WCDMA Overview

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Your Partner for Wireless Engineering Solutions

Future
Global Footprint
LATIN AMERICA
Brazil
NORTH AMERICA
Richardson , TX
Headquarters
ASIA PACIFIC
New Delhi , Noida,
Gurgaon
CANADA
Toronto
OMAN
Muscat
AFRICA
Kenya,
South Africa
KUWAIT
A Global Player with Global Resources
AUSTRALIA
New South
Wales
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Capabilities
Packet Switching
VAS
In-
Building
Services
Software
Development
Broad Skill Sets Across Wireless Industry
Staffing
Solutions
Transport
Services
Agenda
Global Stats
Convergence
Evaluation of 3G and Releases
Technology Concept
UMTS Fundamental
WCDMA Principle
Frequency Band Allocation
Spreading Principle
Processing gain
Comparison UMTS and GSM

Communication
Communication
Telecommunication
Wireline
Wireless
Internet
Broadband
AMPS/GSM/
UMTS/LTE
Contribution

Telecom Industry is the ONE OF THE FASTEST GROWING INDUSTRY

Computer,
IT and
Software
Manufacturing
Business Services and
Consulting
Education
Telecommunication

Finance and Banking
Engineer and Architecture
Construction
Retail trade and Wholesale
FIFTH and FASTEST
Growing Industries
Top Telecom Service Provider Market Share
(India) as of 3
rd
Feb, 2014
Source: AsiaOTT
COUNTRY
(TOP 10)
SUBSCRIBERS
(IN MILLIONS)
China Mobile 775.6
Vodafone 419.5
Airtel 275.7
China Unicom 285.7
America Movil 269.9
Telefonia 254.7
Axiata 239.7
Orange 231.5
Vimpel Com 209
China Telecom 185
Top Telecom Service Provider
(GLOBAL) as of May,2014
Source: AsiaOTT
Carriers Share (India & Global)
Telecom Growth Avenues
Telecom
Industry
Technologies like
3G, BWA
VAS industry
Rural Telephony
Tele - Medicine
Telecom Equipment
Manufacturing
Infrastructure
Sharing

Revenue
India Telecom Industry to touch
REVENUES OF RS.3,77,683 CRORE AT 2014

Source: TechCircle
India Subscriber Base
Source: TRAI, Techcircle
6.8 Billion Mobile-cellular subscriptions
In 2013, there are almost as many mobile-cellular subscriptions as people in the world, with
more than half in the Asia-Pacific region (3.5 billion out of 6.8 billion total subscriptions)
Mobile Subscriptions
LTEs global market share was at
4 percent of all connections.
300+ commercial LTE networks
today; 380 commercial LTE networks
expected by end of 2014
104 million LTE connections in March
2013; 245 million as of March
2014, more than a doubling of
connections in 12 months
LTE connections are forecast to
surpass 2.3 billion by 2020
LTE Approaching Quarter of a Billion Connections Worldwide
Global LTE Subscription Growth
Generations
4G
TD LTE
FD LTE
1G
2G/2.5G
3G/3.5G
4G
Mobile Network and Technology
CDMA
GSM
TDMA
PHS
(IP-Based)
64 Kbps
GPRS
115 Kbps
CDMA 1xRTT
144 Kbps
EDGE
384 Kbps
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
Over 2.4 Mbps
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
Up to 2 Mbps
2G
2.5G
2.75G
3G
1992 - 2000+
2001+
2003+
1G
1984 - 1996+
2003 - 2004+
TACS
NMT
AMPS
GSM/
GPRS
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
PDC
Analog Voice
Digital Voice
Packet Data
Intermediate
Multimedia
Multimedia
PHS

TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
(Overlay)
iDEN
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
Generations
Also Categorized As
V
o
i
c
e

S
e
r
v
i
c
e

T
y
p
e

M
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a

Narrowband
Wideband Broadband
~ 384
Kbps
~ 21
Mbps
~ 100
Mbps
1G
2G
3G
4G
Convergence
1970
TELECOM INDUSTRY
IT INDUSTRY
MEDIA INDUSTRY
Circuit Switched Voice
Main Frame Computers
Radio, TV and Print
1980
Packet Switched Voice
PCs
Electronic Publishing
Fiber Optical Networks

Application Services

Global Networks
1990
ERP, CRM, SCM
Packaged Software
Client-Server Technology
Digital Audio & Video
Optical Storage
( CD/ DVD)
The
Convergent
Industry
2000
2012
Mobile Networks

Mobile Data
Internet

Web-Services

Enterprise Integration
Gaming

Digital photography

Digital Broadcasting

Flat Screen Technology
ICT WORLD
Mobile TV
VoIP
FMIC
Triple/Quadruple Play
Video On
Demand
IPTV
Universal Global Roaming
Multimedia (Voice, Data & Video)
Increased data rates
Up to 2 Mbps
Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
IP architecture
3G Vision
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
Radio standards and spectrum
IMT-2000
ITUs umbrella name for 3G which stands for
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
National and regional standards bodies are
collaborating in 3G partnership projects
ARIB (Japan), TIA (North America), TTA (South
Korea), TTC (Japan), CWTS (China). T1 (North
America), ETSI (Europe)

3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)
Focused on evolution of access and core networks
International Standardization
UMTS Frequency Allocations
2200 MHz 2000 1900 1950 2050 2100 2150 1850
Japan
IMT-2000
P
H
S

IMT-2000
ITU
M
o
b
i
l
e

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

IMT-2000
IMT-2000
Europe
UMTS
(FDD)
D
E
C
T

U
M
T
S

(
T
D
D
)

GSM
1800
U
M
T
S

(
T
D
D
)

UMTS
(FDD)
USA
P
C
S

u
n
l
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

PCS
PCS
U
M
T
S

(
T
D
D
)

I
M
T
-
2
0
0
0

(
T
D
D
)

M
o
b
i
l
e

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

M
o
b
i
l
e

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

M
o
b
i
l
e

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

M
o
b
i
l
e

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

M
o
b
i
l
e

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

M
o
b
i
l
e

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

M
o
b
i
l
e

S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

Rel.99 to LTE
3GPP Releases
S.
No.
3GPP
Releases Feature
DL
Throughput
UL
Throughput
DL
Modulation UL Modulation Remarks
1 Rel 99 UMTS 2 Mbps 384 Kbps QPSK BPSK

2 Rel 4 UMTS
Introduction of MSS, MGW
in Core Network

3 Rel 5 HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 384 Kbps
16 QAM,
QPSK BPSK Scheduling of Codes
IMS
4 Rel 6 HSUPA 14.4 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
16 QAM,
QPSK Dual BPSK

5 Rel 7 HSP+ 28 Mbps 11 Mbps

6 Rel 8 LTE 100 Mbps 50 Mbps Fourth Generation

3GPP Releases
Modulation
Modulation is the process of varying the characteristics
of high signal (carrier) in accordance with
instantaneous value of low signal (Modulating signal).

Modulation
Signals are of low amplitude strength with low frequency
(20 Hz to 20 KHz).

To send the signal up to longer distance Modulation is
required.

Depend on the Modulation:
three types of Modulation schemes are introduced.

Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation

GMSK is used for GSM for Modulation
QPSK is used for WCDMA for Modulation
Modulation
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Modulation Techniques
Baseband
Signal
Amplitude
Modulation
Frequency
Modulation
0 1 0
0 1 0
1
Modulation Techniques
Baseband
Signal
Phase
Modulation
Multiple Access
Multiple Access Techniques
Multiple Access Achieved by dividing the available radio
frequency spectrum, so that multiple users can be given
access at the same time.

FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
( eg: GSM each Frequency channel is 200KHz)
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
( eg: GSM each frequency channel is divided into 8
timeslots)
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
(eg: IS95- Each User data is coded with a unique code)

Access Technology
TDMA
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

time
User 1
User 1
Timeslot Period Frame Period
Idealized TDMA
(with no guard
periods)
Availa
ble
Band
FDMA
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

time User 1
Frame Period
Channel
BW
Idealized FDMA
CDMA
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

time
code
Frame Period
UMTS Fundamental

UMTS Cocktail Party
Technology
Spreading Factor
Processing Gain
Codes
Rake Receiver
3G
UMTS Air Interface Technologies
UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological
solutions
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA TDD

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution
FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited
number of networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same
frequency

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band
Uplink and Downlink are separated in frequency
TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band
Uplink and Downlink are separated in time
Flexible time duration for UL and DL for Asymmetrical traffic

UMTS Air Interface Technologies
WCDMA Technology
5 MHz
3.84 MHz
f
5+5 MHz in FDD mode
5 MHz in TDD mode
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

Time
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
WCDMA Carrier
WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers
Users share same time and
frequency
UMTS FDD Frequency Band
Release 99
I 1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe,
Japan, India
II 1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900

New in Release 5
III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800

New in Release 6
IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band
V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850
VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan

New in Release 7
VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900
IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
UMTS-2100
Uplink
Downlink
1980 MHz 1920 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
Calculation
Duplex Frequency :2110-1920 = 190 MHz
Bandwidth :1980-1920 = 60 MHz
Carriers :60 / 5 = 12

Channel Numbering
UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)
UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):
UARFCN
=
5 . f [MHz]
Uplink/Downlink
Center
UARFCN is integer:
0 <= UARFCN <= 16383
Uplink/Downlink
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
Differences in WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 118
Power control
frequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packet
scheduling
Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS
Services
with
Different
quality
requirement
Efficient
packet data
Layered Network
F 1
F 2
F 2
F 3
F 3
F 3
Micro BTS
Macro BTS
Pico BTSs
1 - 10 km
50 - 100 m
200 - 500 m
Quality Of Service
3G Applications
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

10 100 1000 10000
Voice
Email
Database Access Information Service
Tele-banking Financial Services
Electronic Newspaper, Image/Sound Files
Tele-shopping
Video-telephony
Video Conferences
3G Services Required Data Rates
UMTS offers flexible and
dynamic data rates:
8 2000 kbps
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. UMTS QoS Classes
UMTS attempts to fulfil QoS requests from the user

Four traffic classes have been specified
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background

Main distinguishing feature is delay sensitivity

Quality of Service
QoS defines preferential delivery service for the applications
by ensuring sufficient bandwidth, controlling latency and
jitter, and reducing data loss.
The following table describes these network characteristics
Network Characteristics Description
Bandwidth
The rate at which traffic is carried by
the network.
Latency
The delay in data transmission from
source to destination.
Jitter
The variation in latency.
Reliability
The percentage of packets discarded by
a router.
QoS Class

NRT Data Call
Background Class
PS Data Call
Interactive Class
PS Data Call
Streaming Class
PS Data Call
Conversational
Class
CS Data Call
CS Data Call CS Voice Call
CS Call
RT Data Call
PS Call
Call
Streaming
Highly asymmetric
Real time, relatively low delay required
Typically between server and client

Example Applications
Web broadcast
Video on demand
Miscellaneous streaming multimedia

MobileComm Professionals, Inc. Interactive
Request response pattern
Preserve data integrity
Relatively delay sensitive but not real time
Treated as non-real time packet based service

Example applications:
Web browsing
Location based services
Database retrieval

QoS For Different Services
Quality Of Service Classes
Traffic class Conversation
al class
Streaming
class
Interactive
class
Background
Fundamental
characteristics
Preserve time
relation
between
information
entities of the
stream

Conversational
pattern
(stringent and
low delay)
Preserve time
relation
between
information
entities of the
stream
Request
response
pattern

Preserve data
integrity
Destination is
not expecting
the data
within a
certain time

Preserve data
integrity
Example of the
application
Voice,
videotelephony,
video games
Streaming
multimedia
Web browsing,
network games
Background
download of
emails
Features
WCDMA Features
Separate users through
different codes
Large bandwidth
Continuous transmission
and reception
Code planning -
Frequency reuse is 1
No frequency planning
Scrambling code planning
5 MHz carrier separation
Fast Power Control
Soft/Softer Handover
Admission Control
Load Control

frequency
code
CDMA
3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership
Project
http://www.3gpp.org
Separates users through different codes

Codes are used for two purposes:
Differentiate channels/users
Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

f
Code
t MS 1
MS 2
MS 3
5 MHz
DS-CDMA
Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)
Spreading Principle
User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying
them with a spreading code
The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is
spread in 5 MHz
The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and
the symbol rate
Information signal
Spreading signal
Transmission signal
Spreading/ De-spreading
Data x
Code
Data
Code
Code
(pseudo
noise)
Data
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
Symbol
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Chip Chip
Despreading
Spectrum
Symbol
Spreading and De-spreading

Spreading
Each user data bit is multiplied with a sequence of 'x'
code bits called CHIPS.
This 'x' determines the SPREADING FACTOR!!!!
The resulting spread data is at a rate of 'x' times R

De-spreading
The spread user data/chip sequence with the same 'x'
code chips to recover the original data.

Codes in WCDMA
Code Understanding
Code = Scrambling code + Channelization code

Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)
Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
Separates different cells (in downlink)

Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the
same scrambling code
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
Period depends on data rate

D
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g

User
data
Spreading
code
Chip
sequence
0 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
Spreading
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
Case 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1
Case 2
Orthogonallity Principle
Property
Orthogonality
Two codes are said to be orthogonal when their inner
product is zero.

Let: let S1 be one SF code & S2 another
Then : S1* S2 = 0
Eg: (1, 1, 1, 1) and (1, 1, -1, -1) are orthogonal:
(1 * 1) + (1 * 1) + (1 * -1) + (1 * -1) = 0
DL & UL Channelization Codes
Walsh-Hadamard Codes:
Orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32,
64, 128, 256, 512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32,
64, 128, 256}

Good Orthogonality Properties:
cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation
(where synchronization between various channels is
guaranteed)

In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and
control) channels from the same UE
In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data
(and control) channels coming from the same NodeB
CC1, CC2
CC3, CC4
CC5, CC6, CC7
CC1 , CC2, CC3
CC1, CC2
CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4
Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate
DL & UL Channelization Codes
Channelization Codes: Code Tree
C
0
(0)=[1]
C
2
(1)=[1-1]
C
2
(0)=[11]
C
4
(0)=[1111]
C
4
(1)=[11-1-1]
C
4
(2)=[1-11-1]
C
4
(3)=[1-1-11]
C
8
(0)=[11111111]
C
8
(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C
8
(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C
8
(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C
8
(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C
8
(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C
8
(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C
8
(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C16(0)=[............]
C
16
(1)=[............]
C
16
(15)=[...........]
C
16
(14)=[...........]
C
16
(13=[...........]
C
16
(12)=[...........]
C
16
(11)=[...........]
C
16
(10)=[...........]
C
16
(9)=[............]
C
16
(8)=[............]
C
16
(7)=[............]
C
16
(6)=[............]
C
16
(5)=[............]
C
16
(4)=[............]
C
16
(3)=[............]
C
16
(2)=[............]
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 SF=256 SF=512
...
Spreading
factor
Channel
symbol
rate
(ksps)
Channel
bit rate
(kbps)
DPDCH
channel bit
rate range
(kbps)
Maximum user
data rate with
-rate coding
(approx.)
512 7.5 15 36 13 kbps
256 15 30 1224 612 kbps
128 30 60 4251 2024 kbps
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps

Half rate speech
Full rate speech
384 kbps
Symbol phy b
R R 2
_
SF
W
R
Symbol
(QPSK modulation)
Spreading Factor
Gain
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
a
t
t
s
/
H
z
)

Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
User bit
rate
R
sec
84 . 3
Mchip
const W

R
W
dB G
p
Processing
Gain:
Processing Gain
Frequency (Hz)

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
H
z
)

R
Frequency (Hz)

G
p
=W/R=24.98 dB
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
/
H
z
)

R
G
p
=W/R=10 dB

Spreading
sequences have a
different length
Processing gain
depends on the user
data rate

Processing Gain
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation
Scrambling operation
Data bit
OVSF code Scrambling code
Chips after
spreading
Combination
Separates users through different codes
Codes are used for two purposes:
Differentiate channels/users
Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth
After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied
by a special code to distinguish between different
transmitters.

Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to
be synchronized

The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the
code length longer codes, better separation (but not 100%)

Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long
Scrambling Property
DL Scrambling Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms
radio frame
Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips
512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes
16.8 million UL Scrambling Codes
Scrambling Codes
Scrambling Distribution

SC 0
SC 16 SC 40
SC 32
SC 56
SC 24
SC 1
SC 17 SC 41
SC 33
SC 64
SC 8
SC 48
SC 9 SC 25
SC 57
SC 65
SC 49
SC3 SC4
SC5 SC6
SC1
SC1
Cell 1 transmits using SC1
SC2 SC2
Cell 2 transmits using SC2
In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to
distinguish each cell (assigned by operator SC planning)
In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish
each UE (assigned by network)
Scrambling Codes
Channelization & Scrambling Codes
2 data channels
(voice, control)
SC3 + CC1 + CC2
2 data channels
(14 kbps data, control)
SC4 + CC1 + CC2
3 data channels
(voice, video, control)
SC2 + CC1 + CC2 +
CC3
3 data channels
(voice, video, control)
SC5 + CC1 + CC2 +
CC3
4 data channels
(384 kbps data, voice, video,
control)
SC6 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 + CC4
4 data channels
(384 kbps data, voice, video,
control)
SC2 + CC4 + CC5 + CC6 + CC7
2 data channels
(voice, control)
SC1 + CC1 + CC2
1 data channels
(control)
SC1 + CC3
Voice
Conversation Uplink
Packet Data
Video
conference
Video
conference
with Data
Pilot, Broadcast
SC1 + CC
P
+ CC
B

Pilot, Broadcast
SC2 + CC
P
+ CC
B

DL Spreading and Multiplexing
User 3
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot
X
CODE 1
X
CODE 2
X
CODE 3
X
CODE 4
X
CODE 5
+
X
SCRAMBLING
CODE
RF
SUM
User 2
User 1
BCCH
Pilot
Radio frame = 15 time slots
Time
User 3
3.84 MHz
RF carrier
3.84 MHz bandwidth
CHANNELISATION codes:
P-CPICH
P-CCPCH
DPCH
1
DPCH
2
DPCH
3
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data
(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Length 4256 chips (1.066.7
s)
Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length
of the code
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
66.7
s = 256 chips
Option (2) can be used with advanced
base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling
code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth

Channelization & Scrambling Codes
Correlation
Transmission Power
Frequency
5MHz
Power density
Time
High bit rate user
Low bit rate user
Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load &
Power
Multipath Propagation
2
t
Multipath Propagation
1
t
0
t
3
t
Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between
different replica of the desired signal
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. RAKE Receiver
MobileComm Professionals, Inc. RAKE Receiver
Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells
D
e
l
a
y

1

Code used
for the
connection
Rx
Output
Finger
t
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-2
Rx
Rx
Rx
Finger
Finger
Finger
D
e
l
a
y

2

D
e
l
a
y

3

Each multi-path component is called a finger

Estimation of radio channel properties for each finger:
Delay
Amplitude
Phase

The Rake receiver combines multi-path components by
coherent combining of multi-path components belonging to
the respective user.

RAKE Receiver
Summary
Global Stats
Convergence
Evaluation of 3G and Releases
Technology Concept
UMTS Fundamental
WCDMA Principle
Frequency Band Allocation
Spreading Principle
Processing gain

HAPPY LEARNING

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WCDMA Overview

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WCDMA Overview

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