1

VISCOUS FLUID FLOW Third Edition - Frank M. White

SOLUTIONS TO
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS NOT IN THE TEXT

Chapter 1. Preliminary Concepts
(Text problems in Chapter 1 are solved on pages 1-16 of the Manual)

1-27 Consider the tilted free surface of a liquid,
as in Fig. P1-27. Show that, if the fluid weight is
taken into account, the tilting causes shear stresses
in the liquid and hence the liquid will flow and
cannot be in a hydrostatic condition.

Solution: Draw a freebody of a wedge of liquid
at the surface and show that it cannot be held in
equilibrium by normal stresses only.

As we move down from the surface on the right
side of the wedge, the pressure must rise due to
the liquid weight, as shown, to the value p
o
+ gy.
For the hydrostatic assumption, this same pressure
must act vertically on the right point of the bottom side.
The vertical forces on the wedge are in balance!
But the horizontal forces are not, there is an extra
left-acting force on the right side, equal to the area
of the gray triangle shown on the right side.

The wedge is out of balance, shear stresses must occur, and the liquid will flow.
______________________________________________________________________________



PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission


Gas, p
o

Liquid,
density
0

p
o

y
p
o
p
o

p
o
+ gy
p
o
+ gy
Fig. P1-27
2
1-28 Following up on Prob. 1-4, consider laminar flow in a pipe of radius R, v
z
= K(R
2
r
2
),
for 0 r R, where K is a constant. Determine (a) the vorticity distribution; (b) the strain rates;
and (c) the average velocity V = Q/A
pipe
, where Q is the volume flow through the pipe.

Solution: These are math exercises using the paraboloid distribution v
z
(r), with v
r
= v

= 0. The
vorticity and strain rates are defined for cylindrical coordinates in Appendix B:

The average velocity is found by integrating the velocity distribution over the pipe:
______________________________________________________________________________

1-29 A realistic steady flow field, in Cartesian coordinates, has the following strain rates:

where K is a constant. Deduce formulas for the velocity components (u, v, w) and state
whether your result is unique. Sketch a few streamlines of your velocity distribution.

Solution: Integrate each strain rate separately and compare your results for consistency:
) .( ; 0
) .( 0 ; ) 2 ( ; 0
2
2
b Ans
r
v
a Ans r K
r
v
Kr
Kr
z
rz r z zz rr
z
z
r
=

= = = = = =
= = =

= =

) .(
2
4 2
2
2 ) (
1 1
2
] [
0
4 2 2
2
2
0
2
2
c Ans
r r R
R
K
dr r r R K
R
dA v
A A
Q
V
KR
R
R
pipe
z
= = = = =

0 ; 0 ; ; = = = = = =
zx yz xy zz yy xx
K K
constant are h f
dx
dh
dz
df
x
w
z
u
constant are f h
dz
df
y
h
z
g
y
h
z
v
y
w
z f f g
y
f
x
g
y
u
x
v
y x h w
z
w
z x g Ky v
y
v
K z y f Kx u
x
u
K
zx
yz
xy zz
yy xx
& , ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
0
& , ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
0
) ( , ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
0 ; ) , ( , 0
) , ( , ; ) , ( ,
1
1
1
+ =

= =
+

= =
= =

= = =

= =
+ =

= = + =

= =

3
The analysis is similar to the traditional concept of separation of variables, e.g., a function of x
can only equal a function of y if both are equal to a constant. The velocities are unique:
u = Kx + constant ; v = -Ky + constant ; w = constant Ans.
If the constants are zero, this is (irrotational) stagnation flow, Fig. 3-24 of the text.
______________________________________________________________________________


1-30 Consider a wide film of liquid flowing steadily
down an inclined plane, as shown in Fig. P1-30.
The density and viscosity of both liquid and gas
are constant. The film depth h is constant.
List some simplifying assumptions which would
help us to analyze this problem and find the film
velocity distribution without the use of a parallel
set of supercomputers. Pay especial attention to boundary conditions.
Do not solve the problem, but give a nice discussion.

Solution: First, it would simplify the analysis if the flow were laminar, not turbulent.
(This would require a low Reynolds number, say, u
max
h/ < 1000 or so.)
Second, we require no-slip at the bottom, u(y=0) = 0. (A slipping micro-film? No thanks.)
Third, a velocity v normal to the wall would only happen if the film were overturning as it flows
down the incline. That only happens if there is a thermal or saline instability in the film. We
assume that is not the case, so we let v 0 and solve only for a u distribution.
Fourth, at the surface, y = h, gas viscosity and density are typically much less than liquid values.
Thus the gas has little interaction with the film and we assume negligible gas shear stress on the
surface. Neglecting air shear means that
liquid
= (u/y) 0 at y = h. The film velocity will
reach its maximum at the surface.
Finally, fifth, we assume constant atmospheric pressure on the surface: p/x|
y=h
= 0.We can then
find an analytic solution using the equations of motion of a newtonian fluid in Chapter 2.
___________________________________________________________________________


x, u
y, v

h
GAS
LIQUID
Fig. P1-30
4
1-31 Consider a flat interface between a gas and a liquid. Let x and y denote coordinates
parallel and normal to the interface, respectively. Properties do not vary in the z direction. Gas
shear on the interface is negligible. Suppose that the surface tension coefficient varies due to
temperature or concentration gradients, T = T (x). By summing forces in the x direction along an
elemental thin piece of interface, derive a boundary condition that relates liquid velocity u to T (x).

Solution: Make a freebody of an elemental strip
of interface dx long, as shown. Sum forces in the
x direction, noting that pressure forces (not shown)
are in the y direction. Surface tension force
difference must balance with liquid shear force.
Let the interface be of width b into the paper. Then

Thus a gradient in surface tension coefficient acts as a driving force for flow of the fluid. This
type of flow is called Marangoni convection [see, e.g., Sasmal and Hochstein (1994)].
___________________________________________________________________________



1-32 Data for the viscosity of ethyl alcohol (C
2
H
6
O) are given as follows:
T, C -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
, kg/m-s 4.81E-3 2.83E-3 1.77E-3 1.20E-3 8.34E-4 5.92E-4 4.30E-4

Fit this data to a formula similar to Eq. (1-56), plot it, and comment upon the accuracy.

Solution: Rearrange the data, in a spreadsheet, taking the form of ln(/
o
) versus T
o
/T and fit it
to a second-order parabola. The results for least squares fitting are accurate, even for a linear fit,
and excellent for a quadratic fit:
dx
T b (T+dT) b
u
. |
: or , 0 ) (
Ans
dx
d
y
u
dx b
y
u
b d b
liquid
liq
T
T T T

+ + +

5



As seen from the plot below, the accuracy is very good (quadratic fit shown, linear fit OK also).


-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
ln( /
o
)
T
o
/T
ETHYL ALCOHOL
Quadratic Fit


_____________________________________________________________________________


1-33 Consider the cone-plate viscometer in Fig. P1-33. The fluid to be tested fills the gap and
one measures the moment M required to steadily rotate the cone at angular velocity . Suppose
that R = 8 cm and = 4. Assuming a locally linear velocity profile and laminar flow, estimate
the fluid viscosity if a moment of 0.9 N-m is required to rotate the cone at 650 rpm.








%) 1 . 1 Quadratic, ( ) ( 424 . 1 ) ( 789 . 8 349 . 7
2.6%) Linear, ( ) ( 025 . 6 034 . 6 ln
2
) (
+
+
T
T
T
T
T
T
o o
o
o

Heavy fluid,

Fig. P1-33
6

Solution: For any local radius r, the gap in the fluid is h = r tan. The moment about the axis is

From the given data we estimate the viscosity of the fluid. Note = 650 r/min = 68.1 rad/s:


This is the nominal viscosity of SAE 50 oil, but that may be a coincidence.
____________________________________________________________________________


1-34 Analyze the interface (x) between a liquid and a gas near a plane wall, as in Fig. P1-34.
Assume constant surface tension T and small curvature, 1/R
x
= d
2
/dx
2
(see Eq. 1-107 of the
text). The contact angle is at x = 0. (a) What are the appropriate boundary conditions? (b)
Find a formula for (x) and the interface height H at the wall.











Solution: (a) Two boundary conditions are needed:


(b) In Eq. (1-107), the pressure difference is due to the weight of the fluid above the interface:
3
3
0
2
2
sin 3
Thus
sin 3
2
sin
2
; )
cos
2 )(
tan
(
R
M
R
dr r M r
dr
r
r
r
r dA dM
R
w w

.
) 08 . 0 )( / 1 . 68 ( 2
) 4 sin( ) 9 . 0 ( 3
3
Ans
m s rad
m N
s m
kg

0.86

o
y
x


=H
Fig. P1-34
) .( 0 ) ( ; cot ) 0 ( a Ans x x
dx
d
= = =

7

The boundary condition at infinity requires that A = 0. At x = 0, we require a slope
d/dx = - cot = - B . Thus B = cot / . But also B = the wall height, H. Thus

Since we assumed small slope and curvature, should lie between about 70 and 110.
_____________________________________________________________________________




Chapter 2. Fundamental Equations of Compressible Viscous Flow
(Text problems in Chapter 2 are solved on pages 17-32 of the Manual)

2-22 A simple demonstration of how the Grashof number arises in free convection is to
consider a parcel of light fluid, <
o
, rising a distance x due to buoyancy. Equate the decrease
in potential energy of the parcel to its increase in kinetic energy to form a characteristic
velocity of the parcel. Use this velocity-scale to form a Reynolds number Re
x
and then
interpret its square, Re
x
2
.

Solution: Let the parcel have volume d and lie, as shown, within the
boundary layer. The average density difference in the boundary layer
would be about (1/2)(
w

). At height x, equate its

lost potential energy with its gained kinetic energy:

d
x
V?
x g V
V d x g d
w
w
) / 1 ( : or
] ] ) [(
2
[
2
1
2
1

0
T
T
/ , ) exp( ) exp( : Solution
2
2
g x B x A
dx
d
g p p
a

= + =
=
) .( ) / exp(
/
cot
b Ans g x
g
T
T

=
8
We could leave it this way, or we could note from the thermal expansion approximation, Eq.
(2-86), that (1 -
w
/

) = (T
w
T

). Then the local Reynolds number of the parcel is

Thus the square of the Reynolds number is equivalent to the Grashof number Gr
x
, as can be seen
by comparing this expression to Eq. (2-87) of the text.
___________________________________________________________________________

2-23 In slip flow of a gas near a fixed wall, R. Raju and S. Roy, Hydrodynamic Model for
Microscale Flows in a Channel with Two 90 Bends, J. Fluids Engineering, vol. 126, May 2004,
pp. 489-492, propose the following model for slip velocity at the wall:


where x and y are parallel and normal to the wall, respectively, T is absolute gas temperature, and
is a tangential momentum accommodation coefficient whose value is approximately unity.
(a) Note the tangential temperature gradient term. What might this represent? (b) Using typical
reference properties to define dimensionless variables, rewrite this boundary condition in
dimensionless form and discuss any nondimensional parameters which arise.

Solution: (a) The streamwise temperature-gradient term is usually neglected in slip-flow
analyses. Walls are often nearly isothermal and have negligible temperature gradient. This term
is often called thermal creep or thermal transpiration and can be important in high-Knudsen-
number or free molecule flow. See, e.g., Chap. VIII of Kennard (1938).

(b) Let the dimensionless variables be u* = u/U
o
, x* = x/L, y* = y/L, and T* = T/T
o
, where U
o
,
T
o
, and L

are reference properties, such as inlet velocity and temperature and body width.
Substitute these variables into the above equation, clean up, and rewrite as follows:
.
) (
Re : or ,
] ) ( [
Re
2
3
2
2 / 1
Ans
T T x g x gx T T Vx
w
x
w
x

= =
w w w
x
T
T y
u
RT
u ) (
4
3
) (
2
2 5
16

9

where Re
L
= U
o
L/ is the basic Reynolds number of the flow, and U
o
/(RT
o
)
1/2
is almost the
Mach number, except that
1/2
is missing. The coefficient is already dimensionless.
_____________________________________________________________________________

2-24 For one-dimensional flow through a porous medium of variable thickness h(x), the
differential equation for thickness relates to the pressure gradients:


where p is the fluid pressure and K(x) is the variable permeability of the medium (usually
measured in m
2
). Using typical reference properties to define dimensionless variables, rewrite
this equation in dimensionless form and discuss any nondimensional parameters that arise.

Solution: The writer thinks this is a bit tricky. There is no characteristic velocity U, and density
does not appear, so using U
2
to nondimensionalize pressure is not appropriate. Flow in porous
media is generally creeping motion; Reynolds number is not important. The writer therefore
chooses entrance values K
o
and h
o
, system length L, and ambient pressure p
o
as constant
parameters. The dimensionless variables are defined as follows:


Substitute these variables into the above differential equation, clean up, and we obtain


) .( )
*
*
(
Re
1
* 4
3
)
*
*
(
2
Re
1
2 5
16
*
b Ans
x
T
T y
u
RT
U
u
w
L
w
o
o
L
w

)] ( ) [(
1
2
2
x
p
K h
x
p
x
K
h
x
h
K
t
h

/ * ; / * ; / * ; / *
o o o o
p t t p p p K K K h h h = = = =
)]
*
*
( * *
*
*
)
*
*
*
*
*
* [( ) (
*
*
2
2
2
x
p
K h
x
p
x
K
h
x
h
K
L
K
t
h
o

10
Viscosity, initial height, and ambient pressure vanish with these variables, leaving only the single
dimensionless porous-media parameter K
o
/L
2
. Ans.
____________________________________________________________________________


Chapter 3. Solutions of the Newtonian Viscous Flow Equations
(Text problems in Chapter 3 are solved on pages 33-87 of the Manual)


3-59 In Section 3-5, for Stokes 1
st
problem of the suddenly accelerated plate, the solution for
u(y, t) in Eq. (3-107) is given subject to the initial condition u(y, 0) = 0 in Eq. (3-106). In
Stokes 2
nd
problem, the oscillating plate, the solution of Eq. (3-111) is found without a listed
initial condition. Is this an unfortunate omission or not? Please explain.

Solution: The omission was intentional. In Stokes 1
st
problem, the problem begins at t = 0 and
the entire flow history is shown in Figure 3-18. In Stokes 2
nd
problem, the solution given, Eq.
(3-111), is the final steady oscillation which occurs after the initial transient dies out. This steady
oscillation is independent of any initial condition. Varying the initial condition would cause a
different transient, which develops after that into the same steady oscillation, Eq. (3-111).
____________________________________________________________________________


3-60 The solution to Stokes 1
st
problem, Eq. (3-107), was given without any ceremony. Let
/z 0 in Eq. (3-105). Show that the similarity variable u/U
0
= f(), where = y/[2(t)],
reduces Eq. (3-105) to an ordinary differential equation whose solution is an error function.


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission

11
Solution: Lets drop the prime and just call the velocity u. Substitute into the basic equation:

The constants (C,D) are found from f(0) = 1 and f() = 0, which leads to f = erfc():

____________________________________________________________________________


3-61 A belt moves upward at velocity V, dragging a film
of viscous liquid of thickness h, as in Fig. P3-61. Near
the belt, the film moves upward due to no-slip. At its
outer edge, the film moves downward due to gravity.
Assuming that the only non-zero velocity is v(x), with
zero shear stress at the outer film edge, derive a formula
For (a) v(x); (b) the average velocity V
avg
in the film;
and (c) the velocity V
o
for which there is no net flow
either up or down. (d) Sketch v(x) for case (c).


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission

V
h const
,

x, u
y,v
Fig. P3-61
BELT
Air
g

+ = =
= +
=

D d C f C f
f f
t
f U
y
f
U
y
u
t
f U
t
f
U
t
f
U
t
u
o o o o o

) exp( : again Integrate ; ) exp( ' : once Integrate

0 ' 2 ' ' : up Clean
)
4
1
( ' ' )
2
( '
2 2
2
2
2
2
. ) ( erfc ) exp(
2
1 ) (
0
2
Ans dx x f
U
u
o

= = =

12

_____________________________________________________________________________________




3-62 Consider the following proposed incompressible flow field in cylindrical coordinates:

where B and C are constants. (a) Determine if this distribution satisfies the continuity equation.
Does a stream function exist? (b) Does it satisfy the Navier-Stokes equation if gravity is
neglected? If so, find the pressure distribution p(r, , z).

Solution: (a) From Eq. (B-3) of Appendix B, the continuity equation is

Yes, continuity is satisfied by this distribution. But a simple stream function does not exist
because there are three, rather than two, velocity components. Ans.(a)

(b) Substitute these velocities into the steady (r, , z) momentum relations, Eqs. (B-6,7,8):

3
) (
3
) (
: ) ( ) (
2
) ( :
2
2
2
gh
V c
gh
V V b
c case of sketch A d x
g
x
gh
V v a Solution
o
avg
=
=
+ =
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/ h
v/ V
z B v r C v r B v
z r
2 / = = =

0 2 2 ) 2 ( ) (
1
]) [ (
1
0 ) ( ) (
1
) (
1
+ =

= =

B B Bz
z r
C
r
Br r
r r
v
z
v
r
v r
r r
z r


13

After substitution of (v
r
, v

, v
z
), these equations yield the three pressure gradients:

The Navier-Stokes equations are satisfied, and integration yields the pressure distribution:

______________________________________________________________________________


3-63 Consider low-speed laminar flow between two walls,
caused by natural convection. The walls are at (y = +h) and
(y = -h) respectively, as shown in the figure. The boundary
conditions are no-slip at each wall, T (x, -h) = T
o
, and
T (x, +h) = T
o
. Assume u = u(y), v = 0, T = T(y) and
neglect viscous dissipation. Include buoyancy effects.
Find the velocity and temperature distributions.

Solution: For these simplifications, the momentum and energy equations reduce to

The energy equation integrates to T = a + by = 0 + T
o
y/h. Ans. Momentum becomes

) (
1
) ( : ) 8 ( Eq. , momentum
)
2
(
1
) ( : ) 7 ( Eq. , momentum
)
2
(
1 1
) ( : ) 6 ( Eq. , momentum
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
z z
r r
r
r r
v
z
p
v B z
r
v v
r
v
p
r r
v v
v B
v
r r
v
v
r
p
v
r
v B r
+

+ +

= +

V
V
V
z B
z
p p
r B
r
p
2 2
4 0 2

) .( constant ) 2 (
2 2 2
b Ans z r B p + + =
x, u
y, v
Fig. P3-63
g
h
, ,
( )
o o
p
mean mean
T h T T h T h u
dy
du
dy
T d
k
dt
dT
c
T
dy
u d
T T g
dt
d
= = =
+ =
= + =
) ( ) ( 0 ) ( : conditions Boundary
term last the neglect we and ) ( 0
case for this 0 where , 0
2
2
2
2
2


14

_____________________________________________________________________________
3-64 The height of the equilateral triangular duct in Fig. 3-9
is h = (3
1/2
/2)a 0.866a. In terms of height instead
of side length, investigate the following velocity
distribution for fully developed laminar flow:
where C is a constant.
(a) Determine if this distribution satisfies the no-slip condition in the duct. (b) If your answer to
part (a) is Yes, find the value of C which satisfies the fully-developed-flow x-momentum
equation. (c) Show that the volume flow rate is proportional to h
4
and the pressure gradient.
Solution: (a) The formula requires that u = 0 at z = h and at y = z/3, which denotes the
walls of the duct. So the answer is Yes, no-slip on the duct walls.
(b) Substitute the formula for u into the Navier-Stokes equation:
(c) The flow rate is found by integrating u. Do one half of the triangle and double it:

This is identical to Eq. (3-49) of the text, which is written in terms of a
4
(the side length).
___________________________________________________________________________

. obtain to conditions slip - no two the Apply
6
: twice Integrate ;
3
2
2
Ans
B Ay
y
h
T g
u
h
y T g
dy
u d
o o
) y y (h
h 6
T g
u
3 2 o
=
+ + = =

0 )
3
( ) (
2
2
= = = w v
z
y h z C u
y
z a h
Fig. 3-9
) .(
4
3
:
3
4 1
) 2 2 ( ) 2
3
2
(
2
2
2
2
b Ans
dx
dp
h
C or
h
C
dx
dp
h z C z
h
C
y
u
x
u

=
= = + =

) .(
180
3
20
3 9
4
)
4 5
(
3 9
4
)
3 9
2
( ) ( 2
3 3
) ( 2 )
3
( ) ( ) 2 (
4 5
0
4 5
3
0
3 /
0
2
0
3 2
0
3 /
0
2
|
| ) (
c Ans
dx
dp h h C hz z C
dz z h z C
dz
y z y
h z C dz dy
z
y h z C sides dA u Q
h
h
z
h h z

=
= = = =

15

3-65 A dashpot can be modeled as a cylinder moving
through a tube filled with oil, as in Fig. P1-33. The
clearance is small, << R, and laminar flow induced in
the annular region can be approximated as an average
velocity V
c
>> V. Find an expression for the force F
required to push the piston through the tube at velocity V,
if the resistance is due to pressure drop in the clearance.
HINT: Use the one-dimensional continuity relation as part of the solution.

Solution: The dashpot motion sweeps out a volume of fluid
which must reverse through the annulus at average velocity V
c
:

If, as stated, R >> , then V
c
>> V. Now simplify Eq. (3-51), laminar annular flow, for << R:

_____________________________________________________________________________



3-66 If you have already solved Prob. 3-65, skip this one. You are asked to analyze the system
of Prob. 3-65 using just numerical data, not deriving a force formula. Calculate the force F for
the following data: R = 8 cm, = 4 mm, L = 40 cm, for SAE 30 oil, = 891 kg/m3, = 1.5
kg/m-s, and dashpot velocity V = 20 cm/s. Do not attempt to solve for the annular flow with a
moving wall, just assume an average velocity for fully developed laminar flow in an annulus.


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission
F
V
R
R+
,
L
Fig. P1-33
V
R
V V R V R
c c

2
: or , 2
2

V
c


V

.
12
thus ;
12
: or
3
4
8
]
} / ) ln{(
} ) {(
) [(
8
2
2
2
2
3
2 2 2
4 4
Ans

V R L
A p
V L
p
R
L
p
R R
R R
R R
L
p
R V Q
c
dashpot
c
c
3
3

V R L
F
6
= = =

+
+
+

16

Solution: Plug these numbers into one-dimensional continuity and laminar annular flow:



The simplified formula in Prob. 3-65, F 6LR
3
V/
3
, gives F 3490 N.
____________________________________________________________________________




3-67 For some similarity-theory practice, try this problem, modified from a suggestion of
Clement Kleinstreuer, Engineering Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1997. Figure
P3-67 below shows a simplified model of laminar incompressible boundary layer convection.
The boundary layer thickness is constant and the velocity profile is simplified to be linear.
Boundary values U, T
w
, and T
e
are constant. Dissipation is negligible. Balance x-directed
convection with conduction and find a suitable similarity variable. Solve as best you can and
plot the temperature profile and calculate the wall heat transfer. [HINT: The similarity variable
is proportional to y/x
1/3
.]














. ) 08 . 0 ( ) 169800 ( Finally,
800 , 169 for Solve
]
) 08 . 0 / 084 . 0 ln(
) 08 . 0 084 . 0 (
08 . 0 084 . 0 )[
4 . 0
(
8
]
} / ) ln{(
} ) {(
) [(
8
/ solve ; ] ) 08 . 0 ( ) 084 . 0 [( ] ) [( ) 08 . 0 ( ) 2 . 0 (
2 2
2 2 2
4 4
2 2 2
4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ans R p F
Pa p
p
R R
R R
R R
L
p
Q
s m V V R R V R V Q
c c c
N 3410
1.95
= = =
=

=
+
+
+

= = + = = =

y
x
T
w

T
e

U
u(y)
T(x,y)
0
= constant
Fig. P3-67
17
Solution: The appropriate energy equation is

Its hard work, but its good practice to find similarity variables. The writer finds this:

This is a second-order linear differential equation. Integrating twice gives

To make () = 0, the constant D = 0. To make (0) = 1, the constant C = 1/[3
1/3
(4/3)] =
0.7765. The final solution, then, is

The Nusselt number is Nu

= h/k, where h = q
w
/T:


A plot of the temperature distribution is given below.
U c
k
B
y
T
B
x
T
y
y
U u
y
T
k
x
T
u c
p
p

where , : or
where ,
2
2
2
2
1 ) 0 ( , 0 ) ( are conditions boundary The
0
d
to leading , ) ( ,
) 3 (
2
2
2
3 / 1
= =
=

= =

d
d
d
T T
T T
Bx
y
e w
e

+ = =

D d C C ) 3 / exp( and ) 3 / exp( '

3 3
. )
3
exp( 7765 . 0
3
Ans d
T T
T T
e w
e

=
. ) Re (Pr 12 . 1 ) 3 ( 7765 . 0
)
3
( 7765 . 0
) 3 (
7765 . 0
) (
) / (
) (
3 / 1 3 / 1
3 / 1
3 / 1
Ans
x x
U
k
c
U c
x k
Bx
k T T
y T k
k T T
q
Nu
p
p e w
wall
e w
w

= =
= =

=
18

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

The boundary layer must be thick enough that > 2 at y = .
____________________________________________________________________________

3-68 SAE 30 oil at 20C (See Table A-3) flows through a smooth pipe of diameter 2 cm.
The pressure drop is 123 kPa/m. If the flow is fully developed, according to the writer, the
resulting flow rate will be 6 m
3
/h. If the pressure drop and fluid remain the same, determine the
size of a smooth equilateral triangle which would pass the same flow rate. Is the flow laminar?

Solution: For SAE 30 oil at 20C, = 891 kg/m
3
and = 0.29 kg/m-s. Check the Reynolds
number of the writers pipe-flow solution. Check the writers flow rate, also.

The flow rate checks and it is indeed laminar flow, ReD < 2000. The equilateral triangle is given
by Eq. (3-49), with a the side length of the triangle:

The equivalent triangle side length is slightly longer than the pipe diameter. The triangle area,
however, is 0.000369 m
2
, only 18% larger than the pipe area of 0.000314 m
2
. The triangle
hydraulic diameter is a/3 = 0.0168 m, and its Reynolds number is 234, also laminar. Ans.
_____________________________________________________________________________
) laminar (
29 . 0
) 02 . 0 )( 3 . 5 ( 891
Re ; 30 . 5 ; ) 02 . 0 (
4
001666 . 0
) OK ( 001666 . 0 ) 000 , 123 (
) / 29 . 0 ( 8
) 01 . 0 (
8
2
3
3 3 4 4
326
6.0
= = = = = =
= =

VD
s
m
V V m
s
m
Q
h
m
s
m
m
Pa
s m kg
m
L
p r
Q
D
o
pipe
. solve , ) 000 , 123 (
) 29 . 0 ( 320
3
320
3
001666 . 0
4 4 3
Ans m a
a
L
p a
s
m
Q
triangle
0.0292 = =

= =

19

Chapter 4. Laminar Boundary Layers
(Text problems in Chapter 4 are solved on pp. 88-137 of the Manual.)

4-56 For laminar boundary layer separation, a purely algebraic alternative to Thwaites
method was given by Stratford (1954). Define the local freestream pressure coefficient by

Then Stratfords inner-outer velocity-matching scheme predicts separation when

where x
B
is the position of the freestream velocity maximum. The formula is applied in the
decelerating region downstream of x
B
. Test this criterion for the Howarth (1938) flow,
Eq. (4-114), and compare with the Thwaites separation estimate.

Solution: The Howarth flow is U = 1 x. Thus the pressure coefficient is
The position x
B
= 0, where the velocity is maximum, U = 1. Thus Stratfords formula yields


Compared to the exact value x
sep
= 0.120, Stratford is +1.7% high, not bad!
___________________________________________________________________________



PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission

equation) s Bernoulli' from ( 1
) (
2
max
2
2
max
2 / 1
min
U
U
U
p p
C
p
=

(1954) Stratford 0104 . 0 ) ( ) (

2 2

dx
dC
C x x
p
p B
x
dx
dC
x x x C
p
p
2 2 and 2 ) 1 ( 1
2 2
= = =
. : r or whateve error & or trial EES or iteration after Solution,
0104 . 0 ) 2 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2
Ans x
x x x x
dx
dC
C x x
sep
p
p B
0.122 =
= =
20

4-57 Test the Stratford separation formula, from Prob. 4-56, for one of the Tani (1949)
freestream velocity distributions in Table 4-5 and compare the separation prediction with
Thwaites method.
Solution: Try Tanis first flow in Table 4-5, U = 1 x
2
. Then the pressure coefficient is
The position x
B
= 0, where the velocity is maximum, U = 1. Thus Stratfords formula yields


Compared to the exact value x
sep
= 0.271, Stratford is right on the nose, not bad!
______________________________________________________________________________

4-58 Boundary layer displacement effects are
important when a flow enters a duct near a wall,
as in Fig. P4-58. The flow is two-dimensional,
at U = 6 m/s of air at 20C and 1 atm. The duct
entrance is 50 cm downstream of a flat plate tip.
If the duct height is h = 3 mm, estimate the
volume flow of air into the duct per unit
width into the paper.

Solution: If there were no boundary layer, we would expect Q = Uh = 6(0.003) = 0.018 m
3
/s-m
entering the duct. With a boundary layer, it will be less than that. First check Reynolds number,
taking air at 20C and 1 atm to have a kinematic viscosity = 1.5E-5 m
2
/s:

x = 0
U
x = 50 cm
DUCT
(x)
h
m m x
s m E
m s m Ux
cm x
x
x
00559 . 0 ) 5 . 0 (
000 , 200
5
Re
5
Calculate
) flow laminar ( 000 , 200
/ 5 5 . 1
) 5 . 0 )( / 6 (
Re , 50 At
2
= = =
=

= = =

3 4 2 2 2
4 4 and 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 1 x x
dx
dC
x x x
U
U
C
p
o
p
= = = =
. : r or whateve error & or trial EES or iteration after Solution,
0104 . 0 ) 4 4 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (
2 3 4 2 2 2 2
Ans x
x x x x x
dx
dC
C x x
sep
p
p B
0.271 =
= =
21
So the duct only protrudes up about halfway into the boundary layer. We cannot just calculate
* and subtract it from h, because * represents the whole boundary layer, not just half. No, we
need the stream function , which gives the exact volume flow up to any position y:

This is only 42% of the volume flow that would enter if there were no boundary layer!

______________________________________________________________________________



4-59 As a variation of Prob. 4-58 above, if the geometry and air velocity are the same, find the
spacing h for which the volume flow into the duct will be 0.017 m
3
/s per meter of plate width.

Solution: Problem 4-58 showed that the key to the problem is to find the Blasius stream
functions and f() which match this flow rate. Thus we calculate

The duct roof should be placed just below the boundary layer thickness of 0.0056 m.
_____________________________________________________________________________






PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission



. ) 804 . 0 ( )] 5 . 0 )( 6 )( 5 5 . 1 ( 2 [ ) ( 2 Then
804 . 0 ) ( Read : 1 - 4 Table ; 897 . 1
) 5 . 0 )( 5 5 . 1 ( 2
/ 6
) 003 . 0 (
2
2 / 1
Ans E f Ux
f
E
s m
m
x
U
y
m /s m 0.00763
3
= = =
=

= =

. for solve Finally,

) 5 . 0 )( 5 5 . 1 ( 2
0 . 6
2
0 . 3 Read : 1 - 4 Table . 792 . 1 ) ( for Solve
/ 017 . 0 ) 5 . 0 )( / 6 )( / 5 5 . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (
3 2
Ans
E
h
x
U
y f
m s m m s m s m E f Ux f
m 0.0047

= = =
= = =
h



22
4-60 Consider two-dimensional steady laminar boundary layer flow with zero pressure gradient
and constant boundary thickness. The velocity profile does not change shape, that is, u/U =
fcn(y/). Show that such a flow would be related to a uniformly permeable wall at y = 0.

Solution: Write out the steady-flow momentum integral relation, Eq. (4-121):

For zero pressure gradient, dU/dx = 0, and for an unchanging velocity profile shape, / is
constant. Therefore, since is given to be constant, is also constant, or d/dx = 0. The
momentum integral relation reduces to C
f
/2 = - v
w
/U. Since U is constant and the profile
shape, including its slope at the wall, does not change, it follows that
w
is constant also. We
then conclude that C
f
= 2
w
/(U
2
) is constant, thus it must be that v
w
= constant < 0. Our
final conclusion, therefore, is that this is flow with uniform wall suction at y = 0. We cannot
determine more details from the integral relations. The analytic solution of Navier-Stokes was
given as Prob. 2-16 of the text, and the velocity profile was found to be

___________________________________________________________________________


4-61 In Table 4-5, the laminar-flow test cases of Tani (1949) are missing a sixth power case.
Use the method of Thwaites to predict the separation point for U = U
o
(1 x
6
).

Solution: We have to integrate U
5
and then calculate Thwaites parameter :


The integral is rather messy, too much algebra for this writer, but no trouble to evaluate
numerically. A plot of the computed (x) is shown below.
U
v
dx
dU
U
H
dx
d
C
w
f
+ + =

) 2 (
2
0 constant for , )
/
1 ( < = =
w
v
y
w
v
e U u

dx x
x
x
x U
dx
dU
dx
dU
dx x
x U
dx U
U
x
o
x
o
x

=
= =

= =
0
5 6
6 6
5
5
2
0
5 6
6 6
0
5
6
2
) 1 (
) 1 (
7 . 2
: terms Collect
6 ; ; ) 1 (
) 1 (
45 . 0 45 . 0

23

-0.10
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
x

Separation


According to Thwaites method, separation, = -0.09, occurs at x
sep
0.553. Ans.
This is reasonable, lying between the 4
th
-power and 8
th
-power results in Table 4-5 of the text.
______________________________________________________________________________


4-62 Consider laminar flat plate flow with the following approximate velocity profile:

which satisfies the conditions u = 0 at y = 0 and u = 0.993U at y = . (a) Use this profile in
the two-dimensional momentum integral relation to evaluate the approximate boundary layer
thickness variation (x). Assume zero pressure gradient. (b) Now explain why your result in
part (a) is deplorably inaccurate compared to the exact Blasius solution.

Solution: (a) First evaluate the momentum thickness of this profile:

Now evaluate the approximate wall shear stress:

Introduce these two approximations into the momentum integral relation:
)] / 5 exp( 1 [ y U u
1 . 0 0987 . 0
10 5
) 1 1 )( 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
10 5
5
1
0
5
1
0
= + = + = =

e e
d e e
y
d
U
u
U
u

U
U
C
U
y
u
w
f y w
10 2
;
5
) (
2
0
=

=
=
24

These are more than twice as high as they should be the 14.2 should be about 5, and the 1.41
should be about 0.664. The discrepancy occurs because the guessed velocity profile does not
satisfy the important flat-plate boundary condition
2
u/y
2
= 0 at y = 0. The exponential
profile above has a highly negative curvature at the wall,
2
u/y
2
= -25U
2
/
2
. In other words,
the shape of the exponential profile is not representative of flat plate flow.
_____________________________________________________________________________


4-63 A proposed approximate velocity profile for a boundary layer is a 4
th
order polynomial:

(a) Does this profile satisfy the same three conditions as the 2
nd
order polynomial of Eq. (4-11)
of the text? (b) What additional condition is satisfied by the 4
th
order polynomial at y =
which is not satisfied by the 2
nd
order form? (c) What pressure gradient dp/dx is implied by this
profile? (d) Evaluate the displacement and momentum thicknesses as compared to . (e) Use
the 4
th
order profile to evaluate the momentum integral relation for flat-plate flow, C
f
=
2(d /dx), and show that the boundary layer thickness is approximated by

Solution: (a) Yes, this polynomial, first proposed by Pohlhausen (1921) in his pioneering
integral theory, does satisfy u(0) = 0, u() = U, and u/y() = 0. Ans.(a)
(b) This profile satisfies the additional smoothness condition
2
u/y
2
() = 0. Ans.(b)
(c) The curvature at the wall is zero, that is,
2
u/y
2
(0) = 0. From the boundary layer
x-momentum equation (4-35b), this means that U(dU/dx) = -dp/dx = 0. Ans.(c)

y
U
u
= + where , 2 2
4 3
U
x

84 . 5
.
Re
41 . 1
and
Re
2 . 14
: or ,
7 . 202
: Integrate
4 . 101
: or , ) 0987 . 0 ( 2 2
10
2
Ans
x x U
x
dx
U
d
dx
d
dx
d
U
C
x x
f
=
= = = =

25
(d) Use the definitions of displacement and momentum thickness:

Now evaluate the wall shear stress and substitute into the momentum integral relation:
_____________________________________________________________________________


4-64 In Chapter 3 of the text we used the simple quadratic laminar flat plate profile, Eq. (4-11),
to make an integral analysis that had about a 10% error for thickness and friction:

Now use this approximate profile to estimate the velocity normal to the wall, v(x, y), assuming
two-dimensional steady laminar flow. Plot this (approximate) normal velocity profile and
compare its value at y = with the Blasius result, v(x, ) = 0.86/(Re
x
)
1/2
. HINT: You will need
to use the thickness estimate (x) from Eq. (4-14) to obtain v.

Solution: This is done by using the continuity equation to integrate for v:

) .( ) ( ) 2 2 1 ( ) ( ) 1 (
*
) .( ) ( ) 2 2 1 )( 2 2 ( ) ( ) 1 (
4 3
1
0
1
0
4 3
1
0
4 3
1
0
d Ans d
y
d
U
u
d Ans d
y
d
U
u
U
u
10
3
315
37
= + = =
= + + = =

) .( ;
37
1260
: Integrate ;
37
630
: or ),
315
37
( 2 2
4 2
;
2
) (
2
2
0
e Ans
U
x
dx
U
d
dx
d
dx
d
U
U
C
U
y
u
w
f y w
U
x
5.84 = =
= = =

=
=

2
2
2

y y
U
u

. )
3
2
(
30
2
1
: integrate and Combine
30
2
1
,
30
14), - (4 Eq. From
)
2 2
( ) 2 (
3
3
2
2
0
3
2
2 2
2
Ans
y y
Ux
dy
x
u
v
Ux dx
d
U
x
y y
dx
d y y
x x
u
y
v
y

=
=
+ =

26
At y = d, we obtain the approximation v(x, ) 0.91/(Re
x
)
1/2
, or about 6% higher than Blasius.
The graph is as follows. The shapes are similar, the quadratic formula is a bit higher.

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Polynomial
Blasius
y/
(v/U )Re
x
1/2

_____________________________________________________________________________



4-65 Consider laminar boundary layer flow of air with the Howarth (1938) linear freestream
velocity distribution, U/U
o
= 1 x/L. As a text example of Thwaites method, we found
separation at x/L 0.123. For this same adverse pressure gradient, use a similar integral method
to calculate the local heat transfer for a constant wall temperature, T
w
T
e
. Note what happens
at the separation point and comment.
Solution: The appropriate integral technique is the Smith-Spalding method of section 4-8.1.
For air, take Pr = 0.72. The method leads to the following relation for h(x) = q
w
/( T
w
T
e
):

For air, Pr = 0.72, take a
-1/2
= 0.296 and b = 2.88. The denominator is readily evaluated:

The final solution is as follows and is plotted below. Heat transfer does not separate. The
Howarth prediction is only slightly below flat-plate flow. Note the different shape of C
f
(x).

x
b
o
b
o
o
L
dx
U
U
U
U
a
L U
k hL
0
2 / 1 1
2 / 1
] [ ) ( ) (
/
/

] 1 ) / 1 [(
88 . 2
1
) ( ) (
88 . 2
0
1
=

L x
L
dx
U
U
U
U
x
b
o
b
o
27



0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Howarth
Flat Plate
Cf unscaled
x/L
N
u
L
/
R
e
L
1
/
2


_____________________________________________________________________________


















PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission


2 / 1 88 . 2
2 / 1
] 1 ) / 1 [(
) 88 . 2 ( 296 . 0
/
/

L x L U
k hL
o

28


Chapter 5. The Stability of Laminar Flows
(Text problems in Chapter 5 are solved on pp. 138-163 of the Manual.)

5-32 For transition in accelerating pipe flow, fit the data of Fig. 5-37b to a power law and then
discuss how transition time varies with pipe diameter, acceleration, and kinematic viscosity.

Solution: The data in Fig. 5-37b are slightly scattered and wiggly, but they fit a power-law

Collecting terms, we find the following proportionalities for the transition time:

Transition time varies moderately with diameter and acceleration but only very slightly with the
kinematic viscosity.
_____________________________________________________________________________



5-33 Consider water at 20C filling a horizontal pipe of diameter 7 cm. If the water
accelerates from rest uniformly, with a constant acceleration of 2 gs, estimate (a) the time of
transition to turbulence, and (b) the Reynolds number at this time. Comment if appropriate.

Solution: For water at 20C take 1.0E-6 m
2
/s. Given a = 2g = 19.62 m/s
2
. The only data we
have are in Fig. 5-37b. The dimensionless diameter is

From Fig. 5-37b, the dimensionless transition time is approximately 52020. Then calculate

4 . 0 3 / 1 2 3 / 1 2
] ) / ( [ 6 . 24 ) / ( a D a t
tr

.
15 / 8 15 / 1 5 / 2
Ans a D t
tr


1890
) / 6 0 . 1 (
/ 62 . 19
) 07 . 0 ( ) / ( *
3 / 1
2 2
2
3 / 1 2
] [ =

= =
s m E
s m
m a D D
29



At this time, the average velocity would be U = a t
t r
= (19.62 m/s
2
)(0.72 s) = 14.0 m/s. Then
the diameter Reynolds number of the flow at this instant would be


This is much larger than the traditional pipe flow transition value Re
D
2000 and occurs
because the accelerating flow is very flat and far from a Poiseuille parabola distribution.

___________________________________________________________________________




















PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission


) .( hence , 520 727 ]
/ 6 0 . 1
) / 62 . 19 (
[ ] [
3 / 1
2
2 2
3 / 1
2
a Ans t t
s m E
s m
t
a
t
tr tr tr tr
s 0.02 0.72 =

) .(
/ 6 0 . 1
) 07 . 0 )( / 0 . 14 (
Re
2
b Ans
s m E
m s m UD
D
30,000 980,000

= =

30
Chapter 6. Incompressible Turbulent Mean Flow
(Text problems in Chapter 4 are solved on pp. 164-215 of the Manual.)

6-48 Let us revisit Prob. 6-45, which modifies Prob. 6-43 to be a cone.
The problem was: Consider a conical flat-walled
diffuser as in Fig. P6-8. Assume incompressible
flow with a one-dimensional freestream velocity
U(x) and entrance velocity U
o
at x=0. The entrance
diameter is W . Use two-dimensional theory.
Assume turbulent flow at x=0, with momentum thickness

o
/W = 0.02, H(0) = 1.3, and U
o
W/ = 10
5
. Using the method of Head, Sect. 6-8.1.2, numerically
estimate the angle for which separation occurs at x = 1.5 W. [The answer was = 4.6.]
Now: Make this a parameter study. Experiments with conical diffusers show that, for a given
length (L/W = 1.5 here), the separation angle increases if inlet boundary layer thickness decreases
[see, e.g., White (2003), pp. 399-404]. Can Heads theory predict this effect? Calculate and plot
the separation angle
sep
for inlet momentum thicknesses in the range 0.0002
o
/W 0.05.

Solution: The theory does predict that
sep
decreases as
o
/W decreases, but it is not a large
effect. For small
o
/W, the given initial condition H(0) = 1.3 is unrealistic and should be larger.
But we stuck with the given conditions, and our resulting plot is as follows:

4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

/W|
o

s
e
p

d
e
g
r
e
e
s
Inlet boundary-layer thickness vs. separation angle
for a conical diffuser of length L /W = 1.5

_____________________________________________________________________________
U
o

x

Fig. P6-48

W
31
6-49 For turbulent boundary layer methods that cannot calculate C
f
0, some other criterion
is needed for predicting separation. The most common strategy is to assume H 3 at separation.
In a paper published after this 5
th
edition was put to bed, L. Castillo, X. Wang, and W. K.
George, Separation Criteria for Turbulent Boundary Layers Via Similarity Analysis, J. Fluids
Engineering, vol. 126, May 2004, pp. 297-304, show, with both theory and experiment, that
turbulent separation occurs at a dimensionless pressure gradient parameter whose value is

where is the momentum thickness and U

is the freestream velocity. Using the turbulent

two-dimensional steady momentum integral relation, show that the above criterion is equivalent
to a shape factor H
sep
2.76 0.23. Which criterion has less uncertainty?

Solution: The two-dimensional momentum integral relation, Eq. (6-28), contains a grouping
similar to

, and we may rewrite it as follows:

Collect terms and note, at the separation point, that C
f
= 0:

The uncertainty in H
sep
is 8%, while the uncertainty in

is only 5%.
_____________________________________________________________________________

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displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission

01 . 0 21 . 0
/
/
,
=

dx d
dx dU
U
sep

) ( ) 2 (
2
) 2 (
dx
d
H
dx
d
C
dx
d
U
H
dx
d f

+ + = = + +

. 2
01 . 0 21 . 0
1
2
1
: or , separation at 0
2
)] 2 ( 1 [
Ans H
C
H
dx
d
sep
f
0.23 2.76

=
= = +

32
6-50 Show that, if the turbulent logarithmic law-of-the-wall is valid, then the two-dimensional
stream function (x,y), when nondimensionalized by kinematic viscosity, can be written entirely
in terms of wall-law variables u
+
and y
+
. Find an analytic function for this stream function.

Solution: The streamwise velocity u = /y, so we may integrate at constant x to find :

We cant evaluate this at the wall, y
+
= 0, because of the logarithmic singularity. For actual flow
rate numbers, then, combine a linear sublayer, u
+
= y
+
, up to y
+
= 10.8, after which the log-law
applies. Then we can apply limits to the integration, with B = 5.0 and = 0.41:


This formula should give the volume flow rate in a log-law turbulent boundary layer.
____________________________________________________________________________


6-51 Let us revisit the boundary layer displacement
problem when a flow enters a duct near a wall,
similar to Prob. 4-58. The flow is two-dimensional,
with U = 40 m/s of air at 20C and 1 atm. The duct
entrance is 1.5 m downstream of a flat plate tip.
If the duct height is h = 13 mm, estimate the
volume flow of air into the duct per unit
width into the paper. Assume the flow is
turbulent from the leading edge onward.
. constant )
1
( ) ln(
1
] ) ln(
1
[ } { Ans y B y y dy B y dy u dy u + + = + = = =
+ + + + + + +

. ) 8 . 10 ( 32 )
1
( ) ln(
1
: or
66 . 27 68 . 62 )
1
( ) ln(
1
32 . 58 ] ) ln(
1
[
8 . 10
8 . 10
0
Ans y y B y y
y B y y dy B y dy y
y
> +
+ + = + + =
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +

+

x = 0
U = 40 m/s
x = 1.5 m
DUCT
(x)
h
Fig. P6-51
33
Solution: First check the Reynolds number at the duct entrance, taking air at 20C and 1 atm to
have a kinematic viscosity = 1.5E-5 m
2
/s and a density = 1.2 kg/m
3
:
This is about 5 times thicker than the laminar boundary layer in Prob. 4-58. To find the flow rate
up to a height y = 13 mm, you can integrate the log-law numerically, or you can use the nice
formula derived in Prob. 6-50 for a linear sublayer combined with a logarithmic overlap:

From Eq. (6-88), C
f
0.455/ln
2
(Re
x
) = 0.455/ln
2
(4E6) = 0.00197, whence
w
= C
f
U
2
/2 =
0.00197(1.2kg/m
3
)(40m/s)
2
/2 = 1.89 Pa, and then v* = (
w
/)
1/2
= (1.89/1.2)
1/2
= 1.26 m/s.
With v* known, the roof of the duct is at a dimensionless wall-law height y
+
= yv*/ =
(0.013m)(1.26m/s)/(1.5E-5 m
2
/s) = 1090. The nice formula above then predict a stream function


If there were no boundary layer, the flow into the duct would be Uh = (40)(0.013) =
0.52 m
3
/s-m, or about 62% more.
____________________________________________________________________________



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displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission

m m
E
x
turbulent
s m E
m s m Ux
m x
x
x
0274 . 0 ) 5 . 1 (
) 6 4 (
16 . 0
Re
16 . 0
Calculate
) flow ( 000 , 000 , 4
/ 5 5 . 1
) 5 . 1 )( / 40 (
Re , 5 . 1 At
7 / 1 7 / 1
2
= =
=

= = =

32 )
1
( ) ln(
1
+
+ + +
y B y y

. ) 5 5 . 1 )( 21350 ( is duct the into rate flow The

21350 32 ) 1090 )(
41 . 0
1
0 . 5 ( ) 1090 ln( ) 1090 (
41 . 0
1
Ans E m /s m 0.32
3
= =
+ =

34
6-52 As a variation of Prob. 6-51 above, if the geometry and air velocity are the same, find the
spacing h for which the volume flow into the duct will be 0.5 m
3
/s per meter of plate width.

Solution: This time we are looking for a value of = Q/ = (0.5 m
3
/s-m)/(1.5E-5 m
2
/s) =
33,333 (dimensionless). From Prob. 6-51, we calculated the local friction velocity as v* = 1.26
m/s. Thus we solve for y
+
in our nice formula from Prob. 6-50:


This is still well within the boundary layer, which is 0.0274 m thick from Prob. 6-51.
_____________________________________________________________________________

6.53 Water, at 1 atm and 20C, flows through a 30-cm
smooth square duct at 0.4 m
3
/s as in Fig. P6-53.
Fifty thin flat plates of chord-length 3 cm are stretched
across the duct at random positions. Their wakes do not
interfere with each other. (a) How much additional
pressure drop do these plates contribute to the duct flow loss?
(b) By what per cent do the plates increase the pressure drop over the 1-meter length?
Solution: For water at 20C and 1 atm, = 998 kg/m
3
and = 0.0015 kg/(m-s). First find the
average velocity through the duct from one-dimensional continuity:

Check the Reynolds number: Re
Dh
= (998)(4.44)(0.3)/(0.001) 1,330,000. Thus the duct
flow is turbulent, and we will assume (why not?) that each tiny plate sees this average approach
.
/ 26 . 1
/ 5 5 . 1
( 1620
*
1620 Then
*
1620 for Solve ; 333 , 33 32 )
1
( ) ln(
1
2
Ans
s m
s m E
v
h
hv
y y B y y
m 0.0193

= =
= = +
+ + + +

Fig. P6-53
50 plates
s
m
m
s m
A
Q
V 44 . 4
) 3 . 0 (
/ 4 . 0
2
3
= = =
35
velocity V = 4.44 m/s. The plate length Reynolds number is only Re
L
= 133,000, low enough
that the flow over the plates is laminar and not tripped by the stream turbulence.
Calculate the drag of one plate from the Blasius formula:

(a) The total drag of 50 plates is thus approximately F
total
= (50)(0.645 N) = 32 N. A freebody
of the plates shows that this force can only be balanced by an overall pressure drop across the
array of plates:
( b) Without the plates, the pressure drop would be solely due to the Moody wall-friction loss:
The plates increase the pressure drop by a factor of ten, or 1000% more! Ans.(b).
______________________________________________________________________________

6-54 A model two-dimensional hydrofoil has the following theoretical potential-flow surface
velocities on its upper surface at a small angle of attack:
x/C 0.0 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
V/U

0.0 0.97 1.23 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.24 1.14 0.99 0.82

The stream velocity U

is varied to set the Reynolds number. The chord length C is 40 cm.
The fluid is water at 20C and 1 atm. Assume that x is a good approximation to the arc length
along the upper surface. Using any turbulent-boundary-layer method of your choice, find the
predicted separation point, if any, for Re
C
= 6E6. For simplicity, assume turbulent flow from
the leading edge onward.
N m m sides bL V C F
C
D plate
L
D L
645 . 0 ) 2 )( 03 . 0 )( 3 . 0 ( ) 44 . 4 )(
2
998
( 00364 . 0 ) 2 (
2
00364 . 0
133000
328 . 1
Re
328 . 1
, 000 , 133 Re
2 2
1
= = =
= = = =

) .(
) 3 . 0 (
32
2
a Ans
m
N
A
F
p
duct
total
plates
Pa 358 = =
Pa
m
m
V
D
L
p
Moody
Dh
Dh
36 = =
= =
2 2
) 44 . 4 )(
2
998
)(
3 . 0
1
)( 00111 . 0 (
2
00111 . 0 Solve ; 000 , 330 , 1 Re , )
51 . 2
Re
log( 0 . 2
1

36

Solution: For water at 20C and 1 atm, = 998 kg/m
3
and = 0.001 kg/(m-s). The velocity
data are sparse and highly variable, as shown below:

We need a good curve-fit, or maybe two curve-fits, one going up and one going down. The
writer chose an exponential going up to V
max
and a parabola going down to the trailing edge. The
Reynolds number Re
C
= 6E6 corresponds to U

= 15.03 m/s. We used Heads method and
started the computation at x/C = 0.025, or Re
x
= 150,000, with C
f
0.0055. [The solution is not
sensitive to this initial value of skin friction. Recall that Heads entrainment relation, Eq. (6-123),
is to be combined with the Karman momentum-integral relation, Eq. (6-128), plus an algebraic
Ludweig-Tillmann-type friction relation, here chosen as Eq. (6-120). The calculated friction
variation, for Re
C
= 6E6, is shown as follows:

0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
C
f
x/C
Re
C
= 6E6


0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
V/U versus x/C
37
Separation is predicted by Heads method at approximately x/C 0.65. Ans.
NOTE: For a laminar boundary, Prob. 4-50, separation was predicted at x/C 0.45. Since the
adverse gradient does not start until x/C = 0.3, the turbulent boundary layer is nearly three times
as resistant to separation as laminar flow.

______________________________________________________________________--


6-55 Air at 20C issues from a 2-cm-diameter nozzle at a near-uniform velocity of 20 m/s. At
section x, a considerable distance downstream, measurements of the turbulent jet velocity
distribution have been fit to the following formula:


(a) Evaluate the jet momentum at section x and compare with the nozzle momentum. (b)
Determine the volume flow of air entrained into the jet, if any, between the nozzle and section x.
(c) Estimate the distance that section x is downstream of the nozzle.

Solution: The jet Mach number is less than 0.06, thus the flow is incompressible. So we can
skip density and evaluate the momentum in the form J/ = u
2
dA. At the inlet and the exit,

The factor of 10
6
occurs because the radius r was given in millimeters. We see that the jet
momentum remains nearly constant, as predicted for all free jets in Eq. (6-144). Ans.(a)
(b) Now evaluate the volume flow at the nozzle and in the jet:

mm in with , ) 00104 . 0 exp( ) / 1 . 9 (
2
r r s m u
2 4
6
2
2 2
0
2
2 4 2 2 2 2
/
) 10 )( 00104 . 0 ( 2
) 1 . 9 (
2 )] 00104 . 0 ( exp 1 . 9 [ | /
/ ) 01 . 0 ( ) / 20 ( | /
s m dr r r dA u J
s m m s m R U J
jet
nozzle
0.125
0.126
= = = =
= = =

) .( 4 . 3 / 0063 . 0 0275 . 0 flow volume entrained Difference
/ 0275 . 0
) 10 ( 00104 . 0
1 . 9
2 ) 00104 . 0 exp( 1 . 9
/ 0063 . 0 ) 01 . 0 ( ) / 20 (
3
3
6
0
2
3 2 2
b Ans Q s m
s m dr r r dA u Q
s m m s m R U Q
nozzle
jet
nozzle
= = =
= = = =
= = =

0.0212

38

The entrainment is a dominant part of the flow. (c) The Grtler jet theory, Eq. (6-152), predicts
x = 7.4(J/)
1/2
/U
max
= 7.4(0.125)
1/2
/9.1 287 mm. Fitting Grtlers profile formula (6-152) to
the data yields x 313 mm. Fitting the sech
2
profile formula (6-153) to the data yields x
333 mm. These are empirical theories, not perfect analyses. The best we can say is that section
x is approximately 300 mm downstream of the nozzle, or about 15 nozzle diameters. Ans.(c)
_____________________________________________________________________________


6-56 Theodore von Krmn, in NACA Technical Memorandum No. 611, 1931, used a
similarity approach to derive the following model for turbulent eddy viscosity:

(a) If
w
near the wall, show that this model leads to the logarithmic overlap law (6-38a).
(b) In fully developed pipe flow, the shear stress is linear across the duct:

where R is the pipe radius and y is measured from the wall (y = 0) to the centerline (y = R).
Krmn (1931) applied his model above to pipe flow and integrated to the following result:


Plot this formula versus y/R for the special case U
max
/v* = 25.0 and compare it with the
logarithmic law for the same value of U
max
/v*. Comment if appropriate. (c) Discuss some
possible reasons why Krmns model and his pipe-flow result have not become popular.

Solution: (a) Assuming constant near-wall shear stress makes the model easily integrable:
41 . 0 and
) / (
) / (
where ,
2 2 2
3
2
= =
dy u d
dy u d
dy
u d
t t
) / 1 ( R y
w flow pipe
=
R y Z Z Z
v
U u / 1 where , )] 1 ln( [
*
max
= + + =

) .( ) ln(
*
: again Integrate ;
*
: once Integrate ; ) (
*
: or ,
) / (
) / (
2
2
2
2 2 2
4
2
a Ans const y
v
u
y
v
dy
u d
dy
u d
v
dy
u d
dy u d
dy u d
w
+ = =
= =

39

(b) If U
max
/v* = 25.0, then R
+
= exp[0.41(25-5.0)] = 3641, so we have to form y/R = y
+
/3641 to
make the plot of the log-law and compare with Krmns model as shown below. The two
velocity profiles are quite similar, so both formulas can be considered a success.
(c) Krmns model is too complex algebraically. Applying 4
th
and 2
nd
powers of derivatives to
general turbulent shear flows is too involved. The pipe-flow result is difficult to place in
Reynolds number or friction factor form. The present writer cannot even integrate the pipe-flow
formula to find the average velocity. Better models are available and popular.




0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Karman
log law
Plot made for U
max
+
= 25.
y/R
u
+


______________________________________________________________________________

6-57 Consider fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe of radius R. Recall that the shear stress
varies linearly from zero at the centerline to a maximum,
w
, at the wall. Assume that the log-
law holds all the way across the pipe and (a) find an expression for the variation of eddy
viscosity
t
across the pipe, in terms of the coordinate y measured from the wall inward. (b) Also
find the position of maximum eddy viscosity.

40
Solution: From the log-law, evaluate the velocity gradient and then set equal to the shear stress:

This simple theory indicates that the eddy viscosity in a pipe is a parabola going from zero at the
wall to zero at the centerline. Differentiate to find the maximum eddy viscosity:
______________________________________________________________________________

6-58 Water at 20C flows through a smooth pipe of diameter 2 cm. The pressure drop is 123
kPa/m. If the flow is fully developed, according to the writer, the resulting flow rate will be 21.3
m
3
/h. If the pressure drop and fluid remain the same, determine the size of a smooth equilateral
triangle that would pass the same flow rate. Is the flow turbulent?

Solution: For water at 20C, = 998 kg/m
3
and = 0.0010 kg/m-s. Check the Reynolds
number of the writers pipe-flow solution. Check the writers flow rate, also, for a smooth pipe:

The flow rate checks and it is indeed turbulent flow, Re
D
>> 4000. The proposed equivalent
equilateral triangle has a side length a. Its hydraulic diameter is D
h
= 4A/P = a/3.






) ( . ) ( * Solve ;
*
) 1 ( *
*
; )
*
ln(
1
* /
2
2
a Ans
R
y
y v
y
v
dy
du
R
y
v
y
v
dy
du
B
yv
v u
t t t
= = = =
= + =

R v b Ans
R
y at
R
y
v
dy
d
t
t
*
4
| ; ) .(
2
0 )
2
1 ( *
max

= = = =
) checks all it Yes, ( ) 8 . 18 )(
2
998
(
02 . 0
0139 . 0
2
0139 . 0 ; )
51 . 2
376000
log( 0 . 2
1
; 000 , 376
001 . 0
) 02 . 0 )( 8 . 18 )( 998 (
Re
8 . 18 , ) 02 . 0 (
4
00592 . 0
3600
3 . 21
2 2
2
3
m
Pa
V
D L
p
Then
Solve
VD
s
m
V then V m
s
m
Q If
D
123,000 = =

= = =
= = = =

41

The equivalent triangle side length is slightly longer than the pipe diameter. The triangle area,
however, is 0.000356 m
2
, only 13% larger than the pipe area of 0.000314 m
2
. The triangle
hydraulic diameter is a/3 = 0.0166 m, and its Reynolds number is 275,000, also turbulent. Ans.
_____________________________________________________________________________



























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displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission

. solve Iterate, 123000
2
)
51 . 2
Re
log( 2
1
; Re ;
3
3
4
;
30 cos 5 . 0
/ 00593 . 0
2
2
3
Ans m a
m
Pa
V
D L
p
D V a
a
A
D
a
s m
A
Q
V
triangle
h
Dh h
Dh h
0.0287 = =

= = = = =

o
42
Chapter 7. Compressible Boundary Layer Flow
(Text problems in Chapter 7 are solved on pp. 216-245 of the Manual.)


7-28 Analyze steady compressible Couette flow between an upper moving plate and a lower
fixed plate, as shown in Fig. P7-28. There is no pressure gradient, and the variables (, u, T)
vary with y only. Assume constant c
p
, Pr, and g. Viscosity and thermal conductivity may vary
with temperature, but their ratio /k is assumed constant. Neglect . (a) Set up continuity,
momentum, and energy and carry out the solution as far as you can a complete solution is not
possible because the variation (T) is not known. (b) Find an expression for the heat transfer at
the lower wall. (c) Examine the special case of an adiabatic lower wall.









Solution: For the assumed parallel flow, u = u(y), v = w = 0. Continuity reduces to the
triviality that /x(u) = 0. (a) The x-momentum equation becomes
As stated, we need to know the variation of (T) before we could complete the integration.

(a, Part 2) The energy equation reduces to
H
x
y
T = T
e
, u = U
T = T
w
, u = 0
Fig. P7-28
) .( : Integrate
constant : or , 0 ) ( 0
0
a Ans
dy
u
dy
du
y y
u
y x
p
Dt
Du
y
e w

=
= = = =

+ =

= =

43
Divide by and integrate again from the lower wall upward, assuming constant /k:
This gives T in terms of u, and in principle we know u from Ans.(a) above.
(b) Apply Ans.(a) above at the upper wall, u = U
e
, noting that k/ c
p
/Pr. Solve for q
w
:
(c) If the lower wall is adiabatic, q
w
= 0, and the only way this can happen is if
This a duct-flow example of the recovery temperature that was studied for boundary layers in
Chapter 7 of the text.
____________________________________________________________________________




PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission

w
p
q u
dy
dT
k
dy
du
dy
dT
k
dy
d
y
u
y
T
k
y Dt
DT
c
= = +
+ =

= =
constant : Integrate
) ( ) ( ) ( 0
2

) .(
2
) (
2
a Ans u
q
y
q u
T T
k
w w
w

= = +
) .( )
2
(
2
b Ans
c
U
Pr T T
U Pr
c
q
p
e
e w
e
p
w
=

) .(
2
2
c Ans
c
U
Pr T T T
p
e
e aw w
+ = =
44
7-29 Air, Pr = 0.71, flows at supersonic speed on a flat plate and encounters a double-wedge
configuration as in Fig. P7-29. The boundary layers are laminar. Compare the adiabatic wall
temperature in region 3 with the corresponding value in region 1 and comment cogently.




Solution: Both wedges cause oblique shock waves, shown above as heavy dashed lines. We
have to work our way through to region 3 using oblique shock theory [see, for example, White
(2003), Chap. 9]. Express the temperatures in absolute units, e.g., T
1
= 273 K. The recovery
factor for laminar constant-pressure flow is r Pr
1/2
= 0.843. The calculated results are:

The adiabatic wall temperature slowly rises through the shock waves, due to additional
dissipation inside the shocks. The maximum increased dissipation would be caused by a normal
shock, where T
aw
downstream would be 942 K for the present data.
_____________________________________________________________________________


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or
used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course
preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission
15
18
Fig. P7-29
Ma
1
= 3.5
T
1
= 0C
(2)
(3)
. ; 7 . 566 ; 819 . 1
19 . 29 ; 18 : theory Shock : 3 Region
857 ; 5 . 399 ; 605 . 2
13 . 39 ; 15 : theory Shock : 2 Region
. ] ) 5 . 3 )( 2 . 0 ( 843 . 0 1 )[ 273 ( )
2
1
1 ( : 1 Region
3 3 3
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
Ans T K T Ma
angle wave angle Deflection
K T K T Ma
angle wave angle Deflection
Ans K Ma r T T
aw
aw
aw
K 883
K 837
= = =
= =
= = =
= =
= + =

+ =
o o
o o

45
7-30 Most of the text emphasizes external shear layers. What about internal shear layers,
namely, duct flow? Consider a short length of steady adiabatic duct flow, as shown.






The area A is constant. Assume one-dimensional flow with local wall shear stress
w
. The flow is
compressible, that is, density is variable, = (x). (a) Derive an x-momentum (axial) equation
which relates pressure and velocity changes to wall shear stress. (b) Add in continuity and an ideal
(perfect) gas with constant (isothermal) temperature to derive the following relation for mass flow
over a duct of length L. Assume a constant friction factor, = 8
w
/(V
2
).



where 1 and 2 are the upstream and downstream sections of the duct, and L = x
1
x
2
. The
quantity R is the ideal gas constant.
Solution: (a) For the control volume shown above, summing forces in the x direction yields:
(b) For constant area, continuity is simply


Substitute these isothermal ideal-gas relations into the momentum equation (a) above to obtain

Control volume
cross-section area A, diameter D
dx
, V, T, p
) / ln( 2 / [
|
2 1
2
2
2
1
p p D L RT
p p
A
m
flow isothermal
+

&
Fig. P7-30
) .( 0
4
: or , ) ( ) (
a Ans dV V dx
D
dp
V dV V m dx D A dp p pA
w
w
= + +
+ = +

&
p
dp d
thus T R p
d
V
dV
V
A
m
isothermal
= = = = = | , plus , : or , constant

&
46
_____________________________________________________________________________


7-31 Supersonic turbulent flow of air, Pr = 0.71,
passes through a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan, as (1)
in Fig. P7-31. Approach conditions are Ma
1
= 3.0,
p
1
= 150 kPa, and T
1
= 120C. Assume steady isentropic
supersonic flow through the fan [see, e.g., White (2003), Chap. 9].
(a) Estimate the adiabatic wall temperature in region (2).
(b) If the actual wall temperature in region 2 is T
w2
= 100C, estimate the wall heat transfer at a
point where the local Reynolds number is 4E7. [NOTE: If the algebra in part (b) is tiring, make
your estimate from the graphs in the text in Chap. 7.]

Solution: (a) This is a straightforward application of Prandtl-Meyer theory, plus a turbulent
recovery factor. The Prandtl-Meyer angle is a function of Mach number:
Follow through with these calculated results:

) .(
)] / ln( 2 / [
| : 2 to 1 from Integrate
0 2
) / (
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
b Ans
p p D L RT
p p
A
m
p
dp
D
dx
RT A m
dp p
flow isothermal
+

=
= +

&
&
20
(2)
Fan
Fig. P7-31
1
1
where , ] ) 1 [( tan ] )
1
[( tan
2 / 1 2 1 2 / 1
2
1 2 / 1

+
=

K Ma
K
Ma
K
) .( ] ) 318 . 4 )( 2 . 0 ( 892 . 0 1 )[ 7 . 232 ( )
2
1
1 (
892 . 0 ) 71 . 0 ( Pr
7 . 232 ] ) 318 . 4 ( 2 . 0 1 /[ ) 1100 ( )
2
1
1 /(
1100 ] ) 0 . 3 ( 2 . 0 1 )[ 393 ( )
2
1
1 (
318 . 4 , 76 . 69 20 , 76 . 49 , 0 . 3
2 2
1 2 2
3 / 1 3 / 1
2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
1 1 1
2 1 2 1 1
a Ans K Ma r T T
r
K K Ma T T
T K K Ma T T
Ma Ma
aw
turb
o
o o
K 1007 = + =

+ =
= =
= + =

+ =
= = + =

+ =
= = + = = =

o o o
47
(b) If we can find the Stanton number C
h2
at the position where Re
x
= 4E7 and a cold wall, we can
then calculate the heat transfer, q
w
= C
h2

e2
U
e2
c
p
(T
aw2
- T
w2
). First calculate density and velocity:

The specific heat is approximately c
p
= 1005 J/kg-K. A passably crude estimate of C
h2
is
from two text figures. Read from Figure 7-23 that, at Re
x
= 4E7 and Ma = 4, C
h2
0.0007 if
the wall is adiabatic. But the wall is cold, Tw/Te = 1.6. From Fig. 7-24, at Ma = 4.3, we see that
C
f
(and therefore C
h
) is about 40% higher than the adiabatic value. Our final crude estimate,
then is C
h2
= 1.4(0.0007) 0.001. This gives the estimate q
w
300,000 W/m
2
. Ans.(b)
If we labor harder and use the full van Driest theory, Eqs. (7-119) and (7-122), we obtain



Our crude, two-graph estimate was much more accurate (+2%) than one could really foresee.
______________________________________________________________________________


7-32 Extend Prob. 7-14 as follows. What is the effect of the wedge half-angle? Assume that
the wedge side length remains at L = 19.32 cm for any angle. Assume laminar flow. The
writers result in Prob. 7-14, for a half angle of 15, was q
w,mean
163,000 W/m
2
. Will increasing
the angle decrease the heat transfer? Explain. Compute the heat transfer for a zero angle.

s m K a Ma U
m
kg
K RT
p
kPa kPa Ma p p
kPa kPa Ma p p p
e
e
o
o o
/ ) 7 . 232 ) 287 ( 4 . 1 ) 318 . 4 (
) 7 . 232 ( 287
23950
95 . 23 ] ) 318 . 4 ( 2 . 0 1 /[ ) 5510 ( )
2
1
1 /(
5510 ] ) 0 . 3 ( 2 . 0 1 )[ 150 ( )
2
1
1 (
2 2 2
3
2
2
2
5 . 3 2 ) 1 /( 2
2 2
5 . 3 2 ) 1 /( 2
1 1 2 1
1320
0.3586
= = =
= = =
= + =

+ =
= + =

+ = =

) .( / ) 373 1007 )( 1005 )( 1320 )( 3586 . 0 ( 000984 . 0 ) (
000984 . 0
) 71 . 0 ( 2
. 001566 . 0
Pr 2
001566 . 0 ; 7 4 Re , 719 . 0 / ; 4866 . 0 ; 8459 . 0 ; 699 . 1 ; 525 . 1
2
2 2 2
3 / 2 3 / 2
2
b Ans m W T T c U C q
C
C
C E B A b a
w aw p e e h w
fe
h
fe x w e
297,000 = = =
= = =
= = = = = = =

48
Solution: Actually, increasing the wedge half-angle increases the heat transfer, for two reasons:
(1) the adiabatic wall temperature increases, hence T increases; and (2) the density increases
sharply inside the shock but velocity and Stanton number do not change much. Recall the data
(see Prob. 7-14 on page 230 of the Solutions Manual): approach conditions Ma
1
= 3.5, p
1
= 30
kPa, T
1
= 20C, and
1
= 0.357 kg/m
3
. The wedge wall temperature is 300K. For a flat plate of
length 19.32 cm, Re
L
= 4.6E6, C
H
= 0.000363, U
2
= U
1
= 1201 m/s, since there is no shock. The
laminar adiabatic wall temperature is 898K. Then the mean heat transfer to the plate is:


This is 43% less than the heat transfer at a half-angle of 15. Here is a plot for various angles:

0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Wedge half-angle, degrees
H
e
a
t

t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
,

W
/
m
^
2
Problem 7-14 Extended
163,000 at 15 degrees


The heat transfer increases steadily and levels off near the detachment angle of 36.5.
___________________________________________________________________________



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. ) 300 898 )( 1005 )( 1201 )( 357 . 0 )( 00363 . 0 ( ) (
2
,
Ans
m
W
T T c U C q
w aw pe e e H mean w
93,000 = = =