Lecture 9 - Techniques of Integration: AMA140/150 Calculus

Lecture 9 - Techniques of Integration
AMA140/150 Calculus
AMA140/150 Calculus Lecture 9 - Techniques of Integration
Outline
Properties of indenite integrals
Integration by substitution
Integration by parts
Reduction Formula
Method of Partial Fractions
Properties of indenite integrals
Properties of denite integrals
For a, b, and c are real numbers,
1
cf (x) dx = c
f (x) dx;
2
(f (x) g(x)) dx =
f (x) dx
g(x) dx.
If u = u(x) is a dierentiable function and f is continuous, then
g(u)
du
dx
dx =
g(u)u
(x) dx =
g(u) du.
We can preform the method of integration by substitution as follows:
1
Write the integral as the form
f (x) dx =
g(u)
du
dx
dx,
for some inside function u = u(x).
2
Then du =
du
dx
dx and so
f (x) dx =
g(u) du.
Therefore, we can evaluate the latter integral instead.
Example 9.1 Evaluate the following integrals.
1
dx
7x 5
;
2
3
1
dx
7x 5
;
3

4
0
tan
3
x
cos
2
x
dx;
4
x
2
5x
3
+ 4 dx;
5
sin x cos x dx;

6
xe
x
2
dx;
Solution.
Let u = 7x 5. Then du = 7dx.
1
7x 5
dx =
1
7
1
7x 5
(7dx)
=
1
7
1
u
du
=
1
7
ln |u| + C
=
1
7
ln |7x 5| + C
When x = 1, u = 2. When x = 3,
u = 16.
3
1
1
7x 5
dx =
1
7
3
1
1
7x 5
(7dx)
=
1
7
16
2
1
u
du
=
1
7
ln |u|
16
2
=
1
7
ln |8|
If u = u(x) and v = v(x) are dierentiable functions, then we have the
following identities.
u dv = uv
v du and
b
a
u dv = uv
b
a
b
a
v du.
Sketch of Proof. Notice that
u dv +
v du =
u(x)v
(x) dx +
v(x)u
(x) dx
=
u(x)v
(x) + v(x)u
(x) dx
= u(x)v(x) + C.
1
x
2
ln x dx;
2
e
x
sin 2x dx;
3
1
0
xe
x
dx;
4
sin
2
x cos
3
x dx.
Solution.
x
2
ln x dx =
ln x d
1
3
x
3
=
1
3
x
3
ln x
1
3
x
3
d(ln x) (intergration by parts)
=
1
3
x
3
ln x
1
3
x
3
1
x
dx
=
1
3
x
3
ln x
1
3
x
2
dx =
1
3
x
3
ln x
1
9
x
3
+ C.
1
0
e
x
sin 2x dx =
sin 2x, d (e
x
)
= e
x
sin 2x
e
x
(2 cos 2x) dx
= e
x
sin 2x
2 cos 2x d (e
x
)
= e
x
sin 2x 2e
x
cos 2x +
e
x
(4 sin 2x) dx
= e
x
sin 2x 2e
x
cos 2x 4
e
x
sin 2x dx
Therefore,
5
1
0
e
x
sin 2x dx = e
x
sin 2x 2e
x
cos 2x
1
0
e
x
sin 2x dx =
1
5
e
x
sin 2x
2
5
e
x
cos 2x + C
1
0
xe
x
dx =
1
0
x d (e
x
) = xe
x
|
1
0
1
0
e
x
dx = 1
sin
2
x cos
3
x dx =
cos
2
x d
1
3
sin
3
x
= =
=
1
3
sin
3
x cos
2
x +
2
15
sin
5
x + C
Reduction Formula
Example 9.3 Let I
n
=
sin
n
x dx, where n 2. Show that
I
n
=
sin
n1
x cos x
n
+
n 1
n
I
n2
.
Hence, nd
sin
5
x dx.
The above relation for I
n
is usually called a reduction formula.
Solution.
I
n
=
sin
n
x dx =
sin
n1
x d(cos x)
= sin
n1
x cos x +
(n 1) sin
n2
x cos
2
x dx
= sin
n1
x cos x +
(n 1) sin
n2
x(1 sin
2
x) dx
= sin
n1
x cos x + (n 1)
sin
n2
x dx (n 1)
sin
n
x dx
= sin
n1
x cos x + (n 1)I
n2
(n 1)I
n
Reduction Formula
(Cont..) Therefore,
n I
n
= sin
n1
x cos x + (n 1)I
n2
I
n
=
sin
n1
x cos x
n
+
n 1
n
I
n2
Now,
sin
5
dx = I
5
=
sin
4
x cos x
5
+
4
5
I
3
=
sin
4
x cos x
5
+
4
5
sin
2
x cos x
3
+
2
3
I
1
=
sin
4
x cos x
5
+
4 sin
2
x cos x
13
+
8
15
I
1
=
sin
4
x cos x
5
+
4 sin
2
x cos x
13

8
15
cos x + C.
Strategy for integrating a rational function
P(x)
Q(x)
:
1
If degree of P(x) degree of Q(x), try long division. Then apply the
method of partial fractions on the remainder.
2
If Q(x) is the product of distinct linear factors, pick partial fractions of
the form
A
x c
.
3
If Q(x) contains a repeated linear factor, (x c)
n
, pick partial fractions
of the form
A
1
x c
+
A
2
(x c)
2
+ +
A
n
(x c)
n
.
4
If Q(x) contains an unfactorable quadratic q(x), pick a partial fraction of
the form
Ax + B
q(x)
.
5
Useful identities for simple rational forms:
1
(ax + b)
n
dx =
1
a(n 1) (ax + b)
n1
+ C, a = 0, n = 1
1
ax + b
dx =
1
a
ln |ax + b| + C, a = 0.
1
1
(x 2)(x 5)
dx =
1/3
x 2
+
1/3
x 5
dx =
2
x + 2
x
2
+ x
dx =
2
x
+
1
x + 1
dx =
3
10x 2x
2
(x 1)
2
(x + 3)
dx =
x 1
+
(x 1)
2
+
x + 3
dx =
4
2x
2
x 1
(x
2
+ 1)(x 2)
dx =
x
2
+ 1
+
x 2
dx =
5
x
3
7x
2
+ 10x + 1
x
2
7x + 10
dx =
x +
x 2
+
x 5
dx =
6
1
x
2
+ x + 1
dx =
1
1
(x 2)(x 5)
dx =
1/3
x 2
+
1/3
x 5
dx =
2
x + 2
x
2
+ x
dx =
2
x
+
1
x + 1
dx =
3
10x 2x
2
(x 1)
2
(x + 3)
dx =
1
x 1
+
2
(x 1)
2
+
3
x + 3
dx =
4
2x
2
x 1
(x
2
+ 1)(x 2)
dx =
x + 1
x
2
+ 1
+
1
x 2
dx =
5
x
3
7x
2
+ 10x + 1
x
2
7x + 10
dx =
x +
1/3
x 2
+
1/3
x 5
dx =
6
1
x
2
+ x + 1
dx =
1
(x + 1/2)
2
+ 3/4
dx =
More other examples
1
sin
2
x dx;
2
tan
2
x dx;
3
sin 4x cos 5x dx;

4
(x + 2)
3
3 x dx;
5

1 +
x dx;
6
ln x dx.

Lecture 9 - Techniques of Integration: AMA140/150 Calculus

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Lecture 9 - Techniques of Integration

sin x cos x dx;

sin 4x cos 5x dx;

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