THERMODYNAMICS II

ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
EMD5M5A

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1.0 Title




MEC 554-THERMALFLUIDS LAB
THERMODYNAMICS II LAB

ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING

LECTURER: NOR AMALINA BTE RESALI

THERMODYNAMICS II
ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
EMD5M5A

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Table of Contents

1.0 Title............................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 3
List of Symbols ........................................................................................................................................ 4
List of figure ......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.0 Introduction And Applications ................................................................................................... 6
4.0 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 7
5.0 Theory ......................................................................................................................................... 8
6.0 Experimental Procedures ..................................................................................................... 12
6.1 Apparatus/Experimental Setup ............................................................................................... 12
6.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 15
7.0 Data and calculations ............................................................................................................... 16
7.2 Sample calculations: ................................................................................................................... 16
7.2 Data: ............................................................................................................................................ 19
8.0 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 20
9.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 20
10.0 References ................................................................................................................................ 21
11.0 Appendices .................................................................................................................... 22






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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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2.0 Abstract

We knew that the air properties is changes based on what types of process that we
running it. Each types of process which is the simple heating, steam humudification, simple
cooling and dehudification have their own result and reason why it is occur like that. With
that data and result we can study throughout about the air-conditioning. But still an error must
be avoided in order to get the precise data.

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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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List of Symbols
A Area over which force (F) acts (m2)
E Elastic modulus (GPa)
F Force (N)
(

Initial dimension in direction i (mm)

T Specimen thickness (m)

Rate of chart displacement (mm/min)

Rate of sample displacement (mm/min)

w Specimen width (m)

Displacement of chart (mm)

Displacement of sample (mm)

Strain

=0 Predicted strain at zero stress

Normal strain in direction i

E Error in the predicted elastic modulus (GPa)
F Error in the force (N)

Change in dimension in direction i (mm)

t Error in the specimen thickness (m)
w Error in the width (m)

=0 Error in the predicted strain at zero stress

Error in the predicted intercept of stress-stain data (MPa)
Error in the stress (MPa)
Predicted intercept of stress-strain data (MPa)
Engineering stress (MPa)

Yield point (MPa)

Ultimate strength (MPa)

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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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List of figure
Figure 1: Air-Conditioner(Home or office usage) .................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Heating coil mechanism ........................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3: Schematic diagram for condensation process ......................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Shematic diagram for humidifying section ............................................................................ 10
Figure 5: The flow of air through insulator and mixing section ............................................................ 11
Figure 6: Computer Linked Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit ( P.A. Hilton) ......................................... 12
Figure 7: Computerized Data Display System ...................................................................................... 13
Figure 8: Control Panel.......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 9: System Schematic Diagram .................................................................................................... 14

















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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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3.0 Introduction And Applications

Air conditioning system is a process of treating the air to establish and maintain
required standard of the occupants in the conditioned space. Air conditioning system consists
of a group of equipment connected in series to control the environmental parameters. It is a
direct application of the refrigeration cycle. The properties of air can be altered by
experiencing certain thermodynamics process. The most basic of processes involved in an air
conditioning system are simple heating, steam humidification, simple cooling and
dehumidification.
Air-conditioning is useful to maintain the surrounding environment of temperature
and ambient to satisfy the the temperature of human comfort, which is between 20C to 25C.
Conventional air-condition is use to cool and to heat the surrounding environment, but in
some country, air-condition may use both heating and cooling, with or without humidifing
air. Also the industrial usage of air-condition is to reduce temperature of thermal produce
machine.
Nowadays, we can see the the usage of the air-conditioning is increasing day by day
wheather is on house or at the office. It shows to us that most people desire a good
surrounding for their comfortable life. For that, air conditioning is a solution for that and it is
important for us to study how it works. Theoretically, analysis of air conditioning processes is
required for maintaining proper temperature and humidity in living space such as residential,
commercial, and industrial facilities.






Figure 1: Air-Conditioner(Home or office usage)
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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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4.0 Objectives

The purpose of this experiment is to:
1. To study and understand the changes in air properties as it is treated in a basic air-
conditioning unit system.
2. To develop knowledge of refrigeration cycle and air conditioning system.
3. To experiencing the air conditioning system in practical.
4. to experiencing the usage of Computer Linked Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit ( P.A.
Hilton)














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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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5.0 Theory
The type of air conditioning process :
simple heating (raising the temperature)
simple cooling (lowering the temperature)
humidifying (adding moisture)
dehumidifying (removing moisture)

Air conditioning process are modeled as steady flow processes with general mass and energy
balance.

Mass balance

dry air

wet air

or

Energy Balance

Simple Heating and Cooling

- value of

is constant
- sensible heating by means of a electric resistance heater, a hot water coil, heat pump and
etc.
- In simple heating, specific humidity remained constant but the relative humidity decreases
- In simple cooling, the cooling coil is in place. Therefore the humidity remained constant but
the relative humidity increases.
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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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Figure 2: Heating coil mechanism

Dry air : m
a1
= m
a2
= m
a
Water/ Vapour : m
a

1
= m
a

2


1
=
2
Energy : Q
in
+ m
a
h
1
= m
a
h
2


Q
in
= m
a
(h
2
- h
1
)

Cooling with Dehumidification

- When the relative humidity is too high, some moisture is removed from the air to
dehumidify it.
- When the air is cooled below its dew point temperature, condensation will start to form.
- Water vapor is removed from the cooled air and the relative humidity is lowered.
Figure 3: Schematic diagram for condensation process
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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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Dry air : m
a1
= m
a2
= m
a
Water/ Vapour : m
a

1
= m
a

2
+ m
w


m
w
= m
a
(
1
-
2
)
Energy : mh
in
= Q
out
+ mh
out
Q
out
= m (h
1
- h
2
) - m
w
h
w


Heating with Humidification

- Low relative humidity fom simple (sensible) heating can be eliminated by humidifying the
air.
- The air is passed through a heating section and then through a humidifying section.

Figure 4: Shematic diagram for humidifying section
Dry air : m
a1
= m
a2
= m
a
Water/ Vapour : m
a

2
+ m
w
= m
a

3

m
w
= m
a
(
3
-
1
)
Energy : m
a
h
2 +
m
w
h
w =
m
a
h
3

m
w
h
w =
m
a
(h
3
- h
2
)




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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams

- Air-Conditioning appilcation may require mixing of airstreams.
- The turn air is mixed with a small fraction of fresh outside air before it is routed into the
living space.
- When hot humid air is mixed with cold air the result may be fog.
- The mixing point is below the saturation line, and the moisture in the air condensates as
small droplets floating in the air.
- If the mixing point is below the saturation line, water is condensated as droplets and fog is
created.

Figure 5: The flow of air through insulator and mixing section
Dry air mass balance : m
a1
+ m
a2
= m
a3
Water mass balance : m
a1

1
+ m
a2

2
= m
a3

3

Energy balance : m
a1
h
1
+ m
a2
h2 = m
a3
h
3








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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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6.0 Experimental Procedures
6.1 Apparatus/Experimental Setup

Computer Linked Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit ( P.A. Hilton)

Figure 6: Computer Linked Air Conditioning Laboratory Unit ( P.A. Hilton)
Control
Panel
Fan
Stop
Watch
Container
Cooling
Area
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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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Figure 7: Computerized Data Display System


Figure 8: Control Panel


Computer
Display
CPU
Printer
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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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Figure 9: System Schematic Diagram
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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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6.2 Procedure

Start the unit by having the suction fan running and the screen displaying the master menu.
Programme 1 shows the process data displayed on a schematic layout of the system.
programme 2 displays the properties of the treated air on the psychrometric chart. There are
for condition for this experiment.
1) No Process- the data and psychrometric chart are print to read the initial
properties of the air as it enters the air-conditioning unit.
2) Sensible heating
a) 1kW pre-heater is switch on and allow 5 minute. The data and psychrometric
chart are print.
b) Then, 05kW re-heater is switch on and allow 5 minute. The data and
psychrometric chart are print
c) For this process, the temperature rise of the air is calculate at the exit.
3) Steam humidification all water heater is switch on to boil the water. When steam
is produces, only 3 kW if heat is switch to maintain the steam and allow 5 minute.
The data and psychrometric chart are print. Then the amount of steam introduced,
the change in relative humidity and corresponding rise of temperature are
calculate.
4) Colling and Dehumidification- the compressor of the refrigeration system is
switch on. The air is cool until 18
o
Cto 20
o
C (stable temperature), allow 5 minute
when the temperature is stable. The heat rate and amount of moisture removed
from the air are calculate. During experiment the time and the rate of condensation
(100ml) are measure from the beginning of the cooling process (stable
temperature). Compare with analysis




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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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7.0 Data and calculations

7.2 Sample calculations:
1. SENSIBLE HEATING
Pre-heater
T
dry
out = 37.4 C T
wet
out = 26.8 C
T
dry
in = 27.6 C T
wet
in = 23.1 C

Temperature rises at the exit = T
dry
= T
dry
out - T
dry
in
= 37.4 C - 27.6 C
= 9.8 C

T
wet
= T
wet
out - T
wet
in
= 26.8 C - 23.1 C
= 3.7 C

Re-heater
Temperature rises at the exit = T
dry
= T
dry
out - T
dry
in
= 48.7 C - 27.1 C
= 21.6 C

T
wet
= T
wet
out - T
wet
in
= 29.0 C - 22.4 C
= 6.6 C



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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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2. STEAM HUMIDIFACTION
M
a
= 0.0533 kg/s
From the Psychrometric chart

1
= 67 %
2
= 96 %

1
= 0.016 kg
v
/kg
a

1
= 0.030 kg
v
/kg
a

Amount of steam induced
m
w
= m
a
(
2
-
1
)
= 0.0533 (0.030 - 0.016 )
= 7.462 x 10
-4
kg/s
Change in relative humidity
=
2
-
1

= 96 % - 67 %
= 29 %

Temperature rises at the exit

T
dry
= 37.2C 27.6C = 9.6 C
T
wet
= 36.3C 23.3C = 13.0 C

3. COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION
M
a
= 0.2079 kg/s
From the Psychrometric chart

1
= 62 %
2
= 96 %

1
= 0.009 kg
v
/kg
a

1
= 0.0155 kg
v
/kg
a
h
1
= 35.8 kJ/kg h
2
=69.0 kJ/kg
Amount of steam induced
m
w
= m
a
(
2
-
1
)
= 0.2079 (0.0155 - 0.009 )
= 1.35135 x 10
-3
kg/s
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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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Change in relative humidity
=
2
-
1

= 96 % - 62 %
= 34 %

Temperature rises at the exit

T
dry
= 29.2C 13.1C = 16.1 C
T
wet
= 23.3C 13.0C = 10.3 C
Amount of heat transfer
h
w
= h
f
@ T
8
= 14.1 from table A-4, therefore h
w
= ?

h
w
= 59.2092 kJ/kg
Q
out
= m
a
(h
2
h
1
)- m
w
h
w

= 0.2079 (69.0 -35.8 )- 7.462 x 10
-4
(59.2092 )
= 6.858 kJ/s






h
f
(kJ/kG) Temperature(C)
42.022 10
h
w
14.1
62.982 15
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7.2 Data:

Experiment
NO PROCESS SENSIBLE HEATING STEAM HUMIDIFICATION
COOLING
AND DEHUMIDIFICATION
Reading
T
1
(TA
d
)
(
o
C)
27.5 27.6 27.1 27.6 28.9 27.2
T
2
(TA
w
)
(
o
C)
23.1 23.1 22.4 23.3 23.3 23.3
T
3
(TB
d
)
(
o
C)
28.2 42.3 44.6 36.5 29.2 29.3
T
4
(TB
w
)
(
o
C)
24.1 30.0 30.3 37.8 24.4 24.1
T
5
(TC
d
)
(
o
C)
27.6 39.4 44.0 36.4 13.4 12.5
T
6
(TC
w
)
(
o
C)
22.9 27.0 27.9 36.9 13.1 12.2
T
7
(TD
d
)
(
o
C)
27.5 37.4 48.7 36.3 14.1 13.1
T
8
(TD
w
)
(
o
C)
23.3 26.8 29.0 37.2 14.1 13.0
T
9
(T1)
(
o
C)
- -

- 6.0 6.4
T
10
(T2)
(
o
C)
- -

- 69.0 78.7
T
11
(T3)
(
o
C)
- -

- 42.4 43.1
T
12
(T4)
(
o
C)
- -

- 2.7 2.7
Qp
(W)
- 1019.9 1005.5 -

-
Qr
(W)
- 0 534.7 -

-
Qb
(W)
- -

2806.2

-
Pevap (P1)
(kN/m2)
- -

- 168.1 169.8
Pcond (P3)
(kN/m2)
- -

- 1043.5 1067.9
ma
(g/s)
205.6 199.0 55.3 53.3 207.9 120.0
mr
(g/s)
- -

- 10.4 10.0
TIME
(s)
- -

- 5 minutes 21 minutes
DRAIN
WATER(ml)
- -

- 100 100
Table 1: Data recorded
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8.0 Discussion
This part of report is individually hand written. The result of each member is attached
with this report.
9.0 Conclusion
This part of report is individually hand written. The result of each member is attached
with this report.


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10.0 References

Webside:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC [Accessed 27/09/14]
2) http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/125581-design-principles-and-major-
system-components-for-hvac/ [Accessed 27/09/14]

Books:
3) Yunus A. Cengel , AfshinJ. Ghajar,2007, Heat and Mass Transfer (fundamentals and
applications),Fourth edition in SI units,McGrawHill,Singapore
4) Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles,2006, Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach 5th Edition, McGraw Hill.
5) Yunus A. Vengeland Micheal A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering
Approach,7
th
edition in SI units, 2011 , The McGraw-Hill Companies.
.






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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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11.0 Appendices



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ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
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