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Results
Table 1 displays the hardness data for each sample. The 1018 and 1045 air-cooled results
were measured using Rockwell B,, while the rest were measured with Rockwell C. Table
2 displays the cooling times for each sample. Table 3 displays the hardness data for the
welded steels.
Table 1: Macro Hardness Data for Nine Steel Samples.
Steel Cooling Method
Trial
1
Trial
2
Trial
3
Average
Hardness
1018 Air Cooled 72.5 73.0 72.5

72.7

Water Quenched 26.0 22.5 24.0

24.2

Water Quenched


and Tempered 28.0 24.0 25.5

25.8
1045 Air Cooled 92.5 92.5 93.0

92.7

Water Quenched 64.0 63.0 64.5

63.8

Water Quenched


and Tempered 42.0 40.5 42.5

41.2
4340 Air Cooled 34.0 34.5 35.0

34.5
Water Quenched 50.5 50.5 50.0

50.3
Water Quenched

and Tempered 41.5 42.0 42.0

41.8


Table 2: Cooling Times used for Cooling Curve Projections
Heat
Treatment
Start Temperature
(C)
End Temperature
(C)
Time
(s)
Air Cooled 961.2 100 542
Water
Quenched 961.2 100 5





Table 3: Hardness Data for 1045 and 4140 Welded Samples
Steel Distance from Hardness (Rockwell B
Hardness
(HV)

fusion zone
(mm) or C)

1045 0.75 34 Rc 336
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1.50 34 Rc 327

2.25 30 Rc 301

3.00 28 Rc 286

3.75 27 Rc 278
4140 0.60 36 Rc 354

1.20 36 Rc 350

1.80 33 Rc 325

2.40 97 Rb 235

3.00 91 Rb 207

Figure 1 illustrates how the weld hardness varies across the heat-affected zone.


Figure 1: Hardness vs. Distance from the fusion zone for 1045 and 4140 welded steels

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Figure 2: Hardness vs. Composition diagram
This diagram helps determine the microstrucure of tempered metals.










=@

Figures 3-5 are Continuous Cooling Diagrams for each steel in the experiment. Plotted
on each diagram is a predicted the cooling curve from the different heat treatments. The
red line is the predicted air cooled cooling curve. The blue line is the predicted water
quenched cooling curve.

Figure 3: CCT diagram for 1018 steel

=A


Figure 4: CCT diagram for 1040 steel



Figure 5: CCT diagram for 4340 steel





=B

Figures 6-7 are 1018 steel samples that were air cooled from 950DC. The white areas
indicate ferrite and the dark areas indicate pearlite.

Figure 6: 1018 air cooled at 20X magnification


Figure 7: 1018 air cooled at 100X magnification



Ferrite
Pearlite
Ferrite
Pearlite


=?


Figures 8-9 are 1045 steel samples that were air cooled from 950DC. The dark areas
indicate pearlite and the white areas indicate ferrite.

Figure 8: 1045 air cooled at 20X magnification


Figure 9: 1045 air cooled at 100X magnification


Ferrite
Pearlite
Pearlite
Ferrite

=E

Figures 10-11 are 4340 steel samples that were air cooled from 950DC. The entire
structure is a mixture of bainite and martensite, which are indistinguishable from each
other.

Figure 10: 4340 air cooled at 20X magnification


Figure 11: 4340 air cooled at 100X magnification
Bainite +
Martensite
Bainite +
Martensite

=F

Figures 12-13 are 1018 steel samples that were water quenched from 950DC to below
100DC. The dark areas indicate a mixture of bainite and martensite. The white areas
indicate ferrite.

Figure 12: 1018 water quenched at 20X magnification


Figure 13: 1018 water quenched at 100X magnification
Bainite +
Martensite
Bainite +
Martensite
Ferrite
Ferrite

=G

Figures 14-15 are 1045 steel samples that were water quenched from 950DC to below
100DC. The light tan areas indicate pearlite; the dark areas indicate martensite; and the
white areas indicate ferrite.

Figure 14: 1045 water quenched at 20X magnification


Figure 15: 1045 water quenched at 100X magnification
Pearlite
Martensite
Ferrite
Pearlite
Ferrite
Martensite

="

Figures 16-17 are 4340 steel samples that were water quenched from 950DC to below
100DC. The entire structure is martensite.

Figure 16: 4340 water quenched at 20X magnification


Figure 17: 4340 water quenched at 100X magnification

Martensite
Martensite

@>

Figures 18-19 are 1018 steel samples that were water quenched from 950DC to below
100DC and tempered to 450DC. The dark areas indicate a mixture of bainite and
martensite. The white areas indicate ferrite.

Figure 18: 1018 water quenched and tempered at 20X magnification


Figure 19: 1018 water quenched and tempered at 100X magnification
Bainite +
Martensite
Ferrite
Bainite +
Martensite
Ferrite

@=

Figures 20-21 are 1045 steel samples that were water quenched from 950DC to below
100DC and tempered to 450DC. The entire microstructure is martensite.

Figure 20: 1045 water quenched and tempered at 20X magnification


Figure 21: 1045 water quenched and tempered at 100X magnification


Martensite
Martensite

@@

Figures 22-23 are 4340 steel samples that were water quenched from 950DC to below
100DC and tempered to 450DC. The entire microstructure is martensite.

Figure 22: 4340 water quenched and tempered at 20X magnification


Figure 23: 4340 water quenched and tempered at 100X magnification

Martensite
Martensite

@A

Figure 24 displays the welded 1045 steel from the fusion zone on the left and the first
half HAZ on the right side. Figure 25 displays the welded 1045 steel from the second
half of the HAZ on the right and the base metal on the left side. The HAZ closest to the
fusion zone contains martensite and the HAZ closest to the base metal contains ferrite.

Figure 24: 1045 weld from the fusion zone to the HAZ at 20X magnification

Fusio
n
Zone
Martensite
HAZ