{\f3 Arial Narrow;} {\f4 Arial;} {\f5 Arial Narrow Bold;} {\f6 Arial Narrow Bold;} {\f7 Arial Black;} {\f8 Times New Roman;} {\f9 Times New Roman;} {\f10 Times New Roman;} {\f11 Times New Roman;} {\f12 Times New Roman;} {\f13 Times New Roman;} {\f14 Times New Roman;} {\f15 Times New Roman;} {\f16 Times New Roman;} {\f17 Times New Roman;} {\f18 Times New Roman;} {\f19 Times New Roman;} {\f1000000 Times New Roman;} }{\colortbl; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; }\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrt n\paperw11920\paperh12740{\bkmkstart Pg17}{\bkmkend Pg17}\par\pard\ql \li2807\sb 0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2807\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs18 Basic Principles of Lubrication \par\pard\ql \l i3398\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3398\sb50\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5 \charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs14 10-1 \par\pard\ql \li6144\sb0\sl-16 1\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6144\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li6144\sb17\sl-161 \slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 A\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1 \colw3234\colsr20\colno2\colw2471\colsr160\colno3\colw5905\colsr160\ql \li3134\s b0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3134\sb2\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc alex100 c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 o\par\pard\ql \li3100\sb88\sl-92\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs8 -4-\par\pard\ql \li3 100\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3100\sb0\sl-115\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3 100\sb48\sl-115\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex50 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs1 0 *+\u8212? O\par\pard\ql \li3134\sb154\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs14 c\par\pard\ql \li3129\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par \pard\ql \li3129\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3129\sb88\sl-161\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \par\pard\ql \li2807\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \ li2807\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li2807\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \ li2807\sb80\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-10\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f1 4\fs22 Fig.\par\pard\column \ql \li1820\sb24\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs14 Zone 1\par\pard\ql \li3398\sb0\sl-161\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql \li3398\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3398\sb0\sl-161\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql \li3398\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3398\sb0\sl-161\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql \li3398\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3398\sb0\sl-161\slm ult0 \par\pard\ql \li1446\sb104\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 Boun dary\par\pard\ql \li361\sb45\sl-161\slmult0\tx1446 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ?\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Lubrication\par\pard\ql \li164\sb0\sl-126\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex94 10\par\pard\ql \li1134\sb1\sl-128\slmult0 \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 10\ul0\super\cf17\f18\fs18 -9\par\pard\ql \li3254\sb0\ sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li3254\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb79\s l-253\slmult0\tx606 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs22 1 .3\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 Stribeck curve\par\pard\column \ql \li553\sb 19\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs14 Zon e 2\par\pard\ql \li7137\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li7137\sb0\sl-161\slmul t0 \par\pard\ql \li1282\sb2\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 Zone3\pa r\pard\ql \li7560\sb0\sl-138\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1705\sb85\sl-138\slmult0 \u p0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs12 \u9830?\par\pard\ql \l i5875\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li5875\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \l i20\sb58\sl-161\slmult0\tx1287 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16 \f17\fs14 Mixed\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Hydrodynamic\par\pard\ql \li25\ sb41\sl-161\slmult0\tx980 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Lubrication\tab \up0 \exp ndtw0\charscalex114 B Lubrication\par\pard\ql \li970\sb0\sl-90\slmult0\tx155 6\tx2060 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex158 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs10 __\u8212?-\t ab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex91 \u8212? i\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex157 j\u82 12?\par\pard\ql \li917\sb9\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosu persub\cf16\f17\fs14 10\ul0\super\cf17\f18\fs18 -8\par\pard\ql \li231\sb118\sl-1 84\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs16 ZN/P \par\ pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li2793\sb0\sl-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2793\sb0\s l-260\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li2793\ri2264\sb55\sl-260\slmult0\fi216 \up0 \expndtw 0\charscalex112 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs20 In this graph the coeficient of fri ction is plotted against the expression \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ZN/P where \par\pard\ql \li3004\sb137\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosu persub\cf18\f19\fs20\ul ZN\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs20 _ oil viscosity x shaft speed \par\pard\li3067\sb50\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx3863 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1 09 P\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 bearing pressure\par\pard\ql \li3004\sb149 \sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 There are three distinct zones in t he graph, separated by the points A and \par\pard\qj \li2798\ri2258\sb9\sl-256\s lmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 B. At B the coeficient of friction is at its minimum, and this is the point at \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 which the oil ilm is just thick enough to ensure that there is no contact \line \up0 \expn dtw0\charscalex105 between asperities on the shaft and bearing surfaces. With sm oother surfaces \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 B will be further to the left . In Zone 3, to the right of B, the oil ilm thickness \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars calex105 is increasing, because of increasing viscosity, increasing speed or dec reasing \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 load, and the coeficient of friction increases as the oil ilm thickness \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 increases. Zone 3 is the zone of 'hydrodynamic* lubrication. \par\pard\qj \li2803\ri2257\s b1\sl-260\slmult0\fi206 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 As conditions change from B towards A, the oil ilm thickness decreases \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 s o that the asperities on shaft and bearing rub against each other. The amount \l ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 of rubbing, and the friction, increase as the o il ilm thickness decreases. \par\pard\qj \li2803\ri2257\sb0\sl-260\slmult0\fi211 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 At point A the oil ilm thickness has been reduced virtually to nil, and the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 load between shaft and bearing is being carried entirely on asperity contacts. \line \up0 \expndtw0 \charscalex111 In Zone 1, to the left of A, the coeficient of fiction is almost independent \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 of load, viscosity and shaft spee d. Zone \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 is the zone of 'boundary1 \par\pard\ql \li2803\sb25\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale x103 lubrication. \par\pard\ql \li3009\sb10\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc alex110 Zone 2, between A and B, is known as the zone of 'mixed' lubrication. \p ar\pard\qj \li2798\ri2254\sb46\sl-260\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 The s haft load was traditionally considered to be supported by a mixture of \line \up 0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 oil pressure and aspeity contacts, so that the lubrica tion was a mixture of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex112 'hydrodynamic' and 'bou ndary' lubrication. The term 'mixed lubrication' \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex 108 may in fact be even more appropriate than was originally thought, because \l ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 modern theories suggest that in different syste ms there may be a mixture of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 four or more dif ferent types of lubrication present in this zone. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24}
