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The two most significant things to study on the test are the OSI model and TCP/IP addressing and
subnetting. If you now both of those !ery" !ery well" then you are guaranteed about #$% on the e&am.
The rest comes from this sheet.
The last bit of ad!ice is that you didn't belie!e me on the importance of nowing the OSI model" learn it
bacwards" forwards" sideways" and be prepared to answer really nit(picy )uestions about it.
OSI *odel
Application
+ile" print" message" database" and applications
,etermines a!ailability of the target host.
www" email" ftp" telnet" edi" )uae
Presentation
,ata -ncryption" compression" and translation ser!ices
,etermines the synta& of the data transfer.
Pict" tiff" .pet" midi" mpeg" )uictime" etc
Session
,ialog control" coordinates the comunications
Nfs" s)l" rpc" & windows" asp /appletal session protocol0" ,NA SCP /digital what1it0
Transport
-nd(to(end communication
2esponsible for hiding the communications from the higher layers.
TCP / 3,P
Networ
2outing
IP / IC*P" 4ootP" A2P" 2A2P
2outers
,ata 5in
+raming
-thernet II" 6$7.# /toen ring0" 6$7.8" 6$7.7 /6$7.8 with dsap and ssap logical lin
control fields0
*edia access control9 *AC9 :6 bits" 8 bytes !endor ; 8 bytes serial number
<AN9
=igh(le!el datalin control =,5C /cisco default for serial lins0
Synchronous ,ata 5in Control S,5C /uses polling0
5in Access Procedure" 4alanced 5AP4
&.7#" slip" ppp" isdn" +rame 2elay
4ridges / Switches
Physical
<ire>
!.7:" !.8#" &.7?" g.@$8" hssi" etc
2epeaters / =ubs
,O, *odel
Process/application application" presentation" session
=ost(to(host transport
Internet networ
Networ access ,atalin / physical
5AN
-thernet
6$7.8 CS*A/C, A -thernetBII A 6$7.7
?$base7/thinnet9 ?6# meters
?$base#/thicnet9 #$$ meters
?$baseT9 can run abo!e ?$*bps 7$$ish meters
#(:(8 rule9 # segments" : repeaters" 8 segments populated
?$$4aseTC9 ?$$ meters" up to 7 repeaters. Pacets between #?7 and ?#?6.
+,,I
?$$ *bps
toen passing with dual counter(rotating rings
Toen(ring
6$7.#
: / ?D *bps
AT*
#8(byte cells
+low Control
Contention9 CS*A/C, 9 Carrier Sense *ultiple Access" Collision ,etect
Toen Passing9 Toen 2ing" +iddi
Polling9 S,5C" some =,5C" some =P ethernet stuff
S<ITC=INE
Store F and F forward
4uffers whole frame before forwarding
Cut(Through
+orward frame as soon as destination address is a!ailable
+ragment +ree
,oes Cut(Through after D: bytes are recei!ed to stop collision pacets from being
forwarded.
6$7.?d Spanning(Tree Protocol STP
detect and eliminates loops in routed networ
STA9 Spanning Tree Algorithm
Sends out 4P,3s9 4ridge protocol data units
G5AN9 Girtual 5ans
Create Hlogical' networs by location" function or department.. or protocol" or whate!er.
,one with a switch using +rame(Tagging /can be used between switches if you ha!e IS5
inter(switch lin0 +rame(Tagging uses uni)ue user(defined identifiers while within the
switch fabric" and is !ery scalable.
TCP/IP
Port numbers9
TCP9 protocol number D
ftp9 7?
telnet9 78
smtp9 7#
3,P9 protocol number ?@
,ns9 #8
Tftp9 DI
Snmp9 ?D?
$(7##9 public assigned
7#D F ?$789 assigned to companies
?$78; user defined / source addresses
IP Addressing9
Class leading bits decimal range of first byte
A $ ?(?7@
4 ?$ ?76(?I?
C ?$$ ?I7(778
5earn the rest of the stuff>. <ay out of scope of this.
NOT-9
Cisco considers the mas to be the bits beyond what is Hnormal' for that class address" not
the entire number of bits in the subnet mas" sometimes>.
IPC
Protocl Stac9
Application" presentation" session 2IP" SAP" NCP" N5SP" etc>
Transport IPC" SPC
Networ IPC
,ata lin O,5 Open ,ata 5in
Physical whate!er
IPC
Connectionless" and communicates !ia socets
-ach host runs its own internal ip& networ in addition to any lan networ
Addressing9
?$ byte address
first : bytes are networ F need to be uni)ue" otherwise whate!er..
last D bytes are node ( usually .ust use the *AC address
SPC
Se)uence Pacet eCchange
Connection oriented protocol
Creates !irtual circuits" with specific connection I,s
2IP
2outing information protocol
,istance !ector protocol that establishes routes between ip& networs
Judges based on tics /?/?6 second units0 and hops
4roadcast e!ery D$ seconds
3sed to pro!ide each ser!er with a complete networ map
SAP
Ser!ice ad!ertising protocol
Ser!ers use it to ad!ertise" clients use it to locate ser!ices
4roadcast e!ery D$ seconds
N5SP
Net<are 5in Ser!ices Protocol
5in(state protcol to replace 2IP and SAP someday>
NCP
Net<are Core Protocol
Pro!ides access to ser!er resources
Netware in a nutshell
(Strict client(ser!er model /nobody is both0
(Ser!ers pro!ide files" printing" messaing" applications" and databases
(-!ery netware ser!er /or cisco router0 creates a SAP table of all ser!ices offered by all
ser!ers
(A client issues a ENS /EetNearestSer!er re)uest0 broadcast to find out what is on the
local SAP
Netware frame types +eatures
6$7.8 default on Net<are KL8.??
6$7.7 default on Net<are 8.?7;
ethernetBii supports tcp/ip and ip&
ethernetBSNAP appletal" tcp/ip" and ip&
((( all of these are incompatible> god lo!e'm
2outing Protocols
2IP9 2outing Information Protocol
,istance F !ector routing protocol
3pdates e!ery 8$ seconds
2oute in!alid timer I$ seconds9 time before route considered in!alid.
2oute flush timer9 7:$ seconds9 route remo!ed from table
Can use metrics /?(?#0 to weight against some interfaces
?# hop limit
OSP+9 Open Shortest Path +irst
5in(state routing
Gery infre)uent broadcast updates
-&tremely granular metrics
N5SP9 No!ell's 5in State Protocol
5in(state
IE2P9 Interior Eateway 2outing Protocol /cisco proprietary0
,istance(!ector
*etrics and hop count from ?(7##
*easures delay in units of ?$ milliseconds
*easures bandwidth F on serial connection this needs to be set" default is T?
*easures reliability as ?(7## /7## optimal09
*easures load9 $(7## /$ L no(load0
Allows multi(path routing /dual lins of e)ual bandwidth to ? location0
Implements hold(downs" split hori1ons" and poision re!erse updates
3pdate timer is I$ seconds" in!alid timer is 7@$ seconds /8 times update0
=old down timer is 76$ /8 times update ;?$ seconds0
flush timer is D8$ seconds /@ times update0
administrati!e distances9 /reliability of information0
$ L direct connection" ? L static" ?$$ L igrp" ??$ Lospf" ?7$ L rip" 7## L unnown
-IE2P9 -nhanced IE2P
=ybrid routing protocol
3ses distance !ectors" howe!er they are triggered by changes" not timers.
+aster con!ergence" multiprotocol support
,istance( !ector9
3ses second(hand info
Problems detecting /closing routing loops /counting to infinity0
Judges Hbest' based on hop counts
Con!ergence can get pretty lengthy
Split hori1ion9 enforces that inforation is not sent bac in direction it came from
2oute poisoning9 =elps pre!ent incorrect updates by setting route down e&plicitly
=old(downs9 pre!ents routes from changing too )uicly" to allow time for stabili1ation
5in(state
No(second hand info" and understands entire networ
3ses 5SP pacets to build Hpersonal' copy of entire networ structure to route from
5SP9 lin(state pacets or Mhello pacetsN
Chooses Hbest' path based on9 bandwidth" congestion" metrics" etc.
3pdate times can be set !ery lengthy as changes cause triggered udpates.
-CT-2IO2 routing protocols
-EP9 -&terior Eateway Protocol
Polls neighbors
e&changes info about AS with neighbors
distance !ector
!ery simple
4EP9 4order Eateway Protocol
Can detect routing loops
Can wor between AS
Other 2andom Cisco protocols
C,P9 Cisco ,isco!ery Protocol
2uns SNAP9 SubNetwor Access Protocol at the datalin layer.
- this allows routers running different protocols to still communicate
- D$ second updates" ?6$ second hold time
Oshow cdp interface
interface information" encapsulation info" and timing information
Oshow cdp entry Kname or P for allQ
shows detailed information about other routers on networ
Oshow cdp neighbors
shows summary information that is being e&changed
Oshow cdp neighbor detail
e&tended listing of info for all routers
Oshow cdp traffic
shows pacets sent / recei!ed amount neighbors
<AN9
POTS
Plain Old Telephone Ser!ice. /politely is9 pstn9 public switched telephone networ0
,emarc9 end of responsbility for pro!ider" start for customer
CP-9 customer premise e)uipment
5ocal loop9 wire from CO to demarc
CO9 Central Office9 pro!ider POP 9 point of presence
S,5C
Synchronous ,ata(5in Control
3sed originally for SNA
Point Fto(point or multipoint
4ounded or unbounded media" half or full duple&
Circuit or pacet(switched networs
7 node types. Primay or Secondary /controlled by primary0
=,5C
=igh(5e!el ,ata(5in Control protocol
This is the default communication method for cisco routers of sync lins" and is
proprietary
This came after S,5C" and was modified into 5AP and 5AP4.
=,5C transfer modes9
N2*9 Normal 2esponse *ode9 secondaries only spea when spoen to by pri
A2*9 Async 2esponse *ode9 sec. can spea on own
A4*9 Async 4alanced *ode9 nodes can be both pri and sec
5AP495in Access Procedure 4alanced9 built into &.7#
,,2
,ial on demand 2outing
be sure and setup route as static" and with specified distance o!er 7$$ to mae sure it
is Hlast resort'
C.7#
Point(to(point communication between ,T- and ,C-
,T-9 ,ata Terminal -)uipment /router or terminal" or whate!er0
,C-9 ,ata Circuit(Terminating -)uipment /csu/dsi or modem0
PS-9 Pacet Switching -&change9 switches inside carriers networ
Addresses defined by &.?7? as a ?: digit number
,NIC9,ata Networ Identified Code is first : bits of address
2est of address is assigned by the administrator
+ull(duple& protocol
Ho!erbuilt' with lots of error checing
Created SGC or PGC connections /switched or Permanent !irtual circuits0
P5P
Pacet layer protocol
&.7#'s networ layer protocol
modes9 call setup" data transfer" idle" call clearing" restarting
5AP4
5in Access Procedure 4alanced
*aes sure frames are error free and se)uenced
Types of frames9
I information se)uencing" flow control" error detect" reco!ery
S super!isory handles re)uests for" and suspension of transmittion
3 unnumbered lin setup and disconnections and error reporting
Setting up C.7# on Cisco
Ointerface KinterfaceQ
Oencap &7#
O&7# address K?: digit numberQ
to set the address
O&7# ips KbytesQ
to configure Input Pacet Si1e
O&7# ops KbytesQ
to configure Output Pacet Si1e
O&7# win KintegerQ
to configure <indow Input Si1e
O&7# wout KintegerQ
to configure <indow Output Si1e
+rame 2elay
Shared 4andwidth
Can setup a CI2 /Committed Information 2ate0
Assumed error(checing is handled at another" higher" layer
PGCs are created at layer 7.
,5CIs9 ,ata(lin connection Identifiers 9 are used to identify !irtual circuit connections.
,5CI address are assigned by the pro!ider and then mapped to IP addresses by the router
5*I9 5ocal management Interface
These are autodetected in current IOS !ersions>.. howe!er9
Reyword *eaning
Cisco9 defined by industry group" and default
ANSI9 Anne& , defined by T?.D?@
SI88a9 ,efined by IT3(T Anne& A S.I88A
5*I can be used to determine the global significance of the ,5CI numbers.
Setup of +rame 2elay on Cisco
Ointerface KinterfaceQ
Oencapsulation frame(relay Tietf" or default is ciscoU
use default to tal to other cisco routers" use ietf encapsulation to tal to non(
cisco.
Oframe(relay interface(dlci Kdlci numberQ
to map dlci number to current interface" or subinterface
Then specify an IP address for that subinterface
Optionally you can hard(code the address on the other end.
Oencap frame(relay TietfU
Ono in!erse(arp
turns off auto addressing features
Oip address Kip addressQ Ksubnet masQ
Oframe(relay map ip KaddressQ Kmetric V Q TciscoU TbroadcastU
this lets you mi& encap types" and allow broadcast o!er interface
*onitoring +rame 2elay
Oshow frame V
ip ip statistics
lmi lmi stats
map map table
p!c p!c stats F this one displays the ,5CI O
route route info
traffic protocol stats
PPP
Point to Point Protocol
3serfull for dial(up or sync lins /IS,N0
Authenticate using PAP9 password authentication protocol or
C=AP9 Challenge =andshae Authentication Protocol
IS,N
Integrated Ser!ices ,igital Networ
Terminal e)uipment types9
T-?9 understands IS,N
T-79 predates IS,N and needs a TA /terminal adapter0 to wor
IS,N reference points9
29 between non(isdn de!ice and TA
S9 between terminal and NT7 de!ice
T9 point between NT? and NT7
39 point between NT? and carrier line termination de!ice
IS,N protocol codes9
-9 e&isting telephone networ
I9 concepts" terms" and ser!ices
S9 switching and signaling
IS,N ser!ice le!els9
Connect to lines with SPI,s /ser!ice Profile Identfiers0 /phone numbers..0
42I9 4asic 2ate Interface9 74 ; ?,
4 L D:bs" ,L?DRbps L ?76bs plus control
P2I9 Primary 2ate Interface9 784 ; ?,
Total of ?.#::*bps
Configuring IS,N 42I
Oisdn switch(type V
tons of proprietary switch types
Ointerface KinterfaceQ
typicaly bri$" or something lie that.
Oencap ppp
ppp is method used to setup isdn phone calls
Oisdn spid? Kspid?Q
Oisdn spid7 Kspid7Q
Configuring IS,N P2I
Ocontroller KinterfaceQ KlocationQ
typicaly something lie Ocontroller T? ?/$
Oframing efs
sets -&tended Super +raming" this is normal for T?/ P2I line
Olinecode b61s
line(conding mechanism to assist with timing by pre!enting strings of
1eros
Opri(group timeslots K!alue from ?(7:Q
sets number of timeslots
Access lists9
4asics9
Access lists must be created" then applied to an interface
Access lists can filter incoming or outgoing from an interface
Pacets are compared only until a match is made
Pacets that do not meet any criteria on the list are discarded
<ildcard masing9
Nifty" acts lie a re!erse subnet mas9
-&le9 $.$.$.7## would wildcard all hosts on class C networ
$.$.$.$ would indicate no wildcarding
eywords9
host9 $.$.$.$ 9 .ust specified host
any9 7##.7##.7##.7##9 absolutely anything
P when using eyword it comes before IP address" when using mas it comes afterWWWW
5ist number scheme
5ist number range meaning
?.II ip standard list
?$$.?II ip e&tended access list
6$$.6II ip& standard
I$$.III ip& e&tended access list
?$$$(?$II IPC SAP access list
IP access list creation
Oaccess(list Knumber of listQ Kpermit A denyQ Ksource addressQ TKmasQU
IP e&tended access list
Oaccess(list KnumberQ Kpermit AdenyQ KprotocolQ KsourceQ KdestinationQ KportQ
source and destination can be mased
port can be He)' for e)ual" Hne)' not e)ual" Hlog' logged" or assorted other things
port can also be eyworeded9 www" smtp" finger" ftp" telnet" etc>..
ip& access list
Oaccess(list KnumberQ KpermitAdenyQ Ksource networ numberQ Kdestination networ numberQ
no wildcarding needed with ip&
(? is used to indicate Hany networ address'
e&tended ip& access lists
Oaccess(list KnumberQ KpermitAdenyQ KprotocolQ KsourceQ KsocetQ KdestinationQ KsocetQ
(? still indicates Hany' for socet or source address
IPC SAP access lists
OAccess(list KnumberQ KpermitAdenyQ KsourceQ Kser!ice typeQ
ser!ice type is numeric !alue
Applying Access list to Interface
Ointerface KinterfaceQ
Oip access(group Knumber of listQ Kin A outQ
*onitoring9
Oshow access(list
shows the lists and how many matches for each line
Oclear access(list counters Kaccess list numberQ
clears statistics
5ogging9
Reyword log can be placed at the end of e&tended access lists" and info will be logged to console
by default" or could be re(directed to a error(log ser!er
5ogs include9 access list number" source and destination port/address and number of pacets.
,isplaying access list info
OShow ip interface KinterfaceQ
displays which list is enabled for the interface" both incoming and outgoing
Oshow running(config
shows .ust about e!erything>.including details of what maes up each access(list
CISCO Things9
Startup se)uence
4ootstrap from 2om
Cisco IOS from +lash
+rom tftp
+rom 2om
Configuration +ile from NG2A*
+rom tftp ser!er
+rom console
-diting commands
Toggle on/off9 Terminal editing / terminal no editing
Control ;
A mo!e to beginning of line
- end
+ forward
4 bac
P pre!ious
N most recent
Show history
Terminal history si1e set buffer si1e
Arrow eys also wor to edit and scroll through buffer
Passwords
-nable secret9 one(way crypto password" has priority o!er Hnormal' enable password
Oconfig terminal
Oenable secret KpasswordQ
-nable password9 password to switch to pri! mode
Oconfig terminal
Oenable password KpasswordQ
Girtual terminal password9 password to allow telnet into router
Oconfig terminal
Oline !ty $ Kma& number of loginsQ
Ologin
Opassword Kwhate!er passwordQ
4anner
Obanner motd Kend CharQ
yadda" yadda" yadda Kend CharQ
=ostname
Oconfig t
Ohostname Krouter hostnameQ
hostname resolution
Oip host Ktarget hostnameQ Ktarget host ip addressQ
this acts lie a host file to allow static name resolution
Oshow hosts
displays configured hosts / ip addresses
Oip domain(looup
Oip name(ser!er Kdns ipQ
to configure ,NS" use the 7 commands abo!e. Xou can ha!e up to D dns addresses
Ono ip domain(looup
disable dns looup
Interface Naming
S Serial
- -thernet
T Toen2ing
+ +iddi
Number as card/port or for @$$$ series as GIP card/port /from $0 /interface /from $0
Static 2outing for IP
Config with9
OIp route KnetworQ KmasQ KaddressAinterfaceQ TdistanceU
,isplay with9
OShow ip route
OShow ip route static
2emo!e ip routes with9
ONo ip route KnetworQ
,efault route / route of last resort 9 /set networ and mas to all $s0
OIp route $.$.$.$ $.$.$.$ KaddressQ
IP classless9
<ith IP classless Hon' pacets are forward on a best(guess directly connected
networ instead of ha!ing them dropped.
( this is used with default routes
Testing9
Oping KaddressQ
wors with IP" ip&" appletal" apollo" !ines" and decnet
Oping Kfill out info as promptedQ
e&tended ping9 wors with ip" appletal" and ip& to pro!ide much more info
Otrace KprotocolQ KaddressQ
wors with9 ip" appletal" clns" old!ines /cisco0" !ines /banyan0.
( remember that TCP is not on any of these lists> it is a higher(le!el protocol.
Subinterfaces9
=ow to bind multiple conflicting commands to ? interface> use subinterfaces.
Synta& is to place a period" then a integer after the de!ice name.
-&le9 Oint e$.?$$
Configuring ,ynamic 2outing for IP
2IP9
Orouter rip
Onetwor Knetwor we want to ad!ertiseQ
(optional Opassi!e KinterfaceQ
lets you run rip without ad!ertising connection
(optional Oneighbor Kspecific neighbor routerQ
lets info go o!er non(broadcast media /lie <AN lins0
(optional Odebug ip rip or undebug ip rip
This shows all updates to the console /sent or recei!ed ad!ertisements0
(optional Ono router rip
,isables rip routing
IE2P
Orouter igrp Kautonomous system number ?(D##8#Q
turns on igrp and allows setting of AS number
Onetwor Knetwor we want to ad!ertiseQ
(optional Odebug ip igrp e!ents Oundebug ip igrp e!ents
logs to console when/what e!ents are done
(optionalOdebug ip igrp transactions Oundebug ip igrp transactions
detailed log to console of what happens in each e!ent
display routing info9
Oshow ip route
This displays all routes on the router" including how the route was Hlearned'
2 L rip" C L connected" S L static" I L igrp" o L ospf" etc
Oshow ip route KprotocolQ
displays routes Hlearned' from specified protocol only
Oshow ip protocol
displays protocol and detailed info on timing" sources of info" filters" etc.
Oshow ip interface
shows all lots of info on all interfaces
Oshow ip interface KinterfaceQ
shows info specific to the interface
IPC configuration
Oip& routing
to enable ip& routing
Ointerface KinterfaceQ
select an interface before pro!iding specifc info for configuring ip&
Oip& networ Kip& networ addressQ Tencapsulation Keyword for typeQU TsecondaryU
- secondary indicates if more than one encapsulation type is used on ?
interface" recomened to use sub(interfaces
table of info for configuring encapsulation types
interface type frame type eyword
ethernet 6$7.8 no!ell(ether /default0
6$7.7 sap
ethernetBII arpa
ethernetBsnap snap
toen ring toen(ring sap /default0
toen(ringBsnap snap
fddi fddiBsnap snap /default0
6$7.7 sap
fddiBraw no!ell(fddi
Show IPC ser!ers
Oshow ip& ser!ers
this displays the contents of the SAP" listing all ser!ers and ser!ices
show IPC route
Oshow IPC route
shows the IPC routing table
Oip& ma&imum paths K7(#?7Q
enable multiple paths to ? destination
Oshow ip& traffic
generates traffic statistics on ip& networ usage
Oshow ip& interface KinterfaceQ
detailed info on specific interface
Odebug ip& Kall inds of thingsQ
lots of debug information a!ailable
Sources for IOS software9
+lash *emory
,efault and normally good idea
Oshow flash
lists all !ersions stored in flash" but does not specify which is running
Oshow !ersion
specifies which !ersion of IOS you are running currently
Tftp ser!er
Somewhat menu dri!en way to store and retrie!e information to/from tftp ser!er
Ocopy flash tftp Flets you bacup your ios sa!ed in flash
Ocopy tftp flash (lets you download new !ersions or restore o!er bad !ersions
tftp to bacup / restore config info
Ocopy tftp running(config
Ocopy running(config tftp
Configuring fallbac sources for IOS software
Oboot system flash KiosBfilenameQ
to boot from flash
Oboot system tftp KiosBfilenameQ KtftpBaddressQ
to boot from remote tftp ser!er
Oboot system rom
to boot from hard(coded ios !ersion" this is a Hlast resort' inda thing to do
IOS Commands that ha!e little to do with routing
Oshow !ersion
os !ersion" uptime" how it was last started up" where ios was loaded from
hardware type and re!ision as well as detected interfaces
Oshow processes
shows pid" Sueue priority" status /TX0" runtime in milliseconds" stac space"
proc name
Oshow memory
shows processor and I/O memory and watermars / freespace
Oshow stacs
shows cause of last crash" and esoteric info
Oshow buffers
re!eals si1e of buffers for small / middle / big / !ery big / large / huge
Oshow flash
re!eals si1e and amount free" as well as what is stored.
Oshow running(config
shows the running configuration file
Oshow startup(config
shows the startup configuration file
Oshow interface
shows the hardware and their status" including usage stats
Oshow interface KinterfaceQ
shows hardware status and usage for specific interface
Oshow protocol
shows protocols enabled and routing info for each interface
Oshow ip protocol
shows more detail than show protocol