-
ligence relating to a specifc situation or condition with a view to determining the courses
of action open to the threat and the order of probability of their adoption. The G-2/S-2
staff develops and maintains the intelligence estimate. The primary purpose is to
Determine the full set of COAs open to the threat and the probable order of their
adoption
Disseminate information and intelligence
Determine requirements concerning threats and other relevant aspects of the
operational environment
The intelligence estimate is a logical and orderly examination of intelligence factors af-
fecting the accomplishment of a mission (threats, terrain and weather, and civil consid-
erations). It provides commanders with an analysis of the area of interest and threat
strengths and capabilities that can infuence their mission. An intelligence estimate may
be prepared at any level. It may be formal or informal and detailed or summarized. It is
normally written at division and higher levels and briefed down to the battalion level. The
following is an example of the basic information and intelligence that could be included:
Mission.
Analysis of the AO. This analysis of the terrain is based on
The military aspects of terrain (OAKOC).
Other signifcant characteristics.
The effects of the terrain on friendly and threat operations and civil considerations.
The effects of weather on friendly and threat operations and civil considerations:
Operational climatology data and information, light data, and predictive weather effects
based on specifc weather sensitivity thresholds.
The current weather conditions based on the military aspects of weather (visibility, wind,
precipitation, cloud cover, temperature, and humidity).
Projected weather forecasts with signifcant seasonal trends for that specifc geographic
location.
An analysis of the civil considerations and projected effects of civil considerations on friendly
and threat operations, and vice versa.
Current threat situation. This is based on the threat characteristics (see FM 2-01.3) and
includes estimates of the strength of threat forces, recent signifcant threat activities and trends,
and threat peculiarities and weaknesses.
Threat capabilities. These are the broad COAs and supporting operations that threats can take
to achieve their goals and objectives. The G-2/S-2 staff considers each threats ability to con-
duct each operation based on the mission variables (METT-TC) related to the current situation.
Threat characteristics. These provide a framework for the consistent evaluation of any force.
The G-2/S-2 staff considers composition, disposition, strengths, weaknesses, combat effective-
ness, doctrine and tactics, command and support relationships, electronic technical data, capabil-
ities and limitations, current operations, and historical data when analyzing threat characteristics.
Summary of the most signifcant points. This includes:
- The most signifcant terrain and weather and civil considerations effects on
operations.
- Potential impacts of operations on terrain and civil considerations.
- At a minimum, the most likely and most dangerous threat COAs.
- The most signifcant threat strengths and vulnerabilities.
The intelligence estimate also includes four tabs: Tab A (Terrain), Tab B (Weather), Tab C
(Civil Considerations), and Tab D (IPB).
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B. Intelligence Summary (INTSUM)
INTSUMs provide the context for commanders situational understanding. The INTSUM
refects the G-2s/S-2s interpretation and conclusions regarding threats, terrain and
weather, and civil considerations over a designated period of time. This period will vary
with the desires of the commander and the requirements of the situation. The INTSUM
provides a summary of the threat situation, threat capabilities, the characteristics of terrain
and weather and civil considerations, and COAs.
The INTSUM can be presented in written, graphic, or oral format, as directed by the com-
mander. The INTSUM assists in assessing the current situation and updating other intel-
ligence reports. It is disseminated to higher, lower, and adjacent units. The INTSUM has
no prescribed format. The following is an example of the basic information and intelligence
that should be included in an INTSUM:
Date-time group (DTG) of the INTSUM and the period of time the INTSUM covers.
Weather and weather effects that include current and forecast meteorological parameters and
analysis based on the military aspects of weather and weather sensitivity thresholds.
Signifcant threat activities over the reporting period and a near-term analysis of threat intent
and activity.
Signifcant impacts of civil considerations on operations and vice versa.
Subunit assessments of signifcant threat activities and civil considerations in the AO over
the reporting period and a near-term analysis of threat intent and activity.
Notable trends in threat activity over a designated period of time (such as the previous 14
days). This may be presented as an all-source analysis product or focused on specifc threat ac-
tivities of interest to the commanderor both. This portion of the INTSUM should highlight new
or emerging threats and the level of impact that each threat may present to the units operations.
Combat damage assessment roll-up includes known or estimated threat unit strengths, signif-
cant threat systems degraded or destroyed, and all known captured, wounded, or killed threat
personnel during the reporting period.
Written threat situation or situation template (as of a specifc DTG).
Assessments include a near-term and long-term assessment of threat activities with as much
detail as possible based on available information and current intelligence analysis. INTSUMs are
predictive in nature. When specifc intelligence or information is not available, INTSUMs must
contain the G-2/S-2s best assessment of probabilities of threat actions based on experience and
professional military judgment.
HVTLs (in coordination with the targeting offcer) may include high-value individuals, depending
on the unit mission.
Current PIRs and projected PIRs by phase.
Planning requirements tools and products.
Special assessments are developed for any unique circumstance that requires additional analysis.
C. Intelligence Running Estimate
Effective plans and successful execution hinge on accurate and current running esti-
mates. A running estimate is the continuous assessment of the current situation used to
determine if the current operation is proceeding according to the commanders intent and
if the planned future operations are supportable (ADP 5-0). Failure to maintain accurate
running estimates may lead to errors or omissions that result in fawed plans or bad deci-
sions during execution. Running estimates are principal knowledge management tools
used by the commander and staff throughout the operations process. In their running
estimates, the commander and each staff section continuously consider the effect of new
information and update the following: facts, assumptions, friendly force status, threat
activities and capabilities, civil considerations, recommendations and conclusions.
D. Common Operational Picture (COP)
A common operational picture is a single display of relevant information within a com-
manders area of interest tailored to the users requirements and based on common data
and information shared by more than one command (ADRP 6-0). The COP is the primary
tool for supporting the commanders situational understanding. All staff sections provide
input from their area of expertise to the COP.
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Ref: Adapted from FM 34-130, Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld (Jul 94).
of the Battlefield (IPB)
IPB is conducted during mission planning to support the commanders decision
making and to form the basis for the direction of intelligence operations in support of
current and future missions. It utilizes existing databases and identifes gaps in intel-
ligence needed to determine the impact of the enemy, environment, and terrain on
operations and presents this in an appropriate form to facilitate operational planning.
It forms the basis for situation development.
The G-2/S-2 leads the staff through the IPB process. Staff offcers must assist the
G-2/S-2 in developing IPB products to include the situational template (SITEMP)
within their own areas of expertise or functional area.
The principles and steps of the IPB process remain constant regardless of the type
of mission, unit, staff section, or echelon conducting IPB. The application of the
principles, however, varies with each specifc situation. Similarly, a given unit or staff
section does not always prepare all IPB products in every situation. Determining
which products to prepare and identifying their relative priority depends on the fac-
tors of METT-TC and command guidance.
Editors note. FM 34-130, Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld (Jul 94) has been
superseded by FM 2-01.3, Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld/Battlespace (Oct
09), which carries distribution restrictions. Despite some changes in terminology and the
provision of additional considerations, the fundamentals and steps of the IPB process as
presented here from FM 34-130 (unrestricted distribution) remain essentially unchanged.
III. Intelligence Preparation
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld (IPB) is a systematic, continuous process
of analyzing the threat and the environment. IPB supports staff estimates and the
decision-making process. It helps commanders apply and maximize their combat
power at the critical point in time and space on the battlefeld. The doctrinal prin-
ciples of IPB are sound and can be applied to all situations at all levels. However,
the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) of applying IPB may vary according to
the mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available (METT-TC) situation.
IPB Process
Define the Battlefield Environment I
Describe the Battlefields Effects II
Determine Threat Courses of Action (COAs)
IV
Evaluate the Threat III
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IPB Step I. Defne the Operational Environment
Defning the battlefeld environment includes identifying characteristics that infuence
friendly and threat operations. It helps determine the area of interest (AI) and identi-
fes gaps in intelligence.
Identify Significant Characteristics of
the Environment
1
Identify the Limits of the Commands
Area of Operations
2
Evalute Existing Databases and Identify
Intelligence Gaps
4
Establish the Limits of the Area of Influence
and Area of Interest
3
Initiate Collection of Information Required 5
I. Define the Operational Environment
1. Identify Signifcant Characteristics of the
Environment
Characteristics of the battlefeld environment that will infuence the commanders
decisions or affect the COAs available to friendly forces or to the threat are of special
signifcance in the IPB process.
Depending on the situation, these might include:
Geography, terrain, and weather of the area.
Population demographics (ethnic groups, religious groups, etc.)
Political or socioeconomic factors, including role of clans, tribes, gangs, etc.
Infrastructures, such as transportation or telecommunications
Rules of engagement (ROE) or legal restrictions such as international treaties
Threat and paramilitary forces, and their capabilities in general terms
Initially, examine each characteristic only in general terms to identify those of sig-
nifcance to the command and its mission. Further evaluation of the effects of each
characteristic takes place during later steps of the IPB process.
Identifying the signifcant characteristics of the battlefeld environment helps estab-
lish the geographical limits of the AI and directs analytical efforts in steps 2 and 3
of the IPB process. It also helps identify gaps in the common understanding of the
battlefeld, serving as a guide to the type of intelligence and information required.
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(Integrating Processes) III. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld 3-21
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Combined Obstacle Overlay
Combine the several factor overlays into a single product known as the combined ob-
stacle overlay. The combined obstacle overlay integrates the evaluations of the various
factors into a single product depicting the battlefelds effects on mobility.
The Combined Obstacle Overlay &
Ref: FM 34-130, Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefeld (Jul 94), pp. 2-10 to 2-21 .
Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO)
Combined Obstacle Overlay
Ref: FM 34-130, Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield, fig. 2-7, p. 2-15.
Combine all evaluated factors to produce an integrated product:
Vegetation
Surface
Drainage
Et Cetera
Combined
Obstacles
+
+
Modifed Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO)
To construct a MCOO, start with the combined obstacle overlay and consider adding:
Cross-country mobility classifcations: Mark areas of RESTRICTED and
SEVERELY RESTRICTED cross-country mobility.
AAs and mobility corridors: Tailor these to the type force under consideration,
basing them on factors other than mobility as required. Categorize them by the
size force they accommodate and rank them in priority order if justifed. While
it is possible to put both ground and air mobility corridors and AAs on the same
overlay, clarity may require separate overlays. Consider both friendly and threat
avenues.
Countermobility obstacles: Include only those known to exist in the AI.
Defensible terrain: Evaluate terrain along each AA to identify potential battle
positions or possible defensive sectors for subordinate units.
Engagement areas: Combine the results of evaluating defensible terrain with
the results of evaluating observation and felds of fre to identify potential en-
gagement areas.
Key terrain: Identify any areas or terrain features which dominate the AAs or
objective areas. These will usually correspond to terrain already identifed as
potential battle positions or intermediate objectives.
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Ref: ADRP 3-09, Fires (Aug 12) and adaptations from FM 6-20-10, The Targeting
Process (May 96).
Army targeting uses the functions decide, detect, deliver, and assess (D3A) as its
methodology. Its functions complement the planning, preparing, executing, and
assessing stages of the operations process. Army targeting addresses two target-
ing categoriesdeliberate and dynamic. Deliberate targeting prosecutes planned
targets. Dynamic targeting prosecutes targets of opportunity and changes to planned
targets or objectives.
Targeting (D3A)
V. Fires and
Targeting Methodology
Ref: ADRP 3-09 Fires and FM 34-8-2, app. F.
Target
Development
TVA
HPT and HVT
TSS
Attack Options
Attack
Guidance
Target
Deception
Means
Detection
Procedures
Target
Tracking
Attack
Planned
Targets
Targets of
Opportunity
Desired Effects
Attack Systems
Tactical Level
Operational
Level
Restrike
Feedback
Decide Detect Assess Deliver I II IV
III
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Dynamic Targeting
Dynamic targeting has six distinct steps: fnd, fx, track, target, engage, and assess.
Targets of opportunity have been the traditional focus of dynamic targeting because
decisions on whether and how to engage must be made quickly. Planned targets
are also covered during dynamic targeting but the steps simply confrm, verify, and
validate previous decisions (in some cases requiring changes or cancellation).
The fnd, fx, and track steps tend to be information intensive, while the target and
engage steps are typically labor force and decisionmaking intensive. The fnal phase
of dynamic targeting is assessment.
Find, Fix, Finish, Exploit, Analyze and Disseminate (F3EAD)
Find, fx, fnish, exploit, analyze, and disseminate (F3EAD) provides maneuver lead-
ers at all levels with a methodology that enables them to organize resources and
array forces. While the targeting aspect of F3EAD is consistent with D3A methodol-
ogy, F3EAD provides the maneuver commander an additional tool to address certain
targeting challenges, particularly those found in a counterinsurgency environment.
F3EAD is not a replacement for D3A nor is it exclusive to targeting; rather it is an
example of tactics, techniques, and procedures that works best at the battalion/tacti-
cal level for leaders to understand their operational environment and visualize the
effects they want to achieve.
Refer to FM 3-09 and FM 3-60 for more details.
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4-4 (Plans & Orders) I. Overview
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Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 12-2 to 12-4.
III. Types of Plans and Orders
Plans
Plans come in many forms and vary in scope, complexity, and length of planning hori-
zons. Strategic plans establish national and multinational military objectives and include
ways to achieve those objectives. Operational-level or campaign plans cover a series of
related military operations aimed at accomplishing a strategic or operational objective
within a given time and space. Tactical plans cover the employment of units in opera-
tions, including the ordered arrangement and maneuver of units in relation to each other
and to the enemy within the framework of an operational-level or campaign plan. There
are several types of plans:
1. Campaign plan
A campaign plan is a joint operation plan for a series of related major operations aimed
at achieving strategic or operational objectives within a given time and space (JP 5-0).
Developing and issuing a campaign plan is appropriate when the contemplated simul-
taneous or sequential military operations exceed the scope of a single major operation.
Only joint force commanders develop campaign plans.
2. Operation Plan (OPLAN)
An operation plan is plan for the conduct of military operations prepared in response
to actual and potential contingencies (JP 5-0). An operation plan (OPLAN) may ad-
dress an extended period connecting a series of objectives and operations, or it may be
developed for a single part or phase of a long-term operation. An OPLAN becomes an
operation order when the commander sets an execution time or designates an event that
triggers the operation.
3. Supporting Plan
A supporting plan is an operation plan prepared by a supporting commander, a subordi-
nate commander, or an agency to satisfy the requests or requirements of the supported
commanders plan (JP 5-0). For example, the ARFOR commander develops a support-
ing plan as to how Army forces will support the joint force commanders campaign plan
or OPLAN.
4. Concept Plan
In the context of joint operation planning level 3 planning detail, a concept plan is an
operation plan in an abbreviated format that may require considerable expansion or
alteration to convert it into a complete operation plan or operation order (JP 5-0). Often
branches and sequels are written as concept plans. As time and the potential allow for
executing a particular branch or sequel, these concept plans are developed in detail into
OPLANs.
5. Branch
A branch describes the contingency options built into the base plan. A branch is used
for changing the mission, orientation, or direction of movement of a force to aid success
of the operation based on anticipated events, opportunities, or disruptions caused by
enemy actions and reactions. Branches are also used in stability operations to address
potential actions and reactions of populations.
6. Sequel
In a campaign, a sequel is a major operation that follows the current major operation. In
a single major operation, a sequel is the next phase. Plans for a sequel are based on the
possible outcomes (success, stalemate, or defeat) associated with the current opera-
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tion. A counteroffensive, for example, logically follows a defense; exploitation and pursuit
follow successful attacks. Building partner capacity is a logical sequence to restoring
essential services, and security force assistance is a logical sequel to restoring minimum
civil security. Normally, executing a sequel begins another phase of an operation if not a
new operation. Branches and sequels are tied to execution criteria. Commanders care-
fully review them before execution and update them based on assessment of current
operations.
Orders
An order is a communicationverbal, written, or signaledwhich conveys instructions
from a superior to a subordinate. Commanders issue orders verbally or in writing. The
fve-paragraph format (situation, mission, execution, sustainment, and command and sig-
nal) remains the standard for issuing orders. The technique used to issue orders (verbal
or written) is at the discretion of the commander; each technique depends on time and
the situation. Army organizations use three types of orders:
See pp. 4-15 to 4-32 for administrative instructions and sample formats.
1. Operation Order (OPORD)
An operation order is a directive issued by a commander to subordinate commanders for
the purpose of effecting the coordinated execution of an operation (JP 5-0). Command-
ers issue OPORDs to direct the execution of long-term operations as well as the execu-
tion of discrete short-term operations within the framework of a long-range OPORD.
See pp. 4-22 to 4-27 for a sample format.
2. Fragmentary Order (FRAGO)
A fragmentary order is an abbreviated form of an operation order issued as needed after
an operation order to change or modify that order or to execute a branch or sequel to
that order (JP 5-0). FRAGOs include all fve OPORD paragraph headings and differ from
OPORDs only in the degree of detail provided. An example of a proper naming conven-
tion for a FRAGO to an OPORD is, FRAGO 11 to OPORD 3411. If a FRAGO contains
an entire annex, then the proper naming convention would be, Annex A (Task Organiza-
tion) to FRAGO 12 to OPORD 3411.
See p. 4-32 for a sample format.
3. Warning Order (WARNO)
A warning order is a preliminary notice of an order or action that is to follow (JP 3-33).
WARNOs help subordinate units and staffs prepare for new missions by describing the
situation, providing initial planning guidance, and directing preparation activities.
See p. 4-21 for a sample format.
Joint Planning Processes, Procedures and Orders
To properly understand and execute the joint commanders
plan, Army commanders and staffs must be familiar with
joint planning processes, procedures, and orders formats.
In addition to the above types of order, Army forces
may receive the following types of orders from a joint
headquarters: planning order, alert order, execute order,
and prepare-to-deploy order.
For clarifcation and guidance on planning orders, alert
orders, execute orders, and prepare-to-deploy orders refer
to The Joint Forces Operations & Doctrine SMARTbook and
JP 5-0.
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Use specifc letters to designate unnamed dates and times in plans and orders.
C-, D-, and M-days end at 2400 hours, Universal Time (ZULU time). They are as-
sumed to be 24-hours long for planning. Plans and orders state the letters used and
their meanings. If a plan mentions more than one event, refer to the secondary event
in terms of the time of the primary event. Staffs refer to days preceding or following
C-, D-, or M-day by using a plus or minus sign and an Arabic number after the letter.
For example, D 3 is three days before D-day; D + 7 is seven days after D-day. When
using a time element other than days, staffs spell it out. For example, D + 3 months.
Staffs refer to hours preceding or following (H- or L-hour) by a plus or minus sign and
an Arabic number after the letter. For example, H 3 is three hours before H-hour; H
+ 7 is seven hours after H-hour. When using a time element other than hours, staffs
spell it out. For example, H + 30 minutes.
Where it is necessary to identify a particular operation or exercise, staffs place a
nickname or code words before the letter, such as BALD EAGLE (D-day) or ANVIL
EXPRESS (M-day).
F. Expressing Unnamed Dates and Times
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), p. 12-8.
Term Definition
C-day The unnamed day on which a deployment operation commences or is to commence. The
deployment may be movement of troops, cargo, weapon systems, or a combination of these
elements using any or all types of transport. The letter C will be the only one used to
denote the above. The highest command or headquarters responsible for coordinating the
planning will specify the exact meaning of C-day within the aforementioned definition. The
command or headquarters directly responsible for the execution of the operation, if other
than the one coordinating the planning, will do so in light of the meaning specified by the
highest command or headquarters coordinating the planning (JP 1-02).
D-day The unnamed day on which a particular operation commences or is to commence (JP 3-02).
F-hour The effective time of announcement by the Secretary of Defense to the Military Departments
of a decision to mobilize Reserve units (JP 1-02).
H-hour The specific hour on D-day at which a particular operation commences (JP 1-02).
H-hour
(amphibious
operations)
For amphibious operations, the time the first assault elements are scheduled to touch down
on the beach, or a landing zone, and in some cases the commencement of countermine
breaching operations (JP 3-02).
P-hour
(airborne
operations)
In airborne assault operations, the specific hour on D-day at which a parachute assault
commences with the exit of the first Soldier from an aircraft over a designated drop zone.
P-hour may or may not coincide with H-hour (ATTP 5-0.1).
L-hour The specific hour on C-day at which a deployment operation commences or is to commence
(JP 1-02).
L-hour
(amphibious
operations)
In amphibious operations, the time at which the first helicopter of the helicopter-borne
assault wave touches down in the landing zone (JP 3-02).
M-day The term used to designate the unnamed day on which full mobilization commences or is
due to commence (JP 1-02).
N-day The unnamed day an active duty unit is notified for deployment or redeployment (JP 1-02).
R-day Redeployment day. The day on which redeployment of major combat, combat support, and
combat service support forces begins in an operation (JP 1-02).
S-day The day the President authorizes Selective Reserve callup (not more than 200,000)
(JP 1-02).
T-day The effective day coincident with Presidential declaration of national emergency and
authorization of partial mobilization (not more than 1,000,000 personnel exclusive of the
200,000 callup) (JP 1-02).
W-day Declared by the President, W-day is associated with an adversary decision to prepare for
war (unambiguous strategic warning) (JP 3-02.1).
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Officers Guide, table 12-1, p. 12-8.
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Fragmentary Order (FRAGO) Format
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), fg. 12-5, p. 12-25.
[page number]
[CLASSIFICATION]
[CLASSIFICATION]
(Change from verbal orders, if any) (Optional)
Copy ## of ## copies
Issuing headquarters
Place of issue
Date-time group of signature
Message reference number
FRAGMENTARY ORDER [number]
(U) References: Refer to higher the order being modifed.
(U) Time Zone Used Throughout the OPLAN/OPORD:
1. (U) Situation. Include any changes to the existing order or state No change. For
example, No change to OPORD 03-XX.
2. (U) Mission. State No change.
3. (U) Execution. Include any changes or state No change.
a. (U) Commanders Intent. Include any changes or state No change.
b. (U) Concept of Operations. Include any changes or state No change.
c. (U) Scheme Movement and Maneuver. Include any changes or state No
change.
d. (U) Scheme of Intelligence. Include any changes or state No change.
e. (U) Scheme of Fires. Include any changes or state No change.
f. (U) Scheme of Protection. Include any changes or state No change.
g. (U) Stability Operations. Include any changes or state No change.
h. (U) Assessment. Include any changes or state No change.
i. (U) Tasks to Subordinate Units. Include any changes or state No change.
j. (U) Coordinating Instructions. State Current overlay remains in effect or See
change 1 to Appendix 2 (Operation Overlay) to Annex C (Operations). Mark changes
to control measures on overlay or issue new overlay.
4. (U) Sustainment. Include any changes or state No change.
5. (U) Command and Signal. Include any changes or state No change.
ACKNOWLEDGE:

[Commanders last name]
[Commanders rank]
OFFICIAL:
[Authenticators name]
[Authenticators position]
ANNEXES:
DISTRIBUTION:
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(Mission Command) I. Mission Command Overview 5-1
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Ref: ADRP 6-0, Mission Command (May 12), preface and chap. 1.
Historically, military commanders have employed variations of two basic
concepts of command: mission command and detailed command. While some
have favored detailed command, the nature of operations and the patterns of
military history point to the advantages of mission command. Mission command
has been the Armys preferred style for exercising command since the 1980s.
The concept traces its roots back to the German concept of Auftragstaktik,
which translates roughly to mission-type tactics. Auftragstaktik held all German
commissioned and noncommissioned offcers duty bound to do whatever the
situation required, as they personally saw it. Understanding and achieving the
broader purpose of a task was the central idea behind this style of command.
Commanders expected subordinates to act when opportunities arose.
I. Mission Command
Mission command is the exercise of authority and direction by the commander
using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commanders
intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unifed land
operations (ADP 6-0). Mission command is one of the foundations of unifed
land operations. This philosophy of command helps commanders capitalize on
the human ability to take action to develop the situation and integrate military
operations to achieve the commanders intent and desired end state. Mission
command emphasizes centralized intent and dispersed execution through dis-
ciplined initiative. This precept guides leaders toward mission accomplishment.
Disciplined initiative fosters agile and adaptive forces. Throughout operations,
unexpected opportunities and threats rapidly present themselves. The nature
of military operations requires responsibility and decision making at the point
of action. Leaders and subordinates who exercise initiative, within the com-
manders intent, create opportunity by taking action to develop the situation.
Agile leaders are comfortable with uncertainty and understand that disciplined
initiative is an important part of being adaptive. Successful Army leaders
adapt their thinking, their formations, and their employment techniques to the
specifc situation they face. Adaptive leaders realize that concrete answers
or perfect solutions to operational problems are rarely apparent. They un-
derstand that there may be periods of reduced uncertainty as the situation
evolves. Agile and adaptive leaders use initiative to set and dictate the terms
of action. They accept they will often have to act despite signifcant gaps in
their understanding. Agile and adaptive leaders make timely adjustments in
response to changes in their operational environment.
Through mission command, commanders integrate and synchronize opera-
tions. Commanders understand they do not operate independently but as part
of a larger force. They integrate and synchronize their actions with the rest of
the force to achieve the overall objective of the operation. Commanders cre-
ate and sustain shared understanding and purpose through collaboration and
dialogue within their organizations and with unifed action partners to facilitate
unity of effort. They provide a clear commanders intent and use mission
orders to assign tasks, allocate resources, and issue broad guidance. Guided
by the commanders intent and the mission purpose, subordinates take ac-
tions that will best accomplish the mission. They take appropriate actions and
perform the necessary coordination without needing new orders.
I. Mission Command
Overview
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5-2 (Mission Command) I. Mission Command Overview
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Ref: ADRP 6-0, Mission Command (May 12), pp. 1-2 to 1-5.
II. The Exercise of Mission Command
To function effectively and have the greatest chance for mission accomplishment, com-
manders, supported by their staffs, exercise mission command throughout the conduct of
operations. In this discussion, the exercise of mission command refers to an overarching
idea that unifes the mission command philosophy of command and the mission command
war fghting function. The exercise of mission command encompasses how Army com-
manders and staffs apply the foundational mission command philosophy together with the
mission command war fghting function, guided by the principles of mission command.
An effective approach to mission command must be comprehensive, without being
rigid. Military operations are affected by human interactions and as a whole defy orderly,
effcient, and precise control. People are the basis of all military organizations. Com-
manders understand that some decisions must be made quickly and are better made at
the point of action. Mission command concentrates on the objectives of an operation,
not how to achieve it. Commanders provide subordinates with their intent, the purpose
of the operation, the key tasks, the desired end state, and resources. Subordinates then
exercise disciplined initiative to respond to unanticipated problems. Mission command is
based on mutual trust and shared understanding and purpose. It demands every Soldier
be prepared to assume responsibility, maintain unity of effort, take prudent action, and
act resourcefully within the commanders intent.
Mission Command as a Philosophy
As the Armys philosophy of command, mission command emphasizes that command is
essentially a human endeavor. Successful commanders understand that their leader-
ship directs the development of teams and helps to establish mutual trust and shared
understanding throughout the force. Commanders provide a clear intent to their forces
that guides subordinates actions while promoting freedom of action and initiative. Sub-
ordinates, by understanding the commanders intent and the overall common objective,
are then able to adapt to rapidly changing situations and exploit feeting opportunities.
They are given the latitude to accomplish assigned tasks in a manner that best fts the
situation. Subordinates understand that they have an obligation to act and synchronize
their actions with the rest of the force. Likewise, commanders infuence the situation and
provide direction and guidance while synchronizing their own operations. They encour-
age subordinates to take action, and they accept prudent risks to create opportunity and
to seize the initiative. Commanders at all levels need education, rigorous training, and
experience to apply these principles effectively. Mission command operates more on
self-discipline than imposed discipline.
Mission Command as a Warfghting Function
Mission commandas a warfghting functionassists commanders in balancing the art
of command with the science of control, while emphasizing the human aspects of mis-
sion command. A war fghting function is a group of tasks and systems (people, organi-
zations, information, and processes) united by a common purpose that commanders use
to accomplish missions (ADRP 3-0). The mission command war fghting function consists
of the mission command war fghting function tasks and the mission command system.
See pp. 5-7 to 5-14 for further discussion of mission command as a warfghting function.
Mission Command System
Commanders need support to exercise mission command effectively. At every echelon of
command, each commander establishes a mission command systemthe arrangement
of personnel, networks, information systems, processes and procedures, and facilities
and equipment that enable commanders to conduct operations (ADP 6-0). Commanders
organize the fve components of their mission command system to support decision mak-
ing and facilitate communication. The most important of these components is personnel.
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(Mission Command) I. Mission Command Overview 5-3
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The Exercise of Mission Command
Ref: ADRP 6-0, Mission Command, fig. 1-1, p. 1-3.
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(Mission Command) III. CP Organization/Operations 5-21
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Sample Shift-Change Briefing
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), fg. 3-3, p. 3-10.
Current mission and commanders intent (COS [XO])
Enemy situation (G-2 [S-2])
Signifcant enemy actions during the last shift
Current enemy situation and changes in the most likely enemy courses of action
Anticipated signifcant threat activity in the next 12/24/48 hours
Changes in priority intelligence requirements (PIRs)
Limited visibility and weather update
Changes to collection priorities/updates to the intelligence synchronization tools
Disposition and status of selected reconnaissance and surveillance units and
capabilities
Civil Situation (G-9 [S-9])
Signifcant actions by the population during the last shift
Current civil situation
Disposition and status of civil affairs units and capabilities
Signifcant activities involving the population anticipated during the next shift
Friendly situation (G-3 [S-3])
Signifcant friendly actions during the last shift
Subordinate units disposition and status
Higher and adjacent units disposition and status
Major changes to the task organization and tasks to subordinate units that oc-
curred during the last shift
Answers to CCIRs and changes in CCIRs
Changes to reconnaissance and surveillance
Disposition and status of selected reconnaissance and surveillance units and
capabilities
Answers to FFIRs and changes in FFIRs
Signifcant activities/decisions scheduled for next shift (decision support matrix)
Anticipated planning requirements
Running estimate summaries by warfghting function and staff section
Briefngs include
Any signifcant activities that occurred during the last shift
The disposition and status of units within their area of expertise
Any changes that have staff wide implications (for example, higher headquarters
changed the controlled supply rate for 120 mm HE, so that means...).
Upcoming activities and anticipated changes during the next shift
CP operations and administration (headquarters commandant or senior opera-
tions noncommissioned offcer).
COS or XO guidance to the next shift, including staff priorities and changes to
the battle rhythm.
Fires
Air liaison offcer
Aviation offcer
Air and missile defense offcer
G-7 (S-7)
Engineer offcer
Chemical offcer
Provost marshal
G-1 (S-1)
G-4 (S-4)
G-6 (S-6)
CP logistic issues
CP security
CP displacement plan and proposed
new locations
Priority of work
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5-22 (Mission Command) III. CP Organization/Operations
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IV. Command Post Cells and Staff Sections
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 3-4 to 3-8.
While each echelon and type of unit organizes CPs differently, two types of CP cells
exist: functional and integrating. Functional cells group personnel and equipment by
warfghting function. Integrating cells group personnel and equipment to integrate the
warfghting functions by planning horizon.
A. Functional Cells
Functional cells coordinate and synchronize forces and activities by warfghting function.
The functional cells within a CP are intelligence, movement and maneuver, fres, protec-
tion, sustainment, and command and control. Echelons above brigade are resourced for
all six functional cells.
Intelligence Cell. The intelligence cell coordinates activities and systems that help com-
manders understand the enemy, terrain and weather, and civil considerations. The intel-
ligence cell requests, receives, and analyzes information from all sources to produce and
distribute intelligence products. This includes tasks associated with intelligence prepara-
tion of the battlefeld and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Most of the intel-
ligence staff section resides in this cell. The units intelligence offcer leads this cell.
Movement and Maneuver Cell. The movement and maneuver cell coordinates activities
and systems that move forces to achieve a position of advantage in relation to the enemy.
This includes tasks associated with combining forces with direct fre or fre potential (ma-
neuver) and force projection (movement) related to gaining a positional advantage over
an enemy. Elements of the operations, airspace command and control, aviation, engineer,
geospatial information and service, and space staff sections form this cell. The operations
offcer leads this cell. Staff elements in this cell also form the core of the current operations cell.
Fires Cell. The fres cell coordinates activities and systems that provide collective and
coordinated use of Army indirect fres, joint fres, and C2 warfare through the targeting
process. The fres cell is comprised of elements of fre support, Air Force (or air compo-
nent), and electronic warfare staff section. The chief of fres (or fre support offcer brigade
and below) leads this cell.
Protection Cell. The protection cell coordinates the activities and systems that preserve
the force through composite risk management. This includes tasks associated with
protecting personnel, physical assets, and information. Elements of the following staff sec-
CP Cells (Functional and Integrating)
Long-Range
Planning
Mid-Range
Planning
Short-Range
Planning &
Execution
Develops initial
OPLAN/OPORD
Plans for follow-on
phases (sequels)
Develops branch
contingency plans
Assesses long-range
progress of
operatons
Refines and modifies
OPLANS and
OPORDs based on
current situation
Develops branches
Assesses mid-range
progress of operations
Issues OPORDs,
FRAGOs and
WARNOs
Monitors, evaluates,
directs and controls
execution of orders
Conducts limited
short-term planning
Conducts operation
update and
assessment brief
Plans Future Ops Current Ops
What next? What if? What is.
OPLAN/
OPROD
OPLAN/
OPROD/
FRAGO
OPORD/
FRAGO
Months/Weeks Weeks/Days Days/Hours
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Functional Cells Integrating Cells
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(Mission Command) IV. Liaison 5-27
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Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), chap. 9.
This section discusses liaison fundamentals and responsibilities of liaison offcers
and teams. It addresses requirements distinct to contingency operations and uni-
fed action. It includes liaison checklists and an example outline for a liaison offcer
handbook.
I. Liaison Fundamentals
Liaison is that contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of mili-
tary forces or other agencies to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose
and action (JP 3-08). Liaison helps reduce uncertainty. Most commonly used for
establishing and maintaining close communications, liaison continuously enables
direct, physical communications between commands. Commanders use liaison dur-
ing operations and normal daily activities to help facilitate communications between
organizations, preserve freedom of action, and maintain fexibility. Effective liaison
ensures commanders that subordinates understand implicit coordination. Liaison
provides commanders with relevant information and answers to operational ques-
tions, thus enhancing the commanders confdence.
Liaison activities augment the commanders ability to synchronize and focus combat
power. They include establishing and maintaining physical contact and communica-
tions between elements of military forces and nonmilitary agencies during unifed
action. Liaison activities ensure:
Cooperation and understanding among commanders and staffs of different
headquarters
Coordination on tactical matters to achieve unity of effort
Synchronization of lethal and non-lethal operations
Understanding of implied or inferred coordination measures to achieve syn-
chronized results
A. Liaison Offcer
A liaison offcer (LNO) represents a commander or staff offcer. Laos transmit
information directly, bypassing headquarters and staff layers. A trained, competent,
trusted, and informed LNO (either a commissioned or a noncommissioned offcer)
is the key to effective liaison. LNOs must have the commanders full confdence and
experience for the mission.
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ATTP 5-0.1, table 9-1, p. 9-1. Senior liaison officer rank by echelon.
Echelon Recommended Rank
l e n o l o c t n a n e t u e i L s p r o C
r o j a M n o i s i v i D
Brigade, regiment, group Captain
t n a n e t u e i l t s r i F n o i l a t t a B
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(Mission Command) IV. Liaison 5-29
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II. Liaison Duties
Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 9-5 to 9-6.
LNOs also inform the receiving units commander or staff of the sending units needs
or requirements. The LNOs ability to rapidly clarify questions about the sending unit
can keep the receiving unit from wasting planning time. During the liaison tour, LNOs:
Arrive at the designated location on time
Promote cooperation between the sending and receiving unit
Follow the receiving units communication procedures
Actively obtain information without interfering with receiving unit operations
Facilitate understanding of the sending units commanders intent
Help the sending units commander assess current and future operations
Remain informed of the sending units current situation and provide that informa-
tion to the receiving units commander and staff
Expeditiously inform the sending unit of the receiving units upcoming missions,
tasks, and orders
Ensure the sending unit has a copy of the receiving units SOP
Inform the receiving units commander or COS (XO) of the content of reports
transmitted to the sending unit
Keep a record of their reports, listing everyone met (including each persons
name, rank, duty position, and telephone number)
Attempt to resolve issues within receiving unit before involving the sending unit
Notify the sending unit promptly if unable to accomplish the liaison mission
Report their departure to the receiving units commander at the end of their mission
Arrive at least two hours before any scheduled briefngs
Check in with security and complete any required documentation
Present your credentials to the COS (XO)
Arrange for an offce call with the commander
Meet the coordinating and special staff offcers
Notify the sending unit of arrival
Visit staff elements, brief them on the sending units situation, and collect informa-
tion from them
Deliver all correspondence designated for the receiving unit
Annotate on all overlays the security classifcation, title, map scale, grid intersec-
tion points, effective date-time group, and date-time group received
Pick up all correspondence for the sending unit when departing
Inform the receiving unit of your departure time, return route, and expected arrival
time at the sending unit
After the Tour
After returning to the sending unit, LNOs promptly transmit the receiving units
requests to the sending units commander or staff, as appropriate. They also brief
the COS (XO) on mission-related liaison activities and prepare written reports, as ap-
propriate.
Accuracy is paramount. Effective LNOs provide clear, concise, complete information.
If the accuracy of information is not certain, they quote the source and include the
source in the report. LNOs limit their remarks to mission-related observations.
Deliver all correspondence
Brief the COS (XO) and the appropriate staff elements
Prepare the necessary reports
Clearly state what you did and did not learn from the mission
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6-6 (Rehearsals/AARs) I. Rehearsals
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Ref: ATTP 5-0.1, Commander and Staff Offcer Guide (Sept. 11), pp. 8-1 to 8-2.
III. Rehearsal Types
Each rehearsal type achieves a different result and has a specifc place in the prepa-
ration timeline.
A. Backbrief
A back brief is a briefng by subordinates to the commander to review how subordi-
nates intend to accomplish their mission. Normally, subordinates perform back briefs
throughout preparation. These briefs allow commanders to clarify the commanders
intent early in subordinate planning. Commanders use the back brief to identify any
problems in the concept of operations.
The back brief differs from the confrmation brief (a briefng subordinates give their
higher commander immediately following receipt of an order) in that subordinate
leaders are given time to complete their plan. Back briefs require the fewest resources
and are often the only option under time-constrained conditions. Subordinate leaders
explain their actions from start to fnish of the mission. Back briefs are performed
sequentially, with all leaders reviewing their tasks. When time is available, back briefs
can be combined with other types of rehearsals. Doing this lets all subordinate leaders
coordinate their plans before performing more elaborate drills.
B. Combined Arms Rehearsal
A combined arms rehearsal is a rehearsal in which subordinate units synchronize their
plans with each other. A maneuver unit headquarters normally executes a combined
arms rehearsal after subordinate units issue their operation order. This rehearsal type
helps ensure that subordinate commanders plans achieve the higher commanders
intent.
C. Support Rehearsal
The support rehearsal helps synchronize each war fghting function with the overall
operation. This rehearsal supports the operation so units can accomplish their mis-
sions. Throughout preparation, units conduct support rehearsals within the framework
of a single or limited number of war fghting functions. These rehearsals typically
involve coordination and procedure drills for aviation, fres, engineer support, or
casualty evacuation. Support rehearsals and combined arms rehearsals complement
preparations for the operation. Units may conduct rehearsals separately and then
combine them into full-dress rehearsals. Although these rehearsals differ slightly by
warfghting function, they achieve the same result.
D. Battle Drill or SOP Rehearsal
A battle drill is a collective action rapidly executed without applying a deliberate
decision making process. A battle drill or SOP rehearsal ensures that all participants
understand a technique or a specifc set of procedures. Throughout preparation, units
and staffs rehearse battle drills and SOPs. These rehearsals do not need a completed
order from higher headquarters. Leaders place priority on those drills or actions they
anticipate occurring during the operation. For example, a transportation platoon may
rehearse a battle drill on reacting to an ambush while waiting to begin movement.
All echelons use these rehearsal types; however, they are most common for platoons,
squads, and sections. They are conducted throughout preparation and are not limited
to published battle drills. All echelons can rehearse such actions as a command post
shift change, an obstacle breach lane-marking SOP, or a refuel-on-the-move site
operation.
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(Rehearsals/AARs) II. The After Action Review 6-15
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Effective AARs are a refection of the commander and his active role in unit training.
AARs foster an environment of trust, collaboration, initiative, and a cohesion necessary
among Soldiers and leaders in decentralized operations. Soldiers learn and understand
the commanders intent and act decisively while accepting prudent risks.
AAR Format
AARs conducted during training include the same parts as AARs conducted during
operations:
1. Review what was supposed to happen (training plans)
The facilitator, along with the participants, reviews what was supposed to happen. This
review is based on the commanders intent, training objectives and tasks to train. This
information is usually found in the operations order or on the training schedule.
State the training objectives and tasks to train
Review OPFOR (if used) mission and purpose
Review unit leader mission, intent and concept of operations
2. Establish what happened
The facilitator and participants determine what actually occurred during the training
event, phase or operation. The leader attempts to gather as many views or perspec-
tives (OPFOR, squad leader, team leader, rifeman, etc.) as feasible and possible. This
helps to establish a common understanding and instill operational adaptability. Leaders
then understand the complexity of an event and work to solve complex, ill-defned
problems quickly.
Review actions before frst detection
Review report of frst detection or contact
Review reaction to detection or contact
Review any FRAGOs, if used
Review events during engagement
3. Determine what was right or wrong with what happened
Participants then establish the strong and weak points of their performance based on the
commanders intent and performance measures. The facilitator guides discussions to en-
sure maximum input and that it is operationally sound and relevant to the training event.
Review extent to which unit met training objectives
Review extent that the commanders intent was met
Have participants summarize the major learning points
Identify training defciencies
Identify units ability to perform task and meet commanders intent
Identify risks and measures employed to mitigate the risks
4. Determine how the task should be done differently
the next time
The facilitator guides the unit in self-determining how the task(s) might be performed
more effectively in the future. The unit identifes problems and provides solutions, as
well as identifes who is responsible for making the recommended changes. Addition-
ally, the facilitator guides the discussion to determine if there is a more effective way to
train the tasks to achieve the commanders intent.
The After Action Review (AAR)
Ref: A Leaders Guide to After Action Reviews (Aug 12), pp. 2 to 5.
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(Operational Terms & Graphics) I. Operational Terms & Acronyms 7-1
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Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12).
ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols
Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) 1-02 contains a compilation of Army op-
erational terms, defnitions, abbreviations, and acronyms as refected in the latest edi-
tions of Army doctrinal publications. These terms are commonly used for the conduct
of operations. They normally are used in the body of an operation order or in the cur-
rent operations cell of a command post during operations. These terms form the basis
for the language of the land operations should be understood by all professionals.
ADRP 1-02 also provides a single standard for developing and depicting hand-drawn
and computer-generated military symbols for situation maps, overlays, and anno-
tated aerial photographs for all types of military operations. It is the Army proponent
publication for all military symbols and complies with Department of Defense (DOD)
Military-Standard (MIL-STD) 2525C, Common Warfghting Symbology.
When communicating instructions to subordinate units, commanders and staffs from
company through corps level should use this publication as a dictionary of opera-
tional terms and military symbols. The symbology sections focus primarily on land
military symbols applicable to the Army.
The principal audience for ADRP 1-02 is all members of the profession of Arms.
Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as joint task force or multi-
national headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine
concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational forces. Trainers
and educators throughout the Army will also use this manual.
ADRP 1-02 uses joint terms where applicable. ADRP 1-02 applies to the Active
Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and United
States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.
ADP 5-0 and ADRP 5-0 (New & Modifed Terms)
Terms & Acronyms
I. Operational
ADRP 5-0, Introductory Table-1. New Army terms
Term Remarks
Army design methodology Replaces design.
ADRP 5-0, Introductory Table-2. Modified Army terms
Term Remarks
assessment Adopts the joint definition.
design Formal definition replaced by Army design methodology.
direct support Modifies the definition.
general support-reinforcing Modifies the definition.
military decisionmaking
process
Modifies the definition.
operational approach Adopts the joint definition.
planning Modifies the definition modified.

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7-2 (Operational Terms & Graphics) I. Operational Terms & Acronyms
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Glossary (ADRP 5-0/6-0)
This glossary -- compiled from both ADRP 5-0 The Operations Process (Aug 12) and
ADRP 6-0 Mission Command (May 12)-- lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint
defnitions. Where Army and Joint defnitions differ, (Army) precedes the defnition. Terms
for which ADRP 5-0 or ADRP 6-0 is the proponent are marked with an asterisk (*) as
appropriate. The proponent publication for other terms is listed in parentheses after the
defnition.
administrative control - Direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other
organizations in respect to administration and support, including organization of Service
forces, control of resources and equipment, personnel management, unit logistics,
individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other
matters not included in the operational missions of the subordinate or other organiza-
tions. (JP 1)
airspace control - A process used to increase operational effectiveness by promoting the
safe, effcient, and fexible use of airspace. (JP 3-52)
Army design methodology - A methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to
understand, visualize, and describe problems and approaches to solving them. (ADP
5-0)
art of command - The creative and skillful exercise of authority through timely decision
making and leadership. (ADP 6-0)
assessment - Determination of the progress toward accomplishing a task, creating a con-
dition, or achieving an objective. (JP 3-0)
assign - (Joint) To place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is
relatively permanent, and/or where such organization controls and administers the unit-
sor personnel for the primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or
personnel. (JP 3-0)
attach - (Joint) The placement of units or personnel in an organization where such place-
ment is relatively temporary. (JP 3-0)
Authority - The delegated power to judge, act, or command. (ADP 6-0)
battle rhythm - (Joint) A deliberate daily cycle of command, staff, and unit activities in-
tended to synchronize current and future operations. (JP 3-33)
*civil considerations - The infuence of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and
activities of the civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of opera-
tions on the conduct of military operations.
*collaborative planning - Commanders, subordinate commanders, staffs, and other part-
ners sharing information, knowledge, perceptions, ideas, and concepts regardless of
physical location throughout the planning process.
command - The authority that a commander in the armed forces lawfully exercises over
subordinates by virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes the authority and
responsibility for effectively using available resources and for planning the employment
of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling military forces for the accomplish-
ment of assigned missions. It also includes responsibility for health, welfare, morale,
and discipline of assigned personnel. (JP 1)
commanders critical information requirement - An information requirement identifed by
the commander as being critical to facilitating timely decisionmaking. (JP 3-0)
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(Operational Terms & Graphics) II. Military Symbology 7-9
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Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), chap. 3
Symbology Basics
II. Military
ADRP 1-02 provides a single standard for developing and depicting hand-drawn and
computer-generated military symbols for situation maps, overlays, and annotated
aerial photographs for all types of military operations. It is the Army proponent
publication for all military symbols and complies with Department of Defense (DOD)
Military-Standard (MIL-STD) 2525C, Common Warfghting Symbology.
ADRP 1-02 includes only Army doctrinally-based operational military symbols with
common cross-branch usage, as required for the conduct of operations. A terminol-
ogy and symbology database is being developed to compliment this publication and
should be operational by 2013. The database will be available on an offcial Depart-
ment of Defense Web site sponsored by the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate. It
will include Army doctrinal terms, including terms specifc to branches or functional
areas. In addition, it will include all military symbols in MIL-STD-2525C, including the
air, land, maritime, space, activities control measure, and meteorological symbols.
A military symbol is a graphic representation of a unit, equipment, installation,
activity, control measure, or tactical task relevant to military operations that is used
for planning or to represent the common operational picture on a map, display or
overlay. Military symbols are governed by the rules in Military Standard (MIL-STD)
2525C.
Military symbols fall into two categories:
A. Framed
Framed symbols include:
Unit, individuals, and organization symbols (see pp. 7-17 to 7-20)
Equipment symbols (see pp. 7-22 to 7-23)
Installation symbols (see p. 7-21)
Activity symbols (see p. 7-24)
B. Unframed
Unframed symbols include:
Control measure symbols (see pp. 7-25 to 7-30)
Tactical symbols (see pp. 7-31 to 7-34)
Tactical Mission Task Symbols
The tactical mission task symbols are graphical representations of many of the
tactical tasks. However, not all tactical tasks have an associated symbol. Tactical
task symbols are for use in course of action sketches, synchronization matrixes, and
maneuver sketches. They do not replace any part of the operation order. The tactical
task symbols should be scaled to ft the map scale and the size of unit represented.
See pp. 7-31 to 7-34.
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7-10 (Operational Terms & Graphics) II. Military Symbology
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A. Framed Symbols
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), pp. 3-1 to 3-3.
The frame is the border of a symbol. It does not include associated information inside or
outside of the border. The frame serves as the base to which other symbol components
are added. The frame indicates the standard identity, physical domain, and status of the
object being represented.
Standard Identity
Standard identity refects the relationship between the viewer and the operational object
being monitored. The standard identity categories are unknown, assumed friend, friend,
neutral, suspect, and hostile.
Standard identity Friendly Hostile Neutral Unknown
Assumed friend Suspect Pending
Unit





Equipment





Installation





Activity






Table 3-1. Frame shapes for standard identities.
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7-16 (Operational Terms & Graphics) II. Military Symbology
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C. Echelon Amplifiers (Field 6)
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), table 4-5, p. 4-5.
An echelon is a separate level of command (JP 1-02). In addition, there is also a
separate echelon known as a command. A command is a unit or units, an organiza-
tion, or an area under the command of one individual. It does not correspond to any
of the other echelons. The table below shows the feld 6 amplifers for Army echelons
and commands.
Table 4-5. Echelon amplifers.
Echelon Amplifier
Team/crew
Squad
Section
Platoon/detachment
Company/battery/troop
Battalion/squadron
Regiment/group
Brigade
Division
Corps
Army
Army group
Theater
Nonechelon Amplifier
Command
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(Operational Terms & Graphics) IV. Equipment, Installations, Activities 7-21
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Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), chaps. 5, 6 & 7.
Installations, Activities
IV. Equipment,
Main Icons for Installations
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), chap. 6.
Installations are sites that incorporate permanent, semipermanent, and temporary
structures. Icons in the main sector refect the main function of the symbol.
Table 6-1. Main icons for installations.
Sector 1 Modifers for
Installations
Sector 1 modifers refect the specifc capa-
bility of the installation.
Table 6-2. Sector 1 modifers for installations.
Sector 2 Modifers for
Installations
Sector 2 modifers refect the specifc type of
installation.
Table 6-3. Sector 2 modifers for installations
Function Icon
Airport
Electric power plant
Mass grave
Mine
Sea port
Telecommunications
Description Modifier
Electric power plant
fuel source
Coal CO
Geothermal GT
Hydroelectric HY
Natural gas NG
Petroleum
Description Modifier
Telecommunications
Radio R
Telephone T
Television TV
Description Modifier
Production
PROD
Repair
RPR
Research
RSH
Service
SVC
Storage
STOR
Test
TEST
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7-24 (Operational Terms & Graphics) IV. Equipment, Installations, Activities
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Activities
Ref: ADRP 1-02, Operational Terms and Military Symbols (Aug 12), chap. 7.
Activities symbols are applicable across the range of military operations, but they normally focus
on stability activities and defense support of civil authorities activities. Activities can affect military
operations. Activities represented by icons can include acts of terrorism, sabotage, organized crime,
disrupting the fow of vital resources, and the uncontrolled movement of large numbers of people.
Icons in the main sector refect the main function of the symbol.
Table 7-1. Main icons for activities.
Sector 1 Modifers for Activities
Sector 1 modifers refect the function of civilian individuals or organizations.
Table 4-12. Sector 1 modifers for civilian individuals and organizations.
Characteristic Modifier
Types of
killing
victims
Assassinated
AS
Executed
EX
Murdered
MU
Types of
criminal
activities
victims
Hijacked
H
Kidnapped
K
Piracy
PI
Rape
RA
Types of
civilian
individuals
and
organizations
Displaced persons, refugees, and evacuees
DPRE
Foreign fighters
FF
Gang
GANG
Leader
LDR
Religious
REL
Terrorist
TER
Function Icon
Arrest

Attempted against an individual

Attempted against multiple individuals
or an organization

Demonstration MASS
Drug related DRUG
Explosion

Extortion
$
Graffiti
Killingindividual

Killingmultiple individuals or an organization

Killingpoisoning
Killingriot RIOT
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