In this unit you will learn the answers to these

questions:
What is the difference between hardware and software?
What are the main types of computer memory?
How does a computer work?
What is a spreadsheet? What can you use a spreadsheet for?
What is an operating system?
What is a local area network (LAN)?
Before you start, check you understand the meaning
of the words in blue.
K E Y W O R D S
hardware: physical, mechanical and
electronic components of a device,
machine or infrastructure
software: programs that you can use to tell
a computer what to do
memory: key part of a computer that
records and stores information
operating system: software that manages a
systems hardware resources
local area network (LAN): computer network
interconnecting computers in a limited
area, such as an office or school
7
Hardware and software
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 7
The computer as a control device
Computers have many uses, but they play a particularly important role
in controlling, robotising and automating systems, machines and processes.
1.1. Analogue and digital signals
When you measure things like temperature, the volume of a sound,
brightness or atmospheric pressure, you collect analogue signals. These
signals vary continuously in direct relation to one another.
If you want to use a computer to create a system to collect data about
these analogue signals, you need to use an analogue-to-digital converter
(ADC). This is because computers can only work with zeros and ones and
can therefore only process digital signals, i.e. non-continuous signals, such
as the change from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0.
Analogue-to-digital converters
Analogue-to-digital converters change analogue signals into zeros and
ones.
The graphs below show what a converter does with voltage
measurements taken with a voltmeter. These analogue signals have been
replaced with zeros and ones, shown on the vertical axis of the second
graph. So if the voltage is less than 1 V, the converters output will be 0. If
the voltage is between 1 V and 2 V, the output will be 1, and so on.
Activities
Choose the correct word in italics and write them in your exercise book.
a) Computers can be used to automate / communicate systems and processes.
b) Temperature measurements are analogue / digital signals.
c) Digital signals are emitted continuously / non-continuously.
d) You can use an analogue-to-digital converter to change digital / analogue
signals into zeros and ones.
Do you know the opposites of the following adjectives? Use a dictionary to
help you find them. Write them in your exercise book.
a) important b) direct
2
1
1
8 UNIT 1 8
K E Y W O R D S
converter: device used to
transform coded files
voltage: difference in electrical
potential energy between two
points in a circuit
5
24 0
t (h)
V (V)
V
t (h) 24 0
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
t (s)
wavelengh
1 0 1 1 1 0 0
t (s)
wavelengh
Analogue signal Digital signal
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 8
1.2. Computer functions
In previous Technologies courses, we learnt that the most important
part of a computer is its motherboard. The following elements are
connected to the motherboard:
central processing unit (CPU) or microprocessor
memory (RAM, cache, ROM BIOS)
storage devices, including magnetic, optical or solid-state storage
devices (flash memory)
chipset
Computers perform the following basic operations:
input and output of data via devices connected to the central
processing unit (peripheral devices)
data storage in storage devices
processing, carried out in the central unit.
This processing consists of running a programs instructions, and
basically works as follows:
1. When you turn on the computer, the ROM BIOS checks that
everything is in order. It then instructs the microprocessor to load
the hard disk operating system in the RAM, which temporarily stores
data and programs while they are being run.
2. When an application is run, the microprocessor works with cache
memory, which stores the data used most frequently.
3. If the microprocessor needs data that is not stored in the cache
memory, it looks for it in the RAM. It instructs the RAM to make a
copy from the hard disk in order to run the application and display it
on the screen.
The pace at which these instructions are processed is determined by the
systems clock rate, which is measured in hertz (Hz). Data are transmitted
between the CPU and the other computer components via buses. A bus is
a cable made up of a set of copper wires used to communicate between
components. There are three different types of bus, each with a different
function: data buses, address buses and control buses. Buses can be
described based on the following characteristics:
capacity: the maximum number of components that can be
connected
width: number of wires
speed and type (serial or parallel)
Activities
Copy and complete the following two sentences in your exercise book.
Use the words in the boxes. Listen and check.
The cache memory stores the data that the ______ uses most ________ . If the
microprocessor cannot find the ______ in the cache memory, it looks for it in
the .
RAM microprocessor often data
3
Hardware and software 9
K E Y W O R D S
motherboard: circuit board to
which all computer components
are connected
RAM: Random Access Memory
ROM BIOS: Read Only Memory
Basic Input / Output System
cache memory: memory unit that
stores temporary data
hard disk: rigid, magnetic disk set
inside a drive unit on which the
computer stores information
pace: speed, rhythm or frequency
at which something happens
bus: internal cables that transmit
electric signals between
different parts of the computer
Motherboard
RAM module
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 9
Using spreadsheets in technology
A spreadsheet application is a computer program used to carry out
operations using numerical data and generate statistics and charts.
We will learn about spreadsheets using two different programs: Excel
(in Windows Microsoft Office) and Calc (in Linux OpenOffice).
2.1. Excel
Open the program by clicking on Inicio Programas Microsoft
Excel. The following window will appear:
Basic operations
To do calculations, select an empty cell, and type in the sign followed
by the calculations to be carried out. The formulas you write will appear
simultaneously in both the active cell and the formula bar (barra de
frmulas). You can use the ^, *, /, and symbols to raise to the power,
multiply, divide, add and subtract, respectively.
You can also carry out calculations using functions, for example:
PROMEDIO(C2:D3) calculates the arithmetic average of the
numbers in cells C2, C3, D2 and D3.
SUMA(A1:A12) adds up all the numbers in rows 1 to 12 in
column A.
MAX(A1:E1) gives the maximum value of the numbers in row 1 in
columns A to E.
MIN(A1:E1) gives the minimum value of the numbers in the same
cells.
Activities
Look at the verbs below. The noun forms of these verbs are in the text
above. Can you find them? Write them in your exercise book. Then listen and
check your answers.
a) apply b) calculate c) function
4
2
10 UNIT 1 10
K E Y W O R D S
statistics: mathematical science
that studies the collection,
analysis and interpretation of
numerical data; the facts
derived from those data
chart: graphical representation of
numerical data
arithmetic: branch of mathematics
that studies numbers and their
basic properties
Formating toolbar
Name box
Chart Wizard
Columns (vertical groups of cells)
Title bar Menu bar Formula bar Standard toolbar
Task pane
Rows (horizontal groups of cells)
Sheet tab
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 10
Creating charts and graphs
We are going to look at an example of how to create charts and graphs.
Using the data from the table in the middle of the left-hand margin, we are
going to create a climate chart:
1. Create a spreadsheet and enter the data from the table in three
different columns.
2. Select the three columns and click on the Asistente para grficos
icon or on Insertar Grfico to open the Chart Wizard.
3. In step 1 of the wizard, choose the type of chart. In this case, select
Columnas and then click on Siguiente.
4. In step 2, select the data from the table and then click on Siguiente.
5. In step 3, click on the Leyenda tab and deselect Mostrar leyenda.
This means that your chart will not have a legend. Then click on the
Ttulos tab. Here, in Ttulo del grfico write Climate chart as the
title, in Eje de categoras (X) write Months for the x-axis, and in
Eje de valores (Y) write Precipitation for the y-axis. Then click on
Siguiente.
6. In step 4, you can decide to include the chart in the spreadsheet that
is open or to create a new one. Then click on Finalizar.
7. Right-click on one of the temperature bars. A dropdown menu will
appear. Select Tipo de grfico then choose a Lneas chart. You can
also change the appearance of the chart in this step.
8. Right-click on the rea del grfico (Chart Area) and select
Opciones de grfico, then click on the Eje tab. In the Eje secundario
section, select Eje de valores (Y).
9. In the same window, select the Ttulos tab, and write Temperature
(C) in the Segundo eje de valores (Y) box. Click on Aceptar to
complete the process.
Activities
Follow the steps above to create your own climate chart using the data
provided in the table. Then change the way your chart looks. You can try several
different options.
What can the information provided by climate charts be used for? Write a
short paragraph explaining how these charts could be used by different people
for different purposes.
6
5
Hardware and software 11
K E Y W O R D S
climate chart: graph showing an
areas precipitation levels and
temperature throughout the
year
wizard: user interface which
guides the user through a series
of steps to help him or her
complete a complex task
legend: text explaining the
contents of a drawing
0
Ja
n
u
a
ry
F
e
b
ru
a
ry
M
a
rc
h
A
p
ril
M
a
y
Ju
n
e
Ju
ly
A
g
o
s
S
e
p
te
m
b
e
r
O
c
to
b
e
r
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
10
20
30
40
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
P
r
e
c
i
p
i
t
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(

C
)
Months
Month
Precipitation
(mm)
Temperature
(C)
January 24 5
February 26 6.3
March 30 8.5
April 52 10.9
May 41 15.7
June 38 20
July 9 24
August 13 23.7
September 25 20
October 40 14.1
November 39 8.6
December 30 5.3
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 11
Uses of Excel
We can use spreadsheets to analyse measurements and calculations so
that we can find out how variables like temperature change in different
conditions. Below is an example using the characteristic curve of a
thermistor.
A thermistor is a type of resistor. Its resistance varies depending on the
temperature. The resistance of a negative temperature coefficient (NTC)
thermistor decreases as the temperature increases.
1. Look at the table on the left. Create a new spreadsheet. You are going
to enter the temperatures in column A. Write the first temperature
(40) in cell A1.
2. Select column A and go to Edicin Rellenar Series. The
following window will appear:
3. Type 5 in the Incremento: box and 80 in the Lmite: box. Click on
Aceptar. The rest of the data in the column will be filled in
automatically.
4. Type the resistance for each temperature in the corresponding cells
in column B.
5. To draw the characteristic curve of a thermistor, click on the
Asistente para grficos icon and follow the instructions provided in
the previous section to create a chart.
Activities
What other types of chart have you used or seen before? Write a list in your
exercise book. Find the equivalents in English.
7
12 UNIT 1 12
K E Y W O R D S
curve: graphical representation of
consecutive phases
resistor: part of an electric circuit
associated with a loss of voltage
A B A B
T (C) R (k) T (C) R (k)
40 195.65 25 10.00
35 148.17 30 8.31
30 113.34 35 6.95
25 87.56 40 5.83
20 68.23 45 4.91
15 53.65 50 4.16
10 42.50 55 3.53
5 33.89 60 3.01
0 27.21 65 2.58
5 22.02 70 2.23
10 17.92 75 1.92
15 14.67 80 1.67
20 12.08
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 12
Hardware and software 13
Look in various sources (books, magazines, the
Internet) to find out about the components of a computer.
In your exercise book, write a list of the components you
find that are not mentioned in this unit. Remember to
include both the English and the Spanish names for each
component.
In your exercise book, write a short paragraph
describing how data are processed in the central
processing unit (CPU).
What characteristics can you use to describe computer
buses?
Listen to the descriptions of the different types of
computer memory. Take notes to help you remember.
Work with a partner and take turns to describe the
different memory types.
Listen again and check.
The text mentioned two different types of buses:
serial and parallel. Listen to a speaker describing the two
different types and complete the sentences below. Write
your answers in your exercise book.
Serial buses and parallel buses data in different
ways. Serial buses transfer one at a time via just a
wires. Parallel buses, on the other hand, transfer
lots of bits at the same time via wires. Parallel
buses transfer data more than serial buses, and
there can be problems with between the wires.
Listen again and check.
Create a new chart similar to the one below. Then
change the way it looks so it can be used for different
purposes.
Listen to the recordings of the words below. In your
exercise book, underline the stress in each word. Then,
practise your pronunciation of each one.
analogue
digital
input
output
microprocessor
spreadsheet
Use the Asistente de grficos (Chart Wizard) to create a
curve like the one below. Use the data in the table
underneath the chart, which shows a circuits output
voltage at different temperatures.
In small groups, discuss the advantages of using
spreadsheets to create graphs instead of drawing them
by hand yourself. Use the following words in your
discussion:
Then write a list of the advantages that came up in your
discussion in your exercise book.
flexible automatically formulas
slower accurate human error
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
A c t i v i t i e s
A B C
T (C) R
NTC
(k) V
s
(V)
40 195.65 0.24
35 148.17 0.32
30 113.34 0.41
25 87.56 0.51
20 68.23 0.64
15 53.65 0.79
10 42.50 0.95
5 33.89 1.14
0 27.21 1.34
5 22.02 1.56
10 17.92 1.79
15 14.67 2.03
20 12.08 2.26
25 10.00 2.50
30 8.31 5.73
35 6.95 2.95
40 5.83 3.16
0.00
V
o

(
V
)
Variation of V
o
(V) with respect to T (C)
T (C)
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
40 20 0 20 40
R

(
k

)
T (C)
10 0 10 20 30 40 50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
NTC thermistor
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 13
Getting data from a curve
Now that weve created a chart for the thermistor described above, we
can find out more information that wasnt included in the original table
using the curve obtained. To do this we need to create a trend line as
follows:
1. Right-click on any point of the curve and select Agregar lnea de
tendencia.
2. A window will appear. Click on the Tipo tab and select Exponencial,
then click on the Opciones tab and select Presentar ecuacin en el
grfico.
3. Click on Aceptar. A regression line and its equation will appear.
4. To find out the resistance of the NTC thermistor at a certain
temperature, choose a cell where you can write the temperature.
For example, type 7 in E10.
5. In the cell to the right (F10), enter the formula for the trend line.
In this example, the formula is 30,516*EXP (0,0393*E10).
You will see that x has been replaced by E10.
6. Press Intro and the resistance when the temperature is 7 C will
appear in cell F10.
You can also calculate the temperature for a certain resistance, e.g.
15.37 k. To do this, follow the instructions below:
1. The equation for the trend line is 30,516*EXP (0,0393*E11).
Write this equation in a cell, for example cell F11.
2. Select cell F11 and then select Buscar objetivo from the
Herramientas menu.
3. In the Con el valor section, write the resistance for which you want
to find the temperature. In the Para cambiar la celda section, write
E11.
4. Click on Aceptar, and the temperature you want will appear, as
shown in the picture on the left.
Activities
The table on the left shows the life expectancy in Spain since 1965.
Use a spreadsheet to create an XY chart (scatter chart) with a trend line and
equation.
a) Based on these data, can you estimate the life expectancy in Spain in 1945,
1978 and 2010?
b) When was the life expectancy in Spain 74 years of age?
17
14 UNIT 1 14
K E Y W O R D S
trend: tendency, general direction
in which something develops
Results obtained using the trend line
45 25 5
15
50
100
150
200
NTC thermistor
T (C)
15 35 55 75
y 30.516e
0,0393x
R

(
k

)
45 25 5 15
15
50
100
150
200
NTC thermistor
R

(
k

)
Year Age
1965 69.1
1970 70.8
1975 72
1980 73.3
1985 75.3
1990 76.8
1995 78
2000 79
2005 80.2
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 14
Converting analogue to digital
The chart below shows the temperatures recorded at different times in
the same day. It is an analogue signal, as it can have any value. However, we
can convert it into a 3-bit digital signal, in other words a signal that can
only have a value of between 000 and 111. To do this, we need to assign a
binary digit to each temperature interval, as shown in the table underneath
the chart.
To convert the table into a chart, follow the steps below:
1. Create a new spreadsheet and write all the temperatures in column A.
2. In cell B1, enter the formula that will calculate the interval:
REDONDEAR.MENOS(A1/3;0). This function divides A1 by 3 and
removes the decimals.
3. Copy the formula to the whole column via Edicin Rellenar
Hacia abajo.
4. You can obtain the binary equivalent of each interval using the
function DEC.A.BIN(B1;3). Write this in cell C1 and copy it to the
rest of the column. The number 3 in that function indicates the
number of bits that will be used.
5. This function will only be available if the Herramientas para
anlisis option is selected via Herramientas Complementos.
Activities
We have seen various commands used to perform functions in the Spanish
version of Excel. Visit the online Excel help page at
http://office.microsoft.com/en-gb/excel-help to find out which commands you
would need in order to carry out the following functions in the English version
of the program. Write your answers in your exercise book.
PROMEDIO
SUMA
MAX
MIN
18
Hardware and software 15
K E Y W O R D S
bit: binary digit
binary: made up of two units
0
T

(

C
)
Time
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 C
3 C
3 C
6 C
6 C
9 C
9 C
12 C
12 C
15 C
15 C
18 C
18 C
21 C
21 C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:51 Pgina 15
2.2. Calc
We will now look at how to do the same operations using the Calc
application in Linux OpenOffice.
Open Calc via Aplicaciones Oficina OpenOffice.org Calc.
The following window will appear:
Basic operations
Like in Excel, before you enter the data it is a good idea to format the
cells via Formato Celdas. You can also right-click on a cell and select
Formatear celdas from the dropdown menu.
To process numerical data, enter the data in the spreadsheet in the
same way as in Excel. Select an empty cell, and enter the = sign followed by
the calculations required. You can use the ^, *, /, + and symbols to raise
to the power, multiply, divide, add and subtract, respectively, or carry out
calculations using functions, such as:
PRODUCTO(A3:C3) multiples the numbers in all the cells in row
3 from column A to column C.
PROMEDIO(F3:G4) calculates the arithmetic average of the
numbers in cells F3, F4, G3 and G4.
M.C.D(A2:D2) gives the greatest common divisor of the numbers
in row 2 in columns A to D.
Activities
Write down the formula that would add the values in the cells of column A
from row 2 to 10 and multiply the result by 5.
Explain what the following formulas do in Calc:
a) PROMEDIO(B6:C7)/5
b) PRODUCTO(D2:E3)*PROMEDIO(F3:G4)
20
19
16 UNIT 1 16
K E Y W O R D S
application: computer program
designed to automate certain
tasks
Linux: free open source operating
system
Menu bar
Toolbar
Rows (horizontal groups of cells)
Work area
Formula bar
Title bar Columns (vertical groups of cells)
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 16
Charts in Calc
Like in Excel, to use charts to represent data in Calc, you need to select
Insertar Grfico, and then follow the steps provided by the Asistente
de grficos. The example below describes how to create a budget sheet.
1. In step 1 of the wizard, choose the type of chart. In this case, we
want a bar chart.
2. In step 2, select the ranges of data you wish to show in the chart.
3. In the next window, add a title for the chart, names for the two axes,
and a legend. Click on Finalizar and the bar chart will appear.
4. If you want to change any part of the chart once you have created it,
double-click on the part you want to change. For example, if you
click on a data point the Series de datos window will appear, and you
can select the rea tab to choose the fill colour. You can edit other
elements, including the diagram type, via the Formato menu.
Hardware and software 17
K E Y W O R D S
budget: financial plan listing
estimated income and spending
over a period of time
Budget
Materials
T
o
t
a
l

(

)
Fibreboard MDF Square wood strip Hand saw blade Coloured paint
Plywood Round wood frame Rectangular wood strip Thermal adhesive
Budget
Materials
T
o
t
a
l

(

)
Fibreboard MDF Square wood strip Hand saw blade Coloured paint
Plywood Round wood frame Rectangular wood strip Thermal adhesive
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 17
Uses of Calc
Earlier, we used an Excel spreadsheet to see how the resistance of an
NTC thermistor changes when the temperature changes. Now we are going
to analyse a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor using Calc.
1. Look at the table in the left-hand margin. Create a new spreadsheet.
You are going to enter the temperatures in column A. Write the first
temperature (120) in cell A1.
2. Select column A and click on Editar Rellenar Series. The
following window will appear:
3. Type 5 in the Incremento box and 220 in the Valor Final box. Click
on Aceptar. The rest of the data in the column will be filled in
automatically.
4. Type the resistance for each temperature in the corresponding cells
in column B.
5. To create the thermistors characteristic curve, select Insertar
Grfico.
6. In step 1 of the Asistente para Grficos (Chart Wizard), select the
type of chart you want. In this case, we have selected an XY diagram.
Click on Siguiente.
7. In the next two steps, select the data range and series. In this case,
the range is from cell A1 to cell B21, and should be entered as
follows: $Hoja1.$A$1:$B$21. The data series are the cell range
A1:A21 for the temperature, and B1:B21 for the resistance.
8. In step 4, write the chart title, deselect Mostrar Leyenda, and type
in the names for the X and Y axes.
9. Click on Finalizar. Your chart is now finished and will appear on the
screen. You can now change parts of your chart if you want to
improve it. In this example, we have changed the axes, added labels,
increased the font size, etc.
18 UNIT 1 18
K E Y W O R D S
label: in spreadsheet applications,
the text used to identify a set of
data (column, row, axis, etc.);
also used as a verb
Resistance of a PTC thermistor at different
temperatures
A B
T (C) R (k)
120 0.07
125 0.12
130 0.2
135 0.5
140 1.5
145 4
150 10
155 19
160 48
165 90
170 155
175 240
180 350
185 480
190 625
195 775
200 910
205 1025
210 1098
215 1148
220 1175
PTC thermistor
Temperature (C)
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
k
i
l
o
o
h
m
i
o
s
)
PTC thermistor
Temperature (C)
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
k
i
l
o
o
h
m
i
o
s
)
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 18
Hardware and software 19
Use the data in the table to try to create the chart below.
Table of analogue signals and their digital equivalents
What formula would you need to use to add all the
numbers in column A from row 2 to row 10 and multiply
the sum by 5? Write the formula in your exercise book.
How tall are your classmates? Find out the height of
each one. Create a chart representing this data using
height intervals.
Using Calc, create a table showing how much you spend
during a typical month (clothes, cinema tickets, presents,
etc.) Then use the data in that table to create a chart.
Listen to the recording about the different uses of
spreadsheets. Match the people with the uses mentioned.
Before you listen, make sure you know the meaning of the
phrasal verb keep track of.
Listen again and check.
Use the data from the previous page and follow the
steps provided to create the chart for the PTC thermistor.
Enter the data below in a new spreadsheet then create
an XY scatter chart (grfico de dispersin). Use one axis for
height and one for weight, and then add a trend line.
Now use the trend line to estimate the weight of a person
who is 1.73 m tall.
Look at the table below which shows the worlds
proven natural gas reserves in 2010 expressed in billions
of m
3
.
Create a bar chart showing the percentage of natural gas
in each region. Then replace the bars with a pictogram.
Imagine that you own your own restaurant. How many
different ways do you think you could use spreadsheets to
make sure your restaurant is a success? Discuss in small
groups. The following sentence structures will be useful:
I could use a spreadsheet to keep track of
I would make a chart showing.
I could use a spreadsheet to calculate.
design calculations scientist
marks accountant
experiments engineer
money teacher
25
29
28
27
26
24
23
22
21
A c t i v i t i e s
T (C) T Interval Binary code
5 1 001
6 2 010
7.5 2 010
9.2 3 011
10.7 3 011
12.5 4 100
13 4 100
13.5 4 100
14 4 100
15 5 101
16 5 101
16.5 5 101
16.7 5 101
16.8 5 101
16.5 5 101
16 5 101
15 5 101
14 4 100
12.8 4 100
11 3 011
9 3 011
7.4 2 010
6.5 2 010
5.5 1 001
0
T

(

C
)
Time
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
A
n
a
l
o
g
u
e
Height (m) Weight (kg) Height (m) Weight (kg)
1.55 63 1.8 78
1.6 66 1.85 83
1.7 70 1.9 87
1.75 74 2 92
Region Proven reserves
North America 9.5
Central and South America 7.9
Western Europe 6.0
Eastern Europe and CIS 58.9
Africa 14.8
Middle East 77.1
Asia-Oceania 20.5
Global total 194.7
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 19
Communication between computers
A computer network is a set of computers connected to one another.
They can share resources and exchange information using a
communication code called a network protocol. These networks are
classified according to the geographical area they cover (local or wide) and
whether they are wired or wireless.
3.1. Local area networks (LANs): Ethernet
Local area networks or LANs interconnect lots of different computer
devices, such as personal computers (PCs), workstations, printers and
other equipment. These devices are usually in the same building or in
buildings that are close together. They are private networks that allow users
to share devices and programs, or send files and emails. One example of a
LAN is an Ethernet.
A local area network (LAN)
The structure originally used in an Ethernet network was a single
coaxial cable. Today it has been replaced by a twisted pair cable. All of the
devices on the network are connected to this cable, as shown in the
diagram below. This cable is the transmission medium and is called the
bus. The devices that are connected to it are called nodes or stations.
Ethernet bus network
3
20 UNIT 1 20
K E Y W O R D S
protocol: set of standards
controlling data communication
Ethernet: standard technology for
local area networks
cable: conductor covered in an
insulating or protective material
node: point of intersection or
connection between several
elements
Network card. All computers need a
network card or adaptor in order to send
and receive information to and from the
other computers in the network.
@
computer n computer 1
computer 1
cable (bus)
computer n
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 20
Types of bus network
Most Ethernet bus networks are wired, but they are still the most
popular network type because they are easy to understand and install,
and very flexible. The two types of network used are 10BaseT and
100BaseT:
The number indicates the transmission speed in MHz: 10 MHz
and 100 MHz, respectively.
The letter T indicates the type of cable used to transmit data. The
cables consist of twisted pairs of copper wire with RJ45 connectors
at each end. These cables are used to connect the network as shown
in the diagramon the previous page.
RJ45 connector Twisted pair cable
Each station or node is connected, via twisted cables, to the following
networking devices:
The hub, which distributes the information it receives to all of the
computers on the network.
The switch, which sends the data it receives to its intended recipient
only. This makes communication faster via a switch than via a hub.
Switches connect the network nodes together so that each one can
use all of the networks bandwidth.
Nodes or stations connected by twisted pair cables
3.2. Wireless networks (WLANs)
Wireless networks or WLANs (wireless local area networks) are
data communication systems that do not use wires. They can be used
instead of wired LANs or to extend them. These networks use
electromagnetic waves to transmit data and to connect several computers
together. The computers on WLANs must have a wireless adaptor
or network card.
Hardware and software 21
K E Y W O R D S
transmission: transfer of a signal or
data
hub: hardware or software device
with multiple modules
connected to network machines
switch: electronic device
connecting computers in a
network
bandwidth: amount of data
available or consumed,
expressed in bits
electromagnetic waves: waves that
propagate thanks to oscillations
in the electric and magnetic
fields
Communications rack with switches
coating
foil shield
twisted pair
computer 3 computer n
computer 1
computer 2
network electronics
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 21
The most basic network is called a peer-to-peer network, and is made
up of two computers, each one located within the area covered by the
other. If a wireless access point (WAP) is installed, the computers can be
twice as far apart and still communicate with each other.
3.3. Interconnecting networks: WANs
Wide area networks or WANs cover a large geographical area such
as a country or continent. LANs or users are usually connected together
via the telephone network or devices such as switches or routers.
The primary function of these devices is to guarantee that packets of data
reach their destination. To do this, they have tables of data telling them the
correct routes.
When WANs are constructed, they usually make use of existing
telephone networks using one of the following techniques:
Point-to-point link: renting a line from a telephone operator.
Circuit switching: when a connection is made, a physical circuit is
established through the operators network, just like when you make
a telephone call. The data are transmitted via the integrated
services digital network (ISDN).
Packet switching: telephone operators have packet switching
networks which they use to transmit data.
A wide area network (WAN). The diagram also shows two other types of network: a ring network
and a FDDI, which can be used to connect to networks via fibre optic wiring.
22 UNIT 1 22
K E Y W O R D S
router: hardware device used to
connect computers in a network
packet: formatted unit of data
circuit: circle of electric or
electronic elements connected
via conductors
Diagram of a peer-to-peer network with a
wireless access point
Diagram of a network connecting computers
together with wired and wireless acces
hub/switch
wireless
access point
FDDI
WAN
Ethernet
ring
network
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 22
Hardware and software 23
Which characteristics can you use to categorise
different types of network?
In your exercise book, draw a diagram of an Ethernet
network with twisted pair wiring. Label the different
network components.
In your exercise book, copy and label the following
diagram of twisted pair cable.
What is a switch?
In your exercise book, complete the table below,
adding the correct verb or noun form for each word
provided. All of the verbs and nouns required appear in
the text of the previous section.
Now listen and check.
Choose the correct word in italics to complete the
following sentences.
a) A computer network can share resources and
exchange information using a communication code
called a network card / protocol.
b) LANs are public / private networks that allow users to
share devices and programmes.
c) The original key structure in an Ethernet was a single
coaxial / twisted pair cable.
d) A hub / switch sends the data it receives to its intended
recipient only.
e) The letter T in 100BaseT indicates the data
transmission speed / type of cable used in an Ethernet
bus network.
Now listen and check.
Are these statements true or false? Write the
correct statements in your exercise book.
a) Peer-to-peer networks are the most complex networks.
b) WLANs use wires.
c) Computers in WLANs must have a wireless network
card.
d) Routers guarantee that data reaches its destination.
e) With a wireless access point, computers in a WLAN can
be further apart.
Now listen and check.
Copy the sentences into your book and fill in the
spaces.
a) Wide area networks (WANs) cover large areas.
b) WANs make use of telephone networks.
c) The main operation of a router or a switch is to make
sure that reach their destination.
d) A router is a piece of that connects computers
in a network.
e) A FDDI uses wiring to connect networks
together.
Listen and check.
What do you think would be the most appropriate
type of computer network to use in the each of the
following environments?
a school or university
a restaurant where waiters use a PDAs to take orders
a large multinational company
Give an explanation for you answer. Take into account the
following factors: number of computer users, distribution
of the devices, type of devices and data being shared, and
the geographical area covered by the environment.
Listen to the four descriptions of different types of
computer networks and decide which description belongs
to the network types listed below.
Now listen and check.
Which preposition can we use with the following
verbs? Sometimes there can be more than one possibility
for each verb.
How many sentences can you make related to the unit
using the verb / preposition collocations? Write them
down in your exercise book.
send cover
connect
receive
37
35
locate communicate transmit
peer-to-peer Ethernet WAN WLAN
40
39
38
36
34
33
32
31
30
A c t i v i t i e s
Verb Noun
distribution
communicate
reception
connect
location
installation
transmit
1
2
3
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 23
24 UNIT 1 24
We are now going to carry out an analysis of the computer hardware used in
the IT classroom.
Write the answers to the following questions in your exercise book:
Technical analysis
1. Which hardware elements are used in the classroom?
2. What materials are they made of?
3. How are their different parts assembled?
4. What physical processes do they need to carry out in order to function?
5. Describe the manufacturing process for these elements.
6. Which dimensions of the elements must be standardised?
Analysis of function
1. What do we use this set of elements for?
2. What does each element do?
3. How do they work?
4. How should we look after them?
5. How can using them put peoples safety at risk?
6. What other objects have similar functions?
Analysis of computer hardware
A N A L Y S I S O F T E C H N I C A L O B J E C T S
K E Y W O R D S
assemble: put the parts or pieces
of an object together
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 24
Hardware and software 25
Socioeconomic analysis
1. What are the origins of this set of hardware and what needs does it satisfy?
2. How have people responded to these needs throughout history?
3. How does the use of these elements affect the environment?
4. How are these products sold?
5. How much, approximately, does it cost to buy these elements in a shop?
6. Are they expensive or cheap compared to other objects that could perform
the same function?
7. Could these elements have been manufactured using less expensive
materials? Explain your answer.
Specifications and components
The table below shows the specifications and components of a computer.
Copy and complete the table in your exercise book.
N.B.: you can add any other elements you think are necessary.
Activities
In your exercise book, draw a plan of the IT classroom. Use a scale
of 1:100. On your plan, draw a diagram showing the computer network
in the classroom.
Which resources are shared on the network?
1
A N A L Y S I S O F T E C H N I C A L O B J E C T S
K E Y W O R D S
environment: set of natural, social
and cultural surroundings in
which people, animals and
plants operate
HARDWARE
Clock rate (Hz)
RAM
Cache memory
Hard disk
Chipset
Peripheral
devices
Input
Output
Input/output
Ports
VGA
USB
HDMI
Audio
LAN
Sound card
Network card
Graphics card
SOFTWARE
Operating
system
Application
programs
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 25
26 UNIT 1 26
Creating an invoice
One of the most common uses of spreadsheets is to create invoices. You can
do this in both Excel and Calc. You can now create an invoice like the one below.
Here are a few tips to help you with this exercise:
You can change the format of cells by right-clicking on the cells and
selecting Formato de celdas if you are using Excel, or Formatear celdas if
you are using Calc.
Use the Combinar y centrar or Fusionar y centrar icon when you need to
merge several cells.
The SUMA(A1:C1) function automatically calculates the total of the numbers
in that range of cells. You can change the range of cells for your purposes.
You can insert an image by clicking on Insertar Imagen.
You can change the appearance of your invoice via the Formato toolbar or
by right-clicking on each of the elements you want to change and
selecting the options you want.
In Excel, if you are preparing an invoice in Spanish, you will need to change
the decimal point to a comma. To do this, select Reemplazar from the Edicin
menu, fill in the fields as shown below, and click on Reemplazar todos.
Financial charts: the stock market
You can use data from other applications in Excel or Calc. In OpenOffice, all
applications are interconnected so when you open a table in Writer, the program
automatically turns into Calc.
The table in the left-hand margin shows the stock market value of a company
on several days in January.
Using spreadsheets for financial purposes
C O M P U T E R A P P L I C A T I O N
K E Y W O R D S
invoice: document showing the
amount to be paid for goods or
services
stock market: market where
company shares are bought and
sold
A companys stock market value
Date Maximum Minimum Close
17-1-10 10.20 9.90 9.98
16-1-10 10.18 9.77 10.18
15-1-10 10.24 9.92 9.94
14-1-10 10.21 10.01 10.14
13-1-10 10.14 9.86 10.02
10-1-10 9.92 9.59 9.89
9-1-10 9.78 9.24 9.77
8-1-10 9.80 9.36 9.59
7-1-10 9.54 9.22 9.53
3-1-10 9.13 8.86 9.01
2-1-10 9.05 8.51 9.05
Search and Replace dialog box
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 26
Hardware and software 27
To use the data in this Word table in Excel, follow the steps below:
1. In the Tabla menu in Word select Seleccionar Tabla.
2. Open the Edicin menu in Word and click on Copiar.
3. In Excel, click on cell A1 and select Pegar from the Edicin menu.
4. Now you can create a
chart showing the
companys stock
market value over
time. Click on the
Asistente para
grficos icon on the
toolbar. When asked
to specify the Tipo de
grfico, select
Cotizaciones.
Loans and mortgages
One very useful thing you can do with spreadsheets is to calculate the
monthly payments you need to make to pay off a loan or mortgage. To do this,
we can create a sheet like the one below:
In the Excel toolbar, select Insertar Funcin. In Seleccionar una categora,
choose Financieras, and in Seleccionar una funcin, choose PAGO. Click on
Aceptar. In Argumentos de funcin enter the data shown in the window below
and then click on Aceptar.
You can also do financial calculations in Calc following steps similar to the
ones provided above. The program automatically calculates the monthly
payments based on the interest rate, repayment terms and the amount borrowed.
Activities
Use your own address and personal details to create an invoice like the one
on the previous page.
Use the data provided in the table on the previous page to create a chart
showing the companys stock market value over time.
Use a program function to work out which day in January was the best one
to buy shares in the company. If you bought 1 000 shares on 2 January and sold
them at the closing price on 17 January, what profit would you have made?
Imagine that you have bought 100 shares in a company of your choice. Use
the Internet to track the stock market value of that company over the course of
one month. Create an Excel chart showing the share price over that period. If you
sell the shares at the end of the period, will you make a profit? If so, how much?
Mario wants to buy a car, and the bank will give him a loan of 24 000. The
interest rate for the loan is 7.5% and he has to pay it back over 5 years. Use a
spreadsheet to calculate how much Mario will have to pay back each month
and the total amount he will have paid after 5 years.
1
5
4
3
2
C O M P U T E R A P P L I C A T I O N
Value of a company on the Madrid Stock Exchange
2
-
J
a
n
4
-
J
a
n
6
-
J
a
n
8
-
J
a
n
1
0
-
J
a
n
1
2
-
J
a
n
1
4
-
J
a
n
1
6
-
J
a
n
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
- Close
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 27
28 UNIT 1 28
P R O C E D U R E S
Local area networks are data networks that work in a
limited area. They are generally used in one building,
although they can be extended using devices known as
repeaters.
A local area network has three basic components:
physical elements
networking devices
communications cards.
Physical elements
Networks can be connected using cables and wires, or
using radio waves. In this section, we are going to focus on
wired networks, as these are the most common.
Although there are lots of different types of network
depending on the type of wiring used, here we are going
to look at Ethernet, which is currently the worlds most
popular network type.
Originally, these networks consisted of a coaxial cable
called a bus to which various devices, known as nodes or
stations, were connected. This LAN structure is no longer
used today, having been replaced by structured wiring.
These networks use a twisted pair cable made up of 8
copper wires twisted together in 4 pairs with an RJ45
connector at each end. We can set up different categories
of network using different quality cables and different
types of installation. Better networks transmit data more
quickly and reliably than lower quality ones.
Twisted pair cable
There are two main types of Ethernet network: 10BaseT
and 100BaseT. The number indicates the networks
maximum transmission speed (10 MHz and 100 MHz,
respectively), and the T indicates the type of cable used.
In some areas, faster 1000BaseT networks are now being
installed.
Networking devices
These are the devices that connect the network nodes
together so that they can communicate with each other.
There are two basic types:
Hubs. These are passive network elements with a
series of RJ45 ports. One end of a cable is connected
to each of those ports, and the other end to one of
the network nodes. Data can be transmitted through
hubs at a speed of 10 MHz. Inside the hub, all of the
communications packets are transmitted
indiscriminately to all of the ports. This slows down
the transmission speed.
An 8-port hub
Switches. These are active network elements. Like
hubs, they have a series of RJ45 ports used to
connect to the network nodes. Switches are faster
than hubs, working at 100 MHz. There are even some
switches with 1000 MHz ports. Switches always know
which nodes are connected to their ports. When data
are transmitted between two nodes, the switches set
up a communications channel between the ports of
the two nodes involved so that the maximum speed
of transfer can be maintained.
Hubs and switches can be connected to other hubs and
switches in piles known as stacks.
Two switches piled one on top of the other in a stack
Local area networks: Ethernet
K E Y W O R D S
repeater: an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it
radio waves: waves in the electromagnetic spectrum
used in radio communication
MHz: megahertz, unit of frequency used in the
International System of Units
indiscriminately: done in a random manner, without
making careful distinction
stack: pile of objects
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 28
Hardware and software 29
A hub can be connected to another hub via the usual
port, treating the second hub like any other node on the
network. A switch, on the other hand, can be connected to
another switch via a special high-speed port. The switch
then sends data down this high-speed route directly to the
node connected to the second switch. Via these ports, the
different switches can also exchange information about the
network nodes connected to them.
Communications cards
Each network node or station has to have a special
communications card specific to the type of Ethernet that is
being set up.
The transmission speed is important, so the card must
be selected based on the network speed. For example, in a
100BaseT network, the nodes must have 100 MHz Ethernet
cards, otherwise it will be impossible to reach the networks
maximum speed.
10/100 autosensing cards are now available these
cards automatically detect the speed of the network to
which they are connected and adapt to that speed.
Connecting a network
How are all of these devices connected to create a local
area network?
Each node has a communications card with an RJ45
port. A cable with an RJ45 connector on each end is used
to connect the communications card to the networking
device. This process is repeated with all of the nodes until
the local area network is complete and each of the nodes
can communicate with the others. Finally, the
communications protocol we are going to use must be
prepared and configured. The network nodes cannot
communicate with each other simply by being connected
they must also speak the same language. A
communications protocol shared by all the machines
therefore needs to be established. Today, thanks to the
Internet, the most widely used protocol is TCP / IP, which
we will look at in Unit 4.
A standard communications card
P R O C E D U R E S
mains electricity
computer network
junction box
located on the floor
communications rack
switch
RJ45 connector
RJ45 connector
port
node
communications
card
cable sleeve
twisted pair cable
connections
Example of a local area network
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 29
Revision activities
In your exercise book, write down three examples of
analogue signals. Then write down three examples of
digital signals.
Use a spreadsheet to:
a) create a table like the one below and include
another column to show the population density of
each Community (inhabitants/km2).
b) create a chart that shows the data for each
Community clearly.
c) calculate Spains total surface area, population and
population density.
Write down the meaning of the following formulas
in your exercise book:
a) 5*(A1/A2)
b) (B2*B3)/(C21)
c) SUMA(B1:B6)/6
d) PROMEDIO(B1:B6)
e) (C5C4/2)3
f) MAX(A1:B2)
g) MIN(C2:C6)
h) M.C.D(A4:D4)
i) PRODUCTO(A2:C2)
The table below shows the amount of electricity
generated in Spain between 1990 and 2008.
Use the data to create a line chart, then convert these
analogue data into three-bit digital data.
Use a spreadsheet to create the following chart:
The table below provides the formulas you need in
order to calculate the area and volume of three
different shapes. Use a spreadsheet to calculate the
area and volume of each one for the following values of
a: 5 cm, 7.5 cm and 10 cm.
N.B.: to calculate square roots, use the following
formula: =RAIZ().
6
5
4
3
2
1
30 UNIT 1 30
Community
Surface area
(km
2
)
Population
(inhabitants)
Andaluca 87268 8302923
Aragn 47669 1345473
Principado de Asturias 10565 1085289
Islas Baleares 5014 1095426
Canarias 7500 2103992
Cantabria 5289 589235
Castilla-La Mancha 79226 2081313
Castilla y Len 94147 2563 521
Catalua 31929 7475420
Extremadura 41602 1102 410
Galicia 29434 2796089
Madrid 7995 6386932
Regin de Murcia 11317 1446520
Navarra 10421 630598
Pas Vasco 7261 2172175
La Rioja 5034 321702
Comunidad Valenciana 23305 5094675
Ceuta 19 78674
Melilla 13 73480
Year
Net electricity generation
(thousands of GWh)
1990 143.7
1992 148.1
1994 152.8
1996 165.1
1998 183.4
2000 208.4
2002 225.4
2004 261.2
2006 278.6
2008 288.5
Shape Example Area Volume
Tetrahedron
A3 a
2
V
2
12
a
3
Octahedron
A23 a
2
V
2
3
a
3
Icosahedron
A53 a
2
V
5
12
(3 5) a
3
World iron ore reserves
India
United States
Kazakhstan
Brazil
Australia
China
Russia
Ukraine
Other
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 30
Revision activities
Use a spreadsheet to create a chart similar to the
one below:
Use a spreadsheet to create a chart similar to the
one below:
Using a spreadsheet, draw a parabola that passes
through the following points: A(6, 1), B(2, 3) and
C(16, 6). Then calculate the equation for that
parabola.
N.B.: In Agregar lnea de tendencia Tipo de
tendencia o regresin, select Polinomial Orden 2
(one point less than the number of points given
in the question).
What is a local area network (LAN)? In your exercise
book, write a list of all the elements you need to
configure a LAN.
Choose the correct word(s) in italics in the
following sentences, then listen and check your
answers.
a) Local area networks work in a larger / smaller area
than wide area networks.
b) 10BaseT networks are faster / slower than 100BaseT
networks.
c) 10BaseT and 100BaseT networks use the same / a
different type of cable.
d) Hubs are faster / slower than switches.
What are WLANs?
What is a router? In what type of network are they
used?
In your exercise book, copy and label the following
diagram of a wide area network.
Talking points
Earlier in the unit, we saw how spreadsheet
applications could be used to create climate charts.
Work in small groups and imagine that you are
scientists carrying out research on climate change. How
could you use a spreadsheet to help you with your
research? What data would you need? What
spreadsheet functions would be useful?
In pairs, discuss all the different types of chart we
have seen in this unit. Can you think of any more? Write
a list and then share it with your classmates.
Wireless networks are becoming more and more
common in todays society. In pairs, discuss the
advantages of using WLANs instead of LANs. Then
compare your findings with those of the rest of your
class.
14
11
17
16
15
13
12
10
9
8
7
Hardware and software 31
Energy sources used by the Spanish
electricty sector 2009
Nuclear
Fuel oil / gas
Coal
Natural gas
Cogeneration
Renewables
Other
Annual cork production Tonnes
Country
P
O
R
T
U
G
A
L
S
P
A
I
N
A
L
G
E
R
I
A
M
O
R
O
C
C
O
I
T
A
L
Y
F
R
A
N
C
E
T
U
N
I
S
I
A
A
B
C
WAN
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 31
32 UNIT 1 32
Unit summary
analogue-to-digital
electromagnetic
Linux
country
central processing unit
processing
storage devices
functions
passive
budgets
bus
copper wires
digital
LANs
analogue
wireless
coaxial cable
active
Hardware and software
In your exercise book, copy and complete the chart with the words shown below.
The computer
as a control
device
When we collect data about variables such as temperature, we collect continuous
signals
Analogue and
digital signals
Computers work with non-continuous signals
To collect data about analogue signals, we must use an converter
Input and output of data via devices connected to the CPU ( )
Functions Data storage in
, carried out in the central unit
Computer
networks
Local area networks or , usually in the same building or buildings nearby
Types
Ethernet networks are an example of a LAN
networks or WLANs that use waves to transmit data instead of wires
Wide area networks or WANs, covering a whole or continent
Elements
Hubs are network elements with a series of RJ45 ports
Switches are network elements
A bus is a cable made up of a set of used to communicate between
components
Nodes/stations are interconnected by means of
Using
spreadsheets
in technology
Carrying out operations with numerical data using and formulas
Uses
Generating , charts, invoices and statistics
Excel in Microsoft
Spreadsheet
applications
Calc in OpenOffice
978 222 002 4219
BEXT 0S4TELA_01 15/3/12 15:52 Pgina 32