FOR PRVATE CRCULATON ONLY

Published in the nterest of Customer Education

VOL. 16 NO. 1
2008
BLACK COLOUR
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omaiI: dirorImarkoIing@voIraroindia.rom WWW.voIraroindia.rom
SO 9001:2000, SO 22000:2005 & FAM-QS:2006 Certified Company
Bharal Tandon

Several different types of chelated minerals are commercially

available. The most widely used forms are products in which
the ligand is either an amino acid or a peptide (DL
Methionine). The chelation in
which the ligand is a peptide is
often gets degraded in rumen
as ruminal microflora recognize
the nitrogen atom present in its
chemical structure of peptides
utilize it as a source for
microbial protein synthesis. The
mol ecul ar si ze chel at ed
minerals will depend on the
nature of the chelation material
used. The variations in the
molecular size of chelated
Reference :
1. A. PECHOVA, L. PAVLATA, E. LOKAJOVA. Clinical of Diseases of Ruminants, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and
Pharmaceutical Science, Brno, Czech Republic. May, 2006
2. Roger Scaletti and Robert Harmon. Copper Supplementation and ts Role on Decreasing Mastitis. 2002 Kentucky Ruminant Nutrition. Pages
21-25.
3. Shannon Davidson and Donna M. Amaral-Phillips. University of Kentucky
Traditionally organic salts such as oxides, sulphates and
carbonates were added to the diet to meet the mineral
requirement of animals. However, as each inorganic mineral
carry either positive of negative charge; hence, they tend to
form complex with other dietary molecules to form complex
resulting in reduced bio-availability or even becomes
completely unavailable. Thus the availability of the element
may vary substantially. Because of this uncertainty, the levels
Udder Defense Mechanism:
The defense mechanisms of the bovine mammary gland is divided into three sections:
(A) PhysicaI Barrier : The teat canal.
(B) CeIIuIar defense mechanisms: (macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes)
(C) HumoraI defense mechanisms: cytokines including interleukin - (L) , L , L 1 2 3
granulocyte/ macrophage-colony stimulating factor and TNF (tumour necrosis
factor)- , immunoglobulins, complement, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase/
thiocyanate/ H O system, and lysozyme. 2 2
provided in the diet are often higher that required for optimum
performance, often resulting in over supply and unnecessary
wastage with obvious environmental impact. As a result,
nutritionists, veterinarians, feed manufacturers and
producers are opting for chelated mineral ( sometimes refered
as organic minerals ) as a better option for better animal
performance.
The primary role of Chelated minerals are to increase the
bioavailability of supplemental trace minerals from the diet.
The beneficial effects of Chelation are attributed to the
association of the metal with an organic molecule, the ligand.
The increased bio-availability of the trace mineral in a properly
designed and carefully manufactured chelated minerals is the
result of:
1. Increased soIubiIity: The chelated are readily soluble in
the intestinal contents. This enables the minerals to be
homogenously distributed in intestinal contents and able
to reach the absorbing surface of the intestinal tract.
However, solubility alone is not sufficient criteria for
improved bioavailability.
2. Greater stabiIity in the gut: The chelated mineral is
stable in the digestive tract. t protects the metal from
antagonists present in the diet and from changes in the pH
as it moves through the digestive tract. Chelated minerals
should resist degradation by digestive enzymes and gut
flora.
n the dairy cattle management key goals of adequate nutrition is to optimize productuion, reproduction & mammary
health. Supplementation of trace minerals improves immune function and reduces the incidence of mastitis.
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mineral affect their bioavailability and ultimately their ability to
improve animal performance.
Synthetic amino acids or amino acids precursor ( Methyl
hydroxy analogue - MHA) are also used as ligands in
chelating trace minerals. The difinative advantage of MHA is
that its is non - drgraded in rumen as there is no Nitrogen atom
in its chemical structure (as shown in figure) and hence rumen
microbes do not recognize it as a source for microbial protein
synthesis escapes the rumen degradation. Moreover, the
molecular size of MHA chelated are below 400 dalton which
facilitated its efficient absorption through intestine.
Trial with Zinc MHA and Copper MHA supplementation have
shown significant reduction in somatic cell count in milk and
can be adopted as a successful peventive strategies of the
current feeding practice in lactating animals.
BLACK COLOUR
(i) The Teat and Streak CanaI : The first line of defense
and acts as primary barrier to pathogens. Length and
diameter of streak canal can influence susceptibility to
entry by bacteria. Teat Canal lined with keratin that
plays a major role in protection of udder from bacterial
invasion.
(ii) Teat Shape: Pointed or rounded teat ends seem to have
the best resistance whereas flat or inverted teat ends
are least resistant. Funnel shaped teats are more
resistant than cylindrical teats.
(iii) Streak / Teat CanaI : The streak canal is lined with
stratified squamous epithelium. The canal has several
defense mechanisms, such as the physical closing of
the entryway for bacteria into the gland and the
formation of a keratin plug to prevent entry of bacteria.
(iv) Teat Sphincter : This is situated in the teat wall at the
distal end-2 mm of canal. t has no antibacterial activity,
but by contracting and shutting off the streak canal it
causes a physical obstruction to bacteria. Mastitis
occurs when bacteria gets into the mammary gland
through the teat canal. Teat canal remain open up to 20-
30 min after milking and poor tone (Leaky sphincter) of
sphincter in some animals makes them more
susceptible mastitis. Hence, patency of teat sphincter
muscles directly related to increased chances of
mastitis.
(a) GranuIocytes : (Neutrophils polymorphonuclear
neutrophils,- PMN, basophils, and eosinophils) They
are considered the "second line of defense" in the
mammary gland.
(b) Lymphocytes : B ceIIs - involved in production of
humoral immune components antibody. T ceIIs -involved
in cell mediated immunity eg.killer cells, helper cells, etc.
Dairy cattle are most susceptible to mastitis and other
infections during the first two weeks after drying off, two
weeks before calving, and the first two weeks after
calving. Proper feeding of dry cows with attention to
proper mineral supplementation can significantly
improve immune function. On the other hand,
def i c i enc i es i n mi ner al s c an r es ul t i n
immunodepression.
Ration fed to dry cows are often deficient in copper,
zinc, selenium and vitamin E which are the primary
vitamins and minerals that affect immune function.
These minerals can be added to the dry cow grain mix,
creating a palatable way for the cattle to consume the
supplement.
Supplementation of trace minerals is only required at
low levels to improve immune function. Selenium,
copper and zinc have been shown to improve immune
function, such as decreasing the incidence of mastitis.
Vitamin Eand selenium act together to accomplish their
purpose. They decrease the incidence of retained
placentas as well as support immune function and
neutralize small quantities of toxic substances.
Copper and zinc have been shown to aid immune
function in the prevention of mastitis.
Since dairy cattle are most susceptible to mastitis early
in the dry period and after calving, proper feeding of
these two minerals can help cows get through this
transition period smoothly. Of course, proper dry cow
management including infusions of dry cow treatment
and teat dipping is still essential to the prevention of
mastitis, but adding copper and zinc to the diet should
not be overlooked.
ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION: Zinc (Zn) is the most
abundant intracellular microelement, characterized by
a number of catalytic, structural and regulatory
functions. Zinc is a bio-membrane component playing
an essential role in RNA, DNA and ribosome
stabilization; it is also present in a number of
transcription factors, stabilizes some complexes of
hormones and their receptors, plays a role in insulin
production and has antioxidant effects. Zn is also
crucial for maintenance of integrity and the barrier
function of skin and is involved in the immune system in
complex ways. ncreased resistance of the mammary
gland is based on the positive effect of Zn on keratin in
the teat duct, its effect on cellular immunity, and the
presence of Zn in a number of acute inflammation
proteins . All these functions underlie the positive effect
of Zn on the health status of the mammary gland.
Studies evidencing the positive effect of zinc
supplementation in the feed rations fed to milk cows on
the somatic cell count in milk. Cows supplemented with
zinc produced numerically lower SCC, might be
explained by positive effect on the immune function of
cells.
COPPER SUPPLEMENTATI ON: c o p p e r
supplemented heifers had lower bacterial counts, lower
SCC, and lower peak rectal temperatures than
responses in control animals after intramammary
challenge with E. coli. The decreased clinical severity of
infection could be due to increased capability of copper
supplemented animals to kill the invading E. coli.. The
biological role of copper is exerted through a number of
copper containing proteins including ceruloplasmin and
superoxide desmutase (SOD).
mmunoglobulins (antibodies) include - gG, gM, gA,
gD, gE and bacterial invasion stimulates the
antigen antibody complexes, which causes -
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(v) Keratin : A "meshlike" substance, formed from
desquamated epithelial cells + fatty acids + cationic
proteins. t functions as a physical obstruction to
bacteria and absorption of bacteria (up to 1 million). The
keratin lining is desquamated during milking which
removes bacteria in the streak canal. Approximately 40
% of keratin is lost during milking and resealing of canal
takes up to 2 hours. The keratin's fatty acids are
bactericidal (Polyene C18:2 and C18:3 are bactericidal
for Staph. aureus, S. hyicus, C. bovis, Strep. Agalactiae)
and bacteriostatic (C12 and C14 are bacteriostatic for
the same pathogens ) and it has proteins which bind to
and cause lysis of gram positive bacterial cell walls.
(vi) Furstenberg's Rosette : Situated at the internal end of
the streak canal. t has a protective leukocyte population
which are thought to leave the teat wall and enter the
cistern via Furstenberg's Rosette. t contains
bactericidal cationic proteins (eg. ubiquitin).
Bacteria may escape the natural defense mechanisms by
direct inoculation into teat cistern via intramammary infusion,
by multiplication of bacterial colonies along the streak canal
(especially after milking), or by propulsion into teat by vacuum
fluctuations at the teat end during milking. Once past the
physical barrier of the streak canal, invading pathogens are
confronted with the immune system.
(c) Monocytes/Macrophages : Once monocytes leave the
blood and enter the tissue they are called macrophages.
Macrophages are important in initiating, both the humoral
and cellular immune responses, in udder as well as in
phagocytosis of foreign cells and debris.
During mastitis or involution, the PMN are the first cells to
enter the tissue. Macrophages and lymphocytes enter the
tissue later and predominate after a few days. Macrophages
present an antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate humoral and
cellular immunity responses.
n the mammary gland less than 2% of total milk somatic cells
are epithelial cells. Others are leukocytes. PMN predominate
during early stages of inflammation or involution and may
account for greater than 90% of total milk somatic cells .
Enhancement of phagocyt osi s
(opsonization or recognition)
NeutraIization of the antigen (such as
toxins, viruses)
Activation of compIement system.
Complement is lowin bovine milk - dependent
on the stage of lactation and pathological
status of the gland.
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