EIA TIA 222 F Structural Standards For Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures

TIdEIA
STANDARD
ANSl/TIA/ElA-222-f-1QQ6
Approved: March 29, 1996
Structural Standards for Steel Antenna
Towers and Antenna Supporting
Structures
.
TIAIFJA-222-F
(Revision of ELUTLbZZf-E)
JUNE 1996
TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION
&WUSlRY ASWCUllON
. .
i -- Reproduced By GLORAL
= = ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS
m= WlthlhePetrniuion01EiA
ws Under Roy&y A~mement
June 10, 1996
TO: Recipients of new TIA Standards and Engineering Publications
Enclosed please find one copy of the following TINEIA Standard:
TINEIA-222-F
Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna
Supporting Structures
Additional copies of this Standard may be obtained from the Global Engineering Documents,
I.S.A. and Canada (l-800-854-7179) International (303)-397-7956 at a price of $80.00 each.
Sincerely,
Cecilia tie&g
Engineering Department
enclosure
Remmng me te/ecommufl/calk7flS u7au.w m
1CW,2f, W,,h 1*- r I^.. .-- .-,.. ^r I---...-. -- 62: ~.
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(From Standards Proposal No. 3278, formulated under the cognizance of the TR-14.7 Structural
Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures Subcommittee
.
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Section
STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS
AND
ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
CONTENTS
Page Number
OBJECTWE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCOPE...............................................................
MATERIAL
........................................................
1.1 Standard .......................................................
LOADING .........................................................
2.1 Definitions
........................................... ..........
2.2 Nomenclature for Section 2 Loading
................................
2.3 Standard .......................................................
2.4 References
.....................................................
STRESSES .........................................................
3.1 Standard .......................................................
MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP
..............................
4.1 Standard.............................~ .........................
FACTORYFINISH ...................................................
5.1 Standard
.......................................................
PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCE& AND MARKING
...................
6.1 Standard ........................................................
FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORS
.....................................
7.1 Definitions.. ...................................................
7.2 Standard .......................................................
7.3 Special Conditions
...............................................
7.4 FoundationDrawings ............................................
SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS
.........................................
8.1 Defmition ......................................................
8.2 Standard..........................~ ............................
PRESTRESSING AND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS
.....................
9.1 Definitions.. ...................................................
9.2 Standard .......................................................
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
11
11
11
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
i0
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
3
a
4
5
6
7
8
*
9
TIAEIA-222-F
CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
c
,
a
Page Number
10 INITIAL GUY TENSION , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
12
13
14
15
16
10.1 Definition
......................................................
10.2 Standard .......................................................
10.3 Method Of Measurement ..........................................
OPERATIONAL REQ
IJ-mMmTs ....................................
11.1 Definitions ......
...............................................
11.2 Standard .......................................................
PROTECTIVE GROUNDING .........................................
12.1 Definitions
.....................................................
12.2 Standard .......................................................
~JMJXPG AND WOlSKING FACILITIES ..............................
13.1 Definitions ......
...............................................
13.2 standard .......................................................
-PWIKE AND INSPECTION ..................................
14.1 Standard .......................................................
~A.LxIS OF EXKIING TOWERS AND STRUCTURES .................
15.1 Standard.............................\ .........................
COUNTY LISTINGS OF
MINMLJMBASIC WIND SPEEDS ...............
ANNEXES
PU-KI-WER CHECKLIST ..................................
Annex A:
Annex B: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYFICAL MICROWAVE
ANTENNAS/REFLECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR
PARABOLIC
ANTENNAS, PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND
PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE BEAM TWJST Am SWAY
FOR CROSS-POLARIZATION LIMITED SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOWER MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES
. . . .
CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRUCTURES . . .
SI CONVERSION FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
COwmY ON ICE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
CO-CATION STRUCTURES.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annex C:
Annex D:
Annex E:
Annex F:
Annex G:
Annex H:
Annex I:
Annex J:
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
25
59
61
71
77
83
101
103
105
GEOTECHNICAL JJqVESTIGAnONS FOR TOWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . ,109
CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS
IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH SOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL ANTENNA TOWERS AND
ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
OBJECTIVE
The objective of these standards is to provide I&,&= uitezia for specifying and designing steel
antenna towers and antenna supporting structures. These standards are not intended to replace or
supersede applicable codes. me information contained in these standards was obtained from
sources as referenced and noted herein and represents, in the judgement of the subcommittee, the
accepted industry practices for
minimum standards fa the design of steel antenna suppohg
structures. It is for general information only. while it ia believed to be accurate, this information
should not be relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination
and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer
These standards utilize wind loading criteria baaed on an annual probability and are not intended to
cover d environmental conditions which could exist at a particular location.
These standards apply to steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures for all classes of
cmmmications service, such as AM, CATS, FM, Microwave, Cellular, TV, VHF, etc.
These standards may be adapted for international use; however, it is necessary to determine the
appropriate basic wind speed (fastest-mile) and ice load at the site location in the specific co~npy
based on local meteorological data.
Equivalent International System of Units (SI) are given iu brackets [ ] throughout these standards.
SI conversion factors have been provided in Annex G.
It is the responsibility of the purchaser to provide site-specific data and requirements differing from
those contained in these standards.
Annex A provides a checklist for assisting the purchaser i.n specifying the requirements for a specific
structure when using these standards.. The user is cautioned that local conditions of wind and ice, if
known, have precedence over the minimum standards described herein.
SCOPE
These standards describe the requirements for steel antenna towers and antenna supporting
stnmures.
1 MAIERIAJd
1.1 Standard
1.1.1 Material shall conform to one of the following standards except as provided in 1.1.2.
1.1.1.1 Structural steel, cast steel, steel forgings, and bolts shall confom~ to the material
specifications listed in the June 1, 1989, American Institute of Steel Constmction,
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings - Allowable Stress Design and Plastic
Design, hereinafter referred to as the AISC specification.
1.1.1.2 Light gauge steel stmctural members shall be structural quality as defined by the
August 19, 1986, American Iron and Steel Institute, Specification for the Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Stmctural Members, hereinafter referred to as the AISI spe@fication.
1.1.1.3 Material for tubular steel pole structures and components shall conform to section
7.0 of A.NSI/NEhtA TTl- 1983, Tapered Tubular Steel Structures.
- -- - -1. l ----I
1.1.2 When materials other than hose specified herein are used, the supplier must Provide
certified data concerning mechanical and chemical properties.
1-1-3 Bolts and nut locking devices (excluding guy hardware).
1.1.3.1 Sl.@xitical coM&o~ md ~nnections subjected to tension where the
application of externally applied load results in prying action produced by deformation of
the connected parts sha.U be m& v&h b&h-strength bolts tightened to the miuimum bolt
tensions specified in the November 13, 1985, AISC, Specification for Structural Joints
using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts.
EepbOn: where it can be shown that the stiffness of the connected parts is sufficient to
rtth= prying forces to ittsignifrcauce, tension connections may be made with high-strength
bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition as defined in the AISC specification refened to in
1.1.3.1.
(Note: Contact surfaces for slip-critical connections shall not be oiled or painted and for
galvanized material, the contact surfaces shall be prepared in accordance with the DISC
specification referred to in 1.1.3.1.)
1.1.3.2 Bearing-type connections may be made with high-strength bolts tightened to a
snug-tight condition as defined in the AIsC specification referred to in 1.1.3.1.
1.1.3.3 Where high-strength bolts are used and tensioned in accordance with the mc
specification referred to in 1.1.3.1, a nut-locking device is not required.
1.1.3.4 Bolts not covered in 1.1.3.3 require a nut-locking device.
1.1.3.5 Hot-dip galvan&& A490 bolts shall not be used.
1.1.4 Materials other than steel are not within the &ope of this section.
2 LOADING
2.1 Definitions
2.1.1 Dead Load
- The weight of the structure, guys. and appurtenances.
2.1.2 Ice Load - The radial thickness of ice applied uniformly around the exposed surfaces of
the structure, guys, and appurtenances.
2.1.2.1
solid ice.
Unless otherwise indicated, a specified radial ice thickness shall be considered as
2.1.2.2 The density of solid ice shall be considered to be 56 lb/f9 18.8 kN/m3].
2.1.2.3 The density of rime ice shall be considered to be 30 lb/@ [4.7 kN/m3].
2.1.3 Wind Load - The wind loading requ&ments specified in 2.3 (see Annex A).
2.1.3.1 Basic Wind Speed
- Fastest-de wind speed at 33 ft [lo m] above ground
corresponding to an annual probability of 0.02 @O-year nmrrence interval).
2.1.4 Appurtenances
- Items attached to the structure such as m*MaS, transmission lines,
conduits, lighting equipment, climbing devices, platforms, signs, anti-climbing devices, etc.
-
I)
2.1.4.1 Discrete Appurtenance -
An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be
concentrated at a point.
2.1.4.2 Linear Appurtenance - An appurtenance whose load can be assumed to be
distributed over a section of the structure.
2.2 Nomenclature for Section 2 Loading
AA
Projected area of a &near appurteuance
AC
Projected area of a &Crete appurtenance
42
Effective projected area of structural components in me face
AF
Projected area of fit structural componeuts in one face
AC
Gross area of one tower face as if the face were solid
AR
Projected area of round structural components in one face
C Velocity coefficient for tubular pole structure force coefficients
CA
Linear or discrete appurtenance force coeffkient
CD Guy hag force coeffkient
CF
Structure force coefficient
CL
GUY lift force coefficient
D Dead weight of the structure, guys, and appurtenances
Wind direction factor for flat structural components
Average diameter or average least width of a tubular pole stmctm
Wind direction factor for round structural co&ponents
Horizontal force applied to a section of the structure
Design wind load on a discrete appurtenance
Total drag force on a guy
Total lift force on a guy
0
.?F
DP
DR
F
FC
FD
FL
@I
I
Kz
Lc
RR
V
WI
Gust response factor for fastest-mile basic wind speed
Weight of ice
Exposure coefficient
Chord length of guy
0
WO
d
e
Reduction factor for round structural components
Basic wind speed for the structure location
Design wind load on the structure, appurte~ccs, @Ys, etc.9 with radial ice
Design wind load on the structure, appurtenmccs, gUY% e% without ice
Diameter of guy strand
Solidity ratio
h
Total height of structure
92
Velocity pressure
r Ratio of comer diameter to diameter of inscribed circle of a tubular pole structure
t
Radii thickness of ice
Z
Height above average ground level to midpoint of section, appurtenance or gUY
8
Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector
2.3 Standard
2.3.1 Wind and Ice Loads
2.3.1.1 The total design wind load shall include the sum of the horizontal forces applied to
the structure in the direction of the wind and the design wind load on guys and discrete
appurtenances.
231.2 This standard does not specifically state an ice requirement. Ice loading,
depending on tower height, elevation, and exposure, may be a significant load on the
stnmure in most parts of the United States. If the structure is to be located where ice
accumulation is expected, consideration shall be given to an ice load when specify& the
requirements for the structure.
(Refer to Annexes A and H.)
2.3.2 The horizontal force (F) applied to each section of the structure shall be calculated from
the equation:
F=qzGHCCFAE+~(CAAP31(lb>N ;
Not to exceed 2 QZ G &
where AC = Gross area of one tower face (ft2) [m2]
(Note: All appurtenances, including antennas, mounts and lines, shall be assumed to remain
intact and attached to the stmcture regardless of their wind load capacities.)
2.3.3 The velocity pressure (Q) and the exposure coeffkient (K3;) shall be calculated from the
equations (see Annex A):
Q = -00% Kz V2 (lb/ft2) for V in mi/h or
qz=.613KzV2PJforVinm/s
Kz = M3312 for 2 in ft or
Kz = Cx/1012n for 2 in meters
1.00 2 Kz < 2.58
V = Basic wid speed for the structure location (mi/h) Cm/s1
z = Height above average ground level to midpoint of the section (ft) [ml
2.3.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, the basic wind speed W) for the structure location shall
be determined from section 16.
2.3.4 Gust Response Factors
2.3.4.1 For latticed structures, the gust response factor (GH) shall be calculated from the
equation:
&I = .65 + .6O/(h/33) I7 for h in ft or
%I = .65 + .60&h/10) I7 for h iu meters
1.00 2 G-JJ < 1.25
2.3.4.2 For tubular pole structures, the gust response factor (GH) shall be 1.69.
2.3.4.3 One gust response factor shall apply for the entire structure.
2.344 When cantilevered tubular or latticed pole structures are mounted on latticed
structures, the gust response factor for the pole and the latticed structure shall be based on the
height of the latticed structure without the pole. The stresses calculated for pole structures
and their connections to latticed structures shall be multiplied by 1.25 to compensate for the
greater gust response for mounted pole structures.
23.5 Structure Force Coefficients
2.3.5.1 For latticed structures, the structure force coefficient (CF) for each section of the
mct~e shai.i be calculated from the equations:
CF = 4.0e2 - 5.9e + 4.0 (Square cross sections)
CF = 3.4e2 - 4.7e + 3.4 (Triangular cross sections)
e = Sdidity Ratio = (AF + AR)/&
:
AF = Projected area (ft2) [rnz] of flat structural components in one face of the section.
AR = Projected area (ft2) [m2] of round structural components in one face of the section
and the projected area of ice when specified on flat and round structural components.
(Refer to Figure 1).
(Note: The projected area of structural components shall include the projected area of
connection plates.)
I 1A1tl.b222-F
t
1Ly
/
\
\
I
\
0
\
-2
t = Specified radial thickness of ice
Figure 1
(Note: Ice, when specified, shall be assumed to accumulate uniformly on all surfaces as
illustrated. The additional projected area caused by the ice accumulation may be
considered cylindrical even though the bare projected area is flat. Consideration shall be
given to the change in shape from round to flat for closely spaced linear appurtenances
with ice accumulations.)
2.3.5.2 For cantilevered tubular steel pole structures, the structure force coefficient (CF)
shall be determined from Table 1.
2.3.6 The effective projected area of structural components (AE) for a section shail be
calculated from the equation:
AE = DF AF + DR AR RR (f$) Cm*]
(Note: For tubular steel pole structures, AE shall be the actual projected area based on pole
diameter or overall width.)
2.3.6.1 The wind direction factors, & and &, shall be determined from Table 2.
2.3.6.2 The reduction factor (RR) for round structural components shall be calculated from
the equation:
RR = .51e2 + .57
RR < 1.0
2.3.6.3 Linear appurtenances attached to a face and not extending in width beyond the
normal projected area of the face may be considered as structural components when
calculating the solidity ratio and wind forces.
TIAEIA-222-F
Table 1
Force Coefficients (CF) for Cantilevered Ihbular Pole Structures
Round 16 Sided 16 Sided 12 Sided 8 Sided
r < 0.26 r > 0.26
1 I
~32 1.20 1.20 1.20
1.20 1.20
32 to 64 130
013 1.78 +
-cm
1.4Or 915
w
22.9 J2+(64-C)
125
. 44.8
am&
1.20
>64 59 1.08 1.4Or - .72 1.03 1.20
t
SI Units
Round 16 Sided 16 Sided 12 Sided 8 Sided
r < 0.26 r > 0.26
< 4.4 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
4.4 to 8.7 9.74
1.78 + 1.4Or
-+5
3.78
- 1.20
(Cl I3 3% . .72 +(8k7;ooc) . Q.6
> 8.7 59 1.08 - l&r .72 1.03 1.20
C = & VDp forDpinft[m]
Notes:
1. The above force coefficients apply only to cantilevered tubular pole structures which
stand alone or are mounted OII the top of a latticed strwture.
2. The force coeffkients indicated account for wind load reductions under supercritica.l flow
conditions and therefore do not apply to appurtenances attached to the structure.
appropriate force Coeffkients for appurtenances.
Use Table 3 for
3.
4.
For ail CTOSS sectional shapes, Cf need not exceed 1.2 for any value of C.
V 1s the basic wind speed for the loading condition under investigation.
Table 2
Wind Direction Factors
Tower Cross
Section
Square
DR 1.0 1+.75e (1.2 max) 1.0 1.0 1.0
* Measured from a line normal to the face of the structure
TWEIA-222-F
2.3.7 The force coefficient (CA) appkd to the projected area (ft2) [m21 of a hxr
app~enance (AA) not considered as a ~~~ctural component shall be determined from Table 3.
The force coefficient for cyli&$c~ members may be applied to the additional projected area of
0
radial i= when specified. (Refer to Figure 1.)
Table 3
Appurtenance Force CoeffkieMs
Aspect Ratio 5 7 Aspect Ratio > 25
Member Type
CA CA
Flat
1.4 * 2.0
cylindrical
I
0.8 1.2
Aspect Ratio = Overti length/width ratio in plane normal to wind direction. (Aspect rstio is not
a function of the spacing between support points of a linear appurtenance, nor the section length
ccmidered to have a uniformly distributed force.)
Note: Linear interpolation may be used for aspect ratios other than shown.
2.3-g Regardless of location, linear appurtenances not considered as structuraI components in
0
accordance with 2.3.6.3 shall be included in the term C CA AA.
2.3.9 The horizontal force (F) applied to a section of the structure may be assumed to be
mi.f~nnly distributed based on the wind pressure at the mid-height of the section.
2.3.9-l For guyed masts, the section considered to have a uniformly distributed force shall
not exeed the span between guy levels.
2.3.9.2 For free-standing structures, the section considered to have auniformly distributed
for= shad not exceed 60 ft [ 18 m].
2.3.9.3 For tubular steel pole structures, the section considered to have a uniformly
deputed force shall not exceed 30 ft [9.1 m].
2.3.10 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind load (Fc> on a discrete
appurtenance such as an ice shield, platform, etc. (excluding microwave antennas/passive
reflectors) shall be calculated from the equation:
where x CA AC considers all elements of the discrete appurtenance including any feed lines,
brackets, etc., related to the appurtenance. Components of a discrete appurtenance attached
directly to a tower face and not projecting away from the face may be considered as
structural components when c&dating the solidity ratio and wind forces.
2.3.10.1 The velocity pressure (9z> shall be c&ulated based on the centerline height of the
appurtenance.
TWEIA-222-F
2.3.10.2 The gust response factor (GH) shall be calculated based on the total height of the
stmtm for latticed structures (see 2.3.4.4) and shall be equal to 1.69 for tubular Pole
smctures.
2.3.10.3 The design wind load (Fc) shall be applied in a horizontal direction in the direction
of the wind.
2.3.10.4 The force coefficient (CA) applied to the projected area (fP) Cm21 of a discrete
appurtenance (AC) shah be determjncd f&r Table 3. The farCe coefficient for Cysts
members may be applied to the cylindrical portions of the appurtenance and to the additional
projected area of ice when qecifred. (Refer to Figure 1).
2.3.10.5 When an equivalent flat-plate area based on Revision C of this standard (AF +
2/3 AR) is provided by a manufacturer of an appurtenance, a force coefficient of 2.0 must be
applied to the equivalent flat-plate area when determiktg design wind loads. When the
appurtenance is made up ofround members only, a force coeSzient of 1.8 may be applied.
2.3.11 In the absence of more accurate data, the design wind load on microwave
antennas/passive reflectors shall be determined using Annex B.
2.3.12 When the azimuth orientations of antennas located at the same relative elevation on the
stmctu.re are not specified, the antennas shall be assumed to radiate symmetrically about the
structure.
23.13 shielding of antennas shall not be considered.
2.3.14 The design wind load on guy& shall be determined in accordance with Figure 2. The
design wind load may be assumed to be uniform based on the velocity pressure (sz> at the
midheight of each guy.
.
2.3.15 The maximum member s&sses and structure reactions shall be detexmined considering
the wind directions resulting in maximum wind forces and twisting moments. Each of the wind
. directions indicated in Table 2 shall be considered for latticed structures.
2.3.16 Each of the following load combinations shall be investigated when calculating the
maximum member stresses and smcture reactions (see Annex A):
D+Wo
D+.75W1+1
(Note: When the basic wind speed is specified as ocmning simultaneously with an ice load by
the purchaser or local authority, no reduction factor shall be applied to WI.)
Wind Forces on Guys
FD = 9~ GH CD d Lc = Total drag force (lb) [NJ
FL=qzGHCLdLc=Totalliftforce(lb) N
Q = Velocity pressure at mid-height of guy (lb/ft2) PAJ (see 2.3.3)
k = Gust response factor based on total height of structure (see 2.3.4)
d = Diameter of guy strand (ft) [m]
Lc = Chord length of guy (ft) [m]
0 = Clockwise angle from guy chord to wind direction vector (0 5 180)
CD = 1.2 sin3 8
CL = 1.2 sin28 cos 8
Figure 2
2.4 References
AAsHlQ Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, LumGres atid
Traffic Signals, Ar~~erican Asso&~on of State Highway and %UlSpOrdOn Offici&
wash.@ton, DC., 1985 with 1988 interim ~pecitication~.
ma, Minirn~m Design Loads for &&iiugs and Other SUUCUIXS, Ace 7-93, An&can
Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1993.
DieU W.S., Engineering Aerodynamics, Revised Edition, Ronald Rress Co., New York, NY,
1936.
IAs% Recomnendatio~ for Guy& ~ast$, ~temati~nal Association for Shell and Spatial
S~c~eS, working Group Nr 4,1981.
LOU, T., Force coefficients for hnanission Towers, A Master Research Report in Civil
&&=-i.ng, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 1983.
sfiu, E., changery, MJ., and Fil,liben, J.J., Exueme Wmd Speeds at 129 Stations in the
Contiguous United States, Building Science Series Report 118, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C., 1979.
3 STRESSES
3.1 Standard
3.1-l Unless otherwise noted, structural members shall be designed iu accordance with the
appropriate AISC or AISI specification.
3.1.1.1 For structures under 700 ft 1213 m] iu height, allowable stresses may be increased
l/3 for both load combinations defined in 2.3.16.
3.1.1.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, allowable stresses shall not be
increased.
3.1.1.3 For structures between 700 ft 1213 m] and 1200 ft [366 m] in height, allowable
stresses may be increased by linear interpolation between l/3 and 0.
(Note: For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, increases in allowable stresses do
not apply due to the uncertainties of the wind effects above this height.)
3.1.1.4 Stnxture height, for purposes of determimn g allowable stresses, shall be based on
the total structure height including tubular or latticed poles mounted on the structure.
3.1-l .5 Refer to 2.3.4.4 for stress increases required for cantilevered tubular pole structures
mounted on latticed strucme~.
3.1.2 For guyed structures, the displacement of the mast at each guy level shall be considered
wilen computing stresses.
3.1.3 The end connection and intermittent filler mqrimments of section E4 of the AI!K
specification for double angle members need not be satisfied when the slenderness ratio for the
buckling mode involving relative deformation between the angles is modified as follows when
determining allowable stresses:
. . . . _.. - em- .
where
KL
( 1
To
= column slenderness of built-up member acting as a unit about the axis
evolving relative deformation
a
RI
= largest column slenderness of individual components
( )
F,
= modified column slenderness of built-up member
a = distance between connectors
4 = minimum radius of gyration of individual component
3.1.4 A reduction coefficient equal to .75 shall be used when calculating effective net areas in
accordance with section B3 of the AISC specification for angle members and other similar
members connected by one leg with one or two fasteners.
3.1.5 The reduction factor of 3.1.4 does not apply to the required investigation of block shear
in accordance with section J4 of the AISC specification. Net shear and tension areas shall be
based on hole diameters l/16 inch [1.6 mm] larger than bolt hole diameters.
3.16 Bolt holes shall not be considered pin holes, as referred to in section D3 of the AISC
specification.
3.1.7 Deformation around bolt holes shall be a design consideration for the purposes of
calculating allowable bearing stresses in accordance with section J3.7 of the AISC specification.
3.1-g Table J3.5 of the AISC specification shall apply except at sheared edges where the
minimum edge distance shall be 1.5 times the bolt diameter.
3.1.9 The measured unsupported length of a compression member shall be determined
considering the rigidity of the connected parts and tbe direction of buckling about the axis under
consideration.
3.1.10 Jn computing allowable stresses, when effective length factors are considered less than
1.00 for leg members or members whose ends are attached by a single bolt, justification of each
factor must be shown by test or computation.
3.1.11 For a guyed structure, the stability of the structure between guy levels shall be
considered when calculating allowable member stresses.
3.1.12 Limiting values of effective slenderness ratios for compression members shah
preferably be 150 for legs, 200 for bracing, and 250 for redundants (members used solely to
reduce slenderness of other members).
3.1.13 Bracing and redundants utilized to reduce the slenderness ratio of compression members
shall be capable of supporting a force normal to the supported member equal to 1.5 percent of the
supported members calculated axial load. This force is not to be applied simultaneously with
the forces resulting from loads applied directly to the StruCttKe.
3.1.14 Structural Steel Single Angle Compression Members
3.1.14.1 Allowable compression stresses shall be calculated in mce with the ABC
Specification for Allowable Stress Design of Single Angle Members except that the
flexurahorsional buckling provisions do not apply.
3.1.14.2 Members subjected to lateral loads, which induce bending, shall meet the
PrO~SiOns of section 6 of the AISC specification referred to in 3.1.14.1.
3.1.14.3 Effective length factors shall be calculate&n accordance with ANSYASCE 10-90,
Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Towers, hereinafter referred to as AXE 10, (See
Table 4).
(Note: The effective length factors established in ASCE 10 have been adopted to adjust the
ABC allowable compression stresses for the effects of eccentric axial loading and partial
end restraint.)
3.1.14.4 Effective length factors, other than those specified herein, shalI be substantiated by
kStS.
3.1.14.5 Slenderness ratios (L/R) shown in Figures 3 and 4 shall be uti.Iized as a guide to
cWmine measured and effective slenderness ratios.
3.1.14.6 Members shall be considered fully effective when the ratio of width to thickness
(w/t) is not greater than the limiting value specified in A!XE 10.
3.1.14.6.1 When width-thickness ratios exceed the limiting value, allowable stresses
shall be reduced in accordance with section 4 of the AISC specification referred to in
3.1.14.1 with Q equal to the value calculated for Fcr in AXE 10 divided by the yield
stress of the member. .
3.1.14.6.2 The width w for cold-formed angles shall equal the distance from the inside
bend radius to the extreme fiber but not less than the angle width minus three times the
angle thickness.
3.1.14.6.3 Width-thickness ratios (w/t) shall not exceed 25.
3.1.14.7 ASCE 10 effective slenderness curves 5 and 6 of Table 4 shall be restricted to
bracing and redundant members with multiple bolt or properly detailed welded connections.
In addition, connections must be to membefi having adequate flexural strength to resist
rotation of the joint including the effects of gussets.
3.1.14.8 Where eccentricity at a joint cannot be avoided, due consideration shall be given to
the additional stresses introduced in the members.
3.1.15 For tubular pole structures, the secondary bending moments caused by vertical loads
shall be considered when computing stresses.
3.1.15.1 Allowable combined bending and axial stresses for polygonal tubular steel pole
structures shall be determined from Table 5.
TIAEIA-22-F
Table 4
ANSI/ASCE lo-90
EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS CURVES
CURVES l-3
CURVES 4-6
4 I 120
k> 120
CURVE 1
CURVE 4
KL=L
KL L
R R
-=-
R R
(CONCENTRIC BOTH ENDS) \ (NO END RESTRAINT)
CURVE 2 CURVE 5
KL
-= 30 + .75k
KL
R
-=
R
,28.6 -I- .762 i
(ECCENTRIC ONE W> (PARTIAL RESTRAINT ONE END)
CURVE 3
KL
-=
60 + SO:
R
(ECCENTRIC BOTH ENDS)
CURVE 6
KL
-=
R
46.2 + A15 k
(PARTIAL RESTRAINT BOTH ENDS)
TIAXIA-Z-F
SINGLEANGLECOMPRESSION MEMBERS
SLENDERNESSRATZOSFORLEGBRACING
SYMMETRICAL BRACING
CRlTICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIO:
4
EFFECIWE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
L I 120
RZ
L > 120
RZ
CURVE 1 CURVE 4
STAGGEREDBRACING
.
Y x
CRITICAL MEASURED SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
L
R,
, & ,OR ( :,),,
EFFECTIVE SLENDERNESS RATIOS:
i MAX I 120
k MAX > 120
CURVE 1 CURVE 4
NOTE:
FOR LEG MEMBERS, MEASURED LENGTH (L) SHALL BE
EQUAL TO THE PANEL SPACING MEASURED ALONG THE
AXIS OF THE LEG.
Figure 3
TIAEIA-222-F
SINGLE ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS
SLENDERNESS RATIOS FOR BRACING MEMBERS
REFER TO SECTION 3.1.9 FOR
DETERMINAnON OF MEASURED LENGTH L
Lu=L1+5U
CURVE2 CURVE4
*
a
CRrIIcALMEAsuRED L,
1
SLENDERNESS RATIO:
7
RX ORe
%
Ll > L2
EFFEm sLEyRNEss Iwtios:
Lx=L1+5U
i MAX 5 120 g > 120 u > 120
RZ
cLJRvE2 CLiRVE6
CURVE5
Note:
For bracing members with welded or two or more bolt cxmections, measured length (L)
Shall not be less than the distme between the cemroids Of the ~nnectiolls at each end.
Properly detailed welded c.onnectiom may be considered as providing partial restraint.
Figure 4
3.1.16 The design of reinforced concrete for foundations and guy anchors shall Conform to me
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (AC1 318-89) issued by the American
Concrete Institute.
3.1.16.1 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, the required reinforced concrete
strength shall equal 1.3 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination
defmed in 2.3.16.
3.1 J6.2 For structures 1200 ft 1366 m] or greater in height, the required reinforced concrete
strength shall equal 1.7 times the full structure reactions produced by each load combination
defined in 2.3.16.
3.1.16.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 ft 1366 m] in height, the required
reinforced concrete strength shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1.3 and 1.7
times the structure reactions.
3.1.16.4 Structure height, for purposes of de tennhing required reinforced concrete
sue@& shall be based on the total structure height including tubular or latticed poles
mounted on the structure.
Table 5
Allowable Combined Bending and Axial Stresses for Polygonal lobular Steel Pole
Structurt!s
Compact Sections
F~=.60Fy
Noncompact Sections
16 Sided
215 c &w/t c 365 Fyin ksi
565 < & w/t : 958 FyinMPa
FB -852 Fy (CO - 0.00137 ,& w/t) ksi
FB = .852 Fy (1 .O - 0.000522 ,&w/t) MPa
12 Sided
240 < &w/t < 365 Fyin ksi
630 < &w/t 2 958 FyinMPa
FB -870 Fy (TO - 0.00129& w/t) ksi
FB = .870 Fy (1.0 - 0.000491 ,/&w/t) MPa
8 Sided
260 c &w/t < 365 Fyinksi
683 7 &w/t 2 958 FyinMPa
FB =.852 Fy (TO - 0.00114,/& w/t) ksi
FB = .852 Fy (1.0 - 0.000434 & w/t) MPa
FB = Allowable combined bending and axial stress
Fy= Yield strength
t = Wall thickness
w = Actual flat side dimension, but not less than dimension calculated using a bend radius
equal to 4t
Note: Equations obtained from EPRI report TLMRC-87-R3, Local Buckling Strength of Polyg-
onal Tubular Poles, April 1987.
IIA/klA-122-F
4 MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP
4.1 Standard
4.1.1 Manufacturing and worha&ip shall be in accordance with CO-@ accept&
standards of the structural steel fabricating industry.
4.1.2 Welding procedures shall be in accordance with the requirements of the aPProPfiate
AISC or AISI specifications.
5 FACTORY FINISH
5.1 Standard
51.1 In the absence of other specific requirements, all materials shall be galvanized (see
Annex A).
5.1.1.1 SUUCtUra.lMate~~ - S~I-UC~~ ~taials shall be galvanized in accordance with
ASTM A123 (hot-dip). Exceptions may be made when galvanizing in accordance with
ASTM A123 would be potentially detrimental to the structure or its components. Examples
include applications utilizing certain high-sue@ and/or proprietary steels and weldments.
In these cases, an alternative method of corrosion control shall be specsed.
5.1.1.2 Hardware - Hardware shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM Al53
(hot-dip) or ASTM B695 Class 50 (mechanical).
5.1.1.3 Guy Strand - Zinc-coated guy strand shall be galvanized in accordance with
ASTM A475 or ASTM A5S6.
a
6 PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES, AND MARKING
6.1 Standard
.
6.1-l Complete p1a.r~ assembly drawings, or other documentation shall be supplied showing
the necessary marking and details for the proper assembly and installation of the material,
including the design yield strength of the spuctural members and the grade of structural bolts
required.
6.1.2 Tolerances for the proper layout and installation of the material; and the foundations and
anchors shall be shown on the plans.
6.1.2.1 Plumb - The horizontal distance between the vertical centerlines at any two
elevations shall not exceed 25 percent of the vertical distance between the two elevations.
6.1.2.2 Twist - The twist (angular rotation in the horizontal plane) between any two
elevations shall not exceed 0.5O in 10 feet [3 m] and the total twist in the structure shall not
exceed 5.
6.1.2.3 Length
- For tubular steel pole structures with telescoping joint, butt welded or
flanged shaft connections, the overall length of the assembled structure shall be within plus 1
percent or minus l/2 percent of the specified height.
(Note: Horn reflectors and other types of offset-feed antennas have polarization
performance requirements, which are sensitive to ar+@ar displacement from boresight e
direction. Special consideration must be given to the mount, attachment hardware,
installation practice, as well as the support structure, to minimize all contributing factors to
initial skew or offset.)
6.1.3 All structural members or welded structural assemblies, except for hardware, shall have
a part number. The part numbers shall correspond with the assembly drawings. The Part number
is to be permanently attached (stamped, welded lettering, stamped on a plate that is welded to the
member, etc.> to the member before all protective coatings (galvanizing, paint, etc.1 are aPPhed.
The part number shall have a minimum character height of l/2 in. [13 mm], be legible and
clearly visible to an inspector after erection.
7
FOUN-DAnONS AND ANCHORS
7.1 Definitions
7.1.1 Standard Foundations and Anchors - Structures designed to support the specified loads
defined in Section 2 for normal sod conditions as defined in 7.1.3. Pile construction, roof
msmations, foundations or anchors designed for submerged soil conditions, etc., are not to be
considered as standard.
7.1.2 NonS tandard Foundations and Anchors
- Structures designed to support the specified
loads defined in Section 2 in accordance with site specific conditions.
7.1.3 Normal Soil
- A cohesive soil with an allowable net vertical bearing capacity of 4000
pounds per square foot Cl92 kPa] and an allowable net horizontal pressure of 400 pounds Per
square foot per lineal foot of depth [63 kPa per lineal meter of depth] to a maximum of 4~00
pounds per square foot 1192 pa].
(Note: Rock noncohesive soils, saturated or submerged soils are not to be considered normal
a
soil.)
7.2 Standard
7.21 Stanchi foundations and anchors may be used for bidding purposes and for
construction when actual soil pa&meters equal or exceed normal soil parameters.
7.22 When standard foundations and anchors are utilized for final designs, it shaU be the
responsibility of the purchaser to verify by geotechnicai investigation that actual site soil
parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters. (See Annex A.)
7.2.3 Foundations and anchors shah be designed for the maximum structure reactions
resulting from the specified loads defined in Section 2 using the following criteria:
7.2.3.1 When standard foundations and anchors are to be used for constnrction, normal
soil parameters from 7.1.3 shall be used for design.
7.2.3.2 When nonstandard foundations and anchors are to be used for construction, the soil
parameters recommended by the geotechnicai engineer should incorporate a minimum
factor of safety of 2.0 against &imate soil strength (see Annexes A and I).
7.2.4 Uplift
7.2.4.1 Standardf
oun d ti a ons, anchors, or drilled and belled piers shall be assumed to resist
uplift forces by their own weight plus the weight of earth enclosed within an inverted
pyramid or cone whose sides form an angle of 30 with the vertical. The base of the cone
shall be the base of the foundation if an undercut or toe is present or the top of the foundation
base in the absence of the foundation undercut. Earth shall be considered to weigh 100
pounds per cubic foot [16 kN/n$] and concrete 150 pounds per cubic foot [24 kN/m3].
I rA~!zlA-222-F
7.2.4.2 Straight shaft drilled pien for st&ad foundations shall have an ultimate skin
friction of 200 pounds per square f00t pa lineal foot of depth [31 kPa per Iineal meter of
d@l to a maximum of 1000 pounds per square foot of shaft surface area 148 kpal for upllfr
or download resistance.
7.2.4.3 Nonstandard foundations, anchors, ami &i.lkd piers shall be designed in
awodance with the recommendations of a geotechnid report (see Annex I).
7.2.4.4 Foundations, anchors, and drilled piers shah be proportioned in accordance with
the following:
(WR /2-o) + (WC D-25) 2 Up and (wR+wc)/l.5 1 up
where:
WR = soil resistance from 7.2.4.1.7.2.4.2 or 7.2.4.3
WC = weight of concrete
Up = maximum uplift reaction
7.2.4.5 A mat or slab foundation for a seif-supporting structure shall have a minimum
safety factor against overturning of 1.5.
7.2.5 The depth of standard drilled foundations subjected to lateral or overturning loads shall
be proportioned in accordance with the following:
LD 2 2.0 + S/(3d) + 2 [S2/(18d2)+ S/2 + M/(3d)]ln (ft)
LD > .61 + S/(143d) + 2 [S2/(41333d2) + S/96 + M/(143d)11R [ml
where:
.
LD = Depth of drilled foundation below grounilevel (ft) [ml
d = Diameter of dri.Ued foundation (ft) [ml
S = Shear reaction at ground level (kips) &NJ
M = Ovemuning moment at ground level (ft-hips) [m-w
Reference: Broms, B., Design of Laterally Loaded Piles, Journal of the Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Division Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, May,
1965.
7.3 Special Conditions
7.3.1 When a support is to be designed by other than the manufacturer, the manufacturer will
be responsible for furnishing the reactions, weights, and interface details for the purchasers
engineer to provide the necessary attachment.
7.3.2 The effects of the presence of water shall be accounted for in the design of nonstandard
foundations. Reduction in the weight of materials due to buoyancy and the effect on soil
properties under submerged conditions shall be considered.
7.4 Foundation Drawings
7.4.1 Foundation drawings shd indicate structure reactions, material strengths, dimensions,
reinforcing steel, and embedded anchorage material type, size, and location. Foundations
desiped for nomA soil conditions shall be so noted.
(Note: Normal soil design parameters and methods are presented to obtain uniform standard
foundation and anchor designs for bid&g purposes. Design methods for other COnd~OnS and
0t.k foundation types must be consistent with accepted engineering practices.)
8
SAFETY FACTOR OF GUYS
8.1 Definition
8.1.1 Guy Connection - The guy connection is defmed as the hardware or mechanism by
which a length of guy strand is connected to the tower, insulator, or guy anchor. The connection
may include, but is not limited to, the following: shackles, in-line insulators, thimbles,
turnbuckles, twin base clips, u-bolt cable dips, poured socket fittings, and grip- type dead-end
connections. l%vin base and u-bolt chps used on guy strand through 7/8-in. diameter shall be
considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of 90 percent. In all other cases, clips on strand
shall be considered to have a maximum efficiency factor of 80 percent. For all other types of end
connections, manufacturers recommendations should be followed when determining the
connection efficiency factor,
8.1.2 Safety Factor of Guys - The safety factor of guys shall be calculated by dividing the
published breaking strength of the guy or guy connection strength, whichever is lower, by the
maximum calculated tension design load.
8.2 Standard
8.21 For structures under 700 ft [213 m] in height, the safety factor of guys and their
connections shall not be less than 2.0.
8.2.2 For structures 1200 ft [366 m] or greater in height, the safety factor of guys and their
connections shall not be less than 2.5.
8.2.3 For structures between 700 ft [213 m] and 1200 II [366 m] in height, the minimum safety
factor of guys and their connections shall be determined by linear interpolation between 2.0 and
2.5.
(Note: A l/3 increase in stress for wind-loading conditions does not apply to the published
breaking strength of guys and their connections.)
8.2.4 Structure height, for purposes of determinin g the required safety factor of all guys and
their connections, shall be based on total structure height including tubular or latticed poles
mounted on the structure.
9 PRESTRESSING AND PROOF LOADING OF GUYS
9.1 Definitions
9.1.1 Prestressing of Guys - The removal of inherent constructional looseness of the guy
under a sustained load.
9.1.2 Proof Loading - The assurance of mechanical strength of factory assembled end
connections.
- -.. _ _-- a
9.2 Standard
9.2.1 &stressing and proof loading are not normaLly required. When specified. Presnessing
and proof loading shall be performed in accordance with the recornmendati~~ of the gUY
manufacturer.
(Note: For tall, guyed structures, consideration should be given to prestressing and Proof
loading.)
10
INITIAL GUY TENSION
10.1 Definition
10.1-l Initial Guy Tension - The specifieci guy tension in pounds [newtons] under no wind
load conditions, at the guy anchor at the specified temperature (see 10.2).
10.2 Standard
10.2.1 Initial tension in the guys, for design purposes, is normally 10 percent of the published
breaking strength of the strand with upper and lower limits of 15 and 8 percent respectively.
Values of initial tension beyond these limits may be used provided consideration has been given
to the sensitivity of the structure to variations in initial tension and, if necessary, to dynamic
behavior (see note below). Consideration shall be given to the site ambient temperature range.
In the absence of site specific data, the initial tensions shall be based upon an ambient
temperature of 6O*F.
(Note: The stated 8-15 percent initial tension extreme values are provided as recommended
guidelines only. Specific site and terrain conditions may necessitate initial tension values
outside this range. When using initial tension values above 15 percent, consideration should be
given to the possible effects of aeolian vibration. mewise, when using initial tension values
less tha.u g percent, consideration should be given to the effects of galloping and slack-taut
pounding.)
10.3 Method of Measurement
10.3.1 Initial tension may be measured by vibration frequency, mechanical tensiometers,
~eas~~ent of guy sag, or by other suitable methods (see Annex E).
11 OPERATIONAL REQUIRE,MENTS
11.1 Definitions
11.1.1 Twist - The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a horizontal plane from the
no-wind load position at a specified elevation.
11.1.2 Sway -
The angular rotation of the antenna beam path in a vertical plane from the
no-wind load position at a specified elevation.
11.1.3 Displacement
- The horizontal translation of a point relative to the no-wind load
position of the same point at a specified elevation.
11.2 Standard (See Annex A)
11.2.1 Theminim Urn standard shall be based on a condition of no ice and a wind load based on a
50 mph basic wind speed [22.4 m/s] calculated in accordance with 2.3. The operational
requirements shall be based on an overah allowable 10 dI3 degradation in radio frequency signal
level.
11.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the operational requirements for micrOWaVe antex&
reflector systems shall be determined using Annexes C and D.
12
FWXECITVE GROUNDING
12.1 Definitions
12.1.1 Grounding - The means of establishing an electrical connection between the structure
and the earth, adequate for lightning, high voltage, or static discharges.
12.1.2 primary Ground - A wnchcting connection between the structure and earth or some
conducting body, which serves in place of the earth.
12.1.3 Secondary Ground - A conducting connection between an appurtenance and the
structure.
(Note: Ground wire should not be encased in the foundation.)
12.2 Standard (See Annex A)
12.2.1 Structures shall be directly grounded to a primary ground.
12.2.2 A minimum ground shail consist of two 98 in. [16 mm] diameter galvanized stee!
ground rods driven not less than 8 ft [25 m] into the ground, 180* apart, adjacent to the stmcmre
base. The ground rods shah be bonded with a lead of not smaller than No. 6 [5 mm] tinned bare
copper connected to the nearest leg or to the metal base of the structure. A similar ground rod
shall be installed at each guy anchor and similarly connected to each guy at the anchor.
12.2.3 Self-supporting towers excee&ng 5 ft [1.5 m] in base width shall have one ground rod
per leg installed as above.
12.2.4 All equipment on a structure shah be connected by a secondary ground.
12.2.5 Remote passive reflectok are exempt from the grounding requirements specified herein.
13 CLMMNG AND WORKING FACZIUTJES
13.1 Definitions
13.1.1 Climbing Facilities - Components specifically designed or provided to permit access,
such as fixed kkhs, step bolts, or snuctu.ral members.
13.1.2 Climbing Safety Devices - Equipment devices other than cages, designed to minimize
accidental falls, or to Iitnit the distance of such falls. The devices permit the person to ascend or
descend the structure without having to continually manipulate the device or any part of the
device. The climbing safety device usually consists of acarrier, safety sleeves, and safety beits.
13.1.3 Working Facilities - Work platforms and access runways.
13.1.4 Hand or Guardrds - Horizontal barriers erected along the sides or ends of working
facilities to prevent falls.
13.2 Standard
13.2.1 Climbing and working facilities, hand or guardrails, and climbing safety devices shall be
provided when specified by the purchaser. (See Annex A.)
13.2.2 Climbing facilities shah be designed to support a minimum 250 [l.l kN] pound
concentrated live load.
TIAEIA-222-F
13.2.2.1 When fmed ladders are specified as the climbing facility, they shall meet the
fo~o~g minimum requirements:
a. Side rail spa&g -
12 in. [300 mm] minimum clear width.
b. Rung spacing - 12 in. [30O mm] minimum center-to-center, 16 in. [410 mm]
maximum.
C. Rung diameter - 5/8 in. [16 mm] minimum.
13.2.2.2 When step bolts are specified, they shall meet the following requirements:
a. Clear Width
- 4 l/2 in. [llO mm] minimum.
b. Spacing - 12 in. minimum [300 mm] center to center, alternately spaced, 18 in. 1460
mm1 maximum.
c. Diameter
- 5/S in. 116 mm] minimum.
13.23 Climbing safety devices shall meet the design requirements of the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) A14.3-1984, Safety Requirements for Fixed Ladders, Se&on 7.
13.24 Support structures for working facilities shall be designed to support a uniform live load
of 25 lb/ft Il.2 kpa], but in no case shall the support structure be designed for less than a total
he load of 500 pounds 12.2 ItN]. Working surfaces, such as grating, shall be designed to support
two 250-pound [ 1.1 IrN] loads. These loads are not to be applied concurrently with wind and ice
loads.
132.5 Hand or guardrails shall be designed to support a minimum concentrated live load of 150
pounds LO.67 kN1, applied in any direction. .
(Note: 13.2 is intended to provide m,i,nim m requirements for new structures. It is not intended
to replace or supersede applicable laws or codes.)
14
-ANCE AND INSPECTION
14.1 Standard
14.1.1 Maintenance and inspection of steel antenna towers and antenna supporting structures
should be performed by the owner on a routine basis.
(Note 1: It is recommended that all structures be inspected after severe wind and/or ice storms or
other extreme loading conditions.) ,
(Note 2: Recommended inspection and maintenance procedures for towers are provided in
Annex E.)
(Note 3: Shorter inspection intervals should be considered for structures in coastal salt water
environments, in corrosive atmospheres, and in areas subject to frequent vandalism.)
15 ANALYSIS OF EXNING TOWERS AND STRUTS
15.1 Standard
15.1-l Steel antenna towers and other suppo~g stNctures should be analyzed when changes
occur to the original design or operational loading conditions. Recommended criteria for the
analysis of existing structures are provided in Annex F.
16 COUNTY LISTINGS OF MINIMUM BASIC WIND SPEEDS (See Annex A)
c0uNl-Y
statf! of ALABAMA
AUTAUGA
BALDWIN
BARBOUR
BIBB
BLOUNT
BULLOCK
BUTLER
CALHOUN
CHAMBERS
CHEROKEE
(ZTHIEDN
CHOCTAW
E!tt&mE
COFFEE
COLJ3lXT
CONECUH
COOSA
COVING-l-ON
CRENSHAW
DALE
DALLAS
DEKALB
ELMORE
EscAMBIA
ErowAH
FAYEITE
GENEVA
BENRY
HOUSTON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
LAUDERDALE
LAmcE
LIMESTONE
LOwNDE!z
MACON
MADISON
MARENGO
MARION
MARSHALL
MOBILE
NOTE*
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
BASIC WIND
s=ED(Mpm
70
100
75
70
70
ii
70
70
70
70
ii:
70
70
85
70
85
ii
80
70
80
70
70
70
90
70
70
70
90
70
70
80
85
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
95
*For notes, see end of Section 16
StatedALABAMA
BASIC WIND
COUNIY
NOTE* SPEED(MpH)
MONROE
2
MONTGOMEEtY
MORGAN
PERRY
FICKENS
iEFDOiJ?H
2
RUSSEL
SAINTCLAIR
SHEBY
tiZ!it~GA
TALLAPOOSA
TUSCALOOSA
WALKER
WASHINGION 2
WILCOX 2
WINSTON
-
85
70
70
Ei
75
70
70 *
70
70
70
70
70
;
:
70
state of ALASKA
ALEunANIsLANDs
ANCHORAGE
I=?=
BRISTOL BAY
DILLINGHAM
FAlRBANKS NO. STAR
JUNEAU
KENAIFENINSULA
KEKEEANGAXEWAY
KOBUCK
KODIAK ISLAND;
WANUSKA-SUSlINA
NOME
NORTH SLOPE
PRINCEOFWALES
SIlKA
SKAGWAY-%4KUTfl-
ANGOON
SOUTHEASTFAIRBANKS
VALDEZ-CORDOVA
WADEHAMPTON
wRANGELt--URG
YUKON-KOYUKUK
caution: Mound regicm af
Alaskashouidbecxmsidered~
sYpdaiwin.dregions.
110
110
110
105
105
70
80
90
100
95
100
110
80
110
100
100
100
100
70
90
110
90
90
State of ARIZONA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE*
mED(MpH)
APACHE 1
COCBlSE
cocoNINo 1
FEGAM
LAPAZ
MARICOPA
MOHAVE
NAVAJO 1
PINAL
SANTACFUJZ
YAVAPAI
State of ARKANSAS
ARKANSAS
ASHLEY
BAXIER
BENTON
BOONE
BRADLEY
CALHOUN
CARROLL
CBICOT
CLAY
EkG%!E%
COLUMBIA
CONWAY
CRAIGHEAD
CRAWFORD
CRm-ENDEN
CROSS
DALLAS
DESFIA
DREW
FAULKNER
FUIXON
GARLAND
HEMPSTEAD
HOT SPRING
70
70
70
E
70
70
75
75
70
75
75
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70 ,
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
couIvIY
sta!eofARKANsAs
BASIC WIND
SPEEDWR) NOTE*
HOWARD
INDEPENDENCE
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
WA-
LAWRENCE
IJNCOLN
LmuzRrvER
LOGAN
LONOKE
MADISON
MARION
MISSISSIPPI
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
NEVADA
NEWIUN
OUACHITA
PERRY
PHILLIPS
P0Ixm-r
PO=
POPE
iiiiEsI
RANDOLPH
sAINrFIuNas
SALINE
scorr
SEARCY
SEBASTIAN
EE
SroNE
UNION
VANBUREN
WASHINGTON
WOODRUFF
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
1 IA/tlA-7- F
state of CALIF0RNr.A
COUNTY NOTE*
ALAMEDA
ALPINE
AMADOR
BUTTE
CALAVEMS
COLUSA
CONTRA COSTA
DELNORTE
ELDORADO
FRESNO
HUMBOLDT
EEi
KINGS
LASSEN
LOS ANGELES
MADEwi
MARIPOSA
MENDocmo
MEWED
MODOC
MONO
MONTEREY
NAPA
NEVADA
ORANGE
PLACER
PLUMAS
-IDE
SA-
SANBWO
SANBERNARDINO
SANDIEGO
sANFRANcIsc0
SAN JOAQUIN
SANLUIS OBISPO
sANlkulEo
SANTABARBARA
SANTACLARA
SANTACXJZ
SHASTA 1
SEE&4 1
a
SISKIYOU 1
SOLANO
SONOMA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
BASIC WIND
SPEED0
70
70
70
75
70
75
70
80
75
70
ii
70
70
70
ii
75
70
70
75
ii:
70
70
70.
70
75
75
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
75
75
80
stateafcALIFom
BASIC WIND
COUNTY SPEED (MPM NOTE*
state of coLoRAD
ADAMS
ALAMOSA
ARAPAHOE
AR-
BACA
BENT
BOULDER
CLEARCREEK
CONEIOS
cosm
CROWLEY
CUSTER
DEtTA
DENVER
DOLORES
DOUGLA!3
EAGLE
ET&
FREMONT
GARFIELD
GlLPlN
iiii%iON
BINSDALE
HUERFANO
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
KIOWA
KIT CARSON
LAPLCA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
70
75
75
80
70
70
70
75
75
85
ii
70
85
85
85
80
85
85
80
80
85
80
70
85
70
85
80
E
80
80
85
85
75
70
ii
ii
85
80
70
85
1 lAftlA-7-t a--
state of COLORADO
StateiofFLORIDA
BASIC WIND
COuNlY
SEED0
NOTE*
LASAMMAS
LINCOLN
LOGAN
MESA
MOFEAT
MONTEZUMA
MONlROSE
MORGm
OlERO
OURAY
PARK
PHILLIPS
PIIXIN
FROWERS
PUEBLO
RIO BLANC0
RIO GRANDE
ROUTT
SAGUACHE
SANJUAN
SANMXGUEL
SEDGWICK
SUMMIT
1.m
WASI-BNGTON
1 80
E
70
75
80
70
ii
85
70
1 80
85
80
85
85
ii
85
1 80
70
ii
1 80
1 85
85
85
85
stare of CONTvEcl-ICUT
FAIRFIELD 2 85
HAKl-FORD 2 80
Lrrm 1.2 80
MIDDLESEX 2 85
NEWHAVEN 2 85
NEWLONDON 2
85
TOLLAND 2 85
WINDHAM 2 85
State of DELAWARE
2 80
NEW CASTLE 2 75
SUSSEX 2 90
Disnict of COLUMBIA
DISTRICTOF COLUMBIA 2 75
COUNTY
ALACEIUA
B- .
BAY
BRADFORD
BREVARD
BROWARD
CALHOUN
CHARLOTIE
CnRus
CLAY
COLLIER
COLUMBIA
DADE
DE SOT0
DIXIE
DW&
ESCAMBIA
FLAGLER
GADSDEN
GILCHRIST
GLADES
HAMILTON
HARDEE
BENDRY
.IiiERNANDo
HIGHLANDS
HILLSBOROUGH
HOLMES
fNDIANRlvEEz
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
LAFAYEI-IE
LEON
LTBERTY
MADISON
MANATEE
MARION
MONROE
NASSAU
OKALOOSA
OKEJXHOBEE
NOTE*
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
;
:
2
BASIC WI-ND
SPEED0
95
90
100
95
105
115
100
105
100
95
110
90
115
105
100
95
100
100
105
95
95
100
105
90
100
105
105
100
105
95
105
95
95
95
100
105
95
100
100
95
105
100
105
120
95
1M)
100
1 l&&IA-~- F
State ofFLORIDA
State of GEORGIA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE*
sPEEDo
COUNIY
NOTE*
ORANGE 2 100
OSCEOLA 2 100
PALMBEACH 2 110
PMCO 2 105
PINELLAS 2 105
F0I.K 2 100
PUTNAM 2 95
SAINTJOHNS 2 loo
SAINTLUCIE 2 105
SANTA ROSA 2 100
SARASOTA 2 105
SEMINOLE 2 100
SUMTER 2 100
SUWANNEE 2 90
TAmOR 2 100
UNION 2 95
VOLUSIA 2 100
WAKULLA 2 100
WALTON 2 100
WASHINGTON 2 95
State of GEORGIA
APPLING
MKINSON
BACON
BAKER
BALDWIN
BANKS
BARROW
BARTOW
BENHILL
BERRIEN
BIBB
BLECKLEY
BRANTIXY
BROOKS
BRYAN
BULLOCH
BURKE
BUTTS
CALHOUN
CAMDEN
CANDLER
CARROLL
CMOOSA
-TON
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
85
.80
85
80
75
75
75
75
80
80
70
75
90
85
90
85
80
70
75
95
80
70
70
90
95
mAHoocHEE
(ZHtUTOOGA
CBEEIOKEE
CLAY
CLAYTON
CLJNCH
COBB
COFFEE
c0LQm-r
COLUMBIA
COOK
COWEIA
CRAWFORD
CRTSP
DADE
DAWSON
DECQUR
DEKALB
DODGE
DOOLY
DOUGBEKIY
DOUGLAS
=Y
ECXOLS
EFFINGHAM
ELBEEa
EVANS
FANNIN
FAYEITE
FLOYD
FORSYTH
FULTON
GLASCOCK
GLYNN
GORDON
K
HABERBAM
HANCOCK
HAULSON
BASIC WIND
SPEEDm
70
75
70
75
75
70
85
70 *
80
80
75
80
70
70
75
70
75
90
70
75
75
75
70
80
85
90
75
80
85
70
70
70
75
75
70
70
75
95
70
85
75
75
75
75
75
70
70
75
70
TIAEIA-22-F
State of GEORGIA
I
COUNTY
HENRY
HOUSTON
it--ON
JASPER
JEFFDAVIS
JEFFERSON
JENKINS
JOHNSON
JONES
iI%E
LAURENS
LIBERTY
LINCOLN
LONG
LOWNDES
LUMPKIN
MACON
MADISON
MARION
MCDUFFIE
MCINTOSH
MlTcHEu
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
MURIUY
MUSCOGEE
NEWTON
OCONEE
OGLEl-HORPE
PAULDING
PEACH
PICKENS
PIERCE
PIKE
POLK
PULASKI
PUTNAM
Q-
RABUN
RANDOLPH
RICHMOND
ROCKDALE
NOTE*
2
2
2
2
BASIC WIND
sPJ330
70
ii
75
75
80
75
80
75
75
70
85
75
75
90
75
90
85
75
70
75
70
75
95
70
80
80
70
80
75
70
70
75
75
75
70
70
75
90
70
70
75
75
75
70
75
75
70
cow
EEEN
SEMINOLE
SPALOING
kFE%F
State of GEORGIA
BASIC WIND
NOTE* SPEED (Mm
70
liW3OT
-0
3lxrrNALL
TAnOR
zEiz%
THOMAS
TOOMBS
TOWNS
2
2
TROUP
TWIGGS
UNION
UPSON
WAIXER
WAIXON
EEEN
WASHlNGIDN
WAYNE
itziEz
2 80
2 85
70
75
70
70
70
75 *
2 85
70
80
75
8s
80
85
70
80
70
75
75
70
70
75
75
2 85
75
75
2 90
70
WILCOX
WILKINSON
WORTH
80
70
70
75
75
75
75
state OfHAwAlI
HAWAII
HONOLULU
KAUAI
MAUI
80
80
Emi
state of IDAHO
COuNm
ADA
ADAMS
BANNOCK
BEARLIKE
BENEWAH
BINGHAM
BLAINE
BOISE
BONNIER
BO-
BOUNDARY
BUTIE
CAMAS
CANYON
CARIBOU
CASSIA
CLEARWMER
CUSTER
ELMORE
FREMONT
GOODING
IDAHO
JEFFERSON
JEROME
K00TENAI
L.f%rM
Et2
LINCOLN
MADISON
MINIDOKA
NEZPERCE
ONEIDA
OWYHEE
PAYEITE
POWER
SHOSHONE
TETON
TWINFALLS
VALLEY
WASHINGTON
NOTE*
1
I
BASIC WIND
sPEED(Mpm
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
a
state of xLLIN01s
BASIC WIND
COUNTY
SF'EED(Mpm NOTE*
IzE4DER
BOND
BOONE
BROWN
BUREAU
CAUIOUN
CARROLL
~Z~ELPAIGN
CHRISTIAN
.-
CLAY
CUNTON
COXES
COOK
CRAWFORD
CUMBW
DEKALB
DEWlIT
DOUGLAS
DU PAGE
EDGAR
EDWARDS
EFFINGHAM
FAYEITE
FORD
FULTON
GALJXlTV
GRUNDY
HAMILTON
HANCOCK
iii%i:SON
BENRY
IROQUOIS
JACJLSON
JASPER
JEFFERSON
JERSEY
JO DAVIESS
JOHNSON
KENDALL
KNOX
70
70
70
80
70
75
ii
70
70
ii
70
70
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
75
70
75
75
75
70
70
7@
70
80
70
75
75
75
75
TIAEIA-222-F
state of ILLINOIS
COUNTY
LASALLE
LAWRENCE
LIVINGSTON
LOGAN
MACON
MACOUPIN
MADISON
MARION
MARSHAL;L
MASON
MASSAC
MCDONOUGH
MCBEN-RY
MCLEAN
MENARD
MERCER
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
MOULIRIE
OGLE
PEmIA
PERRY
PIAIT
PIKE
POPE
PULASKI
PUTNAM
RANDOLPH
kG
SAINTCL4IR
SALINE
SANGAMON
SCHLJYBZ
SCOTT
SHEIJ3Y
STARK
STEPHENSON
TAZEWELL
UNION
VERMILION
WABASH
WARRJ3
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
BASIC WIND
NOTE*
SPEED0
1 80
75
70
75
75
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
80
70
70
75
70
70
70
ii:
75
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
80
70
70
70
70
;
70
70
stateoflLLINoIs
BASIC WIND
CouNn
NOTE* SPEEDWm
WHITESIDE
80
%AMSON
75
70
WINNEBAGO
80
WOODFORD
75
StatedINDIANA
ADAMS
BARTHOLOMEW
BENTON
BLACKFORD
BOONE
BROWN
CARROLL
CASS
E&ON
CRAWFORD
DAVIESS
DEARBORN
DECQTJR
DEXAL33
DELAWARE
DUBOIS
FAYEI-IE
FLOYD
FOUNTAJN
FUIXON
GIBSON
EEk
HAMIIXON
HANCOCK
HARRISON
HENDRxcKs
HENRY
HOWARD
HUNTINGION
JACKSON
JASPER
JAY
JERER!ZON
JENNINGS
JOHNSON
75
75
70
75
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
75
70
70
70
70
State ofINDIANA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE*
SPEED0
KNOX
KoscIusKo
LAPORTE
LAGRANGE
LAWRENCE
MADISON
MARION
MARS=
iEkE?
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEWTON
NOBLE
OHIO
ORANGE
OWEN
PARKE
PERRY
PIKE
e
PORTER
POSEY
PULASKI
mAM
RANDOLPH
RUSH
ST. JOSEPH
SCOTT
SI3Eu3Y
SPENCER
STARKE
STEUBEN
SULLIVAN
S-
TIPPECANOE
TIPTON
UNION
VANDERBURGH
VERMIIUON
VIGO
WABASH
WARREN
WARRICK
WASHINGTON
70
75
1
75
75
1
75
70
70
70
75
70
75
70
70
70
75
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
1
75
70
75
70
70
70
70
75
:8
70
75
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
WAYNE
;
TIAEIA-222-F
StatedINDIANA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE* SF=D(MpH)
State af IOWA
ADAXR
2i?izLE
. APPANoosE
AUDUBON
BENTON
BLACKHAWK
BOONE
BREh4ER
BUCHANAN
BUENAVISTA
BUTLER
CALHOUN
CARROLL
CASS
WAR
cER.RoGoRDo
-0KEE
CHICKASAW
CLARKE
CLAY
CLAYTON
CLINTON
ClUWFORD
DALLAS
DAVIS
DECAIUR
DELAWARE
DES MOINES
DICKINSON
DUBUQUE
ft%EE
FLOYD
FREMONT
GRUNDY
ZN
HANcocK
80
80
Fl
80
80
ii
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
75
80
80
75
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
ix
80
80
80
TlAIEIA-221-F
State of IOWA
COUNTY
HARDIN
HARRISON
HENRY
HOWARD
HUMBOLDT
IDA
IOWA
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFFERSON
JOHNSON
JONES
KEOKUK
KossuIH
LOUISA
LUCAS
LYON
MADISON
MAHASKA
MARION
MARSHALL
MITCBELL
MONONA
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MWXKINE
OBRIEN
OSCEOLA
PACE
PALO ALTO
PLYMOUTH
POC4HONTAS
POLK
BASIC WIND
NOTE* sPEEDch4Pm
POTTAWAmAMlE
P0wl3HlEK
RINGGOLD
SAC
SCOTr
SHELBY
SIOUX
STORY
TAMA
TAnOR
UNION
VANBUREN
WAPEILO
75
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
75
80
75
80
85
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
ii
80
ix
80
80
80
;z
80
80
85
80
80
80
80
75
80
State dIOWA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY
NOTE* SPEEDWH)
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WJNNBBAGQ
WINNES-
WOQDBURY
WOKm
WRIGHT
State &KANSAS
.
ANDERSON
AKHISON
BARBBR
BARH3N
BOURBON
BROWN
BUILBR
CHASE
CHATAUQUA
CHEROKEE
EEED
EiEkBE
COWLJZY
CRAWFORD
DECATUR
DICKINSON
DONIPHAN
DOUGLAS
EDWARDS
Es
mLswoRlH
75
iFi
80
80
70
80
80
80
75
70
85
80
80
80
75
80
80
70
ii:
80
80
80
ii:
80
85
85
75
80
85
85
85
85
State of KANSAS
BASIC WIND
COUNIY
NOTE*
SPEED0
=OD 85
75
HAMILTON
ii
iiEE 80
85
HODGA4AN
85
JACKSON 80
JEFFERSON
xi
JOHNSON 75
85
KINGMAN 80
KIOWA
80
LABErIE 70
=VJZNWORTH ii
LINCOLN
80
2i.N 75
85
LYON
80
MARION
MARSHALL
MCPHERSON
MEADE
iEG!iaL
MONTGOMERY
MORRIS
MORTON
NEOSHO
NESS
NOKION
OSAGE
OSBORNE
C7ITAWA
PAWNEE
PHILuPS
POTI-AWATOMIE
RAWUNS
RENO
REPUBLIC
RICE
ROOKS
RUSH
80
80
80
85
75.
80
75
80
85
80
75
85
85
80
80
80
80
85
80
80
85
80
80
80
80
85
85
RUSSELL 80
State uf KANSAS
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE* SPEED(MpH)
EEiORD
STANTON
STEVENS
IHOMAS
TREGO
WABAUNSEE
WUCE
WASHINGIDN
WI-A
WILSON
WOODSON
WYANDm
state of KENTCJCKY
.
ADAIR
ANDERSON
BALLARD
BARREN
BPilH
BELL
BOONE
BOURBON
BOYD
BOYLE
BRACKEN
BRJXBllT
BRECKINRIDGE
J3~ll-r
BUTLER
gk?zE
gz?iE
CARROLL
EiF
cHRETIAN
80
85
80
85
80
85
85 .
ii
85
ii
85
85
80
85
80
85
75
75
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
--
- -- I rrr\-;,-r
state OfKENTIJcKY
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE*
SPEEDt-Mm
EF 70 70
CLINTON
cxrITmDEN :
CUMBERLAND 70
DAVIESS 70
EDMONSON 70
ELIOTI- 70
70
FAYFI-IE 70
FLEMlNG 70
FLOYD 70
70
FUIXON 70
GALILMTN 70
GARR4RD 70
zz 70 70
GRAYSON 70
ziEh.JP 70 70
HANCOCK 70
HARDIN 70
70
HARRISON 70
70
BENDERSON 70
BENRY 70
BICKMAN 70
HOPKINS 70
JACKSON 70
JEFFERSON 70
JESSAMINE 70
JOHNSON 70
KENTON 70
KNOTT 70
KNOX 70
LARUE 70
LAUREL 70
LAWRENCE 70
70
LESLIE 70
LErcHER 70
70
LINCOLN 70
LMNGSTON 70
LOGAN 70
LYON 70
MADISON 70
ScateOfICENRJ=Ky
COUNTY
MAGoFFIN
MARION
MARsHAu
MASON
MCCRACKEN
MCCREARY
MCLJXN
iiE!EE
MERCER
MErm
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
MUHLENBERG
NESON
NICHOLAS
OHIO
OLDHAM
iEzi!EY
PENDLETON
PERRY
RYXELL
PULASKI
ROBERTSON
ROCKCASTLE
ROWAN
RUSSELL
SCOTr
SHELBY
SIMPSON
SPENCER
TAYLOR
TODD
TRIGG
TRIMBIX
UNION
WARREN
WASmGTON
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WOLFE
WOODFORD
BASIC WIND
NOTE* SPEEDtMPH)
TIAIEIA-222-F
StateofLOlJISIANA
COUNTY NOTE*
ACADIA 2
2
ASCENSION
ASSUMPI-ION i
AVOYELLES 2
m2AmAR.D 2
BlJ3MLLE
BOSSIER
CADDO
CALCASIEU 2
CALDWELL
CAMERON 2
CAIAHOULA
CIAIBORNE
CONCORDIA
DE SOT0
EAST BATON ROUGE 2
EAST CARROE
EASTFELICIANA 2
EVMGELINE 2
IBERIA 2
IBEwILLE 2
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
-ONDAVIS 2
LAEAYEmZ 2
LAPOURCBE 2
LASALLE
LINCOLN
LIVINGSTON 2
MADISON
MOREHOUSE
NiUCBITOCHES
ORLEANS 2
OUACBlTA
PLAQUEMIDEZ 2
PolNTcouPEE 2
RAPIDES
REDRIVER
RICBLAND
SABINE
SAINTBERNARD 2
SAINTCHARLES 2
SAINT-A
SAJNTJAMES
BASIC WIND
=oMpR)
95
1z
loo
85
90
70
70
70
95
75
100
80
ii
70
95
ii
90
iii
100
loo
70
105
95
100
105
80
70
100
70
70
75
105
70
105
95
85
70
70
75
105
105
95
100
SAINTJOBNTBEBAFTIST 2 100
SAINTLANDRY 2
95
StareofLOUISIANA
BASICWXND
COUNTY
SPEED(MpH) NOTE*
sAIlwMAK13N
2 100
SAINTMARY
105
SAINTTAZMMANY
; 100
TANciIpAHOA 2
TENSAS
ii
TERREBONNE 2 105
UNION
70
-ON 2 100
VERNON
85
WASBINGTON ; 95
Z~Z~~%NROUGE 2
ii
wEsTc4RRoLL
WESTFELICIANA 2
ii
70
State OfMAINE
ANDROSCOGGIN
AROO!XOOK
CLJMBERLAND
BArycocK
KENNEBEC
KNOX
LINCOLN
OXFORD
PENOBSCOT
PIS~AQUIS
SAGADAIIOC
SOMERsEr
WALDO
WASBINGTON
YORK
80
85
80
75
90
80
85
85
1 . 75
85
80
85
80
85
100
80
StatedMARYLAND
ALIEANY
ANNEARUNDEL 2
BALXIMORE 2
CAL= 2
CAROLINE 2
CARROLL 2
CEaL 2
2
DORCBES-XER 2
PREDERICK 2
70
75
75
75
80
70
75
75
80
70
TlA/ELW22-F
state OfMttRYLAND StateofMICHlGAN
BASIC WIND
COUNTY
NOTE*
SPEED0
GARREIT
HARFORD
HOWARD
MONTGOMERY
PRINCE GEORGES
ZEf?kEF:
.
SOMERsEr
TALBOT
WASHINGTON
wIcoMlc0
WORCBSTER
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
State of MASSACHUSETTS
BARNSTABLE
2
BERKSHIRE
12
BRISTOL
2
DUKES
2
ESSEX
2
1.2
HAMPDEN
2
HAMPSHIRE 2
MIDDLESEX
2
NANTUtXET 2
NORFOLK
2
PLm0Ul-H
2
SUFFOLK
2
WORCESTER 2
State of MICHIGAN
ALCONA 1
ALGER 1
ALlEGAN 1
ALPBNA 1
1
ARBNAC 1
BARAGA
1
BARRY
BAY
1
BHNZIE
1
BERRJEN 1
BRANCH
CALHOUN
CASS
;i
70
75
70
75
75
E
80
ii
90
100
70
90
iii
ii
75
90
105
90
95
90
85
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
80
75
75
75
75
COUNTY NOTE*
cHARLEvolx 1
CHEBOYGAN 1
CBIPPBWA 1
CLJNTON
QRAWPORD
Dn
DICKINSON
iEi& 1
iik?iiiY
GRANDTMvERsE
G&SHOT
HJLLSDALE
HOUGHTON
HURON
INGHAM
IONIA
IOSCO
IRON
ISABELLA
JACKSON
-00
1
1
1
1
1
KEWEENAW
LAPEER
LEIZANAU
LENAWEE
LIVINGSTON
LUCE
MACKINAC
MACOMB
iizgEIE
MASON
MECOSTA
MENOMINE
MIDLAND
MISSAUKEE
MONROE
MONT.CALM
MONTMORENCY
MUSKEGON
NEWAYGO
OAKLAND
1
1
1
1
BASIC WIND
SPEED0
;
70
75
75
ii
80
75
E
E
75
75
75
70
75
75
75
ii
75
75
75
75
75
70
80
ii
75
75
70
75
75
80
80
80
ii
75
75
75
75
75
80
80
75
State of MXCHlGAN
BASIC WIND
COuNrY NOTE*
spEED(MpH)
OCEANA
OGEMAW
ONTONAGON
OSCEOA
OSCODA
OTSEGO
OTTAWA
PRESQUEISLE
ROSCOMMON
SAGINAW
SAINTCLUR
SAINT JOSEPH
SANTLAC
SCHOOL CEuFr
SHIAWASSEE
TUSCOLA
VANBUREN
WMHIENAW
WAYT+JE
WEXFORD
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Statedm0~~
ANOKA
BECKER
BELXRAMI
BENTON
BIG STONE
BLUEEARTH
BROWN
CARLXON
CARVER
iii%kWA
CHISAGO
ERWMER
COOK
COTIONWOOD
CROWWING
DAKOTA
DODGE
DOUGLAS
FARIBAUEI
FILUAORE
FREEBORN
GOODHUE
80
75
75
75
;
80
75
75
;
z
80
E
iz
ii
ii
85
80
80
90
80
80
1
ii
iz
75
90
80
70
85
i:
80
85
80
ii
ii
80
TIA/EIA-222-F
State dMINNESOTA
BASIC WIND
COUNIY NOTE* SPEs>(MpH)
HOUSTON
-ARD .
EE
JACKSON
KANABEC
IMNDIYOBI
KrITSON
KOOCHKHING
LACQUIPiUUE
LAKE OF TEE WOODS
LE!mErJR
LINCOLN
LYON -
MAHNOMEN
MARS=
MCLEOD
MlLLELAcs
MORRISON
MOWER
MURRAY
NIcouEr
NO&ES
NORMAN
OLMSIED
OTIERTAIL
PENNINGION
PIPESTONE
POLK
EEEY
REDLAKE
REDWOOD
RICE
ROCK
ROSEAU
sAlNTLouIs
SCOIT
SHERBURNE
SIBLEY
.?i-zz?
SEVENS
TODD
TIMERSE
85
80
80
75
80
80
iFI .
ii
75
75
80
85
85
8o
80
ii
80
80
80
85
80
:z
80
ii:
ii:
85
85
80
80
85
80
80
Yz
1
ii
80
ii
iti
85
E
State of h4lNNESOTA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE*
SPEEDWH)
WABASHA
WmENA
WASECA
WASBINGTON
wmoNwAN
EE4
WRIGHT
YELL0wh4ED1cINE
80
80
80
ii:
ii
80
85
state of MISSISSIPPI
ADAMS 80
ALCORN
2 ii
KITilLA
BENTON
zi
BOLTVAR
70
CALHOUN
CARROLL
;i
CBICKASAW
70
CHO(JTAW
70
CIAIE3ORNE
75
2
CLAY
$
coAHoMA
70
COPIAH
80
COVINGTON 2
80
DE SOT0
70
FORREST 2
90
2
85
GEORGE 2
2
ii
GRENADA
70
HANCOCK 2
100
HARRISON 2
100
HINDS
75
HOLMES
70
HUMPHREYS 70
ISSAQUENA
70
lTAWAMBA
70
JAQCSON 2
100
JASPER
75
JEFFERSON
80
JEFFERSONDAVIS 2
85
JONES 2 85
70
LAFAYEITE 70
2 90
LAuDEflDALE 75
COUNTY
E&E
IJNCOLN
LOWNDES
MADISON
MARION
MARSHALL
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
NESHOBA
NEWTON
NOXCJBEE
OKTIEBEHA
PANOLA
PEARLRIvER
PERRY
EOTOC
PRENTISS
Q-
scolT
SHARKEY
SIMPSON
SMIIH
STONE
SUIWXOWER
TALLxmTcHlE
Tm
TIePAH
TISHOMINGO
TUN-ICA
UNION
WAJXHALL
WARREN
WASHINGION
WAYNE
CN
WINSTON
YALOBUSHA
wzoo
state ufMx!sIssIPP1
BASIC WIND
NOTE* SPEED0
2 85
70
70
70
2 85
70
2 z
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
2
2 ii
2 90
70
70
70
75
75
70
80
75
2 95
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
2 90
70
70
2 85
70
2 90
70
70
70
state of MISSOURI
COUNTY
NOTE*
AT'CBISON
AUDRAIN
BARRY
BARTON
BAIES
BENTON
BOLLlNGER
BOONE
BUCHANAN
BUTLER
CALDm
CALLAWAY
CAMDEN
CAPEGIRARDEAU
CARROLL
CASS
ZON
CLAY
cLINKIN
COLE
COOPER
CRAWFORD
DADE
DALI&
DAVIEZS
DEKALB
DENT
DOUGLAS
DUNKLIN
EiitE!%E
GENTRY
GRUNDY
HARRISON
HENRY
HICKORY
HOIX
HOWARD
HOWELL
BASIC WIND
SPEEDtMnD
75
80
80
70
70
70
70
70
70
3
70
75
70
70
70
75
R
70
75
70
75
75
80
70
70
70
70
70
ii:
70
70
70
70
70
80
70
75
80
70
70
80
70
70
stalebofMIssouRI
COuNlY NOTE*
IRON
JACKSON
ZON
JOHNSON
KNOX
LACLEDE
L/WA-
LAWRENCE
LINCOLN
E%s-I~N
MACON
MADISON
ESJ
MCDONALD
MERCER
MISSISSIPPI
MONIlEAU
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MORGAN
NEWMADRID
NEWTON
NODAWAY
OREGON
OSAGE
OZARK
PEMISCOT
EiEi
PHELPS
POLK
PUTNAM
luNDoLPH
RAY
REYNOLDS
BASIC WIND
SPEED0
70
75
70
70
75
75
70
E
ii
75
75
75
70
70
70
70
80
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
80
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
iii
70
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
a
1 Irv Cl&-&-t
state ofMIssouRI
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0
SAINTCHARLES
SAINTCLUR
sAINTFRANcoIs
SAINTGENEVEW
SAINT LOUIS
SAINTLOUIS CrIY
SAWBE
3z
Sal-T
SHANNON
SBELBY
STODDAEtD
iEz!kJ
EE
VERNON
WlRREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
.-=
WORTH
WRIGHr
StateofMONTANA
BEAVERBEAD I
BIG HORN
BLAINE
BROADWm
CARBON
EEEiE
cHouIEAu 1
CUSTER
DANIELS
DAWSON
DEERLODGE
FAILON
FERGUS
1
GAIJAIN 1
EiiEE? 1
GOLDENVALLEY
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
75 .
75
70
70
75
70
70
75
ii
70
70
70
zi
80
70
70
ii
75
80
80
75
ii
80
80
70
80
80
70
iii
75
80
2
StatedMONTANA
BASIC m
NOTE* SPED(MpM COUNIY
JEFFERSON
JUDII-HBASIN
ELNDCLARK
LJBEKE
LINCOLN
MADISON
MCCONE
MEAGHER
iiiiEE4
Mus-
PARK
PEIROLEUM
PHIlUPS
PoNDEm
POWDERRIVER
KwELL
RAVALU
RICBLAND
ROOSEVEU
ROSEBUD
ziiE!Ek
SILVERBOW
SITEWAIER
SWEIXGRASS
WON
Tool-E
TREASURE
gggm,
WIBAUX
YELLOWSTONE
1
1
1
1
1
state of NEBRASKA
70
80
70
75
80
ii
80
75
70
70
85
80
ii
;z
70
80
70
80
80
85
70
80
70
80
80
75
75
85
80
80
ii
BANNER
BIdUNE
BOONE
BOXBUITE
BOYD
BROWN
BUFFALO
:
85
85
85
i;
85
COUNTY
BURT
BUTLER
CASS
CEDAR
CHASE
EiEFzkE
CLAY
coIx4x
EKE?
DAKOTA
DAWES
DAWSON
DEUEL
DIXON
DODGE
DOUGLAS
DUNDY
FILLMORE
FRONTER
FURNAS
GAGE
GARDEN
GARFIELD
GOSPER
GREELEY
ii%i~T0~
HAYES
HITCHCOCK
HOIX
HOOKER
HOWARD
EFFER!SON
JOHNSON
KEYA PAHA
KlMBALL
KNOX
LANCASTER
LINCOLN
LOGAN
LOUP
MADISON
StateofNEBRASIcA
BASICWIND
spEED0vfPH-l
NOTE*
80
80
80
85
85
80
85
ii
ii
E
85
85
ii
80
ii
85
iz
80
85
85
85
85
ii;
:
85
ii:
85
85
80
ii
85
85
85
ifI
85
85
85
85
T.wEIA-222-F
StatelTfNEWUSKA
COUNTY
MCPBERSON
MERRICK
MORRILL
NANCE
NUCKOIU
OTOE
PAWNEE
PBELPS
PERCE
POLK
REDwILulW
RICHARDSON
ROCK
SALINE
SARPY
SAUNDERS
SCOITS BLUFF
iikz%zN
SHERMAN
SIOUX
SlApON
THAYER
THOMAS
THURSTON
VAlXZY
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
wEB!nER
YORK
BASIC WIND
NOTE* SPEED(MpH)
ii
ii
5
80
80
85
85
85
85
80
85
80
ii
80
80
85
ii:
85
iz
80
g '.
85
80
85
85
85
80
%teofNEVADA
CHURCHILL
1
DOUGLAS 1
ELXO
ESMERALDA
HUMBOLDT
.LANDER
IJNCOLN
LYON
75
;i
70
75
80
70
80
80
70
Stare c&NEVADA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY
NOTE* sPEED(Mpm
1
70
SlmEY 1 70
WASHOE 1 70
WBIIEPINE 75
s~of~HAMPsHlR.E
BEIXNAP
CARROLL
CHESHIRE
coos
-ON
HILLSBOROUGH
MERRIMACK
ROCKINGHAM
sTRAFFoRD
SULLIVAN
2
2
2
12
12
2
2
2
2
12
80
80
;
70
::
85
85
75
state of NEW JEEtsEY
fXIUNTIC
BERGEN
BURLINGTON
EEilY
CUMBERLAND
ESSEX
GLOUCESTER
HUDSON
HUNTERDON
MERCER
MIDDLESEX
MONMOUTH
MORRIS
OCEAN
PASSAIC
SALEM
SOrvlEluEr
SUSSEX
UNION
WARREN
2 85
2 80
2 80
2 80
2 85
2 80
2 80
2
2 f ii
2 75
2 80
2 80
2 85
2 75
2
2 ifi
2 80
2 80
2 70
2 80
2 70
COUNTY
BERNALILLO
CKtRON
cHAvl3
UBOLA
COLFM
CURRY
DEBACA
DONAANA
EDDY
tiEE!iLuPE
HARDING
HIDALGO
LmcoLN
Los ALAMOS
LUNA
MCKINLEY
MORA
OIERO
QUAY
RIO ARRIBA
ROOSEVETX
SANDOVAL
SANJUAN
SANMJGUEL
SANTAFE
SlEEUZA
SOCORRO
TAOS
TORRANCE
UNION
VALENCIA
stateofNEwh4ExIco
BASIC WIND
NOTE* SFEED(MpH)
70
ii
70
80
80
80
70
75
70
1
ii
ii
1 75
;i
70
80
1 70
80
75
80
70
70
1 80
1 75
70
70
80
1 75
85
70
stateofNEwY0R.K
ALBANY
AILEGANY
BRONX 2
BROOME
~ARAUGUS
CAYUGA
CHAUTAUQUA 1
CBEMUNG
CHENANGO
CLINTON
COLUMBIA 12
CORTLAND
70
ix
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
COUNTY
stareofNEwYoRK State c&NORTH CAROIJNA
DELAWARE
DUTCBESS
ESSEX
HAMILTON
iiiEi%J
KINGS
LIVINGSTON
MADISON
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
NASSAU
NEW YORK
NIAGARA
ONEIDA
ONONDAGA
ONTiwO
ORANGE
ORLEANS
0swEGo
OTSEGO
F$ziir
RENSSELAER
RICHMOND
ROCKLAND
NOTE*
12
1
12
2
2
2
1
12
2
2
2
2
SAINTLAWRENCE
SARATOGA
ScBENEcI=ADY
scHoHARIE
SCHUYLER
SENECA
STEUBEN
SUFFOLK 2
SULLIVAN 2
TIOGA
TOMPKINS
kifizzk
1.2
WASHMZTON
WAYNE
WESTCHESTER 2
WYOMING
Ym
BASIC WIND
SPEEoMPm
70
70
70
70
;
;:
ii
70
70
70
70
70
85
80
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
ii:
70
85
80
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
85
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
80
70
70
COUNTY
ANSON
AVERY
BEAUFOIU
BEKllE
BLADEN
BRUNSWICK
BUNCOMBE
BURKE
CABARRUS
CALDWELL
CAMDEN
EitfEsF
CMAWBA
CHEROKEE
CHOWS
Ei%LAND
COLUMBUS
cm..
CUMBERLAND
CURRIIUCK
DARE
DAVIDSON
DAvlE
DUPLIN
DURHAM
BDGECOMBE
FORSYTH
GASTON
iiiE?iM
iiisziw
iizis%
HAYWOOD
HENDERSON
HEEZTFORD
HOKE
HYDE
IREDELL
JACKSON
BASIC WIND
-(MPH) NOTE*
1
1
1
2
2
2"
1
2
.2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
9
70
70
70
75
70
70
100
ii
loo
70
70
70
70
100
110
70
70
70
70
95
70
70
95
loo
80
loo
110
70
70
95
75
80
70
75
70
90
L
1 70
70
2 85
70
2 80
75
1 70
70
2
85
:
75
110
70
1 70
State ofNORTH CAROLINA
COUNTY NOTE*
JOHNSTON
JONES
LENOIR
LINCOLN
MACON
MADISON
MCDOWELL
MECKLENBURG
MrrcHELL
MONTGOMERY
MOORE
NASH
NEwHANovER
NORTHAMPTON
ONSLOW
ORANGE
PAMLICO
PAsQUOTANK
PENDER
PERQUIMANS
PERSON
PlTT
POLK
RAM>OLPH
RICHMOND
ROBESON
ROCKINGHAM
ROWAN
RUTHEXFORD
SAMPSON
SCOTLAND
STANLY
STOKES
suRRY
SWAIN
TFaNsYLvANIA
UNION
VANCE
WAKE
WARREN
WASBINGTON
WMAUGA
WAYNE
WIUON
YADIUN
YANCEY
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
f
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
BASIC WIND
SPEED0
80
100
iii
70
70
70
90
70
70
70
70
lli
105
80
100
70
105
95
100
95
70
90
70
70
75
80
70
70
70
85
80
70
70
70
70
70
loo
70
75
75
75
100
70
85
70
80
70
70
I
COUNTY
ADAMS
BARNES
BENSON
BIKJNGS
BOTTTNEAU
BOWMAN
BURKE
BURLEIGH
CASS
CAVAWER
DID
DIVIDE
DUNN
EDDY
EMMONS
FOSTER
GOLDENVALLEY
GRAND FORKS
EiZ
BEITINGER
KIDDER
LAMOURE
LOGAN
MCBENRY
MCINTOSH
MCKENZIE
MCLEAN
MERCER
MORTON
MOUNTRAlL
NELSON
OLIVER
PEMBINA
PIERCE
RAMSEY
RANSOM
RICHLAND
ROLEI-IE
SARGENT
SHERIDAN
SIOUX
SLOPE
EiE
STUTSMAN
TOWNER
WALSH
State of NORTH DAKOTA
BASICWIND
NOTE* SPEED0
-.
80
ii
80
ii
ifi
85
75
85
;
80
80
80
ii
75
80
80
80
80
80
75
80
80
75
75
75
75
80
75
80
75
ii
75
90
75
90
75
80
80
80
80
80
75
II;
State of NORTHDAKOTA
BASIC WIND
COUNIY NOTE*
-0MpH)
EtEi
75
WILLIAMS
state OfoBJo
ADAMS
ASHLAND
ASHTABULA
Al-HENS
AUGLAQE
BELMONT
BROWN
EEL
CHAMPAIGN
EEEONT
CLINTON
COLUMBIANA
COSHOaON
cluwFoRD
CUYAHOGA
DARKE
DEFiANCE
DELAWARE
FAIRFIELD
FAYEiTE
FiJITON
GALLIA
QAUGA
Es&Y
HAMILTON
HANCOCK
%%!3N
HENRY
HIGHLAND
HOCKING
HOLMES
BURON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON
KNOX
70
75
70
1 70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
;:
70
70
70
70
1 70
70
75
70
1 70
70
70
70
75
70
1 70
70
70
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
70
1 70
70
70
70
Stateo.f0BI0
COUNTY NOTE*
1
LICKING
LOGAN
limAIN
LUCAS
MADISON
MAHONING
MARION
MEDINA
MEIGS
IbEEKER
MONROE
MONTGOMISY
MORGAN
MORROW
MusKINGuM
NOBLE
OITAWA
PAULDING
PERRY
PImWAY
POWAGE
PREBLE
PUTNAM
RI-
ROSS
SANDUSKY
sclom
SENECA
SHELBY
STARK
TRUMBULL
TUSCARAWAS
UNION
VANWERT
VINTON
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
WOOD
WYANDOT
1
BASIC WIND
SPEED0
;
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
75
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
75
75
70
[ IA/ tln-A,A-r
state of OKLAHOMA
COIJNTY
ADAJR
ALFALFA
ATOKA
BEAKR
BECKHAM
EE
CADDO
CANADIAN
tiiEE&E
CHOClYAW
CIMARRON
COAL
COMANCHE
COTIDN
z
CUSTER
DELAWARE
DEWEY
GARFED
GARVIN
GRADY
HARMON
HARPER
HASKELL
HUGHES
JACKSON
JEFFEXON
JOHNSTON
KAY
KINGFISHER
KIOWA
IEFLORE
LINCOLN
LOGAN
LOVE
MAJOR
MARSHALL
MAYES
MCUAIN
MXUEEAIN
MCINTOSH
BASIC WIND
NOTE*
~(MPH)
70
80
70
85
80
80
ii
80
70
70
70
85
75
70
80
80
70
70
80
;!I
80
80
70
75
80
80
80
80
70
70
80
75
70
75
80
80
70
70
75
75
70
80
70
70
75
70
70
*For notes. see end of Section 16
stateofoKLAHoMA
BASIC WIND
NO-E* SPEEDWH)
COUNTY
MURRAY
MUSKOGEE
NOBLE
NOWHA
0KFusKEE
OKMHOMA
OKMULGEE
OSAGE
OlTIAWA
PAWNEE
PAYNE
PIITSBURG
FONTOTOC
POnAWp;ToMIE
PUSBMATAHA
ROGER h4IUS
ROGERS
SEMINOLE
SEQUOYM
!TIEPBENS
iFi?LN
TULSA
WAGONER
WASHINGlON
WASHITA
WOODS
WOODWARD
State of OREGON
BAKER
BENTON
CLACKAMAS
CLATSOP
COLUMBIA
coos
CROOK
CURRY
DESCHUIES
DOUGLAS
GILLIAM
HOOD RIVER 1
JACKSON
JEFFERSON 1
JOS=
70
70
75
70
70
;
75
70
75
75
70
70
70
70
80
70
70
70
iiz
80
70
70
ii
80
80
70
80
80
95
80
80
70
85
70
80
70
70
70
80
80
70
80
COUNTY NOTE*
State of OREGON
LINCOLN
MARION
MORROW
MULTN0MA.H
POLK
SHEEMAN
ILLAMOOK
UMATILLA
UN-ION
WAUOWA
WASCO
WASHINGTON
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
BASIC WIND
SPEEDCMP~
75
70
80
90
80
iii
70
80
80
ii!
70
70
70
70
80
70
80
*
State! 0fPENNSYLVAMA
ADAMS
2
ALLEGHENY
ARMSTRONG
BEAVER
BEDFORD
BERKS
BLAIR
BRADFORD
BUCKS
BUILER
CAMBRIA
CAMERON
CARBON
CHESTER
CLARION
CLINTON
COLUMBIA
CRAWFORD
CUMBERLAND
DAUPHtN
DELAWARE
a
FAYEI-IE
2
2
2
2
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70 .
75
70
70
70
1ltL l2A-d- t
state dPENNsYLvm
COUNTY
NOTE*
FOREST
l%lNKLm 2
flEz!i
HUNTINmN
INDIANA
JEFFERSON
=A
LXKAWANNA
LANCASTER 2
LAWRENCE
LEBANON 2
EEEE
2
LYCOMING
MCKEAN
MERCER
MONROE 2
MONTGOhIEEtY 2
MONTOUR
NO-N 2
NORI'HUMB-
PERRY 2
PBILADELPIHA 2
2
POTIER
S- 2
SNYDER
SOMERsEr
SULLIVAN
SUSQUEEiANNA
TIOGA
UNION
VENANGO
WARREN
WASI3IN~N
WAYNE 2
WESTMOW
WYOMING
YORK 2
State of RHODE ISLAND
BRISTOL 2
2
NEWPORT 2
PROVIDENCE 2
WASHINGTON 2
BASIC WIND
SPEED0
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70.
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
90
90
90
90
90
L . . -12 ---,
State of SOUTH CAROLINA
State of SOUTH DAKOTA
COUNTY NOTE*
ABBEVILLE
AmENDALE
ANDERSON
BAMEERG
BARNWELL
BEAUFORT
BERKELEY
CALHOUN
CHARLESTON
CHEROKEE
=zzLErD
(3LARENDON
COILEIDN
DARLINGTON
DILLON
DORCHESTER
EDGEFIELD
FAIRFlELD
FLORENCE
GEORGErOWN
=EiEii
HAMPION
HORRY
JASPER
KERSHAW
LwcAslER
LWRENS
EXINGTON
MARION
MARLBORO
MCCORMICK
NEWBERRY
OCONEE
ORMEEEIURG
PICKENS
RKHLAND
SALUDA
%ANBURG
SUMIER
UNION
WELIMSBURG
YORK
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
BASIC WIND
SPEEDOLIPH)
75
ii
75
80
80
100
100
80
105
70
75
75
85
95
ii:
95
75
ifi
no
70
ii
100
95
75
75
75
80
75
85
80
75
75
70
80
70
75
75
70
80
75
90
70
BASIC WIND
NOTE* SPEEDW~
COUNTY
AURORA .
BEtiDLE
BENNEIT
BONHOMME
BROOJUNGS
BROWN
BRULE
BUFFALO
BUITE
CAMPBELL
CZARLESMIX
CLAY
CODINmN
CCIRSON
CUSTER
DAVISON
DAY
DEUELI
DEWEY
DOUGLAS
EOMUNDS
FALLRIVER
FAUIK
GREGORY
WON
HANSON
HARDING
HUGHES
HUTCHINSON
HYDE
JACKSON
JERAuJa
JONES
KINGSBURY
LAWRENCE
mcom
LYMAN
MARSHALL
MCCOOK
M-ON
80
ii
E
85
ii
ii
85
90
80
80
85
90
90
ii
ii
85
90
85
80
90
:
80
80
85
85
80
85
80
90
85
80
ii
90
85
80
80
80
85
85
State of SOUTH DAKOTA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE*
sPEED(Mpm
MOODY
PENNINGTON
PERKINS
POTIER
ROBERTS
SANBORN
SHANNON
EtELY
SUUY
TODD
zizzl32
UNION
WALWORIH
YANKIDN
ZlEE3ACH
state of TENNESSEE
ANDERSON
BEDFORD
BENIDN
BLEDSOE
BLOUNT
BRADLEY
CAMPBELL
CANNON
CARROLL
EiiEiAM
CLAIBORNE
E&
COFFEE
CROCKEIT
CUMBERLAND
DAVIDSON
DECQUR
DEKALB
DICKSON
DYER
FAYEITE
FENIRIS
GIBSON
85
ii
ii
85
80
ifi
80
ii
85
85
80
85
80
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE* SPEEDWH)
GRUNDY
HAMBLEN
HAMRXON
HANCOCK
HARDEMAN
HARDIN
HAWKINS
HAYWOOD
HENDERSON
HENRY
BICEMAN
HOUSTON
HWPHREYS
JA(xsON
JEFFERSON
JOBNSON
KNOX
LAUDERDALE
LAWRENCE
LINCOLN
LOtJDON
MACON
MADISON
MARJON
MARSHALL
MAURY
MChtlNN
MCNAIRY
MEIGS
MONROE
MONTGOMERY
MOORE
MORGAN
OBION
OVEFCON
PERRY
PICKEIT
POLK
PUTNAM
ROANE
ROBERTSON
RUlHERFORD
SCOTT
SEQUATCHIE
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
1 70
1 70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
1 70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
I lA/ IzlA----r
state of TENNESSEE
I
COUNTY
SSE
sm
STEWART
SULLIVAN
SUMBIER
TIPTON
TROUSDALE
UNICOI
UNION
VANBUREN
WARREN
WASHINGTON
WAYNE
SSON
WILSON
NOTE*
1
state of TEXAS
ANDERSON
70
ANDREWS
80
ANGELINA
70
ARANSAS 2
95
ARCHER
80
ARMSTRONG
85
MASCOSA 2
75
AUSTIN 2
80
BAILEY
80
BANDER4
70
BASTROP
70
BAYLOR
80
BEE 2
85
BELL
70
BEXAR
75
BLANC0
70 .
BORDEN
80
BOSQUE
70
BOWIE
70
BRAZORIA 2
100
BRAZOS
70
BREWSTER
75
BRI!XOE
80
BROOKS 2
85
BROWN
70
BURLESON
70
BURNET
70
BASIC WIND
SpEEDoAm
70
70
70
70
70
;:
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
StateOfTEXAS
BASICWIND
SPEED(MPR) NOTE*
corn
i!izEF
iiIzEF
ZN
CASS
EiEERs
-0KEE
CHILDRESS
EGERAN
EzzimN
COLIJN
COILINGSWORZIH
COLORADO
COMAL
COMANCBE
CONCH0
COOKE
CORYELL
co-mx
z
CROSBY
CULBERSON
DALLAM
DALLAS
DAWSON
DEWIIT
DEAFSMlTH
DELTA
DlENToN
DICKENS
DIMMIT
DoNmY
DW&
EASTLAND
ECTOR
mwARDs
ELPMO
EEI
FMJS
FANNIN
FAYETTE
FISHER
2
2
if
it
70
85
70 .
80
95
ii
75
80
80
75
ii
80
70
70
75
70
70
80
80
75
80
75
8s
70
80
80
80
70
70
80
75
ii
75
80
75
70
70
70
70
70
75
80
S~ofTExAS
COuNlY
FLOYD
FOARD
FORTBEND
FREESTONE
FRIO
*EELON
GARZA
GILLESPIE
GLAsscocK
zii%Eks
GRAY
GRAYSON
izzz
GUADALUPE
HAMILTON
HANSFORD
HARDEMAN
HARDIN
HARRBON
i.iEiE
HAYS
HEMPBILL
HENDERSON
HIDALGO
HOCKLEY
HOOD
HOPKINS
HOUSTON
HOWARD
HUDSPEI-H
HUTCBINSON
IRION
JA(x
JACKSON
JASPER
JEFFDAVIS
-ON
JIM HOGG
JIMWELLS
JOHNSON
NOTE*
2
2
2
2
2
BASIC WIND
-0
:i
90
70
70
ifi
ml
80
70
80
85
75
80
70
70
75
it
80
70
85
80
90 .
90
iii
80
ii
70
80
70
80
70
70
70
80
70
70
85
75
75
90
80
75
100
80
80
70
COUNTY
JONES
KAUFMAN
KENDALL
KENEDY
KIMBIX
KlNG
KLEBERG
KNOX
IASALLE
i?EF
LAMFASAS
LAVACA
EON
LTBERIY
IJMESTONE
LIPSCOMB
LJVEOAK
LLANO
LOVING
LUQBOCK
LYNN
MADISON
MARION
MASON
MKAGORDA
MAYERIcK
MCCULLOCH
MCLENNAN
MCMUILEN
MEDINA
MENARD
MIDLAm
MILLS
MlTcHELL
MONTAGUE
MONTGOMERY
MOORE
MORRIS
MOTEY
NACOGDOCHEZ
NAVARRO
NEWTON
StateClflEXAS
NOTE*
2
2
2
2
BASIC WIND
SEarIm
80
;:
70
95
80
70
75 .
80
75
90
80
75
70
80
70
Ei
70
90
z
80
70
75
iFi
70
ii
70
95
E
70
80
75
75
80
70
70
80
70
85
85
ii:
70
70
85
- - --- - ----I
stare OfTExAs
COUNTY
NOLAN
iiEEiEE
OLDHAM
ORANGE
R4LoPlNTO
PANOLA
iitEi!z
PECOS
POLK
ilEE
EEIIL
REAGAN
EiTkvER
iEE0
ROBERTS
ROBERTSON
ROCKWAu
RUNNELS
RUSK
SABINE
NOTE*
2
SANAUGUSTINE
SAN JAQNTO 2
SANPmuao 2
SANSABA
SCHLEICBER
SCURRY
SHAaELFORD
SHELBY
SHERMAN
SMIIH
soMERvELL
STARR 2
STEPHENS
sTERLlNG
STONEWALL
SUITON
SWISHER
TARRANT
TAYLOR
THROCKMORTON
TTIUS
BASIC WIND
=Em(MpH)
ii
85
85
95
70
;:
80
ii
85
75
70
ii
75
70
z
80
70
70
75
70
75
75
80
;:
75
80
80
70
85
70
;:
75
;o"
75
85
70
80
75
80
80
70
TOMGREEN
IRAVIS
EfF
iiEi!F
WALDE
v.VERDE
v.ZANDT
VImRIA
WALllEE!
WALER
WARD
WmGKlN
tZL3N
WICHCI-A
WILBARGER
XON
WILSON
WOOD
YaAKuM
YOUNG
ZAPm
ZAVALA
StateOf-XEXAS
NOTE
state of UTAH
BEAVER
BOXELDER
CACEIE
CARBON
DAGGEIT
DAVIS
DUCHESNE
EMERY
GARFIELD
IRON
iif&
MORGAN
2
2
2
2
BASIC WIND
SPEmRvzpH)
ii
70
80
70
ii
$
90
75
ii
a
90
80
80
80
95
70
75
80
70
70
80
75
75
75
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
70
70
70
70
state of UTAH
BASIC WIND
COUNTY
sP=D(Mp)I)
NOTE*
RICH
SALTLAKE
SANJUAN
SINPETE
EErr
TOOELE
UINTM
UTAH
WASAKH
WASHlNGTON
WAYNE
WEBER
state of VERMONT
ADDISON
BENNINGIQN 1
CALEDONIA 1
-EN
ESSEX
1
GIUNDISLE
LAMOILLE
ORANGE 1
ORLEANS
RUILAND 1
WASHINGTON
WINDHAM
WINDSOR
:2
State of VIRGIN-IA
ACCOMACK 2
ALBEMARLE
ALLEGHANY 1
2
AMIIERST
APPomox
ARLlNGlTlN 2
AUGUSTA
B4Xl-H
BEDFORD
BLAND 1
BOTETOURT
BRUNSWICK 2
BUCHANAN
75
70
70
70
70
70
;i
70
70
75
70
70
70
;i
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
95
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
75
70
COUNIY
NOTE*
EELER
CUMBERLAND
DIQUZNSON
DINWIDDIE
ESSEX
FAIRE!
FAUQUIER
FLOYD
EWANNA
iiiiEi%
iZEkTER
GOOCHLAND
GRAYSON
iiiE%AE
HALIFAX
HANOVER
HENRICO
HENRY
HIGHLAND
ISLEOFWIGHI
JAMESCITY
KlNGANDQUEEh
KINGGEORGE
KINGWILLIAM
LANCASTER
EEDOUN
LOUISA
LUNENBURG
MADISON
MIWIEWS
MECKLENBURG
MJDDLESEX
MONTGOMERY
NELSON
NEWKENT
NO-N
2
:
i
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
:
2
1
2
2
:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
BASIC WIND
sPEEDt-h@m
70
70
75
70
80
70
z
70
70
70
70
ii
z
70
70
70
$
80
70
70
70
80
70
75
75
70
70
85
80
80
75
75
80
70
70
70
70
70
85
2
70
70
80
95
* *fi &An-----,
State of VIRGINIA
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE* SPEED0
NOKIHLMBW 2 80
NOTTOWAY 2 ORANGE 2 :
PAGE 70
PmCK 70
mTTsYLvANL4
PowHmAN 2 ;8
PRINCEEDWARD 70
PRINCEGEORGE 2 80
PRrNcEwILuAM 2 70
PULASKI : 70
mPPAHANNocK 70
RICHMOND 2 80
ROANaCE 70
ROCKBRIDGE 70
ROCKINGHAM 70
RUSSELL 70
SCOTr
70
SHENANDOAH 70
SMYTH
70
SO-N 2 80
SPOTSYLVANIA 2 70
STAFFORD 2 70
SURRY 2 80
SUSSEX 2 80
TAZEWELL
70
WARREN 2 70
WASHINGTON 70
WESTMORELAND 2 75
tz%E 1 70 70
YORK 2 85
State of WASHINGTON
ADAMS 70
ASOTIN 70
BENTON 70
Ei!ztYm 1 100 70
z&n4 1 75 70
COwLnz 1 90
DOUGLAS 70
LizELm 70
70
GARFIELD 70
70
GRAYSHARBOR 1 100
*Fur notes. see end of Section 16
State afWASHINGTON
BASIC WIND
SPEEDWH) NOTE*
LINCOLN
MASON
OKANOGAN
PACSFIC
PENDOREILLE
PIERCE
SANJUAN
SKAGII-
SNOHOMISH
SPOKANE
SEVENS
THCJRSTON
WAHKLXUM
WALLAWALLA
WHAKOM
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
80
100
80
85
70
70
80
70
zi
100
70
80
80
70
70
75
70
70
80
100
70
70
70
70
COUNTY
-ON
KING
KlTsAP
KmlTAs
IcLKKrrisr
State of WEST VIRGINIA
BARBOUR
BERKELEY 2
BOONE
BRAXTON
BROOKE
CABEU
CALHOUN
CLAY
DODDRIDGE
FAYEI-IE
GILMER
GREENBluER
HAMPSHIRE
HANco(x
HARDY
HARRISON
JACKSON
JEFFERSON 2
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
StateofwESTvIRGl.~~
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE* spEED(MpH)
KANAWHA
LINCOLN
LOGAN
WON
MARSHAIL
MASON
MCDOWELL
ilttE?i
MING0
MONONGAIA
MONROE
MORGAN
NICHOLAS
OHIO
=NDEIZTON
PLEASANTS
POCAHONliU
PRESTON
PUINAM
RALEIGH
RANDOLPH
RlTcHIE
ROANE
SUMMERS
TAYLOR
TucKI
UPSHUR
WAYNE
WEBSTER
WOOD
WYOMING
70
70
;:
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
1
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
1
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
State of WISCONSIN
ADAMS 90
AsHrAND 1
75
BARRON 80
BAYFIELD 1 75
BROWN 1 90
4B BUFFALO BURNEIT 75 80
CALuMEr 90
State ofWIScONSIN
BASIC WIND
COUNIY
SPEED= NOTE*
CBIPPEWA .
COLUMBIA
CRAWFO~
DANE
DODGE
ERu
LF-
FLORENCE
PONDDULAC
FOREST
iELA.IE
IOWA
IRON
JACKSON
-ON
JUNEAU
KENOSHA
KEWAUNEE
LA CROSSE
LAPA-
LANGLADE
UNCOLN
MANITowoc
-ON
MARQUEITE
MENOMINEE
MILWAUKEE
MONROE
ocolvm
ONEIDA
OUTAGAMIE
OZAUKEE
PImcE
POLK
PORTAGE
PRICE
&mNE
RI-
ROCK
RUSK
SAINT CROIX
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ii
85
85
85
ii
ii
ii
85
80
ii
iz
ii
80
85
85
80
85
85
ii
85
90
90
80
85
90
80
90
So
80
80
75
90
ii:
85
80
ii
*For notes. see end of Sea&m 16
State of WISCONSIN
BASIC WIND
COUNTY NOTE*
spEED(Mpm
SAUK
85
SAWYER
SHAWANO
zl
SHEBOYGAN 1
85
TAYLOR
80
TREMPEALEAU
80
VERNON
85
WLWORTH
ti
WASHBURN
75
WASHINGTON 1
WAUKE-SHA 1 ii
WAUPACA
90
WAUSHAR4
90
WINNEBAGO
90
WOOD
90
COUNTY
StateofWYOMNG
BASIC WIND
ALBANY
BIG HORN
CAMPBELL
CARBON
t3mwRsE
CROOK
FREMONT
GOSHEN
HOT SPRINGS
JOHNSON
ImcoIJJ
NAlRONA
NIOBRARA
PARK
SHERIDAN
SuBLElTE
SwEErwAIER
TETON
iEzLKrE
WESTON
NOTE*
1
1
1
1
1
1
SPEEDcMm
90
i!iE
ii
80
85
85
ii! *
85
75
E
80
90
85
80
80
75
75
85
80
.
References:
1. ASCE, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-88,
American society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1988.
2. MBMA, Low Rise Building Systems Manual, Metal Building &tmfacturers Association,
Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1986.
3. UBC, Unifmn Building Code, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA
1988.
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Site may be within a special wind region indicated on AXE 7-88 wind map.Check with
local authorities before specifying basic wind speed.
County is within 100 miles from hurricane oceanline. Tabulated values of basic wind speed
have been adjusted in accordance with AXE 7-88 to obtain 50-year recurrence intervals.
For locations not designated as a county, use basic wind speed for the closest county to the site.
The wind speeds listed in Section 16 are fastest-mile wind speeds. 3-secondgust speeds such as
those contained in ASCE 7-95, and wind speeds averaged over other time periods, must be
converted to fastest-mile wind speeds for use with this standard. (Refer to Annex A, Section
777)
ANNEX A: PURCHASER CHECKLIST
ElM-IA-222 standards are intemkd to set minimum uitaia for the design, fabrication and
~o~~cth of antenna supporting stnrctures.
It is the responsibility of the purchaser to provide
Site-specific data and requirements differing from those contained in these standards.
The following
checklist is intended to alert the purchaser to the most common areas where specific data may be
required.
Reference
Section
2.1.3 A.
B.
C.
2.3.1.2 A.
B.
C.
2.3.3 A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Purchaser checklist
It is the responsibility of the purchaser to verify that the wind loads and design criteria
specified meet the rquirements of the local building code. If other loading criteria are
required, they shall be provided to the designer.
This standard is based on an allowable stress design (ASD) method. Therefore, the use of
terms with an ambiguity in meaning and intent such as survival, shall withstand, etc. is
not appropriate.
Dividing the calculated wind pressure by a factor is considered inconsistent with this
standard. See 2.1.3.1 for the proper definition of basic wind speed.
It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify appropriate ice loads for locations
where ice accumulation is known to occur.
The standard does not specify ice-loading requirements since ice accumulation may vary
subst~tially within a given geographical area.
. It is recommended that a rn,hhm l/2 in. C12.7 mm] of solid radial ice be specified for
locations where ice accumulation is known to occur.
For bidding purposes it is recommended that the purchaser specify the basic wind speed
(V) to obtain designs based on identical criteria. Wind speeds specified for use with the
standard shall be fastest-mile wind speeds at 33 ft [lo m] above ground level.
The basic wind speed from Section 16, the equations for the exposure coefficient (Kz),
and the gust response factor (cH> are based on wind conditions in open, level country,
and grasslands.
The equations specified for Kz and G result in conswvative design wind loads for
thm and wooded areas.
It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify basic wind speeds and appropriate
equations for Kz and @ in hurricane, mountainous, and coastal areas, in the special
wind regions indicated in Section 16 and where local conditions require special
consideration.
The purchaser shall identify the elevation of the base above average ground levei when
the structure will be placed on another structure or on a hill or escarpment.
The purchaser shall identify the relative elevations of the guy anchors with respect to the
structure base and shall identify the maximum and minimum permissible guy radii.
The basic wind speeds provided in Section 16 correspond to an annual probability of
0.02 (SO-year recurrence interval). If the purchaser requires another probability, the
basic wind speed shall be provided to the designer.
IIA/EIA-/-I-
2.3.16 A.
B.
C.
5.1.1 A.
B.
7.2.2 A.
B.
7.2.3.2 A.
11.2 A.
12.2 A.
13.2.1 A.
Due to the low probability that an extreme ice load will occur simultaneously with an
cmeme wind load, wind load has been reduced 25 percent when considered to occur
smm.baneously with ice (quivaient to 87 percent of the basic wind speed).
For b&c wind speeds based on a 50-year recurrence interval (.02 annual probabi.Q),
the reduced wind load approximately corresponds to a 5-year recurrence interv~.
It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify other critical wind and ice loading
combinations for locations where mote severe conditions are known to occur.
Galvanizing is the preferred method of providing corrosion control. Alternate methods
of cormion control, such BS epoxy paint, chlorinated latex paint, plating,
elecuogdvanizing, etc., may be used only when specified by the purchaser.
The pudmer shall specify the requirements of additional corrosion control systems
when required. ( Refer to Annex J for corrosion control options for guy anchors in direct
contact with soil.)
When standard foundations and anchors are utilized for a final design, it is the
purchasers responsibility to verify by geotechnical investigation that actual site soil
parameters equal or exceed normal soil parameters. If the purchaser elects to accept the
normai soil foundation for construction, he accepts the responsibility and liability for the
adequacy of the subsurface soil conditions.
It is the responsibility of the purchaser to verify that the depths of standard foundations
are adequate based on the frost penetration and/or the zone of seasonal moisture
variation.
The geOteCh&al engineer shall be informed of the provisions of this section.
The purchaser shall specify the operational requirements when the minimum standard
does not apply.
The purchaser shall specify other grounding requirements for conditions where the
minimum standard will not be adequate.
The purchaser shall specify requirements for climbing and working facilities, hand or
. . . _ -.
16
guardra% and climbing safety devices.
A. The purchaser is advised that the basic wind speeds listed in Section 16 are minimum
values. Specific sites may have local extreme wind conditions that are more severe than
the listed values. Topographical characteristics such as smooth terrain, bltis, ducting,
mountain top exposure, and prevailing wind directions can significantly increase wind
speeds. The purchaser is advised to consult local information sources such as the
National Weather Service (NWS), local weather agencies, owners of existing towers at
the same or nearby sites, local landowners, and consuking meteorologists.
TLVEIA-222-F
ANNEX B: DESIGN WIND LOAD ON TYPICAL MICROWAVE
ANT~NAS/RJ~FLECTOR~
This Annex COnkns data for calculating the design wind load on typical microwave amen&
reflectors.
mote: Wind-loading values have been compiled from a wide variety of sources. Some data are
based on wind tunnel tests, and some are based on theoretical calculations. Precise antenna
geometry may vaty between manufacturers, who should be consulted for data concemiitg their
products.)
Wmd force data presented in this annex for parabolic antennas (iucluding grid antennas) are
described in the antenna axis system having the origin at the vertex of the reflector. The axial force
PA.) acts along the axis of the antenna. The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to the antenna axis in
the phe of the antenna axis and the wind vector. Ihe twisting moment (M) acts in the plane
cOn*g FA and Fs.. (See Figures B 1, B2, and B3.)
For horn antennas, the origin is at the intersection of the vertical antenna axis with a plane tangent to
the bottom of the boresight cylinder. The axial force FA acts parallel to the antenna boresight axis.
The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to FA in the plane 0fF~ and the wind vector. The twisting
moment M acti in the plane containing FA and Fs. (See Figure B4.)
For flat plate passive reflectors, the origin is at the cemroid of the plate area.
The axial force FA acts
along the normal to the plate.
wind vector.
The side force (Fs) acts perpendicular to FA in the plane of FA and the
The twisting moment M acts in the plane containing FA and Fs, (See Figure BS.)
In all c=es, the magnitudes of FA, Fs, and M depend on the dynamic pressure of the wind, the
projected frmal area of the antenna, and the aerodynami.c characteristics of the antenna body. The
aerodpdc characteristics vary with wind angle. The values of FA, Fs, and M shall be cakukted
. from the following equations:
FA =
CA AKzGrrV2(lb) Fs=Cs AKzeV2(1b) M=CM ADKz%V2(ft-lb)
Where: CA, Cs , and CM are the coefficients contained in Tables B 1 through B6 as a function of wind
angle 0.
Gl =
A
=
5
D
=
=
V
=
Kz
=
0
=
Gust response factor from 23.4
Outside aperture area (sq ft) of parabolic reflector, grid, or horn antenna
Plate area (sq ft) of passive reflector
Outside diameter (ft) of paraboloid reflector, grid, or horn antenna
Width or length (ft) of passive reflector (see Figure B5)
Basic wind speed (mph) fkrn 2.3.3
Exposure coefficient from 2.3.3 with z equal to the height of the
Origin of the axis system
Wind angle (deg); see Figures Bl through B5 for positive sign conventions
(Note: The coefficients described in Tables B 1 through B6 are presented in the customary system of
units. When SI units are desired, the results of the above equations may be converted using the
conversion factors provided in Annex G.)
Table BI. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid Without Radome
WND ANGLE
Q (DEG)
0 .00397
10 .00394
20 .003%
30 JO398
40 .OO408
50 .00426
60 AI0422
70 .00350
80 .00195
.ooooo .OOOOOO
-.00012 -BOO065
-JO013 -JO0097
-.00008 -.000108
.oooo2 -.000137
.00023 -.000177
.00062 -JO0223
.00117 -.000020
.00097 JO0256
90 -.00003 .00088
100 -.00103 .00098
110 -.00118 .00106
120 -.00117 .00117
130 -.00120 .00120
140 -.00147 JO114
150 -.00198 .OOlOO
160 -JO222 BOO75
170 -.00242 BOO37
180 -.00270 .ooooo
190 -.00242 -.00037
200 -.00222 -BOO75
210 -.00198 -.OOlOO
220 -.00147 -.00114
230 -.00120 -.00120
240 -.00117 -.00117
250 -.00118 -.00106
260 -.00103 -BOO98
270 -.00003
280 .00195
290 .00350
300 xl0422
310 .00426
320 AI0408
330 JO398
340 .00396
350 AI0394
-.00088 -BOO336
-.00097 -.000256
-.00117 .000020
-JO062 .000223
-BOO23 .000177
-.00002 BOO137
JO008 .000108
.00013 .000097
.00012 .000065
CA
c,,
BOO336
BOO338
.000343
.000366
.000374
BOO338
JO0278
.000214
.000130
.oooooo
-.000130
-.0002 14
-.000278
-AI00338
-Al00374
-AI00366
-ho343
-BOO338
Table B2. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Paraboloid With Radome
a
WIND ANGLE
0 @EG)
CA
0
.00221 aoooo
10
.00220 .00038
20
.00210 JO076
30
.00195 DO105
40
.00170 SKI125
50
.00140 .OD136
60
.00107 .00128
70
.00080 .00118
80
JO058 .00112
90
AI0034 .OOlCM
100
.00008 .OOlOO
110
-.00017 JO095
120
-.00042 .00089
130
-.00075 .00082
140
-.00105 .00078
150
-.00133 .00070
160
-.oo 154 .00058
170
-.00168 .00038
180
-.00177 .ooooO
190
A.00168 -.00038
200
-.oo 154 -.00058
210
-.oo 133 -.00070
220
-.00105 -.00078
230
-.00075 -.00082
240
-.00042 40089
250
-.00017 -.OOO95
260
.00008 -.OOlOO
270
.00034 -.00104
280
.00058 -Do1 12
290
.00080 -.00118
300
AI0107 -00128
310
.00140 -JO136
320
.00170 -.00125
330
.00195 -.00105
340
.00210 :.OOO76
350
.00220 -JO038
.ooooO
-.ooo204
400285
-JO0277
-.Ooo205
-.ooo114
-.OoOOo2
.m130
.000268
.000390
.000434
.ooo422
.ooo4o4
.000357
JO0232
JO0132
AIOOO63
.000022
.oooooO
-.000022
-.oOOO63
-A?00132
-.000232
-JO0357
-.w
-AI00422
-.000434
-.000390
-A?00268
-.000130
AKNlOo2
Am01 14
JO0205
.000277
AM0285
mO204
* *cad LI3-----,~
Table B3.Wind Force Coeffkients for Typical Paraboloid With Cyiindrical Shroud
WIND ANGLE
Q (DEG)
0 .00323
10 SKI323
20 JO320
30 .OO310
40 .00296
50 SKI278
60 AI0242
70 .00172
80 .00070
90 -JO028
100 -.00088
110 -At0138
120 -JO182
130 -.00220
140 -.00239
150 -.00245
160 -.00249
170 -.00255
180 -.00260
190 -Al0255
200 -Al0249
210 -XI0245
220
-.00239
230 -.00220
240 -.00182
250 -XI0138
260 -.00088
270 -AI0028
280 .00070
290 JO172
300 AI0242
310 AI0278
320 .00296
330 .003 10
340 .00320
350 MI323
.OOOOO .oooooo
BOO25 -.000072
AI0045 -.000116
.ooo6o -.000133
JO072 -.000125
.00078 -.000083
.ooo94 -.oOOO22
.00122 .000058
JO149 JO0178
.00160 AI00251
.00154 Al00288
Al0136 .000292
.00112 .000266
.00080 AI00237
AI0059 .000199
JO045 .000158
.00038 .000112
40025 .000059
.OOOOO
-JO025
-JO038
-.00045
-.ooo59
-JO080
-.OOl i2
-JO136
-AI0154
.oooooo
-.000059
-.000112
-.000158
-.OOo 199
-JO0237
-JO0266
-.ooo292
-AI00288
-.00160 -.000251
-AI0149 -.ooO178
-.00122 -.000058
40094 moo22
-.00078 .000083
-.00072 .000125
-.00060 .000133
-.00045 XI001 16
-BOO25 .000072
Table B4. Wi.& F
orce Coefficients for Typical Grid Antenna Without Ice
WIND ANGLE
63 @EG)
0 xl0137
10 .00134
20 .00130
30 .00118
40 .OOlO4
50 Jo088
60 .00060
70 .00033
80 .OOOlO
90
-.00013
100 -.00030
110
-JO048
120
-.00068
130 -JO086
140
-.00104
150 -.00122
160
-.00140
170 -.00150
180 -.OO 152
190
-.ilolSO
200
-Ml140
210
-.oo 122
220
-Al0104
230
-JO086
240
-.00068
250
-JO048
260
-.00030
270
-JO013
280
.OOOlO
290
JO033
300
.00060
310
MO88
320
.00104
330
JO118
340
.00130
350
.00134
CA
.ooooO
.ooo26
.ooo46
.ooo59
.00067
.00070
.00072
.ooo70
.ooo64
.bOOOO
.oOOO43
.oooO74
.000098
.000115
MO127
JO0135
DO0142
.000126
JO062 .000111
.00070 .000120
.ooo73 .000129
.ooo71 .000131
.00067 .000127
.00060 .000114
Al0052 .000095
.00040 .000070
.ooo22 .000038
AMob
-.ooo22
-.ooo40
-.00052
-JO060
-JO067
-.00071
&IO73
-.00070
.OOOOOO
-.000038
-.000070
-.000095 .
-.000114
-Al00127
-.000131
-JO0129
-.000120
-.ooO62 -.000111
-.ooo64 -.000126
-.00070 -.000142
-JO072 -AM0135
-.00070 -.000127
-Al0067 -.000115
-Al0059 -.000098
-.ooo46 -.000074
-JO026 -.000043
Note: ln the absence of more accurate data for a grid antexma with ice, use wind force
coefficients for typical paraboloid without radome from Table B 1.
Table B5. Wind Force Coefficients for Typical Conical Horn Reflector Antenna
WIND ANGLE
0 (DEG)
0 .00338
10 .00355
20 JO354
30 Al0345
40 JO335
50 .00299
60 .00235
70 DO154
80 .00059
90 -.00020 .00245 .00040
100 -AI0062 .00240 BOO32
110 -.00088 .00235 .00030
120 -.00147 .00225 DO032
130 -JO225 AI0201 BOO27
140
-JO289 .00167 .00021
150
-AI0323 .00113 .00014
160 -AI0367 .00052 .00007
170
-.00375 .OOOlO .00003
180
-JO356
190
-.00375
200 -.00367
210
-.00323
220
-JO289
230
-AI0225
240
-.00147
250 -.00088
260
-BOO62
270 -.00020 -AI0245 -.00040
280
.00059 -AI0248 -.ooo46
290
JO154 -AI0237 -.ooo44
300 .00235 -.00208 -BOO35
310 JO299 -.00181 -40023
320
JO335 -.00142 -.00009
330
.00345 -.00077 .00001
340
.00354 -.ooo25 .00007
350
.00355 -.00004 .00005
cq
.ooooO
.oooo4
DO025
BOO77
.00142
.00181
.00208
.00237
JO248
aoooo
-.00005
-.00007
-.OOOOl
.OoOO9
.ooo23
JO035
.ooo44
mm46
.ooooo .ooooo
-.OOOlO -.00003
-JO052 -.00007
-.00113 -.00014
-.OO167 -.00021
-AI0201 -.00027
-.00225 -.00032
-.00235 -.00030
-.OO240 -.00032
Table BG.Wi.nd Force Coefficients for Typical Passive Reflector
WIND ANGLE
WDW -
CA
0 JO35 1
10 .00348
20
.00341
30 .00329
40
.00309
50 .00300
60 .00282
70 AI0178
80 .0007 1
.ooooo
.00003
.00008
.OOOlO
.00013
JO018
.00021
.ooo23
.00027
.OOOOOO
-.000077
-AI00134
-.000180
-AI00198
-JO0208
-.QOO262
-.ooo225
-.000129
90
-.ooo 10
100
-.00108
110
-.00235
120
-.00348
130
-JO348
140
-Al0360
150
-.00376
160
-.00390
170
-.00400
.00030 .000030
a0035 .000180
.ooo39 .000225
BOO36 ,000210
.ooo29 DO0148
40023 DO0126
a0019 .000109
.00012 .000080
.00008 .000042
180
-.00403 .OOOOO .oooooo
190
-.00400 -.00008 -.000042
200
-.00390 -.00012 -.000080
210
-.00376 -.00019 -.000109
220
-.00360 -.00023 -.OOO 126
230
-AI0348 -.ooo29 -.OOO 148
240
-.00348 -JO036 -.000210
250
-.00235 -.00039 -.bOo225
260
-.00108 -.00035 -JO0180
270
-.OOOlO
280
.0007 1
290
AI0178
300
.00282
310
.00300
320
.00309
330
Al0329
340
a034 1
350
.00348
-.00030 -.000030
-BOO27 .000129
-JO023 .000225
-JO021 JO0262
-.00018 .000208
-AI0013 .000198
-.00010 .OOO 180
7-.OOOO8 .oOO 134
-.00003 .000077
cs
TIAEJA-222-F
r
Wind Angle
Wind
Top View
Positive Sign Convention
Figure B 1. Wind Forces on Paraboloids and Grids
fl Wind Angle
Top View
Figure B2. Wind Forces on Paraboloids With Radomes
Top View
Figure B3. Wind Forces on Paraboloids With Cylindrical Shrouds
Side Elev.
.
Top View
I
Fs
Wind
Angie
Figure B4. Wind Forces on Conical Horn Reflector Antennas
0 = Horizontal Wmd Angle
D = Width of Reflector
(A) PLATE VERTICAL
(SIDE VIEW)
0 = Vertical Plate Angle
D = Length of Reflector
(Horizontal Wind Angle = 0 or 180 Deg Only)
(B) PLATE TILTED
Figure B5. Wind Forces on Flat Plate Passive Reflectors
TLVEIA-222-F
ANNEX c: TABLE OF ALLOWABLE TWIST AND SWAY VALUES FOR PARABOLIC
ANTENNAS, PASSIVE REFLECTORS, AND PERISCOPE SYSTEM REFLECTORS
rl)
A B
C D
F G
H
I
parabolic Asnemas Len,-
Paiscope system Refkmfs
3dE DCflCZIiOfl
Limitof Limit of
l&lit& -of Limitof Limitof
ualitof
BCSII
Angie Antenna SlnJcture Fhssivc h!iSiVC
WgirQ A;, Movement Movement Ibfkcmc
Reector I+iEzzt Twistat
stru- kg2
with Twistof
S-Y
nviat -
Antenna
OdY
Note 1 *ea
Note7
Sway at Note4 Note4
Antenna
stn~ture Attachment
Nooe 5
Rigct *Ft A!!1
Stll!LR%
hint
Note 8
Felt
DJZFLEE.S DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES DBGREBS DEGREES DEGREES DEGREES
i:: ii
4.6 4.4
i-i .
:I 0:4 0.4
i-i
4i
:J 22 iis iii ii
4.0 :5 ii E ti
ti
:;
i4
4.0 42 03 0.4
3.8
$78 ifi iii ii
4.0 1.9
1.8
2.6
4.2 :: i:
1.9
i:!
1.7
4.0
E
0:3 3:1 2i
1.8 ii
1.7 0.2
S:Z :;
;4 3:: 2
33:: 2:;
21:; ii :4 0; t:
1.4
0;
::A iI
22;
20 1.45
2J
19 1.4 :: if
::;
:; 1.8 1.35
i:: tS
i-k
2.4 1.8 1.3 1:2
2: 25
s-i 2i
i4
ill
1.7
:f
0.1 1.15
z
z
iI2
%
:-:
lI5
1.15 ::
0:1
22 k
1.1 0:1
2; 2.0 2.1 8:
:-;
1.4
:::
0.1 zli 0.95
22 1.9
i..9 0.9
ii 1.7 1.8 02 8:
1:7
:4 iI:
1.8
:;6
i-F
0.85
:: ok t :
1.7 0.8
1.6 0.75
:-;
1.4 :; 82
1.4 1.1 0.8 0.1 1.5 0.7
1:6 :: 1.0 0.75 0.1
1.5 1.3 i:: iii 8:L 8::
::: 0.65
12
1.4 12
iii5
X:: 1.1
1.3 :i
1.0 ii; E5 ::
::
1.2
io iI:5
1.1 0:9 0:: iI; ii: ::5 :: iii ii5
0.9
i:;
0.1
0.7 05
iii5
0.1
i-7
::i
0.3
i6 8;
2
0:1
x; ii
0:3
ii5 0:: 8:: 82
0.5 0.4
0.15
if: E
8f5
ifi
Oi5 02
ii-f5 i-i7
i-f4 0:07 0.05 0:1
0:05 & 0.13 0.10
0:1 0.1
OdY fOr c0nfiilion where anunna
is dirmly under the nflecmr. I
NOTE: See Notes On Following page.
TIAEIA-222~
Notes:
a
1. If whes for columns A and B are not available from the manufacturer (s) of the antenna
system or from the user of the antenna system then values &ail be obtained fkom Figure CL c2,
or c3.
2. Iimh of beta-n movement for twist or sway (treated separatiy inmost anaiyses) will be the sum
of the appropriate figures in CO~UIIIIS C 9; b, G & H.-and G-&z L c-ohm&G, k & L appiY to a
Vertical periscope configuration.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
It is not intended that the values in this table imply an accuracy of beam width determination or
SbuCtud rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational procedures.
For most microwave structures it is not practid to require a calculated structural rigidity of less
than 114 degree twist or sway with a 50 mi/h (22.4 III/S) Basic Wind Speed.
For passive reflectors the allowable twist and sway values are assumed to incbrde the effects of
all members contributing to the rotation of the face under wind load. For passives not elevated
far above ground (approximately 5 to 20 feet (1.5 to 6 m) clearance above ground) the stmcm.re
and reflecting face supporting elements are considered an integral unit. Therefore, separating
the structure portion of the defiection is only meaningful when passives are mounted on
conventional microwave structures.
The allowable sway for passive reflectors is considered to be 1.4 times the allowable twist to
account for the,amount of rotation of the face about a horizontal axis through the face center and
paraki to the face compared to the amount of beam rotation along the direction of the path as
it deviates from the plane of the incident and reflected beam axis.
Linear horizontal movement of antennas and reflectors in the amount experienced for properly
designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (no
significant signal degradation atttibuted to this movement).
For systems using a frequency of 450 MHz, the half power beam widths may be nearly 2 @
degrees for some antennas. However, structures designed for microwave relay systems will
usud.ly have an inherent rigidity less than the
chart.
maximum 5 degree deflection angle shown on the
The 3 dB beam widths, 2 0 HP in column A are shown for convenient reference to
mamrfacmrers published antenna information. The minimum deflection reference for this
standard is the allowable total deflection aneie Q at the 10 d.B
TIAEIA-222-F
R=w@=
TV or Tr
(feet)
i
10.
6%.
sm.
40.
a.
20.
IS.
10.
9.8
6.8
7.0
6.8
f
s.n
- 4.0
~
3.0
2.0
1.s
2.8
6.8
6.e
10.
Plan or elevation of flat face
dkCt0rS
- me
-- 7.8
6.0
s.e
4.0
f
1.S
+
i
Flatface~m
-on
lmifaml amplialde
Note: For the rotatiun. u of the naector about
INS =ner. the defktion beam angie 0. may vary hm
--w e=.$&
l-l
l pO2u~accordancewiththe~sys~gFameay.
.
Rectanguiar~squareapemrre
HiHVaFetheprojected
dimens~alongthebe~path
NOMOGRAPH, DEFLECTION ANGLE, 8
AT 10 dI3 POINTS FOR RIxT.GUUR
APERTLJRE
(FLAT FACE REFLECTOR)
Figure Cl
cIircu&
Paraboia
(E)
m.0
IS.8 --
18.8
9.8
0.0
7.0 --
6.0
s.0
4.0
3.0
2.6
.f
1.s
1.0
(degrees)
~
.10
.2a
30
-40
.m
.m
T
1.8
I
2.6
3.8
4.8
.
Parabolic nzflector
1odBtapr
Circniar apemm
NOMOGRAPH. NOMINAL BEAM WlD-lH
3dBPOINrs
(TYPICAL PARABOlXXEFLECI.OR~
6.6
v
S.8
i
4.8
3.0
2.6
1.S
1.8
Figure C2
6.8
s.0
i
4.8 Q
7.8
2.0
1.s --
1.0 -
Parabolic reflecror
lOdEhap
60 ?L
QT
circular aperture
.
- beamnorm2laxis
Plan or elevation
of parabola
NOMOGIUPH - DEFLECIION ANGIE 0
~1OdBPOINTSFORCIRCULAR~
(PARABOLIC SURFACE coNTouR)
l+YirF
i
30.0
20.8
tS.a
& 10.8
- 9.8
- 8.0
z 7.8
s 6.0 5.8
f
4.8
v
3.0
T 2.8
*
1.5
-L 1.0
Figure C3
(LEFTBUNK lNTENTIONALLY)
IWEIA-222-F
ANNEXD: DETERMINATIONOFALLOWABLEBEAMTWISTANDSWAY FOR
CROSS-POLARIZATION LlMrrED SYSTEMS
a
A dual polarized antenna has a pa- m &at &own in either Em Dl and D2. For most offset
antennas the moss-polarized null is &p as shown in Figure Dl; for most center-fed antennas the
cross-polarized null is shallow and the envelope is as shown in Figure D2. In either case, as ~00x1 as
the antenna is deflected fhm its normal pi&~ the cross-polarization disuiminatioa XPD (the
difference bemmn the co-polarized si@ 8IIcI the. c~~~~-p~latized signal), decreases.
Where on-path cross-polarization &mation is critical to system pesformance, allowable beam
ddkction 8 should be determined as shown in Figure Dl or D2. For &set-fed antennas, indUd@
horn reflector antennas, 8 will determine twist only and the antenna beam width will determine
sway. For center-fed antennas, 8 will determine both tit and sway.
- -. . . w.. . --,
Figure D 1. Offset Fed Antenna
3
.*
0
L
t
TIAEiA-222-F
Table D 1. Table of Allowable Twist and Sway for fiOSS-pO~tiOn Lhhd SYS-
4
Allowable Twist For Offset-Fed htennas.
Allowable Twist and Sway For CMter-Fed
C
Limitof
SkUCture
Movement
at Antfznna
Atcachmeat
P&t
i
Allowable Sway Foa offset-&d Anmnas
D E
F G
Beam Twist
or Sway For
cross-
Polarizatim
Limited sys-
Movement
with Respect
To Structure
DEGREES
i-:
0:3
0.2
0.1
ii-:
607
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
DEGREES
32
2:7
i::
0.81
0.72
0.63
0.54
0.45
0.36
0.27
0.18
0.09
3dB
BeamWidth
2QHP
Par
-MY
DEGREES
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.1
4.9
4.7
4.4
42
;; .
35
3%
3.1
iii
2.8
2.7
2.6
25
23
if
20
1.9
1.7
1.6
15
1.4
1.3
12
1.1
0.9
ii-;
i6
05
0.3
02
0.1
z-
AtlOdB
PhIUS
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
;::
i:;
2:
;;
2.6
25
Ei
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
13
1.1
ki
ii!
ii:
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Limited
SkllCtXe
Sway
2tAxlmu
Attachment
Poillt
DEG=
4.6
4.4
42
4.0
3.8
3;
;3
2:9
;;
i=.=.
24
ii
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
15
1.4
13
12
12
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
ii2
El
O>
025
Note: See Notes on Following Page.
Notes:
*
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
If values for columns II and Y of the sway table and column A of the twist table are not
available from the manufacturer (s) of the arnenna system or from the user of the antenna system
then values shall be obtained from Figure C2, or C3.
Limits of beam movement for twist or sway (treated separately in most analyses) sre the sum
of the appropriate figures in columns 9 and T of the twist table and the sum of the
appropriate figures in columns F and %,, of the sway table.
Linear horizontal movement of antennas and refiectoxs in the amount experienced for properly
designed microwave antenna system support structures is not considered a problem (no
significant signal degradation attributed to this movement).
The 3 dB beam widths, 2 9 HP in cohuun ID are shown for convenient refmen- to
manufacturers standard published antenna information. The minimum deflection reference for
this standard is the allowable total deflection angle 0 at the 10 dB points.
The values shown in this table depict angular deflections in two orthogonal planes no& to the
boresight direction: vertical elevation (sway) aud horizontal azimuth (twist). No allowance has
been made for initial offsets due to mount skew, installation tolerances, paths not normal to the
suppon structures, etc. Special considerations will be required in those cases.
It is not intended that the values on this table imply an accuracy of beam width determination
or ~buctural rigidity calculation beyond known practicable values and computational
procedures. For most microwave structures it is not practicable to require a calculated structural
rigidity of less than l/4 degree twist or sway with a 50 mi/h (22.4 m/s) Basic Wind Speed.
.
1 INEIA-222-F
-I&V.&IA-2X-F
ANNEX E: TOWER MMJWE&MCE AND JNSPECTION PROCEDURES
&mXs Of towers shadd perform zw and p&dic tower inspection and rnaintenanCe to assure
safety ami to extend s&m life. It k recommended that major inspections be performed, at a
-Urn, every 3 years for myed towers and every 5 years for self-supporting tOWeS see section
14. Ground and aerial procedures shodd be p&omxxi only by authkized personnel, experienced
in c&bins and tower adjustments.
SOme Ofthe items listed below may apply only to initial cmstmction of new towers.
I. Tower Conditions (guyed and self-supporting)
A. Members
1. Bent members (legs and lacing)
2. Loose members
3. Missing members
4. Chding facilities, platforms, catwalks - all secure
5. Loose and/or missing bolts
B. Finish
1. Paint and/or galvanizing condition
2. Rust and/or corrosion conditions
.
* 3. FAA or ICAO color marking conditions
4. Water collection in members (to be remedied, e.g., unplug drain holes, etc.1
C. Lighting
1. Conduit, junction boxes, and fasteners weather tight and secmc
2. lhins and vents open
3. Wiring Condition
4. Controllers functioning
a. Flasher
b. Photo control
c. Alams
5. Light lenses
6. Bulb condition (Option: change all bulbs at one time)
D. Grounding
1. Connections checked and secure
2. Corrosion observed and remedied
3. Lightning protection secure (as required)
E. Tower Base Foundation
1. Ground Conditions
a. Settlements or movements
b. Erosion
c. Site condition (standing water, drainage, trees, etc.1
2. Base condition
a. Nuts and lock nuts tight
b. Grout condition
3. Concrete Condition
a.
b.
C.
d.
e.
Cracking, spalling, or splitting
Chipped or broken concrete
Honeycombing
Low Spots to collect moisture
Anchor-bolt corrosion
F. Tower Assembly Profile (See Figures El and E2)
1. Antennas and feedlines (e&h)
a. Frequency
b. Elevation
c. Type
d. Size
e. Manufacturer
f. Connectors and hangers
2. Optional appurtenances (walkways, platforms. sensors, floodlights, etc.)
a. Elevation
b. Arrangement
c. Drawings or sketches
3. Foundation and anchors
a. Plan
b. Elevations (relative or true)
c. Size
d. Depths
e. Soil type (if known or necessary)
G. Tower Alignment (See Figures E3, E6, and E7)
1. bmr Plumb and lkvist (See 6.1.2.1 and 6.1.2.2)
H. Insulators (As Reqtied)
1. Insulator Condition
a. Cracking and chipping
b. Cleanliness of insulators
C. Spark gaps set properly
d. Isolation transformer condition
e. Bolts and connections secure
f. Manufacturer type and part numbers for future rephmms
II. Guyed Towers
A. Anchors
1. Settlement, movement or earth cracks
2. Backfill heaped over concrete for water shedding
3. Anchor rod condition below earth (Maintain required structural capacity of anchor
during exploration, inspection and maintenance. Attachment to temporary anchorage may
be required.)
4. Corrosion control measures (galvanizing, coatings, concrete encasement, cathodic
protection systems, etc., refer to Annex J.)
5. Grounding (Paragraph I-D)
6. Anchor head clear of earth
B. Tower Guys (see Figures E4 and E5)
1. Strand
a. Type (1x7 EHS, 1x19 bridge strand, etc.)
b. Size
c. Breaking strength
d. Elevation
e. Condition (corrosion, breaks, nicks, kinks, etc.)
2. Guy Hardware
TIAEIA-222-F
a. Turnbuckles (or equivalent) secure and safety properly applied
b. Cable thimbles properly in place (if required)
c. Service sleeves properiy in place (if required)
d. Cable connectors (end fittings)
i. Cable clamps applied properly and bolts tight
ii. Preformed wraps - properly applied, fully wrapped, and sleeve in piace
iii. Wire serving proPerly applied
iv. Strandvices secure
v. Poured sockets secure and showing no separation
(Note: Connectors should show no signs of damaged cable or slippage.)
e. Shackles, bolts, pins, and cotter pins secure and in good condition.
3. Guy Tensions
a. Tension should be compared to design requirement.
b. Tensions should be checked by acceptable methods (see Section IV and Figures Eg,
E9, and ElO)
Notes:
C. Record tensions and weather conditions on attached charts (see Figures E4 and a)
.
1) Variations in guy tensions are to be expected due to temperature and wind. These are minor
variations.
Should there be significant tension changes, the cause should be determined
immediately and proper remedial action taken. Possible causes may be initial construction
loosening, extreme wind or ice, anchor movements, base settlement, or connection slippage.
2) Tension variations at a single level are to be expected because of anchor elevation
differences, construction deviations, and wind effects.
Caution: DO not check or adjust guy tensions during times of excessive winds.
III. Antennas and Feedlines
A. Antenna Mounts and Antennas
1. Members (mounting and stabilizing)
a. Bent, broken, or cracked
b. Loose
c. Missing
d. Loose and/or missing bolts
2. Adjustments secure and locked
3. Elements
a. Bent, broken, cracked or bullet damaged
b. Loose
c. Missing
d. Loose and/or missing fasteners
4. Corrosion condition
5. Radomes and/or cover conditions
B. Feed Lines (waveguide, coax, etc.)
1. Hangers and supports
a. Condition
b. Quality
c. Corrosion condition
2. Flanges and seals (check integrity)
3. Line Condition
a. Dents
b. Abrasions
c. Holes
d. Leaks
e. Jacket condition
4. Grounds
a. Top ground strap bonded both ends
b. Bottom ground strap bonded both ends
5. Feedline support (ice shields)
a. Properly attached
b. Loose and/or missing bolts
c. Members straight and undamaged
TIAGIA-ZZZ-F
TOWER ELEVATION
Show the following:
- Tower Height above ground
- Location of antennas
- Location of feed lines
- Location of platforms, ladders, etc.
Figure El
TIA/EL4-222 - 1:
PLOT PLAN
Show the following:
- Tower layout relative to North
- Anchors and assign letter designation
- Relative or tme anchor and base elevations
- Access roads and buildings
- Power lines and poles
.
Figure E2
--
TOWER LEG VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
a
1. Check with transit. %o transit setups are required Line transit paraiki to one face ad
center on leg. Second setup should be at 90 on same leg. Show on sketch below the
locations used for transit setup. Indicate North.
Self-
Transit #l
Supporting Guy Level
EIevations
Top to Bottom
Tower Lays
Left 0
Right
Cantilever Structure
1000 10
900 9
800 8
700 7
600 6
500 5
400 4
300 3
200 2
100 1
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Approximate wind speed during measurements
mph
-amit #2
Tower Lays
Left 0 Right
Note: This procedure is not sufficient to determine both twist and out of plumb.
See Figures E6 and E7.
Figure E3
i-
Guy Leg B
S-WAY GUYED TOWER
0
I I I
6 I I
5 I
4 I
3 I
2 I
1 I I
Guy Leg B
Figure E4
. __ ---. --- -
4-WAY GUYED TOWER
Guy Leg B
Note: See Note 2, Section II for
details regarding guy tension
checks.
Data: Date Time
Temp- Wind-
Ice -
Figure E5
d=(Dl +D2+D3+04)/4
a = amin (e)
x=(D2-D4)/2
g=(DI -D3)/2
OBSERVED MASTDATA
I
CALmTED
I
cflmJL4m
OUT-OF-PLUMB
I
Figure I%. Twist and Out-of-Plumb Determination for Square Towers
l-JIST- AND OUT-OF-PLUMB DETERMlN ATION FOR TRTANGUUJR IO-
d=(Dl+D2+03)/ 3
e = (dfi)/A
a = u&n (e)
I: = (D243)/fi
p=(2xDl -D2-D3)/3
Figure E7. Twist and Out-of-plumb Detexminath for Triangular Towers
IV. Methods For Measuring Guy Initial Tensions
There are two basic methods of measuring guy initial tensions in the field: the direct method
and the indirect method.
A. The Dimt Method (see Figure E8)
A dynamometer (load cell) with a length adjustment device, such as a come-along is
attached to the guy system by &mpmg onto the guy just above the turnbuckle and onto
the anchor shaft below the turnbuckle, thus making the turnbuckle redundant.
.
The come-along is then tightened until the original turnbuckle begins to slacken. At this
point the dynamometer carries all of the guy load to the anchor, and the guy tension may
be read directly off the dynamometer dial.
One may use this method to set the correct tension by adjusting the come-along tumJ the
proper tension is read on the dynamometer. lI,vo control points are marked, one above
the clamping point on the guy and one on the anchor shaft, and the control length is
measured. The dynamometer and come-along are then removed, and the original
tu.rnbuckle is adjusted to maintain the control length previously measured.
B. The Mhxt Method (see Figures ES and E9)
There are two Common techniques for the indirect measurement of guy initial tensions:
the pulse or swing method (vibration) (Figure E8) and the tangent intercept or sag
method (geometry) (Figure E9).
1. The Pulse Method (see Figures E8 and EiO)
One sharp jerk is applied to the guy cable near its connection to the anchor causing a
pdse or wave to travel up and down the cable. On the fust return of the pulse to the
lower end of the guy cable the stop watch is started. A number of returns of the pulse
to the anchor are then timed, and the guy tension is calculated from the following
equations:
TM = YLE
8.05P2
(1)
1 lAWA-222-F
2.
in which (see Figure El@
TA = Guy tension at anchor (lb)
TM = Guy tension at mid-guy (lb)
W = Total weight of guy, including ins-, etc. (lb)
L = Guy chord length (ft)
L=jrn 8)
V = Vertical distance from guy attachment on tower to guy attachment at anchor (fi)
H = Horizontal distance from guy attachment cm tower to guy attachment at anchor
(ft>
N = Number of pulses or swings counted in P secd~
P = Period of time measured for N pulses or swings (s)
Instead of creating a p&e that travels up and down the guy, one may achieve the
same result by causing the guy cable to swing freely fkom side to side while timing N
complete swings. The formulas given above wilI aiso apply fix this approach.
The Tangent Intercept Method (see Figure E9)
A line of sight ik established which is tangential to the guy cable near the anchor end
and which intersects the tower leg a distance (tangent intercept) below the guy
attachment point on the mast. Th& tangent intercept distance is either measured or
estimated and the tension is &cu.&d kom the following equation:
.
TA =
WCJiiTyiq
HI
(4)
in which
C = Distance from guy attachment on tower to the center of gravity of the weight W
et>
I = The tangent intercept (ft)
If the weight is uniformly distributed along the guy cable, C will be approximately
equal to H/2. If the weight is not uniformly distributed, the guy may be subdivided
into n segments and the following equation may be used:
TA =
SJm
HI
0
in which
N
S
=
c
WC,
(6)
. -
Wi = Weight of segment i (lb)
Ci = lkaXe from the guy attachment on the tower to the center of gravity Of
segment i (ft)
If the intercept & dlfficdt to establish, one may use the guy slope at the =&or end
with the following equation:
TA =
WCJl
(v - Hm a)
in which
01 = Guy angle at the anchor (see Figure E9)
Note that
I = v
- Htan a
m
(8)
and that
ami that WC in equation (7) my be replked with S, as was done in equation (5).
DYNAMOMETER
COME-ALONG TURNRUCKLE
PULSE METHOD
PULSE TRAVELS UP AND DOWN
THE GUY N TIMES
IN P SECONDS.
0
0
DYNAMOMETER METHOD
AS COME-ALONG IS TIGHTENED
DYNAMOMETER CARRIES FULL
LOAD WHEN TURNBUCKLE IS
FULLY SLACKENED
(NUTS BREAK FREE). ,
SWING METHOD
GUY SWlhS FROM a TO b
AND BACK N TIMES
IN P SECONDS
Figure E8. Methods of Measuring Tnitial Tension
C
t-i
t
I
Figure E9. Tangent Intercept Method
nn
.
V
/
/ T
/
M
Figure ElO.
Relationship Between Guy Tension at Anchor and at Mid-Guy
ANNEX F: CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING STRIJC-~URES
Periodic revisions to this standard a made by t&e Commitkz based upon comments received from
a
the industry.
The committee does not intend that tit&g structures be analyzed for each revision of the standard;
however, structural maiysis of existing structures should be performed by qualified profes~on~
engineers using the latest edition of this standard when:
a) lh=e is a change in antennas, transmission lines, and/or app urtenances (quantity, size, location,
fx type)
b) There k a change in operational re.qui.rements (tit and sway)
c) There is a need to increase wind or ice loading
To perform the analysis, the following data is rquired:
a) Member sizes, dimensions, and connections
b) Material properties
c) Existing and proposed loading; antennas (size, elevation, and azimuth), transmission lines, and
appurtenances
Data may be obtained from the following sources:
a) Previous stress and rigidity ~IU$& (structure and foundation)
b) Stn~tural and detail drawings (design and as-built)
c) Specifications
d) Construction records
e) Field investigation
(LEFTBLANK INTENTIONALLY)
TWEiA-222-F
ANNEX G: SI CONVERSION FACTORS
COnV~iO~ CO~Ody required using EIA/EA-222 for the Intemational System of Units [Sri
m
To Convert From
To Multiply By
inches (in)
millimeters (mm) 25.40
feet (ft)
meters (m) 0.3048
square feet (ft2)
square meters (m2) 0.0929
cubic feet (ft3)
cubic meters (m3) 0.0283
pounds [force] (lb)
newtons (N) 4.4482
pounds per cubic feet
rw~gw (pa
pounds per square foot
Wfi2)
kips per square inch (ksi)
miles per hour (mi/h)
kilonewtons per cubic meter
Wh3>
P=& (Pa)
megapascals @lIPa)
meters per second (m/s)
0.1571
47.88
6.8948
0.4470
------- -.
(LEFTBLANK INTENTIONALLY)
ANNEXH: COMMENTARYON ICEDESIGN CRITERIAFORCOMMUNKATION
STRUCTURES
a
1 INTRODUCTION
The meteorological phenomenon of ice accumulation is very difficult t0 predict with
certainty. For tower and pole structures, ice accumulation can be one of the predominant
applied loads.
The first task in developing ice design criteria is to determine if the proposed or existing site
is susceptible to icing. If the site has a history of ice accumulation, the fiquency, thickness,
type ad duration of icing must be determined Potential sources of this Mxmation inch&
the National Weather Service (NWS), local weather agencies, owners of existing towers at
the same site or nearby sites, local landowners, and consulting meteorologists.
Judgment must be exercised to detexmine if reported icing events are frequent-or rare
ommnces. Likewise, in some geographical areaa, seasonal high winds and icing OCCUT
simultaneously: For these situations, simultaneous application of maximum wind and ice
loadings may be required.
The effect of icing on a tower generally relates directly to the type and size of tower and to
the we and thickness of icing. For example, a l/Z-inch radial ice accumulation will have
more impact on a short tower with small members than a tall tower with larger members.
Very dl tmers may experience large thicknesses of in-cloud icing over portions of the
mast. Solki or clear glaze ice has a higher density than that of rime ice or hoarfrost.
Consequently, the effects of increased dead *eight from ice accumulation will vary
depending on the type of ice. Large accumulations of rad.iaI ice can dramaticaIIy increase
the projected wind area of tower members and antennas.
2 TYPES OF ICING (1) (2) 0)
There are several types of i&g which can accumuiate 011 COm.Ulum &on sQwZUlZS. It iS
important to understand where and how they form.
2.1
Hoarfrost
Hoarfrost is a fluffy 0~ feathery deposit of interkking ice crptd formed on
objects, usua~y those of d diameter fialy exposed to the air, such as tree
branches, wires, etc. I&e deposition of hoarfrost is similar to the process by which
dew is formed, except that the temperature af the &osted object must be btiow
freezing. It forms when air, with a dew point below kezing, is brought to saturation
by cooling. Hoarfrost has densities less than 19 lb@ [3 kNjm3].
2.2 RimeIce
Rime ice is a white or m.i,ky pm& deposit of ice formed by the rapid freezing of
supercooied water drops as they impinge upon an exposed object. It is denser and
harder than hoarfrost, but lighter, softer, and less transparent than glaze. Rime is
composed essentially of discrete ice granules and has densities ranging from 56 w
19 WfG 19 to 3 kNjm3].
Rime is often described as soft or hard.
Soft rime is a white, opaque coating of fine
rime deposited especially on points and eilgcs of objects.
supercooled fog.
It is usually fmed in
On the windward side, soft rime may grow to very thick layer%
long feathery cones, or needles pointing into the wind and having a structure S&.&U
to hoarfrost.
Hard rime is an opaque, granti maas ofi rime fanned by a dense supercooled fog.
Hard rime is compact and amorphous and may build out into the wind as glazed
cones or feathers. The icing of ships and shortit structures by supercooled spray
usually has the characteristics of hard rime.
2.3
Glaze Ice
Glaze ice is a coating of ia, generally clear aud smooth, but usually containing some
air pockets. It is formed on exposed objects by the fretzing of a film of supercooled
water, usually deposited by rain or drizzle. Glaze is denser, harder, and more
transparent than either rime or hoarfrost. Its density may be as high as561b/ft3
C9 kN/m3].
*
(1) Atmospheric Icing on S-s. Boyd & Williams.
(2) Draft Guidelines for Transmissim Line Sati Ldhp. AXE
(3) TaaeJman. P.. and Gring
~rten. LL. Estimated Glaze Ice and Wrnd Loads at &e ws ~R&x for the
CQIX@OUS United States. Air Force &bridge ~esearcfr m. B4fo1& Massachusetts. 1973.
____--- - --
3 CONDITIONS OF ICE FORMATION
be me of ice formed is determined by combinations of air temperature, wind speed, &oP
size, and liquid water content or rainfall intensity. The icing problem, therefore, can be
&Gfkd either by the meteoroIog&I conditions that produce the formation of ice or by the
type of ice that is formed
3.1 Precipitation Icing
This is the most Common icing me&n&m and can occur in any area subject to
freezing rain or drizzle. The ice is formed when warm, moist air is forced Over a
sub-freezing, denser layer of air at the ground surface. As the watm air rises and
condenses, rain falls through the coider air and freezes on objects near the ground.
This frozen deposit is a clear glaze type of ice. Since this kind of weather is caused
by frontal activity, it usually doesnt last more than a day or two.
Because it is necessary for excess water to be present for glaze to form on exposed
surfaces, often the excess water may freeze into icicles or other distended shapes.
In actd practice, glaze ice can be seen to form on cables and guys in a variety of
shapes ranging from the classical smooth cyhndxical sheath, through crescents on
the windward side and icicles hanging on the underside to large irregular
protuberances spaced along the cable. In most cases, glaze ice develops on
st.nmms as a fairly smooth layer on tie windward surfaces with icicles forming
below horizontal members. The shape of the glaze is apparently dependent on a
combination of factors, such as wind speed, variations in wind speed, the angle of
the wind, the turbulence of the flow, variations in air temperature and duration of the
Storm. Since most of these factors vary @om storm to storm, and even during the
storm a @i.ndticai shape of equivalent weight is assumed for design purposes.
3.2 In-Cloud Icing
This type of icing condition is caused by the impingement of super-cooled water
dropiets of a cloud on the structure or cable. This is rime ice. It can occur in
mountainous areas where ciouds exist above the freezing level or in a super-cooled
fog at lower elevations produced by a stable air mass with a strong temperature
inversion. These conditions can last for days or weeks.
The total amount of in-cloud ice deposited is dependent on wind speed.
Since wind
speed increases with height above ground, larger amounts of ice will occur towards
the top of taller towers and on the cables that support or are mounted on taller towers.
.
ANNEX I: GEOTECHNICAL IWESTIGATIONS FOR TOWERS
A ~0i.i investigation by a geotecfinical @n&g firm is recommended for each tower site to
determine its unique soil and physical &ract&&cs, and to provide data to develop safe design
p==eters, economical foundation &maths, ami installation procedures. To ensure that the
EPOn furnishes useful information to the foundation designer, the geotechnical firm should be
provided with the following information:
a. A plot plan and site location map with tower, equipment building and other site improvements
located.
b. Tower base vertical reaction and shear and anchor vertical and horizontal reactions for guyed
towers; or
irhkrn~m compression and tension (uplift) reactions with shear for self-supporting
towers.
C. Any special conditions or requirements of the specifications.
d. The minimum depth of borings for guyed tower bases should be 15-20 ft; for guyed tower
anchors lo- 15 ft; for self-supporting towers, boring depth will vary depending upon the type of
foundation being considered. The magnitude of the structure reactions, site and sod COndiuons
may require altering the boring depth requirements.
The geotechnical report should provide the following information at minimum:
a. Boxing logs.
1. Date, sampling methods, and number and type of samples.
.
2. Description of the soil strata according to the Uxkied Soil Classification System.
3. Depths at which strata changes occur referenced to a site datum.
4. Standard Penetration Test blow counts.
5. Soil densities.
6. Elevation of free water encountered and its level after 24 hours, and recommended ground
water elevation to be considered for design.
7. Maximum and average depth of frost penetration.
b. Other soil characteristics or properties which may be required because of local conditions.
(Refer to Annex J for corrosion control options for guy anchors in direct contact with soil.)
c. A description of alternative foundation methods with recommendations for ultimate values for
passive pressure, bearing pressure and shin friction, the angle of internal friction and other
appiicable soil properties and appropriate safety factors.
lin
ANNEX J: CORROSION CONTROL OPTIONS FOR GUY ANCHORS IN DIRECT
CONTACT WITH SOIL
1 INTRODUCTTON
WY gUY mChOfi in direct contact with soil, designed in accordance with ETA/IIA Standards, have
performed We.ii without detrimental corrosion. However, depending on the required design life of
the stmture and on site-specific conditions, corrosion control measures, in addition to hotAp
gdvmg, may be required to prevent the premature deterioration of these types of Eu1cfior~
Hot-dip galvanized mater& have been proven m be very effective in resisting corrosion when in
direct contact with soil. In a lo-year study involving 45 types of soils performed by the National
B=au of Standards, only one sample had some penetration of the base steel. A 13-year test in
ciab ( One of the most corrosive subgrade enti~nments), indicated that corrosion was effectively
reduced, even thou& the zinc coating was destroyed within the first two years. One theory for this
b~vh is that the alloy layer between the zinc and steel surface, formed during the hot-dip
&V&g process, results in a major source of protection. Also, in some soils, a protective layer of
a zh compound fmm during the corrosion process, slowing the rate of corrosion. *
Despite the protective nature of hot-dip gakmixed materials, there have been reports of
unacceptable adm corrosion occurring within 10 years after installation. Anchor inspections are
W=dve to de-e if accelerated corrosion is occurring at a given site. Corrosion activity may
VarY widely across a site. Anchor corrosion could occur at one or more of the anchors at a site and
axid O~X at anY depth along a given anchor. Some of the site conditions which may result in
accelerated corrosion are briefly described in this annex. Under these conditions, additional
comsion control measures should be co&k&.
I This annex is not intended to be a treatise on the subject of anchor corrosion but is provided to heip
owners become aware of the potential anchor corrosion problems and the importance of anchor
inspections; and to encourage owners to pursue further information from appropriate specialists for
both new and existing construction. A corrosion specialist may recommend methods to curtaiI or
monitor corrosion discovered at existing sites or present options to consider for proposed sites.
2 IVES OF CORROSION
2.1 Galvanic Corrosion
Galvanic anchor corrosion occurs in soil when a self-generated current exists due to the
connection of dissimilar metals or due to non-uniform conditions existing along the surface
of an anchor.
When a dissimilar metal is electrically connected to an anchor, a difference in potential
exists between the two materi&. If the dissimilar metal is also in contact with a low
resistivity soil, a complete circuit will exist. Current will flow from one metal to the other
due to the electrical connection and return through the soil completing the circuit. This
naturally occunin g phenomenon is why current is obtained from a battery when its terminals
are electrically Connected.
Dissimilar metals behave in this manner because of the difference in potential each metal
inherently has. Metals may be listed in order of their potential. Such a list is called a galvanic
series. A galvanic series of commonly used metals and alloys is given in Table Jl.
When a complete circuit exists, corrosion occurs on the metal listed higher in the galvanic
series. This is the location where current exits and travels through the soil towards the metal
111
listed lower on the galvanic se&. For example, if a large copper ground System in a
conductive soil is directly or i&,rdy @rough guys) ekctridy connected to a steel
anchor, corrosion will occur on the anchor &cc steel is listed higher on the galvanic series
than copper.
The rate of corrosion wiU depend largely on the a&uctivity of the soil and the relative
locationsofthemetalsinthegalvanicstrics.Thehi9)lnthtsQil~u~~~,andthc~er
apart the metals are in the gaIv&~ s&, the fas&z the &osion. Many 0thfZ f=tOrS
beyond the scope of this commentary could innuence the rare of corrosion and result b
=&med anchor carrosion.
Galvaniccorrosionmay alsooccur~~~~rateswithouttheprrsenccafa~metal
when conditions along the surface of the anchor are not uniform. Es situation may exist
when the base of the anchor is embedded in COOCTC~~. The moist concrete, being much
different than the soil surrounding the expo& portion of the anchor, will have a different
potential. If the surrounding soil conducthi@ is high, afdemed corrosion of the anchor
may occur. Backfill conditions with n~-unif~ composition, compaction, moisture
wntent, porosity, etc., may result in similar localized difkcnces in potential along the
anchor.
2.2 Electrolytic Corrosion
Electrolytic corrosion is very S+ to @~a& msion. The difference being the current
responsible for electrolytic corrosion is from an outside source as opposed to a
self-generated current which is responsible for galvanic corrosion. Outside sources of
current which may result in eiectiolytic ~sion inch& ckctric rail transit systems,
mining operations, welding a&vi&s, mnr.hincry, or the corrosion control systems for
pipelines or nearby stcuctur~.
.
,
For electrolytic corrosion to occur, the md,hg soil must be conductive and a CWTtnt
from an outside source must enter and tit an anchor on its path to a hcation Of lower
potential. At the point of entry, the anchor is generally unaffected. At the point of exit, BS
with galvanic corrosion, accelerated corrosion may occur.
3 CORROSION POTENTIAL OF SOL
The corrosion potential at a given site is a function ofmany variables: Fortunately, one of the most
important variables, the conductivity of soil, may be determined by a geotectical investigation.
3.1 Soil Conductivity
The conductivity of a soil is usually de- by measuring rcsistivity. Resistivity is most
often measured in units of ohm-centimeter (&m+m). 7&e lower the resistivity, the higher
the conductivity. For example, salt water, a very mosive environment, has a resistivity of
approximately 25 ohm-cm. Clean dry sand, which is usually a non-corrosive environment,
may have a resistivi~ of more that 1,000,000 ohm-cm. A soil with aresistivity below 2,000
Ohm-cm is generally considered to be highly carrosive.
0
3.2 Other Factors
soil resisfivity may vary seasonably and is gcnemlly a function of mine!ral composition,
moisture content and the concentration of dissolved salts. Clays and high moisture content
soils generally have lower resistitiq &an sands or low moisture content soils. However, a
113
4
dry sandy soil may become very aggressive upon an increase in moisture content if dissolved
Saks ax present. Likewise, a wet soil my not be aggressive without the presence of
didvd salts. Temperature E&O affects resistivity values. The resistivity of a soil may @
me-e vefy high if measured under near freezing conditions, yet be very aggressive under
wanner wnditio~.
MAY 0th~ factors influence the corrosion potential of soil to varying degrees. Some of
&se famm are: drainage, soti porosity (aeration), acidity or akalinity @h), certain
~miml iqmti~, the metabolic activities of certain micr ~+~@sIE, adjacent and/or
~~O~C~Y pmead stnrctures. These factors may also vary seasonably or vary due to
0th~ ~thities at a site, such as the doping of soil to increase the efktiveness of a grounding
system. Due to the my possible factors i~~volved, it may not
always
&mm&e the controlling factor when accelerated corrosion occurs.
be possible to
3.3 Geotechnical Investigations
When a geotechnical l
investigation is performed, as a minimum, the local soil resistivi~ and
the type and wncentration of dissolved salts should be established. With this information,
together with a description of all existing and/or proposed construction, a corrosion
spm*t shdi be able to recommend various corrosion control measures to be consider&
Additional site testing may be required by the corrosion specialist in order to properly design
ad implement a Corrosion control system.
OPTIONS FOR CORROSION CONTROL
None of the following options for wrrosion wntrol eliminate the need for proper monitoring and
maintenance over the life of the structure.
a
4.1 Site Modifications .
Improving drainage or placing an impermeable layer of soil at an anchor location may be
beneficial in reducing the rate of corrosion. Under some situations it may be possible to
ba&ill afouIlcl sn anchor with a high resistivity soil. Adding chemicals to neutralize
existing corrosive soils or to mitigate the actions of micro-organisms may also be sn
alternative. Care must be taken to ensure that the required structural capacity of an anchor
s~ppt is maintained during excavations and to avoid contaminating the local soil with
toxic substances. Relocating sn anchor may also be a reasonable altemative if the cause or
possibility of accelerated wrrosion at a site is known to be a localized, isolated condition.
If copper ground rods serve as grounding for an anchor, replacing them with galvanized steel
rods would reduce galvanic corrosion by el
.* g the presence of a dissimilar metal.
Special attention should be paid to the ground lead and its connection to a galvanized rod,
particularly when the connection is placed below grade.
Isolation Of anchors from the structure using guy insulators may help to reduce the
transmission of stray currents from outside sources and therefore
minim& ekctrolytic
corrosion. Galvanic corrosion due to the presence of copper ground rods would be
eliminated if the ground wires were connected on the tower side of the isolation point.
Isolation may also increase the efficiency of sacrificial anodes described in 4.4. Bonding the
anchors to adjacent cathodically protected pipeliues or structures may protect the anchors ss
opposed to subjecting them to possible ekcsolytic corrosion. This should only be done in
accordance with recommendations from a corrosion specialist.
4.2 Protective Coatings
Many types of organic m&orga&prote&e co&ngs are available. Theeffectivenessofa
coating is highly dependent upon the preparation of the anchor aUrfa% the method Of
application and the v&nerabfity of the coating to e during cwStructk)n- Rotective
coatings may be particularly effectve when used in conjunction with a cathodic man
sys- described in 4.4.
4.3
Concrete Encas~~t
Direct amact with soi my be avoided by
~g~~onYifh~orcedcon~~0~~
the entire embedded length of an anchor The encasement should extend a minimum of +
inchesabovegrade.~~acwMete~~~blockisusedwithan~~,thtreiaforeingin
the concrete encasement must be prop&y developed into the anchar block t0 prev=t
~wssive cracking. Sulfate resisting coll~ctc
e &sip should be used for all wncrete
below gd when soluble sulfates exist in the soil or ground~atcr=
4.4 Cathodic Protection
For both galvanic and electrolytic corrosion, corrosion occurs when current fi~ws from the
anchor into the surrounding soil. me objective of cathodic protection is to reverse the
dir&on of current, resulting in current flowing to the anchor instead of away from it, thus
preventing corrosion of the anchor. This may be accomplished by installing galvanic anodes
or by ~tmhing an impressed current.
BY iectrically connecting a metal (galvanic anode) hated higher on the galvanic series and
burying it in close proximity ment w be f&ed to fhw to the protected item from the
anode. This will resdt in corroSi0n of the installed metai an& instead of the item to be
protected. Forthisreason,theinstalledmetalis~asacrificislaMdesadalsowhythese
anodes must be periodically ir;spected to & sure they have not corroded away beyond
use. Additiimal stid anode material by cvemdly have to be added. A common
~acrificiaianodeusedismagncsiumpackagedina~p~bar?kf?ll mixturetoenhanceits
conductivity with soit.
The number, size, type and location ofgalvanic anodes should be determined by a corrosion
specialist and must be adequate to ensure m flows in thee comxt direction, overcoming
the efkts Of ail other influences at the site. The efkliveness of an installed SyStem Should
bepcriodicallymonitoredoverthelifeofthestructure byacorrosionspeciahst.Thismaybe
done by measuring the potential of the protected anchor with respect to a rckence electrode
placed in the ground. A Large enough negative potential indicates that current is flowing to
the ~dxxs as desired for corrosion control.
Under certain circumstances, installing ~IIOII~~I gahnic anodes to cssurc current will flow
in the desired direction may not be feasible or eccmtical. Using an impressed current with
ananodemayberequiredunderthesecircumstances.Theimprtsstdcumntrequinstheuse
of a reliable power source to produce the&sired current The positive tuminal of the power
sowe is wnnected to the anode resulting in current traveling from the anode, through the
SOfi to the anchor, overcoming the effects of all other infhrences. Since cutrent would be
entering the sxhor from the soil, corrosion of the anchor would be controlled. The voltage
of the POW= some, the size, location and type of anode required, and the possible effects on
adjacent stnmm should be determined by a ccurosion specialist. overprotection may
1lA
result in accelerated coxrosion of surrounding structures and may also damage the ax-&or or
anchor coating as a result of&# current hning undeisirable chemical compounds and/or
hydrogen gas at the anchor.
5 REFERENCES
wg, H. H., Ibe Corrosion Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1948.
mg, H. H., Revie, R. W., Corrosion and Corrosion Control, Third Edition, John Whey Bi Sons,
NY, 1985.
W&O% C. L., oat=, J. A, Cmosion and the Maintenance Engineer, Hart Publishing Company,
NY, 1968.
Huock, B., F~chmds of Cathodic Protection, HARCO Technologies Corporation, Mexiina,
Ohio.
TABLE Jl
GALVANIC SERIES OF COMMONLY USED METALS AND ALLOYS
MAGNESIUM
ZINC
AL-
STEEL, IRON
LEAD,m :
BRASS, COPPER, ,BRONZE
SILVER
GRAPHITE
a

EIA TIA 222 F Structural Standards For Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures

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