AIk CLLU1ICN

Mukesh khare
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi)
Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016
Important Notes
owerpolnL slldes are overvlew of Lhe
correspondlng lecLures.
1he sLudenLs are advlsed sLrongly Lo refer Lo
Lhe references and LexL book as suggesLed.
keferences
8lchard W. 8oubel, uonald L.lox, u.8ruce
Turner, Arthur C. Stern (1994) Fundamentals
of Air Pollution, Third Edition, Academic Press
M. An[l reddy (2007)Textbook of
Environmental Science and Technology , BS
ubllcaLlons
CllberL M.MasLers (2004) Introduction to
Environmental Engineering and Science ,
renLlce hall of lndla press.
Any book on LnvlronmenLal Sclences
Introduct|on
Lecture 1op|cs
Introduct|on
n|stor|ca| 8ackground
A|r o||ut|on Lp|sode
A|r o||ut|on due to 1error|sm
Great Larth Sphere
A|r o||ut|on and o||utants
WhaL ls Alr olluLlon
Sources of Alr olluLlon and Lhelr classlflcaLlon
Alr olluLanLs and lLs Lypes
Alr olluLlon lndlan Scenarlo
A|r ua||ty Mon|tor|ng
Meteoro|ogy and A|r ua||ty Mode|||ng
Lffects of A|r o||ut|on
Gauss|an D|spers|on Mode|
A|r o||ut|on Contro|
Indoor A|r ua||ty
G|oba| A|r o||ut|on
Acld 8aln
Czone uepleLlon
Clobal Wormlng

n|stor|ca| 8ackground
Wood burnlng
Lead polluLlon from 8oman smelLers
Sewage polluLlon ln 8ome durlng 312 8.C
!"##$%&"' ") *&+,* -&.,*.
usage of lasLlcs and synLheLlc chemlcals llke
uu1 , olychlorlnaLed blphenyls eLc durlng
World war ll


1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of sea
coal
1377 1399 - Richard II restricts use of coal
14
th
century- Lack of planned disposal of food waste
caused plague epidemic in Europe
1413 1422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of
coal
1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn
of the Royal Society publishes Fumifugium, or the
inconvenience of the aer and smoke dissipated,
together with some remedies humbly proposed.
1784Watts steam engine; boilers to burn
fossil fuels (coal) to make steam to pump water
and move machinery
Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by power
plants, trains, ships: coal (and oil) burning =
smoke, ash
1888- First urban sanitary act prohibiting
throwing of solid waste in UK
1907 - Formation of the Air & Waste
Management Association in USA

1953 Hooker chemical factory episode near
Niagara falls (chemical dump of 21000 tons )
1955 - First Federal Air Pollution Control Act -
funds for research (USA)
1960 - Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act - funds for
research (USA)
1963 - Clean Air Act (USA)
Three stage enforcement
Funds for state and local agencies
1965 - Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act
(USA)
1967 - Air Quality Act (USA)
Criteria documents
Control technique documents
1970 - Clean Air Act Amendments (USA)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
New Source Performance Standards
1972 - Clean waLer acL (uSA)
/
Ind|an Scenar|o
Alr (revenLlon and ConLrol of olluLlon) AcL, 1981.
1he Alr (revenLlon and ConLrol of olluLlon) 8ules,
1982.
CenLral MoLor vehlcles AcL, 1988
LnvlronmenL (roLecLlon) AcL, 1986 (LA).

!*,0,'%#12 3#4"0% 3## %5, 6"$'%*&,0 3*, 53+&'7
%5,&* "8' ,'+&*"'4,'%3# 9"##$%&"' 36%0/

Ma[or Lp|sodes
December,1930- Meuse Va||ey, 8e|g|um
Meuse valley:-
8lver valley, densely populaLed
& Plghly lndusLrlallzed
Plgh baromeLrlc pressure &
1hermal lnverslon
CulprlL gases were:-
SC
2
, sulfur dloxlde
SC
4
sulfurlc acld mlsL
ulsasLer:-
63 dled due Lo sore LhroaLs,
shorLness of breaLh, cough,
phlegm, nausea, vomlLlng

Donora, ACct. 1948
uonora, ennsylvanla
Monongahela 8lver valley
lndusLrlal LownsLeel mlll, sulfurlc acld
planL, frelghL yard, eLc.
opulaLlon14,000
SLeep hllls surroundlng Lhe valley
CcL 26LemperaLure lnverslon
SLable alr, fog, lasLed 4.3 days
CulprlLs:-
Sulfur gases + parLlculaLes, sulfurlc
acld mlsL
ulsasLer:-
6000 people became lll, 20 people
dled
U.S. ub||c nea|th Serv|ce ca||ed |n f|rst t|me a|r po||ut|on off|c|a||y recogn|zed as potent|a|
pub||c hea|th prob|em
Dec. 19S2 Great London Smog
!"#$"# &'()*+
Maln culprlLs:-
Cold fronL, Londoners burned sofL
coal ln facLorles and power planLs.
1emperaLure lnverslon

ulsasLer:-
3 days of worsL smog clLy had ever
seen.
publlc LransporLaLlon sLopped.
lndoor concerLs had Lo be
cancelled because no one could see
Lhe sLage, eLc.

Nov. 1954 Los Angeles Smog
Maln culprlLs:-
vehlcular olluLlon
1emperaLure lnverslon

ulsasLer:-
8rownlsh haze and palnful eyes

owerful resplraLory and eye
lrrlLanL

1oxlc as well as carclnogenlc

Plgher concenLraLlons lead Lo
exLenslve damage of vegeLaLlon
8hopa|, Ind|a Dec. 3, 1984
Ma[or CulprlL:-
unlon Carblde pesLlclde planL
leaked MeLhyl lsocyanaLe (MlC)
used as an lnLermedlary ln
manufacLure Carbaryl.
PealLh LffecLs:-
MlClrrlLanL Lo Lhe lungs, edema,
fluld (cause of deaLhs were
bronchospasms, corneal opaclLy.
ulsasLer:-
kllled up Lo 2,000 wlLh up Lo
330,000 ln[ured and 100,000 wlLh
permanenL dlsablllLles.

A|r o||ut|on due to
1error|sm
ln Lhe 2 years slnce aLLack,
Lhousands of new ?orkers have
conLacLed Lhe World 1rade CenLer
healLh reglsLry, reporLlng cases of
perslsLenL coughs, wheezlng,
shorLness of breaLh and slnus
lnflammaLlon.
11
th
September, 2001,
New York City
300 employees had Lo be reLlred
early as a resulL of resplraLory
dlsablllLy or chronlc breaLhlng
problems caused by Lhelr
exposure Lo dense clouds of dusL
8,000 alr samples collecLed a
mlle from Lhe complex, found
hlgh levels of very flne alrborne
parLlcles LhaL could lncrease rlsk
of lung damage and hearL
aLLacks.
1a[ PoLel , Mumbal, 2008
Great Larth Spheres
lnLroducLlon of ConLamlnanLs lnLo Lhe
envlronmenL LhaL causes
- lnsLablllLy Lo Lhe ecosysLem
- ulsorder Lo Lhe ecosysLem
- ulscomforL Lo Lhe ecosysLem
Lcosystem: lL refers Lo a physlcal sysLem or llvlng
organlsms of Lhe envlronmenL. All llvlng
organlsms and non-llvlng organlsms lnLeracL ln a
deflned physlcal area.

Atmosphere
Air







Water

Hydrosphere
Soil/rock


Lithosphere
Ecosphere


Living things
(Biosphere)
The Earths Great Spheres
A|r o||ut|on and o||utants
What |s atmosphere?
lL ls a mlxLure of gases LhaL forms a layer of abouL 2S0 m||es
Lhlck around Lhe earLh.
What |s A|r o||ut|on?

1ransfer of !"#$%&' and/or (")&#"'*+,()!-)./ maLerlals lnLo Lhe
aLmosphere as a d|rect]|nd|rect consequence of human acLlvlLy,
whlch can affecL Lhe healLh of '.0.(1 "(3 *4# (4( '.0.(1 Lhlngs.
What are A|r o||utants?

1he subsLances causlng alr polluLlon are known as alr polluLanLs. 1hey
occur as a resulL of |ndustr|a| d|scharge]em|ss|ons from moLor
vehlcles and /or from naLural sources.
A|r po||ut|on types

-ersonal alr polluLlon
-CccupaLlonal alr polluLlon
-CommunlLy alr polluLlon

A|r o||ut|on Def|n|t|on 8ased on System
Approach
Sources of
Alr olluLlon
MeLeorology &
1opography
Alr CuallLy
LffecLs on
8ecepLors
ConLrol
C|ass|f|cat|on of o||ut|on Source
o|nt source
: 0%36; ,4&%%&'7 730,0

Non-o|nt source
: *"3<831 8&%5
'$4.,* ") +,5&6#,0
9#1&'7 "' ,&%5,*
<&*,6%&"' =#&', 0"$*6,>
D|fferences between o||utants and
Contam|nants
o||utants
- Man made
- resenL ln maLerlal form

Contam|nants
- naLurally occurred
- May be ln maLerlal form or energy
form
1ype of o||utants
rlmary
Secondary

rlmary olluLanLs:- ulrecLly emlLLed from sources.

?3*."' 4"'"@&<, =?A>
A@&<,0 ") '&%*"7,' =BA@>
C$#)$* "@&<,0 =CA
@
>
!3*%&6$#3%, 43%%,*
D"#3%&#, "*73'&6 6"49"$'<0 =DA?0>
E,3<

Secondary olluLanLs:- form ln Lhe aLmosphere Lhrough chemlcal/
phoLochemlcal reacLlons from prlmary polluLanLs.

:6&< 4&0% F )$4,0 =G
H
CA
I
2 GBA
J
>
!5"%"65,4&63# 04"7
AK"', =A
J
>
!,*"@1 36&# '&%*3%,=!:B>




,-'./-+"-+ 0 "#$%&#' ()**+,&-,. ,/&, #0&1, ,) 2)#% .01)-3&#'
()**+,&-,. $- (#0.0-10 )2 456 .)*&# #&3$&,$)-.7
Iormat|on of Secondary o||utants
RPM
PM10
Fine, PM
2.5
Coarse
PM
2.5
- PM
10
Crushing, grinding
Windblown dust, resuspended dust,
Mining
Natural bioaerosols
55% of total mass of
suspended particles

1/5th of the width of
human hair
1/20th the width of human hair
sulfate, Amm. nitrate, Organic
compounds, trace metals, soot (EC)
Derived from combustion material or
reaction of precurser gases
kesp|rab|e art|cu|ate Matter
Natural:-
Dust storms, volcanoes, forest
fires, oceans, plant and animal
decay.

Anthropogenic:-
Mobile- vehicular exhausts
Stationary - Electric power
generation, industrial,
agricultural, construction, solid
waste disposal and
incineration.

Sources
Sources of Ma[or A|r o||utants
S. No. Pollutant Sources
1 SO
2
Coal Combustion, oil burning and other sulphur
containing fuels, refineries, smelters, paper industries
2 Particulates Fuel combustion, industrial processes, construction,
forest fires, dust storms, incineration of solid waste,
automobiles.
3 NO
2
Automobiles, fertilizer industry
4 CO Combustion of fuels (gasoline)
5 VOCs Automobiles- carburetors, evaporation from gasoline
tank; Industrial processes involving solvents.
6 Lead Combustion of leaded petrol, lead smelting
operations
7 Photochemical
Oxidants
Photochemical reactions in the atmosphere- involves
HCs, NO
2
and sunlight.
8 Hg Paper, chemical and paint industries, pesticides etc.
lndlan Scenarlo
Annual Average Conc.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Delhi Mumbai Chennai Kolkata Bangalore Hyderabad Ahmedabad
City
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
u
g
/
m
3
)
SO2 NO2 SPM RSPM
SPM Standard (Industrial)
SPM Standard (Residential)
RSPM Standard (Industrial)
RSPM Standard (Residential)
Year 2005
Compar|son A|r ua||ty of Seven Ind|an C|t|es
Nat|ona| Amb|ent A|r ua||ty Standards(2009)
o||utants 1|me-We|ghted Average Concentration in Ambient Air
Industr|a|, kes|dent|a|, kura|
and Cther Area Areas
Lco|og|ca||y sens|t|ve Area (not|f|ed by
Centra| Government)
Su|phur D|ox|de (SC
2
) Annual* 30 g/m
3
20 g/m
3

24 hours** 80 g/m
3
80 g/m
3

N|trogen D|ox|de (NC
2
) Annual* 40 g/m
3
30 g/m
3

24 hours** 80 g/m
3
80 g/m
3

art|cu|ate Matter (s|ze |ess than 10g]m
3
) or
M
10

Annual* 60 g/m
3
60 g/m
3

24 hours** 100 g/m
3
100 g/m
3

art|cu|ate Matter (s|ze |ess than 2.Sg]m
3
) or
M
2.S

Annual* 40 g/m
3
40 g/m
3

24 hours** 60 g/m
3
60 g/m
3

Czone (C
3
) 8 hours** 100 g/m
3
100 g/m
3

1 hours** 180 g/m
3
180 g/m
3

Lead (b) Annual* 0.30 g/m
3
0.30 g/m
3

24 hours** 1.0 g/m
3
1.0 g/m
3

Ammon|a (Nn
3
) Annual* 100 g/m
3
100 g/m
3

24 hours** 400 g/m
3
400 g/m
3

Carbon Monox|de (CC) 8 hours** 02 mg/m
3
02 mg/m
3

1 hour** 04 mg/m
3
04 mg/m
3

8enzene (C
6
n
6
) Annual* 03 g/m
3
03 g/m
3

Benzo() Pyrene (BaP)-part|cu|ate phase on|y Annual* 01 ng/m
3
01 ng/m
3

Arsen|c (As) Annual* 06 ng/m
3
06 ng/m
3

N|cke| (N|) Annual* 20 ng/m
3
20 ng/m
3

*Annual ArlLhmeLlc Mean of mlnlmum 104 measuremenLs ln a year Laken Lwlce a week 24 hourly aL unlform lnLerval.
**24-hourly/8-hourly values should be meL 98 of Lhe Llme ln a year. Powever, 2 of Lhe Llme, lL may exceed buL noL on Lhe Lwo
consecuLlve days.
Air Quality
Monitoring
Why Mon|tor|ng]Samp||ng |s essent|a|?
lor conLrolllng conLamlnanLs essenLlal Lo know where
Lhe conLamlnanLs are and aL whaL concenLraLlons?

What |s Lnv|ronmenta| samp|e ?
A small porLlon of alr, waLer, soll bloLa or oLher
envlronmenLal medla (lndoor, palnL, wood ) LhaL
represenLs a large enLlLy.

Lx: A sample of alr ln a bag havlng deflnlLe volume ls
a represenLaLlve of a porLlon of alr mass under sLudy .

What |s Samp||ng?
Cn slLe gravlmeLrlc/absorpLlon/adsorpLlon
collecLlon of conLamlnanLs uslng samplers

What |s Mon|tor|ng ?
AuLomaLlc ConLlnuous analysls of samples
uslng lnfrared/chemllumlnlscence based
Lechnlques
Irequency and Number of Samp|es
lL depends upon
(|) The size of air shed under study
Lx: new ?ork clLy- Large alr shed and orL
of Spaln: Small alr shed)
(||) 1ype of s|te and contam|nant
Lx: Plghly Loxlc conLamlnanL more
samples
CrlLlcal slLes: naLlonal parks, Pazardous
slLes- more samples

kepresentat|veness of Samp|es
Lx. 1
L'+&*"'4,'%3# 4,<&3 : Large lake havlng 1 mllllon
llLers of waLer
-19, ") 6"'%34&'3'%: 1CA
-19,0 ") 0349#,0
a) CaLher 1 sample of 300 ml ln mlddle of Lhe lake
b) Sample represenLs only 3 x 10
-7
of Lhe LoLal
volume llmlLed ln locaLlon (one locaLlon)
M,0$#%
uncerLalnLy ln derlvlng LhaL 1CA concenLraLlon of Lhls
sample represenLs concenLraLlon of 1CA ln whole lake


Lx.2
L'+&*"'4,'%3# 4,<&3 : Large lake havlng 1 mllllon llLers of waLer
-19, ") 6"'%34&'3'%: 1CA
-19,0 ") 0349#,0
1ake 10 samples aL 10 locaLlons spaLlally dlsLrlbuLed ln lake
M,0$#%
Sample represenLaLlveness lmproves.

Lx.3
L'+&*"'4,'%3# 4,<&3 : Large lake havlng 1 mllllon llLers of waLer
-19, ") 6"'%34&'3'%: 1CA
-19,0 ") 0349#,0
1ake 10 samples aL 10 locaLlons ln each season

M,0$#%
Sample represenLaLlon furLher lmproves glvlng lnLra-annual
varlablllLy of 1CA concenLraLlon ln Lhe lake



Lx.4
L'+&*"'4,'%3# 4,<&3 : Large lake havlng 1
mllllon llLers of waLer
-19, ") 6"'%34&'3'%: 1CA
-19,0 ") 0349#,0
1ake 10 samples aL 10 locaLlons ln each
season for several years.
M,0$#%
Sample represenLaLlveness furLher
lmproves glvlng Lhe lnLer annual varlablllLy
of 1CA concenLraLlon ln Lhe lake



Iorms of Samp|es
Grab : Sample aL slngle slLe aL one Llme

Compos|te : Mlxlng physlcally mulLlple grab
samples (from dlfferenL locaLlons and Llmes)-
physlcal averaglng.

Mu|t|p|e compos|te samp|e: Mlxlng physlcally
varlous composlLe samples.
kandom
:<+3'%37,0
Covers a large area
SLaLlsLlcal represenLaLlveness
N&03<+3'%37,0
Mlss some slgnlflcanL slLes
neglecLs prlor knowledge of Lhe slLe

Strat|f|ed kandom Samp||ng
lL dlvldes Lhe slLe ln Lo areas
:<+3'%37,0
Avolds Lhe omlsslon problem



Strat|f|ed samp||ng
1argeLs conLamlnanLs
SlLe ls subdlvlded where ln number of samples
are dlfferenL ln dlfferenL areas
used for complex slLes llke mlnlng

Systemat|c Samp||ng (GkID)
Whole slLe ls covered and Lhe sample locaLlons are
easlly ldenLlflable
Number and Irequency
M|n|mum number of samp|es
3, (one upwlnd , Lwo downwlnd)

Irequency
lor parLlculaLes : 24 hours average
lor gases : uepends up on sLandards
and llmlLs sLaLuLes
Amb|ent A|r o||ut|on Mon|tor|ng
CC/ CC
2
M10, M2.3 , M1
Pandy Sampler
NOx Monitor
SO
X
Monitor
CC Mon|tor
Table 1. Methods of Measuring and Analyzing Air Pollutants
Method
Variable
Measured
Principle
Gravimetric PM
10
, PM
2.5

Particles are trapped or collected on filters, and
the filters are weighed to determine the volume of
the pollutant.
Atomic absorption
spectrometry (AAS)
more than 60
metals or metalloid
elements (e.g. Pb,
Hg, Zn)
This technique operates by measuring energy
changes in the atomic state of the
analyte. Emitted radiation is a function of atoms
present in the sample.
Spectrophotometry SO
2
, O
3

Measure the amount of light that a sample
absorbs. The amount of light absorbed indicates
the amount of analyte present in the sample.
Chemiluminescence NO
2
, O
3

Based upon the emission spectrum of an excited
species that is formed in the course of a chemical
reaction.
Gas chromatography
(GC) - flame ionization
detector (FID)
VOC
Responds in proportion to number of carbon
atoms in gas sample.
Gas chromatography-
mass spectrometry
(GC-MS)
VOC
Mass spectrometers use the difference in mass-to-
charge ratio (m/z) of ionized atoms or molecules to
separate them from each other.
Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR)
CO, VOC, CH
4

Sample absorbs infrared radiation and difference
in absorption is measured.
Meteoro|ogy &
A|r ua||ty Mode||ng
Atmospher|c Character|st|cs
Meteoro|ogy ls Lhe lnLerdlsclpllnary sclenLlflc sLudy of
Lhe aLmosphere LhaL focuses on weaLher processes
and shorL Lerm forecasLlng (ln conLrasL wlLh
cllmaLology).
Characteristic of atmosphere is its ability to resist
vertical motion: Stability
Affects atmospheric ability to disperse pollutants
When parcel of air is displaced upward
Encounters lower pressure
Expands to lower temperature
Assume no heat transfers to surrounding atmosphere
(adiabatic )

Lapse rate ()
8aLe of change of LemperaLure of Lhe parcel of alr
(smoke) wlLh helghL.

1ypes of Lapse kate ( d1/dz)
5#, 63."7")./ 8"9+- #")- (
d
) : - 1C]100m or
(N:EM) - S.4I]1000ft
:")&#")-3 63."7")./ 8"9+- ;")- (
saL
) : -0.6
0
C]100m
(C:EM)
<(0.#4($-()"' 8"9+- ;")-: AcLual change ln
LemperaLure of Lhe (LEM>
surroundlng envlronmenL


Significance of
Comparison of
d
to ELR classifies
stability of atmosphere.

Degree of stability is a measure of the
ability of the atmosphere to disperse
pollutants


What |s Stab|||ty?

An a|r parce| (or smoke) |n wh|ch there |s re|at|ve|y
|ns|gn|f|cant m|x|ng per un|t d|stance trave||ed.

Stab|||ty and Atmosphere C|ass|f|cat|ons

d
> ELR or T
parcel
< T
env
Stable, Sub adiabatic

d
< ELR or T
parcel
> T
env
Unstable, Super adiabatic

d
= ELR or T
parcel
= T
env
Neutral

d
>> ELR or T
parcel
<< T
env
Highly stable, Inversion




SLable
very sLable
unsLable
neuLral
asqu|||- G|fford Stab|||ty C|asses (Source: N/ O*$6, -$*',*0 ,
P"*;.""; ") :%4"095,*&6 N&09,*0&"' L0%&43%,0 )

A Very unstab|e
8 Unstab|e
C S||ght|y unstab|e
D Neutra|
L Stab|e
I Very stab|e
Pasquill Gifford Stability Curves for
y
and
z

Dispersion = Advection (Transport) + Dilution (Diffusion)







Diffusion of pollutants occur due to turbulence, which further
depends upon many factors:
a. Ambient temperature
b. Temperature of emissions
c. Roughness factors
d. Wind velocity
e. Wind direction
f. Humidity
g. Stability

Source Receptor
Transport
Re-entrainment
D|spers|on
Sca|e of Mot|on
Mo|ecu|ar sca|e
1he moLlon ls called Molecular ulffuslon
Lx- ulffuslon wlLhln sedlmenLs
G|oba| sca|e
1he moLlon ls called ulsperslon
Lx- 1ransporL of gases and aerosols by
large alr masses
D|ffus|on |n A|r
D|ffus|on |n water
Advect|on x
y
z
1urbu|ent D|ffus|on
1urbu|ent Ldd|es
x
z
y
D|spers|on
a
b
c
Advect|on, D|ffus|on and D|spers|on
Deterministic Statistical Physical
Steady State Time Dependent Regression Empirical
Wind Tunnel
Simulation
Gaussian Plume
Box Grid Spectral Puff Trajectory
Lagrangian Eulerian
Air Quality Models
A|r ua||ty Mode||ng
|ume Mode|
A slmple Causslan lume model commonly used for
regulaLory purposes

ln Lhe Gauss|an p|ume mode|, Lhe source ls consldered
as a polnL source

Ieatures: Gauss|an |ume Mode|
SLeady-SLaLe

normal ulsLrlbuLlon(Causslan) of olluLanL
concenLraLlon ln Lhe plume

asslve polluLanLs

olluLanL concenLraLlons are conserved wlLh
ln Lhe plume


Gauss|an |ume D|spers|on
WhaL does lL mean Lo be Causslan?
Coord|nate System Show|ng Gauss|an D|str|but|ons |n the
nor|zonta| and Vert|ca| |anes

Gauss|an |ume Mode|
Gauss|an |ume Lquat|on
(
(

)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
) (
exp
2
) (
exp
2
exp
2
) , , , (
z z y z y
M
H z H z y
u
Q
H z y x
o o o o to
_
_= concenLraLlon (g m-3)
P
e
= LffecLlve sLack helghL (m)
z = recepLor helghL (m)
y = cross wlnd dlsLance (m)
C
M
=source sLrengLh / emlsslon raLe (g s-1)
u =mean wlnd speed (m s-1)
o
y
= horlzonLal dlsperslon coefflclenL (m)
o
z
= verLlcal dlsperslon coefflclenL (m)
! # $%&'()*)&+, -.
Most S|mp||f|ed Gauss|an Lquat|on for Ground
Leve| Source
Where
_= Maxlmum ground level concenLraLlon aL cenLre llne (g m
-3
)
P
e
= LffecLlve sLack helghL (m) = 0
z = recepLor helghL (m) = 0
y = cross wlnd dlsLance (m) = 0
C
M
=source sLrengLh / emlsslon raLe (g s
-1
)
u =mean wlnd speed (m s
-1
)
o
y
= horlzonLal dlsperslon coefflclenL (m)
o
z
= verLlcal dlsperslon coefflclenL (m)
(x,0,0,0)
Effective Stack Height = Hs + h
Ah
H
s

u
Ah
H
s

H
s
+ Ah
Vertical plume Bent over plume
W|nd Speed and D|rect|on
W|nd d|rect|on wlll deLermlne Lhe dlrecLlon ln
whlch Lhe plume wlll move.

lncreaslng w|nd speed decreases plume rlse, Lhus
lncrease ground level concenLraLlons.

lncreaslng w|nd speed wlll lncrease mlxlng, Lhus
decreaslng ground level concenLraLlons.

1hese effecLs also deLermlne Lhe dlsLance from Lhe
source where Lhe max|mum GLC occurs.

A|r o||ut|on Lffects
A|r o||ut|on and hea|th Lffects

Lxposure Lo elevaLed concenLraLlons of amblenL alr polluLanLs
causes adverse healLh effecLs on human healLh, on maLerlals
sLrengLh and on planL growLh.
Affected by particulate matter


1. PM>10 micron
2. PM
10
and PM
2.5
3. PM
2.5
, PM
1
.
.0
1
olluLanLs LffecLs
Czone 8esplraLory LracL problem, Lye
lrrlLaLlon, nasal congesLlon,
reduced lung funcLlon
art|cu|ates Lye and LhroaL lrrlLaLlon,
8ronchlLls, Lung damage and
lmpalred vlslblllLy
CC Cardlovascular, nervous,
ulmonary sysLem affecLed.
SCx 8esplraLory LracL problem, harmful
Lo lung Llssue.
nCx 8esplraLory lllness & lung damage.
Lead 8eLardaLlon & damage of braln ln
chlldren
Pg 8raln and kldney affecLed
8enzene Leukemla
vlnyl Chlorlde Lung and llver cancer
On Stones

Deterioration of limestone, widely
used as building material.
SO
2
+ H
2
O + CaCO
3
CaSO
4
+
CaSO
4
.
2H
2
O
On Metals

Corrosion of the surface.

On Fabrics and Dyes

Loss of tensile strength, fading of
colors of fabrics.

Rubber

Ozone cracks the rubber products
under tension.
o||utants Lffects
Czone SpoLLlng, lgmenLaLlon, conlfer
needle Llps become brown and
necroLlc.
AN Clazlng, sllverlng and bronzlng of
lower surface of leaves.
P
2
SC
4
necroLlc spoLs on upper surface
of leaves.
SCx 8leached spoLs, chlorosls, lnsecL
ln[urles.
nCx lrregular, whlLe brown collapsed
leslons on lnLercosLal Llssue and
near leaf marglns.
Pg Chlorosls and absclsslon. 8rown
spoLLlng and yellowlng of velns.
Global Consequences
of Air Pollution
Acid Rain
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e.
elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). i.e acid deposition
Acid Rain
Effects of Acid Rain
1. On buildings/ materials 2. Trees and forests
3. On aquatic life
Czone Layer Dep|et|on
Czone |ayer
1he ozone layer ls a layer ln
Earths ALmosphere whlch
conLalns relaLlvely hlgh
concenLraLlons of ozone.
lL absorbs 9799 of Lhe suns
hlgh frequency ulLravloleL llghL,
whlch ls poLenLlally damaglng Lo
llfe on earLh.

Cver 90 of Lhe ozone ln LarLh's
aLmosphere ls presenL here
Ozone Depletion
Sources
Chemistry of ozone hole formation
This chlorine is very active and can break
thousands of ozone molecules in stratosphere
Dep|et|on of Czone Layer
A Lhlnnlng ozone layer leads Lo a number of serlous
healLh rlsks for humans.
Causes greaLer lncldences of skln cancer and eye
caLaracLs, wlLh chlldren belng parLlcularly vulnerable.
Serlous lmpacLs on blodlverslLy.
lncreased uv-8 rays reduce levels of plankLon ln Lhe
oceans and subsequenLly dlmlnlsh flsh sLocks.
Adverse effecLs on planL growLh reduces agrlculLural
producLlvlLy.
A dlrecL negaLlve economlc lmpacL ls Lhe reduced
llfespan of cerLaln maLerlals llke plasLlcs

Destruct|on of Czone
Four main families of chemicals
responslble for caLalyzlng ozone desLrucLlon:
1. nlLrogen oxldes: nC
x

nC + nC
2
2. Pydrogen oxldes: PC
x

CP + PC
2
3. Chlorlne: ClC
x

Cl + ClC
4. 8romlne: 8rC
x

8r + 8rC


3 2
2
Y+O YO+O
YO+O Y+O

A common type of catalytic

destruction cycle (there are others)
where Y = NO, OH, Cl or Br
Sources of Cata|ysts
SLraLospherlc nC
x
Source: Lropospherlc n
2
C
naLural sources (mosLly)
10 lncrease slnce 1830 (le, due Lo anLhropogenlc acLlvlLles...mosLly ferLlllzer
appllcaLlon)
SLraLospherlc PC
x
Source: Lropospherlc CP
4
, P
2
, P
2
C
Much ls naLural, however...
130 lncrease ln Lropospherlc CP
4
slnce 1830 (agrlculLural acLlvlLles, landfllls,
oLher sources)
SLraLospherlc Cl and 8r
AlmosL enLlrely due Lo human acLlvlLy
Sources: Lropospherlc ClCs, halons

The Ozone Hole
The ozone hole is the region
over Antarctica with total
ozone 220 Dobson Units or
lower. (The avg total column
ozone in the atmosphere is
about 300 DU.)
Ozone hole in Sept 2005. Source: NASA
One DU= 0.01mm thick layer of
ozone under standard
temperature and pressure.
G|oba| Warm|ng
G|oba| warm|ng ls Lhe lncrease ln Lhe average LemperaLure of
earLh near-surface alr and oceans slnce Lhe mld-20Lh cenLury and
lLs pro[ecLed conLlnuaLlon.
1he Green nouse Lffect
Green nouse Lffect and G|oba| Warm|ng
Green house gases

CO
2

N
2
O
CH
4

CFCs
Water Vapors
Trifluoromethyl sulphur
pentaflouride (SF
5
CF
3
)



Deforestat|on
1rees play a unlque role ln Lhe global carbon cycle.

LargesL land-based naLural mechanlsm for removlng CC
2
from Lhe alr.
(CC
2
ls also removed by Lhe oceans and ocean organlsms.)

An acre of forest absorbs abouL 10 Llmes Lhe CC
2
absorbed by an
acre of crop|and or grass|and.

Cne Lree absorbs abouL 13 pounds of CC
2
per year, and each one-acre
of foresL absorbs abouL 2.8 Lons of CC
2
.

Lveryday over 3300 acres of ralnforesL are desLroyed, and over 30
mllllon acres are desLroyed every year.

Clobal CC
2
levels rlse approxlmaLely 0.4 percenL each year


opu|at|on growth

1he lndusLrlal revoluLlon caused a rapld
lncrease ln Lhe populaLlon growLh resulLlng
lnLo lncreased energy producLlon and use.


1here ls a clear llnk beLween Lhe problems of
global warmlng and over populaLlon, as
lncreases ln CC
2
levels follows growLh ln
populaLlon.


Gn Gases - 1he|r Stat|st|cs |n Atmosphere
S.No.

Air pollutants

Atmospheri
c
concentrat-
ion (ppm)

Life span in
atmosphere
(Years)

Annually
increasing
rate (%)

Human
contribution
(%)

1.

CO
2


355

500

1.5

55

2.

CFCs

0.00225

110

0.5

24

3.

CH
4


1.675

7-10

1.0

18

4.

N
2
O

0.3

140-190

0.2

6

5.

Trifluoromethyl
sulphur
pentaflouride
(SF
5
CF
3
)

--

3500

In 1960s -
0.12 ppt .
In 1999-
10
12
ppt.

Source
still
unknown*

*Researchers think that the new gas may be a by-product of the
manufacture or decomposition of SF
6
and they both can absorb heat
radiating from the earth surface.
Gases dead||er than CC
2
!


CICs - PeaL Lrapped by one mole of CICs ~ QRSSTQUSS %&4,0 as much
heaL per molecule as CC
2

Cn
4
- PeaL Lrapped by one mole of Cn
4
~ HR %&4,0 as much heaL per
molecule as CC
2

N
2
0 - PeaL Lrapped by one mole of N
2
C ~ HJS %&4,0 as much heaL per
molecule as CC
2

SI
S
CI
3
- neat Lrapped by one mole of 1r|f|uoromethy| su|phur
pentaf|our|de (SI
S
CI
3
) ~ QVSSSTHH2SSS %&4,0 as much heaL per
molecule as CC
2



Clobal LemperaLure lncrease

8lse ln sea level

LffecL on healLh

lmpacL on agrlculLure

lmpacL on ecology

lmpacL on waLer resources

lmpacL on alr quallLy

Lffects of G|oba| Warm|ng
Effects of Global Warming
Melting of Glaciers
Hurricane Storms
Rise In Sea Level Threat to polar beers
Air Pollution Control
Sedimentation
e.g. Settling chamber
Electric field migration
e.g. Electro Static
Precipitator (ESP)
Inertial deposition
e.g. Cyclones; scrubbers; filter
bags
Brownian diffusion
e.g. Fabric filters
hyslcal mechanlsm of conLrol parLlculaLes
Control Devices

1. Cyclone Collector 2. Scrubber

3. Electro Static Precipitator
What |s IA??
lAC sLands for Indoor Alr Quality.

lL refers Lo Lhe naLure of Lhe condlLloned (heaL/
cool) alr LhaL clrculaLes LhroughouL space/area,
where we work and llve l.e. Lhe alr we breaLhe mosL
of Lhe Llme (almosL 80 of Lhe Llme).
What Causes Indoor A|r o||ut|on??
Alr LlghLness of bulldlngs
oorly deslgned alr condlLlonlng and
venLllaLlon sysLems
lndoor sources of polluLlon
CuLdoor sources of polluLlon

Sources of Indoor A|r o||ut|on |n a 1yp|ca| Cff|ce
8u||d|ng
Sources of Indoor A|r o||ut|on |n a 1yp|ca| nouseho|d
arameters Affect|ng IA
8aLe of exchange of alr from ouLdoors (venLllaLlon)

ConcenLraLlon of polluLanLs ln ouLdoor alr

8aLe of emlsslon from sources lndoors

8aLe of removal of polluLanLs (Slnks)

lndoor LemperaLure

lndoor humldlLy

Age of lndoor sLrucLure

1ype of foundaLlon soll
Steps for Invest|gat|ng IA rob|ems
uocumenL employee healLh complalnLs.
Lxamlne floor plans and venLllaLlon sysLem speclflcaLlons.
Analysls of daLa collecLed from above sLeps for S8S score
calculaLlons.
SLudy of bulldlng layouL, poslLlon and locaLlon of wlndows,
doors, venLs, openlngs eLc.
venLllaLlon measuremenL.
MonlLorlng of lndoor polluLanLs and oLher envlronmenLal
parameLers and developmenL of lAC model.
uevelop a plan for reduclng and ellmlnaLlng Lhe lAC
problem.
Stop Pollution Save Environment-
Save Mother Earth