CALCULATION

PART A:
Standardization of a Sodium Hydroxide solution

Trial 1
Mass of KHP transferred = 0.2509
Volume of Distilled water = 25 mL
Volume of NaOH used = 8.2 mL
Molar mass of KHP = 204.22 g/mol
No. of moles of KHP = Mass of KHP used / Molar mass
= 0.2509/ 204.22 g/mol
= 1.2286 x 10
-3
moles

Concentration of NaOH = No. of moles / Volume
= [1.2286 x 10
-3
mol / {(8.2) / 1000} L]
= 0.1498 M
Trial 2
Mass of KHP transferred = 0.2522
Volume of Distilled water = 25 mL
Volume of NaOH used = 8.7 mL
Molar mass of KHP = 204.22 g/mol
No. of moles of KHP = Mass of KHP used / Molar mass
= 0.2522 / 204.22 g/mol
= 1.2349 x 10
-3
moles




Concentration of NaOH = No. of moles / Volume
= [1.2349 x 10
-3
mol / {(8.7) / 1000} L]
= 0.1419 M
Trial 3
Mass of KHP transferred = 0.2538 g
Volume of Distilled water = 25 mL
Volume of NaOH used = 8.8 mL
Molar mass of KHP = 204.22 g/mol
No. of moles of KHP = Mass of KHP used / Molar mass
= 0.2538 / 204.22 g/mol
=1.2428 x 10
-3
moles
Concentration of NaOH = No. of moles / Volume
= [1.2428 x 10
-3
mol / {(8.8) / 1000} L]
= 0.1412.M

Average concentration of NaOH = [0.1498M + 0.1419M + 0.1412M] / 3
= 0.1443 M
Variance =
1 3
) 1443 . 0 1412 . 0 ( ) 1443 . 0 1419 . 0 ( ) 1443 . 0 1498 . 0 (
2 2 2

=2.28 x 10
-5
Standard Deviation=

= 4.78 x 10
-3




PART B:
Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid solution
HCl Sample Code = 34
Trial 1:
Volume diluted acid = 25 mL
Volume of NaOH used = 25.3 mL

HCl (aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)
Average concentration of NaOH = 3.68 M
No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used)
= 0.1443 * (25.3 / 1000) L
= 3.6508 x 10
-4
moles
No. of moles of HCl = 3.6508 x 10
-4
mol

Concentration of HCl= No. of moles / (volume of diluted acid / 1000)
= 3.6508 x 10
-4
mol/ (25 / 1000) L
= 0.1460 M
Trial 2:
Volume diluted acid = 25 mL
Volume of NaOH used = 25.5 mL
HCl (aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)
Average concentration of NaOH = 0.1443 M
No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used)
= 0.1443 * (25.5 / 1000) L
= 3.6797 x 10
-3
moles



No. of moles of HCl = 3.6797 x 10
-3
mol
Concentration of HCl= No. of moles / (volume of diluted acid / 1000)
= 3.6797 x 10
-3
mol/ (25 / 1000) L
= 0.1472 M
Trial 3:
Volume diluted acid = 25 mL
Volume of NaOH used = 26..3 mL

HCl (aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O (l)
Average concentration of NaOH = 0.1443 M
No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used)
= 0.1443* (26.3 / 1000) L
= 3.7950 x 10
-3
moles
No. of moles of HCl = 3.7950 x 10
-3
mol
Concentration of HCl= No. of moles / (volume of diluted acid / 1000)
= 3.7950 x 10
-3
mol/ (25 / 1000) L
= 0.1518 M
Average concentration of HCl = [0.1472 M + 0.1518 M] / 2
= 0.1495 M
Variance=
1 2
) 1495 . 0 1518 . 0 ( 1495 . 0 1472 . 0 (
2 2

= 1.06 x 10
-5
Standard Deviation =

= 3.25 x 10
-3


PART C:
Concentration of Sulfuric Acid solution
H2SO4 Sample Code = 34

Trial 1 and Trial 3:
Volume diluted acid = 25 mL
Volume of NaOH used = 21.9 mL

H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) 2H2O (l) + 2Na2SO4 (aq)
Average concentration of NaOH = 0.1443 M
No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used)
= 0.1443 M * (21.9/ 1000) L
= 3.1602 x 10
-3
moles
No. of moles of H2SO4 = 3.1602 x 10
-3
mol / 2
= 1.58 x 10
-3
mol

Concentration of H2SO4 = No. of moles / (volume of diluted acid / 1000)
= 1.58 x 10
-3
mol / (25 / 1000) L
= 0.0632M
Trial 2:
Volume diluted acid = 25 mL
Volume of NaOH used = 22.1 mL

H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) 2H2O (l) + 2Na2SO4 (aq)
Average concentration of NaOH = 0.1443 M



No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used)
= 0.1443M * (22.1/ 1000) L
= 3.1890 x 10
-3
moles
No. of moles of H2SO4 = 3.1890 x 10
-3
mol / 2
= 1.5945 x 10
-3
mol

Concentration of H2SO4 = No. of moles / (volume of diluted acid / 1000)
= 1.5945 x 10
-3
mol / (25 / 1000) L
= 0.0638 M
Average concentration of H2SO4 = [ 0.0632 M + 0.0638 M] / 2
= 0.0635 M


Variance=
1 2
) 0635 . 0 0638 . 0 ( ) 0635 . 0 0632 . 0 (
2 2

= 1.8 10
-7
Standard Deviation =

= 4.24x 10
-4