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EXCAVATIONS IN CHIOS 1938-1955: PREHISTORIC EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA.

VOLUME II
Author(s): SINCLAIR HOOD, JULIET CLUTTON-BROCK and PERRY G. BIALOR
Source: The British School at Athens. Supplementary Volumes, No. 16, EXCAVATIONS IN
CHIOS 1938-1955: PREHISTORIC EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA. VOLUME II (1982), pp. i-xix, 427-
730
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EXCAVATIONS
IN CHIOS
i938-!955
PREHISTORIC
EMPORIO
AND
AYIO GALA
by
SINCLAIR HOOD
with contributions
by
JULIET
CLUTTON-BROCK and PERRY G. BIALOR
Volume II
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. l6
Published
by
THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS
THAMES AND HUDSON
1982
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Sinclair Hood
1982
ISBN o
500 960186
Printed in Great Britain at the Alden
Press,
Oxford
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To the
Memory
of
Philip Argenti,
Citizen of
Chios,
and
Benefactor of the excavations at
Ayio
Gala and
Emporio,
and to that of
George Choremis,
friend and Benefactor of
the
Emporio excavations,
and to the
many
other
patriotic
Chiots who
joined
with
them to
help
finance the excavations at
Emporio,
and
by
their
generosity
made the work
possible,
but who wished their names to remain unknown
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Contents
VOLUME II page
Preface vii
Acknowledgements
ix
Abbreviations xi
Notes xix
partiu, emporio
(1952-1955) {continued)
3.
The
Pottery [continued]
(2)
Neolithic to
Early
Bronze
Age (Troy I-II) (continued)
(e) Pottery from
Area A
(continued) 427
v. Period III
427
vi. Period II
432
vii. Period I
(the well) 469
viii. Surface
471
(f) Pottery from
Areas B-F
47
x
i. Area B
471
ii. Area C
512
iii. Area D
527
iv. Area E
531
v. Area F
(including
Period
I) 533
vi.
Pottery assignable
to Period I from later and mixed levels in Areas D
and F
568
(3)
End
of
the
Early
Bronze
Age (Troy III-V) 568
(4)
Middle
Bronze
Age (Troy VI) 571
(5)
Prehistoric
pottery from
the area
of
the
Early
Christian basilica church
578
(6)
Late
Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean Pottery 579
(a)
General
579
(b) Types 581
(c)
Fabric
581
(d)
From the
cemetery (Area E) 582
(e)
From the settlement
(Areas
D and
F) 583
4.
Other Finds
623
(1) Clay objects 623
(2)
Whorls
635
(3)
Stone
objects 643
(4)
Metal
objects 657
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vi CONTENTS
(5)
Tools and other
objects of bone, shell,
amber and
faience 665
5.
The Animal Bones
(by Juliet Clutton-Brock) 678
PART IV. THE CHIPPED STONE AND OBSIDIAN INDUSTRIES OF EMPORIO AND AYIO
GALA
699
1. Introduction
699
2. The
Chipped
Stone
Assemblages
from
Emporio
and the Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala
(by Perry
G.
Bialor) 699
(1) Emporio 699
(2)
The Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala
708
(3) Comparison
with
Mykonos
site
710
3.
The
Chipped
Stone
Assemblage
from the
Upper
Cave at
Ayio
Gala
71
1
PART V. THE CHRONOLOGICAL POSITION OF EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA IN THE
NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE
715
1. Introduction
715
2.
Emporio
X-VIII
716
3. Emporio
VII-VI
720
4. Emporio
V-IV
723
5. Emporio
II
724
6.
Emporio
I
724
7.
Conclusion
725
appendix a. Late
Mycenaean
Amber from
Emporio (by
Curt W. Beck and
Christopher
A.
Shustak) 727
appendix B. Table of Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean types 730
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Preface
These volumes are a
sequel
to Greek
Emporio by John
Boardman.
They
are concerned with the
excavations at two
prehistoric
sites at
opposite
ends of
Chios,
at
Ayio
Gala in the
north,
where
the late Miss Edith Eccles made
soundings
in a
pair
of caves in 1
938,
and at
Emporio
in the south
where I directed work for the British School at Athens from
1952
to
1955.
The material from
Ayio
Gala is divisible into two
chronological groups:
an
earlier,
of which
Dr.
Audrey
Furness
(Mrs. Ozanne)
has
already published
a careful
study,
and a later which
appears
to be
assignable
to the
beginning
of the
Early
Bronze
Age.
The earlier material is
certainly
Neolithic in
Aegean terms,
and has been
assigned by
Dr. Furness to a
very early phase
of the
Aegean
Neolithic. This
assignation
seems to me correct.
The
great
interest of
Emporio
is the stratified
sequence
for the
early prehistoric periods
obtained in the main Area A of the excavations. The oldest
occupation
levels of the site were not
reached
here,
since
they lay
below the
existing
water table. The earliest
pottery
recovered has
been classified
by
some of those who have seen it as Late Neolithic in
Aegean terms,
and that was
my
own view of it at first. But further
study
of this material has convinced me that it
belongs
to a
much older
horizon,
and that it
goes
back in time before the earliest
occupation
at
Ayio
Gala. It
is therefore I believe
assignable
to the
beginning
of the
Early
Neolithic in
Aegean
terms.
The bulk of the
prehistoric
material recovered at
Emporio belongs
to these
early periods,
that
is
(in Aegean terms)
to the Neolithic and the
beginning
of the
Early
Bronze
Age.
This material
has been divided
among
ten
Periods,
based
upon major building developments
in Area A. The
ten Periods fall into five main
groups
which are marked
by
distinct
changes
in
pottery
fashions.
The first of these
groups (Periods X-VIII)
seems to cover a
relatively early phase
of the
Aegean
Neolithic, while the latest
part
of it
(Period VIII)
can be correlated with the earliest
known
phase
of settled
occupation
in the Troad
(Besjk Tepe
and Kum
Tepe
I
A)
. The
pottery
of
the second
group (Periods
VII
VI)
is
closely
related to that of Kum
Tepe
I B in the Troad. This
second
group (Periods
VII
VI) appears
to
overlap
with the end of the Middle Neolithic and
part
of the Late Neolithic on the Greek mainland. The third
group consisting
of Periods V and
IV with
pottery
akin to that of the
Trojan region
seems to fall within the earlier
part
of
Troy
I.
The fourth
group (Periods
III
II)
follows a destruction of the Period IV settlement
by
fire. It
should
overlap
with the later
stages
of
Troy
I and with the
beginning
of
Troy
II before the
manufacture of wheelmade vases there. The fifth
group (Period I)
with the first
appearance
of
wheelmade
pottery
at
Emporio
seems to
correspond
with a late
stage
of
Troy
II.
The
pottery
of
Ayio
Gala and that of the
early periods
at
Emporio evidently
reflect
quite
separate
traditions. The
pottery
from the two sites is in fact so different that it is hard to establish
a
chronological relationship
between the two
sequences.
The earliest
pottery
from
Ayio Gala,
however, appears
to fall within Periods IX VIII at
Emporio;
but
occupation
continued in the
caves there into the time of
Emporio
Periods VII VI and
perhaps
V-IV.
The marked
divergences
in the
pottery
from these two sites at
opposite
ends of Chios seems to
be the effect of settlers
reaching
the island from different
regions
at different times. The first to
arrive established themselves in the fertile south of Chios in the area of
Emporio. They
made
vii
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viii PREFACE
dark-surfaced
pottery distantly
related to that of the earliest horizon known in Anatolia
(e.g.
atal Hyk)
and in
Syria (from Amuq
Phase A
onwards)
. These
immigrants probably
came to
Chios from the south or south-east.
Early pottery
from caves in the
region
of
Antalya
on the
southern coast of
Turkey
has features reminiscent of
pottery
from the lowest levels reached
by
excavation at
Emporio.
The earliest
pottery
of
Ayio
Gala on the other hand is red-surfaced and
obviously
related to
that known from Hacilar in south-western
Turkey.
Similar
pottery appears
to have been noted
at Morali in western
Turkey opposite
Chios. The
immigrants
who first
occupied
the north of the
island and settled in the
region
of
Ayio
Gala
may
therefore have reached Chios from some
neighbouring part
of the Turkish mainland.
The later
stages
of the
Early
Bronze
Age,
the
period
of
Troy III-V,
were not
certainly
represented
at
Emporio by
architectural remains or
deposits
in the areas excavated. But
fragments
of
pottery suggest
that there was
continuity
of
occupation
at the site
throughout
the
Early
and into the Middle Bronze
Age overlapping
with the
opening phases
of
Troy
VI. A little
imported grey Minyan
ware and some of the local
matt-painted
ware recovered at
Emporio may
be of Middle Bronze
Age date;
but the decoration of much of the
matt-painted
ware seems to
reflect Cretan fashions of the earlier
part
of the Late Bronze
Age (Late
Minoan
I).
There was some evidence for
Mycenaean occupation
at
Emporio
as
early
as
Mycenaean
III
B. An
important Mycenaean
settlement
undoubtedly
existed there
during
the
following
Mycenaean
III C
period,
and this was
finally destroyed
or abandoned in an advanced
phase
of
Mycenaean
III C. A number of
complete
or restorable
Mycenaean
III C vases was recovered
from this horizon of destruction or abandonment.
These two volumes of Prehistoric
Emporio
and
Ayio
Gala were conceived as
one,
and the line
of division between them is
arbitrary.
The
pages,
text
figures
and
photo plates,
as well as the
pottery,
have therefore been
given
consecutive numbers.
Volume I
begins
with a
survey
of
prehistoric
sites known in
Chios,
and describes the
excavations at
Ayio
Gala with the
pottery
and other finds from the caves there. It continues with
a discussion of the
relationship
between the
sequence
at
Ayio
Gala and that at
Emporio,
followed
by
an account of the excavations at
Emporio,
with a
report
on the
pottery
of the earlier
periods
from the main Area A there. This
brings
the
story
of
Emporio
down to the
point
where the
settlement was
destroyed by
fire towards the
beginning
of the
Early
Bronze
Age
in the time of
Troy
I.
Volume II continues with the
report
on the
pottery
from Area A and from other
parts
of the
site
(Areas B-F)
at
Emporio.
It includes a
survey
of what is known about
occupation
at
Emporio
in the latest
phases
of the
Early
Bronze
Age
and in the Middle and Late Bronze
Ages together
with an account of the
Mycenaean pottery. Descriptions
of other finds
apart
from
pottery
are
followed
by
a
report
on the animal bones from
Emporio by Juliet Clutton-Brock,
and one on the
chipped
stone
assemblages
from
Emporio
and
Ayio
Gala
by Perry
Bialor. Volume II ends with a
section on the
chronological position
of the Chian Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age sequences
as
known from the excavations at
Emporio
and
Ayio
Gala.
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Acknowledgments
The work of Miss Edith Eccles at
Ayio
Gala
(1938)
was financed
by
the late Dr.
Philip Argenti
and Mr.
Eumorfopoulos.
Excavations at
Emporio (1952-55)
were made
possible
in the first
instance
by
the
generosity
of an
anonymous
donor. Other donors who wished to remain
anonymous
were
inspired by
his
example
to
help
finance the excavations. I and the other
members of the excavation
party
would like to
join
the Committee of the British School of
Archaeology
at Athens in
expressing
our
deepest gratitude
to them all for what
they
did.
We are also most
deeply grateful
to that wise and
good
citizen of
Chios,
the late Mr.
George
I.
Choremis,
not
only
for his
generous
financial
support
of the
Emporio
excavations from
year
to
year,
but also for his active interest in the
results,
which extended to the
problem
of the eventual
housing
of the finds in a
worthy
manner. The fine new Museum which has since been built in
Chios town
represents
a noble consummation of his dreams.
The
soundings
at
Ayio
Gala were made in
1938 by
the late Miss Edith Eccles with the
assistance of Miss Lilian H.
Jeffery,
and Mr.
(now Sir)
David Hunt. Illness
prevented
Miss
Eccles from
returning
to Greece after the war to
complete
her work on the
material,
and she
kindly
invited me to undertake the
publication
of it in connection with the excavations at
Emporio
from
1952
to
1955.
It is not
possible
to list
by
name all those who took
part
in the
Emporio excavations;
but
among
those who were in
charge
of trenches in the
prehistoric
sector
were Miss
Mary
Williams
(now
Mrs. William
Elliott),
Miss Rachel Simmons
(Mrs.
Sinclair
Hood),
Miss Colina
MacDougall,
Dr. Michael
Ballance,
and Mr
James
Mellaart.
Our foreman at
Emporio
was Mr. Ioannis
Theotokas,
then
mayor
of the
neighbouring
village
of
Piryi,
without
previous experience
of excavation
work,
but a man of
great character,
efficient in
organisation, loyal
and shrewd. Mr.
George Laspis,
his
brother-in-law,
was outstand-
ing among
the workmen. Mr. Michaeli Kokolis was in
charge
of the
pot-washing.
Our
vase-mender and technician was Mr. Stelios Katsarakis. Some of the
pottery
from the
Upper
Cave at
Ayio
Gala was mended
by
Mr.
Argyri
Marinis.
All those who have worked on the
archaeology
of Chios since the Second World War owe
much to the
help
and
friendly
interest of the local
Epimelete
of
Antiquities,
Mr. Antonios
Stephanou,
and it is a
pleasure
to record our indebtedness to him in connection with the
excavations at
Emporio
where he was a
frequent
and welcome visitor. We also
enjoyed
the
support
of the
Ephors
of
Antiquities
for the
region
which included
Chios,
the late Professor
Nicolas
Kontoleon,
and Mr. A. Vavritsas who succeeded him.
The earlier
survey
work at
Emporio
was done
by
the late Mr. David
Smollett,
but the final
plans
of the area were made in his own clear and
uniquely strong
and distinctive
style by
the late
Dr. Michael
Ventris,
assisted
by
Mrs.
Betty
Ventris. The
pottery
was drawn
by
Miss
Audrey
Petty (now
Mrs.
Spencer Corbett),
Miss
Wendy Biggar (Mrs. Lardner-Dennys),
Miss Rachel
Simmons
(Mrs.
Sinclair
Hood),
and Miss Elizabeth Crowfoot.
Drawings
of the other finds were
made
by
Miss
Petty (Mrs. Corbett),
Miss Christine
Sapieha (Mrs. Freeman),
and Miss Deborah
Pawson
(Mrs. Ruscombe-King).
The final
tracings
of the
pottery
are
mostly
the work of Miss
Elizabeth Crowfoot and Mrs. Patricia Clarke. Mrs. Clarke has also laboured with skill and
ix
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x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
patience
to make the final ink
drawings
of most of the trench
plans
and sections. The arduous
task of
typing
the text has been
successfully completed by
Mrs. E. T.
Templeton.
Miss
Olga Krzyszkowska
has read
through
the accounts of bone
objects
and made some
helpful suggestions
in connection with them. Mrs. Helen
Hughes-Brock
has
kindly
answered
questions
and
given
advice and references about
spindle
whorls and
beads,
Dr. Oliver Dickinson
about
Minyan
ware and
ring pendants (metal 17).
I am
grateful
to Dr. David French and to Dr. William
Phelps
for
permission
to cite their
unpublished
doctoral theses
lodged respectively
in the libraries of the British School of Archae-
ology
in Athens and the Institute of
Archaeology
in London. The thesis of Dr.
Phelps represents
an
important
contribution to
Aegean
Neolithic studies. I am also
obliged
to Mr.
J.
A. MacGilliv-
ray
for
allowing
me to refer to his
unpublished
account of
pottery
from the Mt.
Kynthos
settlement on
Delos,
available in the
library
of the London Institute of Classical Studies.
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Abbreviations
The
following
abbreviations are used in addition to those current in BSA:
AAA Athens Annals
of Archaeology
AASyr
Annales
archologiques
arabes
syriennes
Aberg, Chronologie
iv N.
Aberg,
Bronzezeitliche
und Frheisenzeitliche
Chronologie
iv: Griechen-
land
(Stockholm, 1933)
Abydos
i W.M.F.
Ptrie, Abydos
i
(London, 1902)
Achilleion M.
Gimbutas,
'Achilleion: A Neolithic Mound in
Thessaly;
Prelimin-
ary Report
on 1
973
and 1
974 Excavations', Journal of
Field
Archaeology
i(i974)277-3O2
Alaca
1935
R.O.
Arik,
Les
fouilles
d'Alaca
H'y'k: rapport prliminaire
sur les travaux en
1935 (Ankara, 1937)
Alaca
1936
H.Z.
Koay, Ausgrabungen
von Alaca
H'y'k:
ein Vorbericht ber die . . . im
Sommer
1936 durchgefhrten Forschungen
und
Entdeckungen (Ankara, 1944)
Alaca
1937-39 H.Z.Koay,
Les
fouilles
d'Alaca
H'y'k: rapport prliminaire
sur les travaux
en
1937-1939 (Ankara, 1951)
Alalakh L.
Woolley,
Alalakh
(Oxford, 1955)
Alishar
1927
i E. F.
Schmidt,
The Alishar
H'y'k;
season
of 1927
i
(O.
I. P.
vi) (Chicago
U.P., 1930)
Alishar
1927
ii H.H. von der Osten and E. F.
Schmidt,
The Alishar
H'y'k:
season
of
1927
ii
(O.I.
P.
vii) (Chicago U.P., 1932)
Alishar
1928-29
i E. F.
Schmidt,
The Alishar
H'y'k.
Seasons
of 1928
and
1929 part
i
(O.
I. P.
xix) (Chicago
U.
P., 1932)
Alishar
1930-32 i, ii,
iii H.H. von der
Osten,
The Alishar
H'y'k.
Seasons
of 1930-32 parts
i-iii
(O.I.
P.
xxviii-xxx) (Chicago U.P., 1937)
Amiran,
APHL Ruth
Amiran,
Ancient
Pottery of
the
Holy
Land
(Jerusalem, 1969)
AntJ
The
Antiquaries Journal
Anza
M. Gimbutas
(ed.),
Neolithic Macedonia: As
reflected by
Excavation at
Anza,
Southeast
Jugoslavia (Los Angeles, 1976)
Arapi
H.
Hauptmann
and V.
Milojcic,
Die Funde der Frhen
Dimini-^eit
aus
der
Arapi-magula
Thessalien
(Bonn, 1969)
AR . . .
Archaeological Reports for
. .
.,
published by
the Council for the
Society
of Hellenic Studies and the
Managing
Committee of the British
School at Athens
Arene Candide
i,
ii L.B.
Brea,
Gli Scavi nella Caverna delle Arene Candide
(Istituto
di Studi
Liguri) (Bordighera, 1946, 1956)
Argissa
iii E. Hanschmann and V.
Milojcic, Argissa-magula
iii: Die Frhe und
Beginnende
Mittlere
Bronzezeit
(Bonn, 1976)
AS
Anatolian Studies
xi
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
xii ABBREVIATIONS
Asea
EJ. Holmberg,
The Swedish Excavations at Asea in Arcadia
(Lund
and
Leipzig, 1944)
Asine O. Frdin and A.W.
Persson, Asine,
Results
of
the Swedish Excavations
ig22-igjo (Stockholm, 1938)
Aspripetra
D.
Levi,
'La Grotta di
Aspripetra
a
Coo',
Annuario viii-ix
(1925-26
pub. 1929) 235-310
Athenian
Agora
xiii S.A.
Immerwahr,
The Athenian
Agora
xiii The Neolithic and
Bronze
Ages
(Princeton, 1971)
Ayia Sofia Magua
V.
Milojcic
and
others, Magulen
um Larisa in Thessalien
ig66 (Bonn,
^76)
Ayios
Kosmas G.
Mylonas, Aghios Kosmas,
an
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Gonia C.W.
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Greek
Emporio J. Boardman,
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Greek
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Hb$e$ti
V.
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The
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Roman
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Hissar E.F.
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lasos iii D.
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JNES Journal of
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Kerameikos i W. Kraiker and K.
Kubier,
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Khirokitia P.
Dikaios,
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KKh
KprjTLKa XpoviKa
Kish i S.
Langdon,
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Korakou C.W.
Biegen, Korakou,
a Prehistoric Settlement near Corinth
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Korucutepe
ii M.N. van
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Kum
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Kutzian,
K fs- Kultur a I.
Kutzian,
A K'fs- Kultur a
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Kythera J.N.
Coldstream and G.L.
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Lefkandi
M.R.
Popham
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Excavations at
Lefkandi, Euboea,
ig64~66 (British
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London BIA Bulletin
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MacGillivray 1979 J.A. MacGillivray, Early Cycladic Pottery from
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Marinatos and Hirmer S. Marinatos and M.
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Mat.
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Cercetari Materiale
$i
Cercetari
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Maxwell-Hyslop,
Western K.R.
Maxwell-Hyslop,
Western Asiatic
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Megiddo
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Megiddo
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Mellaart,
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Nea Nikomedeia
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Nemea C.W.
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NMA National Museum in Athens
Olynthus
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xvi ABBREVIATIONS
Orchomenos iii E.
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Otzaki-magula J. Milojcic-v.
Zumbusch and V.
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PB A
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Pendlebury,
AC
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Perate
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Ptrie, Corpus
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Ptrie,
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Phelps,
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Phylakopi
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Piggott,
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PM i-iv
AJ. Evans,
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SCE The Swedish
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Schachermeyr,
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Remains
Servia Cressida
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SS H.
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Russia
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Teleilat Ghassul i A.
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Theochares,
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Thera i-vii S.
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Thermi W.
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Tigoni 'Vorgeschichtliches
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AM
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1 12-200: 'Fundtatsachen'
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Troy
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Tul W.
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Ur ii CL.
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Vrokastro E.H.
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VTM S.
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Wace,
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xviii
ABBREVIATIONS
Walker
Kosmopoulos,
L. Walker
Kosmopoulos,
The Prehistoric Inhabitation
of
Corinth
Corinth
(Munich, 1948)
Walker
Kosmopoulos
L. Walker
Kosmopoulos,
'Birch-bark
technique:
a
possible prototype
1953
for some Greek
prehistoric wares?',
in G.E.
Mylonas (ed.),
Studies
Presented to D.M. Robinson ii
(St. Louis, 1953) 1-24
Warren,
MSV P.
Warren,
Minoan Stone Vases
(Cambridge U.P., 1969)
Weinberg,
CAH S.S.
Weinberg,
'the Stone
Age
in the
Aegean', Cambridge
Ancient
History*
vol. i Part 1
(Cambridge, 1970)
Ch. x
Zervos,
ACr C.
Zervos,
UArt de la Crete
nolithique
et minoenne
(Paris, 1956)
Zervos, ACycl
C.
Zervos,
L'Art des
Cyclades
du debut a la
fin
de
l'ge
du
bronze, 2500-1
100
avant notre ere
(Paris, 1957)
Zervos,
Nais
i,
ii C.
Zervos,
Naissance de la Civilisation en Grece
i,
ii
(Paris, 1962, 1963)
Zygouries
C.W.
Biegen, ^ygouries,
a Prehistoric Settlement in the
Valley of
Cleonae
(Harvard U.P., Cambridge, Mass., 1928)
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Notes
The material from other
prehistoric
sites in Chios
apart
from
Ayio
Gala and
Emporio
is
numbered i
-
15.
That from
Ayio
Gala is numbered AG
1-390.
The
pottery
from
Emporio
is
numbered E
1-3000,
and the other finds from
Emporio apart
from
pottery
have been
given
their
own series of numbers
(CLAY 1-41;
WHORLS
1-56;
STONE
1-54;
METAL
1-19; BONE,
SHELL,
AMBER and FAIENCE
1-68). Chipped
stone tools are
only
numbered if
illustrated,
with
separate
series of numbers for ones from
Emporio
and ones from
Ayio
Gala.
Where a sherd or other
object
which has no serial number is illustrated on a plate with a
number
referring
to it in the
text,
the
counting
is in horizontal rows from left to
right beginning
at
the
top
left.
All measurements of
pottery
and other finds are
given
in
centimetres,
unless otherwise stated.
For the
Mycenaean pottery
the term
Mycenaean (Myc.)
used
by
Furumark has been
adopted
in
preference
to Late Helladic
(L.H.).
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3. AREA A. PERIOD III
427
v. Period III
GENERAL
The material
assigned
to this
period
in Area A came from the
retaining
walls
53
and
54
and the
fill of stones
dumped
in the ruins of the Period IV houses behind them in order to make a terrace
or
platform
at a
higher
level round the well. It looks as if this
platform
and the terrace walls
supporting
it were built more or less
immediately
after the Period IV
destruction,
without
any
appreciable
interval of time
during
which the site was deserted. Some of the
pottery
from the fill
of
stones, including
a few more or less restorable
vases, clearly belonged
to the Period IV
destruction level and has been
incorporated
with the material of V- IV. At the same time a
certain amount of
pottery indistinguishable
from that found in levels of Period II was recovered
from the
upper part
of the stone
fill,
which was
evidently
contaminated to some extent with
material of Period II or later.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
4. Open
bowls with
straight
or
slightly curving
sides
1367 (fig. 195)
1367. (IV/III Q,2i, by
wall
22)
Rim.
Grey-brown; very
fine burnish.
5. Open
bowls with
curving
sides 1
368-1 372 (fig. 195)
1368. (Ill
G
19) (plate 70)
Rim with
large
circular wart on outside. Hard
fabric;
surface
grey-brown
to reddish
around
rim,
burnished.
Possibly
a
stray
of Period II.
1369. (Ill
G
19)
Rim with
stump
of side handle on outside.
Roughly made;
rather soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
1
370. (Ill
G
19)
Rim with
trumpet lug
as fig.
191 ,
class
3 a, rising
above it.
Possibly
from bowl of
type 9.
Soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
1
37
1.
(Ill
R wall
54)
Rim.
Greyish
brown
clay;
surface shades of dark
and'light
brown to
reddish, burnished,
but
very
much
pitted
and somewhat crackled.
1
372. (IHR
wall
54) Rim,
with solid
upturned square-ended lug-
wart on outside. Soft
grey clay;
surface
light brown,
burnished but worn.
6. Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims
1374-1376 (fig. 195)
1374. (Ill G/H ?i9)
Rim with
large
circular wart on outside. Shades of dark to>
light brown;
fine burnish.
1375. (Ill
G
19)
Rim with
incipient
bead. Dark
grey clay, light
brown at
edges,
with fine
grit;
surface with a
burnished red wash inside and out.
Cf.
Troy
i
fig. 264: 7, shape
A 16.
Troy
I.
1376. (Ill
R wall
54)
Rim.
Lightish brown;
fine burnish.
7
. Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims and
high
shoulders 1
3 7 7-
1
3 79 (fig .195)
The rims
illustrated,
two of them from the
make-up
of wall
53, may
well be of V-IV date. Such
rims are in effect rounded versions of the carinated rims of
type 9 bowls,
and
they
are found in the
more or less
contemporary
horizon of
Troy
I
(cf. Troy
i
fig. 264: 2,
and ibid. 62 for the
difficulty
of
distinguishing
between
shapes
A 16
(our types
6 and
7)
and A 12
(our type 9)).
1377. (Ill G/H Pig) Grey-brown,
burnished.
1378. (Ill
R wall
53)
Hard
fabric; surface lightish grey,
burnished.
1379. (Ill Qwall 53) Purplish grey-brown,
burnished.
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fig.
195.
Period III. Bowls. Scale
1/3.
428 III. EMPORIO
9.
Cannateci bowls
1380- 1384 (fig. 195)
A. Rims at
open angles
1380. (Ill
G
19)
Dark
grey
to black
clay, light
brown at
edges,
with
grey
and white
grit;
surface shades of
light
and
dark
red-brown,
burnished.
1
38
1.
(Ill Q,
stone fill behind wall
53)
Dark
grey
to black
clay, light
brown at
edges,
with
grit (some very large)
including
much
white;
surface dark
greyish brown,
burnished.
J|r
1371 J^
* ?
h
't j
~ -
%i
~ -
fk Hk^
"'

^'jT
1379 1378 1377
^
/ HD Mi
~
^
34 26 20 22? 14
1380 1381
Jf
1384
1386^^
1387
^390
1389 ^88
c25 38+?
L
y/
15 >2
JO
10
WJ JMf
1385
1391 ^1392 1393 1394
1383
^1382
/^""""A ^7^T^^'?
1408
1410 1411
D. Short bevelled rims
1
382. (Ill Qstone
fill between walls
53
and
54) Grey-brown
to
reddish,
burnished. Another similar from III
Qstone
fill behind wall
53. Probably
both
strays
of Period II.
Handles and
lugs
1
383. (Ill Qstone
fill between walls
53
and
54)
Rim with
stump
of side handle.
Grey-brown,
burnished. Three others
similar from levels of III in
Qj
burnished surfaces
grey-brown,
brown to
black, light
brown and reddish.
1384. (Ill Qwall 53)
Rim with horned wart set below carination.
Black,
burnished.
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3. AREA A. PERIOD III 429
io. Bowls with short
, S-shaped, usually
thickened club-like rims
1385 (fig. 195)
Two rims from levels of III were
assignable
to this
type:
both
appear
to be earlier
strays; one,
with a
trumpet lug,
resembled rims of Period
VI,
but the other
(1385)
was anomalous.
1
385. (Ill Qstone
fill behind wall
53) Angle
not certain. Dark
grey
to black
clay;
surface dark
brown,
burnished but
much worn.
1 2 . Bowls with
straight rims,
thickened and
usually differentiated
on the inside 1
386-
1
387 (fig.
i
95)
1386. (Ill
G
19)
Rim. Soft
fabric; clay
with abundant straw and
grit (some very large, including
red and
white);
surface
pitted, grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge,
burnished.
Probably
of Periods V-IV.
1387. (Ill Qstone
fill behind wall
53)
Rim. Brownish
grey clay;
surface
greyish brown,
burnished but worn.
13.
Bowls with
outward-curving
rims
internally differentiated
and thickened 1
388-1390 (fig. 195)
As in V-IV the finest burnished surfaces tended to occur on bowls of this and the allied
type 14.
Incised
decoration, consisting
of a
zigzag line, appeared
round the inside of one small rim.
1388. (Ill
G
19)
Rim. Coarse
fabric;
inside surface
light brown,
outside with a red
wash,
burnished.
1389. (Ill
H
18)
Rim. Surface with a red
wash,
burnished but worn.
Possibly
of Periods V-IV.
1390. (Ill Q
stone fill between walls
53
and
54)
Rim.
Grey-brown; high polish-like
burnish.
1
4.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims,
not
internally differentiated
1
39
1
-
1
393 (fig.
i
95 )
1
39
1 .
(Ill
G
19)
Rim.
Sandy orange clay, dusky
at
core,
with fine
grit, including white, grey,
and
red;
surface much
worn,
but traces of a thick red wash inside and out.
Possibly
a
stray
of Period II or later.
1392. (Ill
R wall
53)
Rim. Soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown;
fine burnish.
1393. (Ill Q,
stone fill behind wall
53)
Rim.
Grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge,
well burnished.
15.
Carinated bowls with
outward-spreading
rims 1
394 (fig.
i
95)
1394. (Ill Qstone
fill behind wall
53)
Rim cf.
type 15A. Grey-brown,
burnished.
(b) jugs
i
39
i a
(fig. 196)
Fragments
of
jugs
with
ridges
down the throat like 1
575 may
all be
strays
of Period II. The
scrap
1
39
1 A is unusual in
having
a row of
fingernail impressions along
the
top
of the rim like 1
430
from
a Period II
type 5
bowl.
1
391
A.
(Ill
G
19)
Rim with
fingernail impressions along
flattened
top. Black;
fine burnish.
For similar
finger-impressions
and
parallels,
see under
1430.
(c) JARS
1
392-1 407 (FIG. 196)
(1)
Rims
of
class A
undifferentiated from
the rest
of
the
body
Rims of class A I
1392A. (Ill Qstone
fill behind wall
53)
With vertical handle.
Grey clay
with
grit,
some
huge;
surface
light
reddish
brown; poor
stroke burnish.
Fragment
of another
similar,
but
larger.
Rims of class A II
1393A. (Ill
G
19)
Coarse
cooking pot type ware;
surface reddish
purple
to
black,
burnished.
1394A. (IV/III Q21, by
wall
22) Cooking pot type ware;
dark
grey clay;
surface with a
wash,
red
inside, purplish
red-brown
outside; poor
burnish.
1395. (IV/III Q2 1, by
wall
22)
Dark
grey clay;
surface dark
grey
to
black,
burnished.
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fig.
196.
Period III.
Jugs, jars
etc. Scale
1/3.
430 III. EMPORIO
3? 24 ct6 14? 14
<
^W*
/ m ) M
1395 1393a
<
V-*
^W*
m
l-^y
1392A
1394A
M
1397 1399* 1398 1
u01 /If
1
-,
.
14
u01
'
^^
1403

f
/ 1405
I
/
/ I I
1404 /
^
^a^-
^
m>
1407
/
1
1412
1402
1396. (IV/III Q21, by
wall
22)
Circular wart on outside.
Grey clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface
purple-brown,
burnished.
Rims of class A III
1397. (Ill
G
19) Cooking pot type ware;
surface chocolate
brown,
burnished.
1398. (Ill
G
19)
Coarse
cooking pot type ware;
dark
grey-brown clay;
surface with a red
wash,
worn.
1399. (Ill Q
stone fill between walls
53
and
54)
With wart or
stump
of handle.
Cooking pot type ware;
surface
purple-brown; poor
burnish.
1400. (Ill Qwall 53)
Dark
grey-brown clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface
dusky light brown; poor
burnish.
1
40
1.
(Ill
R wall
54) Cooking pot ware;
surface shades of dark
brown, purple,
and
reddish;
little or no burnish.
Cf. 1
228-30
of Periods V-IV.
(2)
Necks or rims
of
class B more or less
clearly differentiated from
the rest
of
the
body
Rims of classes B I- II.
1402. (Ill Qwall 53
face
1)
Circular wart on shoulder.
Cooking pot type
ware.
Grey-black clay,
brown at
edges;
surface with a
wash,
red
shading
to
light
brown and
dusky
in
patches; poor
burnish.
1403. (Ill Qstone
fill between walls
53
and
54)
Surface
light brown;
fine burnish outside. Groove at base of
neck,
as if
a withe or
string
had been fixed there while the
clay
was still wet and before the surface was
burnished,
cf.
842,
1
25 1, 2086, 2584.
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3. AREA A. PERIOD III 431
Rim of class B III a:
variety 3
1404. (Ill
R wall
53)
Soft
grey clay
with straw
impressions showing
in
surface,
which much worn.
Rim of class BUI b
1405. (Ill Qstone
fill behind wall
53) Grey clay,
red-brown at
edges;
surface
light
reddish
brown,
burnished.
Rim of class B III d
1406. (Ill
H
18)
Surface
grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge,
well burnished.
Rim of class BUI f
1407. (Ill
G
19) Grey clay,
red-brown at
edges;
surface
light
brown to
buff,
burnished.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
I408-I41
I
(FIG. I95)
Bowl handles included a few of the
pointed (fig. 107
no.
2)
and horned
(fig. 107
no.
5)
varieties
(e.g.
plate 81
(b) 1).
All three
trumpet lugs
from levels of III were horizontal and from
bowls,
two
having
been set on the rim
(e.g. 1370)
and one
(1408)
below it.
Some
540 fragments
of
strap
handles were counted.
Only eight
of these
(an average
of about
1
167)
had incised
decoration,
and six
(1 :go)
were surmounted
by
warts.
1408. (Ill Qstone
fill behind wall
53) (plate 70)
Rim of bowl of
types 7
or
9
with
long
horizontal
trumpet lug
set
below it. Dark
grey-brown clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface
light purple-brown,
burnished.
1409. (Ill
R
19)
Rim of bowl of
types 7
or
9
with
horizontally perforated lug. Cooking pot type ware;
coarse dark
grey
clay, light
brown on
outside;
traces of
poor
burnish inside.
1410. (Ill Qstone
fill behind wall
53) (plate 58)
Horned
projection
with
pair
of
string-holes rising
from rim of bowl
of
types 4
or
5. Light
brown to crimson
red,
burnished but worn.
141
1 .
(IIIG19) (plate
81
) Lug-handle,
or
spout.
Soft
grey-brown clay;
surface
light
brown to red
mottling
to dark
brown and
black;
fine burnish.
(j)
SPOUTS
An
open trough spout
was noted on what
appeared
to be a small carinated bowl like
1052
of
Period IV. The
fragment 141
1
may
have been a
spout
rather than a
lug-handle.
DECORATION
141
2
(fig. 196)
This was
mostly
incised as in Periods V-IV.
Pattern burnish. No
example
of true
pattern
burnish was noted.
Paint.
Only
one
fragment
had traces of
painted
decoration. This came from a
jug
with
finely
burnished black
surface,
and had a
group
of three vertical
stripes
in white.
Incision. As in Periods V-IV this was
by
far the most common form of decoration. The
unusual
fragment 141
2
may
be a
stray
of Period VIII.
Relief.
Warts were common as in V-IV. These were
normally circular,
but vertical warts set
below the rim also occurred. One wart
(from
the stone fill between walls
53
and
54
in
Q
on a
fragment
of a
large jar
had a hollow
top
as fig.
193
no. 2 b. Four
fragments,
all
apparently
from
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432 III. EMPORIO
jugs
with
finely
burnished black
surfaces,
were decorated with ribs in
relief;
one was a base
(III
G
19)
with a rib round the bottom and a vertical one
rising
from it. Another
fragment, apparently
from a
jug
with a black burnished
surface, appeared
to have a circle in relief with a wart at the
centre,
a motif of decoration also attested in Period II
(e.g. 1803, 1804).
141
2.
(Ill Qstone
fill behind wall
53) Fragment
of
large
vase with elaborate incised decoration.
Grey clay;
surface
grey inside,
brown
outside, very
worn.
Possibly
a
stray
of Period VIII.
vi. Period II
GENERAL
The
pottery
of this
period
from Area A consisted
entirely
of
fragments coming
from a
deep
fill
of rubbish
dumped against
the latest face
(54)
of the Period II terrace wall in the eastern
parts
of trenches
Q,
X and R. This rubbish seems to have been
piled
behind a new terrace wall
constructed somewhere
beyond
Area A to the east. The rubbish
may
have been
dumped
in two
distinct
stages, separated by
a certain interval of
time,
since the
pottery
from the
upper group
of
levels
(5
and
6) appeared
to be somewhat more
developed
in character and to reflect
improvements
in fabric and finish. Some of the lowest levels
assigned
to Period II were mixed
with material from IV.
The
pottery
of Period II has
every appearance
of
being
evolved from that of IV. There is
nothing
to
suggest any
outside influence such as
might
have been
expected
if a
group
of
people
with a different
pottery
tradition had settled at
Emporio
after the Period IV destruction.
The dominant
type
of bowl was still the carinated
type 9
as in V-IV. As in V-IV the finest
burnished finish
appeared
to be reserved for bowls with outward
curving
rims of
types 13
and
14.
Incision,
often with a white
fill,
remained the standard
way
of
decorating vases,
and was
especially
characteristic of
large jars
of fine burnished ware descended from the collar-necked
jars
with elaborate incised decoration of Period IV
(e.g. 1239).
FABRIC
As in earlier
periods
all of the
pottery
was
handmade,
and the bulk of it was still burnished. It was
fairly
uniform in
fabric,
the
clay being tempered
with straw and
grit
even in the case of small
vases of fine burnished ware. There was still no
sharp
line of division between fine and coarse
wares,
but the
larger
vases tended to have a more
aggressive temper
of straw and
grit
and less
well burnished surfaces. Some
large
vases of
comparatively
coarse
fabric, however,
were
given
a
very high
burnish. The
firing
was
usually
not
very thorough
or
even,
and the colour of the
clay
in
the break can therefore
vary
in different
parts
of the same
vase;
it is often
grey
in the centre.
The surface
colour,
as in Periods
V-IV,
was in
general
sombre
-
shades of dark
brown,
grey-brown,
or
black;
but sometimes
light
brown or red. The surface
normally
seemed to
agree
in colour with the
clay, depending
on the
way
the vase was fired: the
clay being
dark
grey
or
black in the case of black
surfaces,
reddish or
light
brown in that of red or
light
brown ones. But
there was
evidently
a
good
deal of control over the
firing,
and certain
types
of vase
consistently
appear
to have had the same surface
colour,
which must have been a matter of deliberate choice.
Small vases with a
very
fine
polish-like
burnish,
for
instance,
tended to be
black;
and small bowls
of the standard carinated
type 9
were
apt
to have black or dark brown
surfaces,
while the
larger
type 9 bowls,
and
large jars
of fine burnished
ware,
were more often
variegated,
with surfaces
mottling
from
light
brown to red and black: this
variegation, however, may simply
reflect the
greater difficulty experienced
in
controlling
the
firing
of the
larger
vases.
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3. AREA A. PERIOD III 433
There was some evidence for an
improvement
in the fabric and
finish, especially
of the fine
burnished
wares,
in the
upper
levels of Period II. The fabric became
noticeably harder,
which
should
imply
better
firing.
The colour of the
clay
in the break now tended to be
light
brown or
light grey
in contrast to the darker
greys,
browns and
blacks,
dominant earlier. The
temper
in
the
pottery
from the later
deposits
of II was also more even in
character,
with the use of
grit
of a
more
regular
and uniform size. The
burnishing
was
apt
to be
finer, leaving
the surface with an
almost metallic sheen. There
appeared
to be a
greater degree
of
uniformity
in the surface colour
of vases from these
upper
levels. Surfaces now tended to be shades of brown or
red,
whereas in the
lower
deposits
of II the fine burnished wares at
any
rate were
normally
either black or a vivid
red,
bowls
being
on the whole
dark-surfaced, jars
reddish. Small well-made bowls of
type 9
with
finely
burnished black surfaces were more in evidence in the lower levels of II.
In all
phases
of the
period,
however,
some of the smaller
vases, jars
as well as
bowls,
had a
very
fine burnish like a
polish,
with the marks of the
burnishing implement hardly
if at all visible.
The surfaces of this fine burnished ware were
usually
black or dark
grey-brown,
but sometimes
red, occasionally light
brown. As in Periods V-I V a
very
fine
polish-like
burnish
appears
to have
been
especially
favoured for bowls with outward
curving
rims of
types
1
3
and
14;
their
surfaces,
grey-brown
or black in
colour,
are
apt
to feel
soapy,
and in a few cases
incipient rippling
has
developed
reminiscent of the
rippling
of the finest burnished ware of the Middle Neolithic in
Crete.
Large
vases such as
storage jars
and
pithoi
tended to have a
summary
'stroke'
burnish,
with
the marks of the
burnishing implement clearly
visible. But some
large
vases were
evidently given
a
very
fine burnish
rivalling
that of the most
carefully
finished of the small ones.
Others, however,
including
one or two
large
carinated bowls of
type 9,
were left without
any
burnish at all. Even
some of the
very
smallest vases
(e.g. 1536
of
type 13)
were unburnished or had
only
a
slight
and
superficial
burnish.
Some if not all of the red-surfaced vases had been coated with a red wash. Where the surface
had been
thoroughly
burnished the existence of this was difficult to
establish;
but a red wash was
clearly distinguishable
in a number of cases where the surface was unburnished or had
only
been
given
a
superficial
burnish. As in earlier
periods
a red wash had
evidently
been
applied
to
many
of the dark-surfaced
vases,
and some
fragments
of
jugs,
with burnished outside surfaces
grey-brown
to black with a reddish
tinge,
had
splashes
of matt red
paint
on their insides. A
tinge
of
purple
or red was often
apparent
in the dark burnished surfaces of
vases, reflecting
it seems the
original
red of a wash
deliberately
transformed in the
firing.
This feature recalls the 'wine-red
tinge,
almost like an
undercoat,
which shows
through
the black surface' on a
variety
of the Luster
Ware that first
appears
at the end of the Late
Subperiod
of
Troy
I
(Troy
i
53).
One or two
fragments, coming
from closed vases as well as from
bowls, appear
to have been
coated with a lustrous or
slightly
lustrous black wash which had not been burnished
(e.g.
plate
90
no.
16).
Even in these cases the wash
may
have been red in colour when it was
applied;
and
one
fragment
from the
top
of level
5, belonging
to a
large
but thin-walled
jar,
seemed to have a
slightly
lustrous red wash on the outside. These
fragments
with a lustrous wash
might
have
belonged
to
imported vases,
but there was
nothing
in the fabric or
shape
to indicate this.
White Burnished Ware. Several
fragments,
all
apparently
from
jugs,
had a burnished
white
slip
on the outside. The white of the burnished
slip might
shade to
dusky
and dark
grey
in
colour. The
clay
was
grey-brown
and
indistinguishable
from that of the mass of
pottery
of local
fabric. These white burnished vases
may
therefore have been made in the
area,
and
might
represent
a continuation of the tradition of the White
Slipped
Ware of earlier
periods
at
Emporio.
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434 III. EMPORIO
White Burnished Ware differs in fabric from the
fragments
described under White Coated Ware
which
appear
to come from
imported
vases.
Cooking
Pot Ware. A distinctive
Cooking
Pot Ware could now be isolated from the mass of
the coarse ware. Some of the vases in this fabric were
quite thin-walled;
the
clay being
characteristically iron-grey
in the centre of the
break,
red-brown at the
edges,
and fired
very
hard;
the surfaces
normally
shades of
purple-brown
and unburnished. This fabric was used for
making tripod cooking pots
of
type 27
and for
jars
such as
1589
and
1591.
Foreign
fabrics
(see
also under
'Imports').
The wares below were
distinguishable
to a
greater
or lesser extent from the mass of local
wares,
and all of them
may
be of
foreign origin.
(1)
Micaceous Wares. As in the earlier
periods
a whole
group
of fabrics could be
distinguished
with
shiny
mica-like
particles
in the
clay.
Some if not all of the vases of these
micaceous fabrics were
imported, perhaps
from the
Cyclades.
(a)
Standard micaceous wares. A number of the distinctive slashed
handles,
which
appear
to
have
belonged
to
large jars
of
Cycladic types,
were of a
characteristically
hard
fabric,
the
clay
being sandy, normally light grey
in the centre of the
break,
and red
shading
to
pink
or
orange
at
the
surface,
which
might
be well smoothed or burnished. The mica in the
clay, always
more or
less
abundant,
was for the most
part silvery,
but
golden particles
were
frequently
visible as well.
The
grit
used as
temper
was often
white, suggestive
of marble. Most of the vases of this fabric
seem to have had a red or buff wash on the outside. But one slashed handle
(
1
71 7)
with abundant
white
grit
in the
clay
had been
given
a thin
steaky
black-brown
slightly
lustrous
wash;
while
another similar
handle,
of hard
sandy orange clay
with
gold
and silver
particles
in it
together
with abundant fine
white, grey
and red
grit, preserved
traces of a thick black to dark brown
truly
lustrous wash of which the surface had crackled: in this case the wash had
evidently
been
splashed
over the outside of the vase in a
way
reminiscent of the trickle ornament common on
jars
of the
Early
and Middle Minoan
periods
in Crete.
(b)
Black burnished micaceous ware
(plate 90
no. 1
7)
. One or two
fragments
of
vases, mostly
it
seems
jugs,
with black burnished surfaces from the latest
deposits
of II were made of
sandy clay
with a little
silvery
mica in it
suggestive
of a
foreign origin.
The
clay
was reddish
brown,
fired an
even colour
throughout.
The outside surfaces
(but
not the
insides)
were black with a
very
fine
polish-like
burnish.
(2)
Obsidian Ware. This rare but distinctive
ware,
described under Periods V-IV
although already
attested in levels of
VII-VI,
was in effect a
variety
of micaceous ware. It
may
correspond
to
Trojan
Scored Ware. The fabric is
noticeably hard,
and the
sandy clay
has some
mica in it
together
with
shiny
black
particles suggestive
of bits of obsidian. Parts of two vases of
this ware
(1809)
were recovered from levels of II.
(3)
Fine
Light Grey
Burnished Ware. Varieties of this
presumably imported
fabric
occurred
sporadically
from Period X onwards. Two
fragments (
1 8 1
o,
1 8 1 1
)
were found in levels
of II. The
clay
was
very fine, light grey throughout,
or dark
grey
at the core and
light grey
at the
edges.
The surface was
light grey
and burnished. Mica
might
occur in the
clay,
but traces of it
were not
always
visible.
(4)
White Coated Ware. Two
groups
of
fragments
with a white
slip
are considered here.
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 435
All
may
come from
jugs,
like the
fragments
of the
apparently
local White Burnished
Ware;
but the
fabric
suggests
that the vases in this case were
imported.
The
Gritty
Ware of
early Troy II,
described as 'often coated with a
thin, dull, milky slip',
sounds as if it
might
have been similar
(Troy
i
223 f.).
(a)
Four
fragments (181 2)
from level
7
and the
top
of
14 (plate 90);
all
perhaps
from the
same
vase;
thick-
walled,
of
soft, sandy clay,
shades of
pale grey, pink
and
brown,
and in fabric
somewhat reminiscent of Middle Helladic
matt-painted
ware. The
grit
used for
temper,
some of
it
very large,
was
brown, red, yellow
and white in colour. The thick white
slip
was confined to the
outside
surfaces, suggesting
that the
fragments
came from a closed vase or
vases;
but the insides
appeared
to have been
roughly
smoothed if not
burnished,
while the outsides were left
untreated,
except
in one case where the outside had also been smoothed.
(b)
Three
fragments (181
2
A) ,
all from the same
deposit
in level
5,
but
apparently
from three
different
jugs (plate 90);
the
clay orange
or
grey
in the
break,
with
large grit;
the outside
surfaces
creamy
white with a brownish
tinge, roughly
burnished. Some
particles
of mica
showing
in the surfaces of the
fragments suggested
that
they
came from
imported
vases.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
2. Dishes
1413 (fig. 197)
The
only fragment
of a dish recovered has
pattern
burnish
typical
of Period VIII and
appears
to be an earlier
stray.
141 3. (II
X
5)
Profile.
Light grey-brown;
fine burnish. Outside with
pattern
burnish: alternate
groups
of
diagonal
bands cf. Period VIII.
3. Baking pans
There were a few
fragments
of these from the levels below
6;
all
might
have been earlier
strays.
4. Open
bowls with
straight
or
slightly curving
sides 1
4
1
4-
1
420 (fig. 197)
Rims
assignable
to this
type
were not uncommon. One
(1420)
has a
large horizontally
perforated lug
on the outside.
Upright
rims of coarse fabric like
14 14 may
come from
tripod
cooking pots (type 27)
rather than bowls.
1414. (II Q,7) Roughly made;
coarse
fabric; grey clay;
surface
pale
brown to
dusky
with
rough
burnish.
141 5. (II
R
9A) Grey clay;
surface
light greyish
brown to
pink
with
rough
stroke burnish inside and out.
1416. (II
X
7)
Brown to
reddish; very slight
burnish.
141 7. (II
X
5) Purplish grey-brown;
burnished.
1418. (II 0,6/5)
Dark to
light brown;
fine burnish.
141 9. (II
R
?9)
Cf.
types 12-14. Light
brown to
reddish,
burnished.
Possibly
a
stray
of Periods V-IV.
1420. (II Q,7)
With
horizontally perforated lug. Grey-brown,
burnished.
5. Open
bowls with
curving
sides 1
421-1447 (fig. 197)
Rims of these were well
represented. They
shade into ones
assignable
to
types 6, 7,
and
9,
especially type 9D (e.g.
1
438)
. The rims
may
be
thickened,
and are
occasionally flat-topped (e.g.
1
42 1. 1434).
Bowls of this
type evidently
came in a wide
variety
of
sizes,
but
many
were small
with diameters of less than
15.
Side handles set on the rim or
just
below it were
common,
and
may
have been
usual,
as on
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fig.
197.
Period II.
Types 2, 4-8.
Scale
1/3.
436 III. EMPORIO
O 36 20 26 ? 30?

C 30
H '
30 35? 34
_32
33 20
J7
6

2
22
'
1421
^
1422
^
1423
|
1424
^
1425
J|
1426
^
1427 J 1428 i 1429
^U30J
'A o 12 8
qp 1435
W
1436
y^x
1431^
1432
J
1433# 1434#

/x
1437
#
'
1439
i^
144
^^441
1442
'
1443
i
1446

1449M F
"^^
1462
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 437
bowls of
type 9.
One or two bowls
appear
to have had some
very
elaborate form of vertical
handle
(e.g. 1437).
The rim
1442
has a
horizontally perforated lug;
but
1441
with an
incipient
trumpet lug may
be an earlier
stray.
Warts and solid
lugs
are not uncommon
(e.g. 1435-6, 1444),
those of the horned
type being
well
represented (1445-7).
One horned
lug (1443)
has a
pair
of vertical
perforations through
it.
The flat
top
of the
unique
rim
1430
from a shallow bowl
(type 5C)
was decorated with a row of
finger-nail impressions.
The small bowl
1759
with an elaborate combination of incised
decoration and areas of burnish
appears
to have been of
type 5.
1
42
1.
(II
R
16)
Coarse
gritty clay, dusky
to
orange;
surface
light greyish
brown
mottling
to
red, evidently
well
burnished,
but worn.
1422. (II Q6/5) Purplish
to
red,
burnished. Several rims of similar
shape
in various fabrics from levels below 6.
1423. (II 0,6/5) Clay grey
at
core;
surface
light
brown to
reddish,
well burnished. Four others similar from various
levels above and below
6;
two with
stumps
of side
handles,
one set
just
below the
rim,
the other
virtually
on
it;
surfaces shades of
grey-brown
and
light brown,
burnished.
1424. (II Q,5)
Dark brown to
reddish;
fine burnish. Several others similar from levels below
6;
one with
stump
of a
large
side handle
just
below the
rim;
surfaces shades of
grey-brown
and
light brown,
burnished.
1425. (II Q7) Grey-brown,
burnished. Two others similar from levels below 6.
1426. (II Q7)
Dark brown with
strong
reddish
tinge,
burnished. Another similar
(II
R
10);
surface
grey-brown;
rough
burnish.
1427. (II
R
7A) Large
circular wart on outside. Soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished but much worn.
1428. (II 0,6/5) Light
brown to
red;
fine burnish.
1429. (II Q, 15) Very irregular; grey clay;
surface shades of dark to
light
brown with a
slight
reddish
tinge; uneven,
combed,
and afterwards burnished.
1430. (II 0,6/5)
Rim from bowl of
type 5C,
with
fingernail impressions along
flattened
top.
Dark
grey-brown
with a
reddish
tinge;
fine
polish-like
burnish. A
jug
rim
1391A
from III G level
19
with similar
fingernail impressions
along
the flattened
top may
be a
stray
of Period II.
Rims with nicks or
impression along
the
tops appear
to be a feature of the Late Neolithic on the Greek
mainland
(e.g.
Corinth:
Hesperia
vi
(1939) 509 fig. 27). They
were
evidently
common in the earliest
Tsangli
(Dhimini 1) phase
of the Late Neolithic in
Thessaly (e.g. Arapi pls.
1:
24; 3: 3, 8),
but are also attested in the
Early
Bronze
Age
there
(e.g. Argissa
iii
pls. 3: 15; 9: 15). Jar
rims with
impressions
of this kind
similarly
occur in
the Late Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age
of Macedonia
(PMac 84
note
8, 175
no.
204, 196
f. nos.
358, 366).
Small bowls
(diameter
less than
15)
1
43 1. 1432.
Rims of standard
type
common in levels above and below
6;
some with side handles set on or
just
below
rim. Surfaces
grey-brown, light brown,
or
red,
burnished.
1433. (II Q7) Grey clay;
inside surface dark
grey,
outside
pale brown,
burnished.
1434. (II
R
7A) Grey-brown,
burnished.
1435. (II Q 14) Large
circular wart on outside. Soft
fabric;
surface
pitted,
reddish to
light brown,
burnished.
1436. (II
X
15-13, 7)
Oval wart on outside.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
Handles and
lugs
1437. (II
X
5) Stump
of
large
vertical handle of
peculiar type
on outside.
Light brown;
fine burnish. Another similar
(II
X
15-13, 7); grey-brown mottling
to white and
reddish;
fine burnish.
1438. (II Q7) Stump
of side handle on outside.
Black;
fine burnish.
1439. (II
X
15-13, 7)
Side handle as fig.
107,
class
1,
on outside.
Light brown;
fine burnish.
1440. (II Q7)
Side handle
(fig. 107,
class
3)
on outside.
Black;
fine burnish.
1
44
1 .
(II
R
?9) Incipient trumpet lug
on outside.
Very
soft dark
grey clay;
straw
impressions
in
surface,
which
light
brown,
burnished.
Possibly
an earlier
stray (Period V?).
1442. (II Q7) Horizontally perforated lug
on outside.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
1443. (II
X
5)
Horned
lug
with
pair
of vertical
perforations through
it on outside.
Roughly made;
soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
1444. (II Q,7) Large upturned
conical wrt on outside.
Light
brown to
dusky
and
reddish,
burnished.
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438 III. EMPORIO
1445. (II Q
no
level) Upturned incipient
horned wart on outside.
Grey-brown
with
deep
reddish
tinge;
fine
polish-like
burnish.
1446. (II Q6/5) Upturned
horned wart on outside. Shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished. Seven other rims with
similar warts from levels above and below
6;
shades of
grey- brown, brown, black,
and
reddish,
burnished.
1447. (II
R
?9) Upturned
horned wart on outside. Dark
grey clay;
inside surface
red,
outside red to shades of
dusky
brown,
burnished.
Possibly
a
stray
of Periods V-IV.
6 . Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims 1
448-
1
45
2
(fig .197)
These
occurred,
but do not seem to have been common. The rims
grouped
here
merge
into those
assignable
to
types 7
and 8. Some of the rims are
squared
or flattened on
top (1448-9)
. Warts are
found on the outside of the
rim,
as on bowls of
types 5
and
9 (e.g. 1450).
The
scrap 1452
with
traces of
pattern
burnish must be an earlier
stray, probably
of Period VIII.
1448. (II
R
7 A) Grey clay;
surface
pitted, grey outside, light greyish
brown
inside,
burnished.
1449. (II
X
7) Grey-brown,
burnished. One or two others similar.
1450. (II
R
9)
Circular wart on outside. Soft
fabric;
surface reddish to
light brown,
burnished.
1
45
1.
(II
R
7 A) Grey clay;
surface
black;
traces of fine
polish-like
burnish.
1452. (II
R
9)
Traces of
pattern
burnish on outside.
Light
brown
clay;
surface
light
reddish
brown;
remains of fine
polish-like
burnish. Earlier
stray, probably
of Periods VIII or VII-VI.
7.
Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims and
high
shoulders
1453-1455 (fig. 197)
This
type
had
by
now
virtually merged
with
type 9.
The few rims
grouped
here include ones like
1453
which are
probably
from bowls of
type 9
with the carination somewhat
rounded;
the others
are either
anomalous,
or
may
be earlier
strays.
The
unique
rim
1454
with a bold
finger-impressed
rib around the outside
apparently
comes from a bowl rather than
ajar,
but
might
be classed under
type 38.
1453. (II Q7) Stump
of side handle.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
Possibly
better classified under
type 9.
1454. (II
X
5)
Horizontal band of relief ornament below rim. Hard
grey clay;
surface
purple-brown,
burnished inside
and out.
Possibly
from
ajar
cf.
type 38.
1455. (II O 5) Large disc-shaped
wart on outside. Dark
brown;
fine burnish.
8. Bowls with carinated shoulder s and tall rims 1
456 (fig. 197)
The one or two rims of this
type
from levels of II
may
all be earlier
strays.
1456. (II O 6/5)
Surface dark
grey-brown; comparatively slight
burnish
inside,
well burnished outside.
9.
Carinated bowls
1457-1518 (figs. 198, 199)
As in Periods V-IV bowls of this
type
were
by
far the most common. Indeed the
proportion
of
type 9
bowls was if
anything higher
in Period II than it had been in IV. There was a
great range
in the size of these
bowls,
and some were
very large
with diameters in excess of
40
or
50.
At the
other extreme came a series of small bowls with diameters of about
15
or less. These small bowls
were
evidently just
as common and characteristic as the
large ones;
but bowls of an
intermediary
size with diameters of c.
20-25
seemed to be less in
evidence,
in marked contrast to Periods V-IV
when
type 9
bowls of the
intermediary
size were more or less standard.
In the case of the
larger
bowls
(notably
those from the
upper
levels 6 and
5)
there is a
tendency
for the rims to be of classes B and
D,
rather than of class
A,
which was normal in Periods
V-IV. This
may
reflect the fact that the
larger
bowls of
type 9
in Period II were
apt
to be
shallow,
evolving
towards the
very
shallow varieties
(some
of them
wheelmade)
characteristic of the
following
Period
I;
but
deep
as well as shallow varieties were
represented among
the smaller
bowls with diameters of about
15
or less. Several rims from the lower
group
of levels
(below
level
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 439
6)
are hollow on the outside
(class C)
like
many type 9
bowl rims in Periods V-IV
(e.g. 1467).
A
number of rims of all classes are
markedly
concave below the
carination,
and this
concavity may
give
the carination itself a
profile
like that of a rib in relief
(e.g. 1457, 1465, 1467, 1479, 1488).
Bowls of
type 9 merge
into ones
assignable
to
types
6 and
7.
But the distinction between rims
of various
types
was
perhaps sharper
in the material from the
upper
levels 6 and
5,
since the
carinations of
type 9
bowls from these levels tended to be neater and more clean-cut. At the same
time the finish of bowls from the
upper
levels seemed to be more
regular,
and their surfaces more
even.
The surfaces of the smaller
type 9
bowls from all levels of II tended to be shades of dark
grey-brown
to
black;
but
they
often had a reddish
tinge, making
them
appear
a dark
purplish
brown. As in earlier
periods
the surfaces of the
larger
bowls were
apt
to be less uniform in
colour,
and were often shades of
light
brown or red: now as earlier this no doubt reflects the
comparative
difficulty
of
controlling
the
firing
in the case of
large vases;
but red
surfaces,
when
they occur,
are
probably
for the most
part
deliberate and
imply
the
application
of a red wash. A few rims of
bowls, mostly
of
large size,
from the
upper
levels 6 and
5
had unburnished red washes. Even small
bowls, however, might
have unburnished surfaces
(e.g. 1489),
or burnished surfaces with
reserved areas unburnished as in the case of
15
18.
As in Periods V-IV side
handles,
set on or
immediately
below the carination and
rising
above
the level of the
rim,
were standard on
type 9
bowls and
might
occur in
pairs (e.g. 1500).
These
handles were
normally
circular in
section,
but some were more or less
triangular.
What
appeared
to be the
stump
of a vertical
strap
handle was noted on a rim akin to class B from II
Q,
level
5.
Trumpet lugs
of class
3a (fig. 191 )
were attested on
type 9
bowl rims from levels above as well as
below 6
(e.g. 1505); they
were
uncommon,
but did not
appear
to be earlier
strays.
As in V-IV warts were usual on the carinations of
type 9
bowls. These were
normally
circular
or
oval; large
oval
warts,
often
upturned,
were characteristic
(e.g. 15 14-15). Square-ended
(151 7)
and horned warts
(15
16 cf.
1516A:
plate
83 (a))
also occur. There is a
group
of three
vertical warts on the rim
1506.
No
complete profile
of a
type 9
bowl with
joining
rim and base was recovered from a level of
II,
but
many
bases it seems were as fig.
109,
class
8,
which was characteristic of Period II. Some
of the common
pedestal
bases and
ring
feet
(fig. 109,
classes 2
A, 3 A) may
also come from
type 9
bowls.
The small rim
15
18 with the
stump
of a handle has elaborate incised
decoration,
the
undecorated
parts being
reserved without burnish. This combination of incised decoration with
reserved areas is also found on a number of small bowls of
type 13
from levels of II.
(
1
) Large
bowls
A. Rims at
open angles
1457. (II
R
?g)
Shades of dark and
light
brown
mottling
to
red,
burnished.
Possibly
a
stray
of Periods V-IV.
1458. (IV/II Q22) Probably
of Period IV.
Grey-brown
with a
deep
reddish
tinge,
well burnished.
1459.
Rim of standard
type
as found
throughout
II.
B. Rims at
sharp angles
1460.
1
46
1.
(plate 81)
Rims of standard
types
as found
throughout
II.
1462. (II Q, 14) Grey clay, orange
at
surface;
burnished red wash inside and out.
1463. (II Q 14) (plate 81) Light
brown to
reddish;
fine burnish.
1464. (II Q, 15) Grey-brown; very
fine burnish.
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fig.
198.
Period II.
Type 9.
Scale
1/3.
440 III. EMPORIO
30?
32?
32+ 40? cf 24 25 C-17

c 16

c.15
1467

1458
Jl1459 JP
1460
1
1461
JP
1462
>P JP M w m
&* ?
40 40 30* 30* 3O+
26
30?
20
16
1468
^
1469
j^
147ol 1471
J||
1472 M 1473
Jf
1474
^
1475
fflji*?* Ji 1477>#
^^f
^^
'My
50 30+? 30*? 30+ ?
I I
9
1491J|i493Jt
#
1495# 1496#
^
1486
^
1488
1490
|8
^^
>^
^
1499
^1501
v
M
#1503
^
1498
?
v


^>*^
I DU O
^^
^^ 1515 Nr lOlO
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 441
1465. (II Q, 14) Grey-brown,
burnished. Two others similar: one
(II
R
9)
of soft fabric with surface
light brown,
burnished;
the other
(II Q 15) deep purple-red
to brown and black with
high polish-like
burnish.
1466. (II Q, 15)
Surface
lightish brown,
burnished but worn.
C. Rims concave on the outside
1467. (II Q 15) Very irregular;
straw
impressions showing
in
surface,
which dark brown to black
inside,
shades of
dark brown and black to
light
brown and reddish
outside,
burnished.
D. Short bevelled
rims,
on
(1) deep
bowls
1468. (III/II Q,fiH
between walls
53
and
54)
Inside dark
brown,
outside
light brown;
fine burnish.
1469.
Rim of standard
type
as found in levels below 6.
1
470-1 475.
Rims of standard
types
as found
throughout
II.
1476. (IV/II Q22) Grey-brown,
burnished.
1477. (IV/II Q22)
Oval wart on carination.
Deep purple-brown
to
black; very
fine burnish.
D. Short bevelled
rims,
on
(2)
shallow bowls
1478. (II (6/5) Grey clay;
surface
light brown,
burnished but rather worn.
1479. (II Q,9A) Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
1
480-
1
484.
Rims of standard
types
as found
throughout
II.
(2)
Small bowls
(diameter
less than
15)
(a) Steep-sided
1
485-
1
488.
Rims of standard
types
as found
throughout
II.
1489. (II Q,7) Grey clay,
brown at
edges;
surface
light
brown to
dusky
and
reddish,
without burnish. Another similar
(II Q,7)
with
light grey surface,
burnished inside and out.
1490. (III/II Q,fill
between walls
53
and
54) Grey-brown;
fine
polish-like
burnish.
(b)
Shallow
1491. (II
X
15-13, 7) Grey-brown
with reddish
tinge,
burnished.
1492. (II
R
9)
As
1491.
1493. (II 0,15) Grey-brown,
burnished.
1494. (II
R
9)
Soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown
with reddish
tinge,
burnished.
1495. (II Q 14) Grey-brown
to
black,
burnished. Several others similar from levels below 6.
1496.
Rim of standard
type
as found
throughout
II.
1497. (II 0,6/5) Grey-brown,
burnished. Several others similar from levels above and below 6.
1498. (II Q 14)
Chestnut
brown;
fine burnish
outside,
less well burnished inside.
1499. (II
R
7 A)
Soft
grey clay;
surface
light brown, entirely perished.
(3)
Handles and
lugs
1500. (II Q,5) (fig. 199)
Rim with side handle on carination.
Possibly
from a bowl with two handles.
Sandy
reddish
brown
clay;
surface
grey-brown
with
very
fine
polish-like
burnish.
1501. (II Q,7) (plate 81)
Rim with
elegant
side handle on
carination;
base bf handle
neatly
differentiated.
Grey-brown
to
black; very
fine
polish-like
burnish.
1
502. (II
X
5)
Rim with
stump
of side handle.
Grey-brown,
burnished. Others similar from levels above and below 6.
1
503. (II Q
1
4/7)
Rim with
stump
of side handle.
Grey-brown
to
black,
burnished. Several others similar from levels
below 6.
1504. (II Q,7)
Profile with
stump
of side handle on carination.
Grey clay;
surface dark
grey-brown
to
reddish; poor
burnish inside and out.
1
505. (II 0,6/5)
Rim with end of
trumpet lug
on it.
Light brown;
fine burnish. Two others similar
(11X15-13,7
and
1506. (II
X
5)
Rim with
group
of three vertical warts on outside.
Light brown;
fine burnish.
1507. (II
X
5)
Rim with circular wart on carination.
Grey-brown
with reddish
tinge,
burnished but worn.
1508. (II Q,5)
Rim with circular wart on carination. Dark
grey-brown,
burnished. Another similar
(II
R
9).
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442 III. EMPORIO
1509. (II Q, 14)
Rim with
large
circular wart on carination.
Light
brown
mottling
to
reddish; high polish-like
burnish. Two others similar
(II
X
15-13, 7);
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
1
5
10.
(II
R
9)
Rim
(class B)
with oval wart on carination. Soft
grey clay;
inside surface
deep purplish red,
outside
light brown,
burnished but much worn.
151
1.
(II
R
?9)
Rim with oval wart on carination. Dark
grey
to black
clay
with
grit;
surface
pitted, light
brown to
reddish with
dusky patches,
burnished. Two others similar
(III/II Qfill
between walls
53
and
54,
and II
Q15);
surfaces
grey-brown,
burnished. All
possibly strays
of Periods V-IV.
15
1 2.
(II
R
9)
Rim with oval wart on carination.
Irregular.
Soft
grey clay;
surface
light brown,
burnished but much
worn. Another similar
(IV/II Q22);
surface
grey-brown;
fine burnish.
1
5
1
3. (II Q5)
Rim with
large
oval wart on carination.
Grey-brown,
burnished. Others similar from levels above and
below 6.
1
5 14. (II Q7)
Rim with
large upturned
wart on carination.
Grey-brown,
burnished. Others similar from levels
above and below 6.
1
5 15. (II Q 14)
Rim with
large upturned
wart on carination.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
1
5
1 6.
(II Q7) (fig.
1
99)
Rim with
large upturned
horned wart.
Grey-brown,
burnished. Seven others
similar, mostly
large
but one
small,
from levels below 6
(plate
81
(d)).
151 7. (II Q,7) (fig. 199)
Rim cf. 1
5 16,
with
large upturned square-ended
wart. Inside surface red with fine
burnish;
outside red to
dusky
with
only slight
traces of
burnishing.
15
18.
(II Q, 14) (plate 82)
Rim of small bowl with
stump
of
lug
or handle and elaborate incised decoration on
outside.
Grey-brown;
area with incised decoration
burnished;
rest of surface
reserved,
without burnish.
Possible traces of white fill in incisions.
Cf. PMac
167
no.
167, Early
Bronze
Age,
from Kritsana. But
type 9
rims with incised decoration
already
occur in
early Troy
I contexts
(e.g. Troy
i 1
15 fig.
261:
6, 7).
1 2 . Bowls with
straight rims,
thickened and
usually differentiated
on the inside 1
5
1
9-
1
520 (fig. 200)
The few rims of this
type
from levels of II
may
be earlier
strays.
15 19. (II
R
?g)
Surface
uneven, lightish brown,
stroke burnished.
1520. (II Q,7) Trumpet lug
on outside. Dark
grey clay;
surface
pale
whitish
brown,
burnished inside and out.
13.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims, internally differentiated
and thickened 1
52 1-1547 (figs. 199,200)
Bowls of this
type
and of the allied
type 14
were characteristic of Period
II, although
not as
common as those of
type 9.
As in Periods V-IV the best finish seemed to be reserved for bowls of
these two related
types,
the most
finely
burnished surfaces
tending
to be black in colour. At the
same time some bowls of these
types
either had a
very poor
burnish or were left
altogether
unburnished
(e.g. 1528).
Rims of
type 13
were sometimes
neatly squared
or flattened at the
tips.
In several cases there
was an incised line or
groove
round the inside of the rim
(e.g. 1525-6, 1529-30, 1542).
Indentations or
projections
of various
shapes, biting
into or
rising
from the
rim, appear
to
have been
very
common on bowls of
types 13
and
14
in Period II. For
indentations,
see
1543
and
1760, 1765, 1768 (plate 82). Projections may
be
single,
or double and horn-like
(e.g. 1769,
1
771,
on plate
82). Projections
with a
large
hole
through
them
approximate
to
lug-handles (e.g.
!54O).
A few bowls of these two
types
were
provided
with vertical
strap
handles
rising
above the rim
(e.g.
plate 82:
1770);
sometimes at
any
rate such handles
clasped
the rim from both sides
(e.g.
1538).
A number of bowls of
type 13 including 1538
had elaborate incised decoration as seen on
plate
82;
these
richly
incised bowls were for the most
part
small and thick-walled.
In the case of some of these incised bowls
parts
of the surface had been
reserved,
without
any
burnish
(e.g. 1545);
the incised
designs normally occupied
the burnished
parts,
but
occasionally
it would seem the roles were
reversed,
the reserved areas
being
incised and the burnished ones left
plain.
The decorative effect
might
be still further
heightened by
the addition of red
paint,
contrasting
with the white fill in the incisions.
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fig.
199.
Period II. Bowls etc. Scale
1/4.
3. AREA A. PERIOD II 443
'
f
15
s
L
s'^
y
/*'
1517
I
JL/
f
-
// r'^ JO
''
ry/j r' Xj
7
Tis
'[.---Ml-
V--A ~
a.
1541
I
1
/
'
' V' ))
1658 / I '
V'
N^^^^
INSIDE

/ /
y 7'
OUTSIDE /
|
' /
C~A
^^^
1538 1575
Rims from A.
Deep
and B. Medium bowls
1
52
1.
(Q cleaning,
but
presumably II) Light
brown to
red; high polish-like
burnish.
1522. (II 0,6/5)
Dark
grey-brown; high polish-like
burnish. One or two others similar from levels 6 and
5;
surfaces
grey-brown
and
reddish,
burnished. Some half dozen others from levels below
6;
surfaces
mostly grey-brown,
but in two cases
light
brown
outside,
red inside.
1523. (II
X
5)
Dark
grey-brown;
fine burnish.
Cf.
Troy
i
fig. 255,
from
Troy
I
g,
for a rim of this
type
with similar
overhanging edge.
1524. (II O5)
Dark brown to
black; high polish.
Several others similar from levels 6 and
5;
surfaces black with
very
fine
burnish,
and
grey-brown
or
light brown,
burnished. One from
Qlevel 14;
surface dark brown to black with
high polish.
1525. (II
R
?9)
Incised
groove
round outside. Dark
grey; high polish.
1
526. (II
X
5)
Incised
groove
round outside.
Grey brown;
fine burnish. Six others similar from level
7
in
Qand X;
one
with
stump
of massive handle
just
below
rim;
surfaces shades of
grey-brown
or
light brown;
fine burnish.
1527. (II
R
9)
Soft
fabric;
inside surface
black,
outside
light
brown to
red; very
fine burnish.
1528. (II
R
9)
Hard
sandy orange clay
with small white
grit;
inside surface
orange-brown
with
signs
of
burnish;
outside darker
brown,
as if coated with a
slightly
lustrous wash which left unburnished.
1529. (II O 7) (plate 81)
Incised
groove
round outside.
Grey-brown
to
black; high polish.
1530. (II
X
7) (plate 81)
Bold
groove
round outside.
Grey-brown
to
black; high polish.
1
53
1.
(II O 6/5) Grey-brown; high polish.
Two other similar
(II Q7, 5).
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fig. 2OO. Period II.
Types 12-14, 16,
18. Scale
1/3.
444 III. EMPORIO
25 20
L 25
_32
30
_?
16
14 |0 |0 ? |2 H
yy/
30
^^
Ifi
18 ?
IQ.S

#"163# "~#^ ^*Jr 153^^^
1534^
1535 J^
1528 1529
^1531 y^P^
^^
^_^^
I
jo?

^^^^
J6
12.6
^ 1537
X^/
1639 ^^*1544^
1536

*0
^--- ^c-<^
L L 32
3 24 16
24 2C+ ? 10
K
Jj
M f
^M556
1657
1568
' 1569^^^ >^
1554 ^1555
1561 1562
Wga^^ ^
^^
c*c
1564
c*c
1565
V-_1-Vi566^^
4r
1567 1568
^ 1569
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 445
Rims from G. Shallow bowls
1532. (II Q,7)
Inside
red,
outside
light brown,
burnished. Two or three others similar from levels below 6.
1
533- (H 0,6/5) Purplish black; high polish.
Five others similar from levels below
6;
surfaces
grey-brown,
and shades
of
light
brown to
red;
fine burnish.
1534. (II
R
9A) Grey clay;
surface
light
brown with a red
wash,
burnished.
1535. (II O 7) Grey-brown
to
black; high polish.
Two others similar from levels below 6.
1536. (II O 7) Profile;
base cf. fig.
109,
class
4A. Grey clay,
brown at
edges;
surface
drab,
with
very slight
burnish
inside and out. Three others similar in
shape
and fabric from levels below 6.
Handles, lugs,
and incised decoration
1537. (II
R
7A) Rim,
with vertical
strap
handle
rising
from inside.
Grey-brown clay;
surface
disappeared,
but
probably light brown,
burnished.
1538. (II O 7) (fig. 199.
plate
82) Rim,
with
stumps
of vertical
strap
handle attached to inside and outside.
Light
brown to
dusky; poor
burnish. Bold incised
zigzags
on handle and round inside of
rim;
no
signs
of white fill.
1539. (II O *5)
Rim with
stump
of
lug
or handle on outside.
Black; high polish.
1540. (II Q,7) (fig. 199.
plate
83 (b))
Rim with
lug-handle projecting
from it.
Brown; rough
burnish.
1541. (II
X
5) (fig. 199) Rim,
with
part
of double
projection. Light brown;
fine burnish. Two others similar from
levels below
6;
surfaces
purplish grey-brown
and
light grey,
burnished.
1542. (II 0,6/5) (plate 81)
Rim with bold
groove
round outside cf.
1526;
vertical wart
rising
in
projection
cf.
1563
of
type 14.
Dark
grey-brown,
burnished. Five others similar from levels above and below
6;
surfaces
grey-brown
and
red,
burnished.
1543. (II Q7) (plate 82)
Rim with indentation.
Light
brown to
red,
burnished but worn.
1544. (II O 7)
Rim- Surface
grey-brown
with fine
burnish;
stroke marks on
outside,
horizontal round
top
of
rim,
vertical below
it,
as if
deliberately
for decorative effect.
I545- (II O6/5) (plate 82)
Rim with elaborate decoration
combining
incision with reserved areas.
Grey clay;
surface
lightish
brown in reserved areas without
burnish,
darker brown where burnished. Incised decoration in
burnished areas:
multiple triangles
round inside of
rim;
vertical
strip, apparently
with hatched
diamonds,
on
outside.
1545A. (II O 14) (plate 82)
Similar rim of same fabric.
1545B. (II
X
5) (plate 82)
Another similar rim with bold incised decoration filled with white
paste
on inside which
shades of black to reddish
brown, burnished;
outside dark
brown,
unburnished.
1546. (II Q
walls
57
and
58) (plate 82)
Rim.
Grey-brown,
burnished. Incised decoration: double
zigzag
round
inside of
rim;
traces of white fill.
1547. (II O H) (plate 82)
Rim. Inside
grey-brown,
outside a
lighter
shade of
brown,
burnished.
Boldly
incised
zigzag
round outside of
rim;
traces of white fill.
1
4.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims,
not
internally differentiated,
but sometimes thickened 1
548-
1
565
(fig. 200)
Some of the rims
grouped
here
may
have
belonged
to
jars,
or to
tripod cooking pots
of
type 27,
notably
those like
1564
with
projections
and relief decoration on the outside.
Incised lines
appear
round the outside of one or two thickened rims like
1550,
which are in
effect undifferentiated versions of
type 13
rims.
Some small bowls as 1
559
were
rough
and
shapeless;
the surfaces of these were
normally light
brown to reddish with
very poor
burnish or none at all
(e.g.
1
560)
. About five rims of such bowls
had the
stumps
of what
appeared
to be side handles set below or on them.
Rims from A.
Deep
bowls
1548. (II Q6/5) Grey-brown clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface with a
red, apparently slightly
lustrous
wash;
traces
of
possible
burnish.
Perhaps
from a
cooking pot.
1549. (II Q6/5)
Inside dark brown with
high polish;
outside
light brown, slight
traces of
burnish,
but worn.
1550. (II 0,6/5)
Groove round outside. Dark
grey-brown,
burnished. Another similar with surface
red; high polish.
1
55
1.
(II
R
7A)
Soft
fabric;
surface
light brown, very
much
pitted
and
worn;
stroke burnish.
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446 III. EMPORIO
1552. (II 0,6/5)
Fine
orange clay;
surface red. Inside with a few
irregular
strokes of
burnish;
outside with what
appears
to be
rough pattern
burnish. Another similar in fabric and surface treatment from II B level
5.
1553. (II
R
9) Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
Rims from B. Medium and G. Shallow bowls
1554. (IV/II
R
29)
Red to
light brown; high polish.
^- (H
X
5) Grey-brown;
burnished. Another similar
(II
R
7A); light
brown
shading
to red around
top
of rim
inside,
burnished.
1556. (II O 6/5)
Hard
grey clay;
surface iron
grey
to
light brown,
burnished.
1557. (II
R
16) Angle
uncertain. Hard
grey
to
orange clay;
surface
light pinkish
brown
inside,
dark
grey
to
light
brown
outside,
well burnished.
1558. (II
X
5) Grey-brown,
burnished.
Possibly
from
ajar
or lid.
Small bowls
(diameter
less than
15)
1
559. (II Q7) Grey-brown
to
black;
fine burnish.
Many
others similar from levels below
6;
several with
stumps
of side
handles set on or
just
below
rim; mostly
with fine burnished
surfaces,
shades of
grey-brown, purplish brown,
or
light brown;
some with
poor
burnish and surface
light
brown or reddish.
1560. (II
X
5)
Inside
drab,
smoothed but not
burnished;
outside
light
brown with rather
poor
stroke burnish. Two
others similar
(II O 7);
surfaces dark
grey-brown
and
light brown,
burnished.
1
56
1.
(II
R
9A) Grey clay;
surface
grey-brown,
well burnished inside and out.
1562. (II
X
15-13, 7) Grey-brown; rough
burnish.
Decoration
1563. (II
X
15-13, 7)
Rim with vertical wart
rising
in
projection
cf.
1542
of
type 13.
Inside
light grey,
outside
light
pinkish brown;
rather
poor
stroke burnish.
Perhaps
from a
tripod cooking pot
of
type 27.
Warts like this rise above the rims of some
tripod cooking pots
of Periods V-IV
(see
under 1 1
79
with
references to
examples
from the
Early
and Middle
Subperiods
of
Troy
I and from
Thermi).
1564. (II
X
5) (plate 81)
Rim with
projection;
relief decoration on outside below it. Outside
light brown,
inside
darker
brown,
burnished.
Possibly
from a
tripod cooking pot
of
type 27.
Another
1564A
similar
(II O 6/5)
(plate 81)
with a
pair
of
curving
ribs in
relief;
surface red
outside,
dark brown
inside,
burnished.
1565. (II Q5)
Rim with
pair
of vertical warts on outside.
Angle
not certain. Hard
grey clay
cf.
cooking pot ware;
surface reddish brown to
dusky; poor
burnish inside and out.
Possibly
from a
tripod cooking pot
of
type 27.
16.
Dipper cups 1566-1568 (fig. 200)
A number of
fragments
of vertical
handles, mostly
as
1566, appeared
to come from bowls akin to
types 4-7.
Some bowls with vertical handles were
evidently large;
but most were
probably quite
small,
and classifiable as
dipper cups.
1566. (II 0,6/5)
Rim with
stump
of vertical handle.
Light
brown to
reddish; poor
burnish.
1567. (II 0,6/5)
Rim with
stump
of vertical handle.
Light
brown to
reddish; poor
burnish.
1568. (II
X
7)
Rim with
stump
of vertical
strap
handle. Dark brown with reddish
tinge,
burnished.
18. Bowls with a
ledge
below the rim outside
1569 (fig. 200)
One small rim was
assignable
to this
type.
1569. (II O 7) Light brown,
burnished.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
21 . Small
jug
with short
straight neck,
wide
flat mouth,
and
tripod feet 1570 (fig. 202)
Only
one restorable
example
was
recovered;
but some of the
fragments assigned
to
pyxides (type
44) may
have
belonged
to
jugs
of this or some other related
type.
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fig. 201. Period II.
Jug
mouths and
spouts.
Scale
1/6.
3. AREA A. PERIOD II 447
1570. (II
R
9) (plate 81)
About one-third
preserved, including stump
of vertical
strap
handle. Ht. to rim from
bottom of base
9.
Three low warts on
belly,
as found on
jugs
of other
types.
Outside
grey-brown, burnished;
inside
rough.
Incised decoration on
body
and rim. Traces of white fill.
Jugsof
standard
types 1571-1577 (figs. 199, 201,
202. plate 81
(g))
Fragments
of these were abundant. As in earlier
periods
this abundance
may
reflect some ritual
of
breaking jugs
in the area of the well. The vases from which the
fragments
came were
evidently
of various
sizes,
some
being very large.
Rims
might
be flat without a
spout (fig.
201:
157 1);
or
might
rise
steeply
into a
pointed spout
as
1573,
cf.
1576.
Pointed
spouts
of this kind
appear
to
have been
very
common and
characteristic,
but
cutaway
necks
(fig.
201 :
1572)
also occurred. In
1571
'
V
1573
1574
1572
the case of
jugs
with
pointed spouts
the
cutting away
of the neck
gives
the rim an
angular
shoulder
(fig.
201:
1574,
cf.
1576).
The wart on the
tip
of the
spout 1576
is a feature which
appears
to have been more at home in the
upper
levels 6 and
5
than in those below 6.
Several
jug
necks had a
sharp ridge
or carination
running
down the throat
(e.g.
fig.
199:
1575).
Throat
ridges
of this kind seem to be
something
new and characteristic in Period II. The
bodies of
jugs
were also sometimes
carinated;
the evidence for carinated bodies
being perhaps
more
forthcoming
from levels below 6 than from the
upper
levels 6 and
5.
The rim
1577, apparently
from a
jug,
has a
lug
on the outside with a hollow in the
top
and a
small hole sunk into the bottom of it as if for the insertion of a
twig
or rod of some kind. A
fragment
of neck with a
horizontally perforated lug
at its base
(
1
724) may
also come from a
jug.
One
jug
rim with a
finely
burnished black surface
(III/II Qfill
between walls
53
and
54)
had a
circular wart on the outside.
Jug
handles
might
be set to the rim or below
it;
but handles were now more
commonly
set
below the rim than to
it,
in
sharp
contrast to the situation in earlier
periods,
when
jug
handles
were almost
invariably
to the rim. The handles of
jugs
from levels of II
characteristically
have
neat semi-circular
(fig.
108 no.
6) or,
less
commonly,
lunate
(no. 7) sections;
circular- or
oval-sectioned handles as fig. 108 nos. 1 and 2 are now
exceptional
on
jugs.
The outside surfaces of
jugs
were
normally burnished,
shades of
grey-brown
to
black,
dark
and
light brown,
and red. The insides of
jug
bodies often showed traces of
having
been
wiped
with a bunch of
twigs
of which the
impressions might
be
very
bold and clear.
1
571-1574. (fig. 201)
Standard
types
of
jug spouts
and mouths.
1575. (II/II
R
19) (fig. 199.
plate
84)
Mouth of
large jug
cf.
type 23A. Ridge
down throat. Hard
grey-brown clay;
outside surface dark
purplish grey-brown shading
to
light
brown and
red;
fine burnish.
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fig. 2O2. Period II.
Jugs
and
tripod cooking pots.
Scale
1/3.
448 III. EMPORIO
1
576. (II 0,6/5) Spout
cf.
type 23A;
wart on
tip.
Several others similar from levels 6 and
5;
a few from levels below
6,
including
one with a
finely
burnished red surface.
1577. (II
R
9) (plate 84)
Rim with hollow-
topped lug;
hole in
lug, apparently
for insertion of
twig
or rod of some
kind.
Light
reddish
brown,
burnished.
27. Tripod cooking pots 1578-1586 (fig. 202)
These were
evidently
in common use
during
Period II to
judge
from the
large
numbers of feet
counted. Some of the
cooking
vessels with
tripod
feet were shallow and
bowl-like,
as
1586;
but
the
majority
of them
appear
to have resembled
jars
with everted rims of class B III f.
Feet
(1578-86) (plate 84) normally
ran to a
point,
but a few from the
upper
levels 6 and
5
were
square-ended (fig.
202:
1582-3.
plate
71 (/)
no.
3).
Themost
elegant
feet
swung
outwards
and were
triangular
in
section,
like
1578 (fig.
202. plate
84).
But sections were
normally oval,
somewhat flattened on the
outside,
as fig. 202:
1580.
Some feet from the
upper
levels 6 and
5
were
neatly
semi-circular in section.
Tripod
feet with similar neat semi-circular sections
occurred in the evolved Blue
period
at Poliochni
(Poliochni
i
pl. lxxi).
One
large
foot from
Emporio (II
X
5)
had a
diamond-shaped section,
while
1581 (II
X
5)
was wide and flat. The
largest
foot noted
(1580A
from II R
?9) (plate 84)
was over
15
in
length;
but most were
^Mk^Jr fi
1576
84
1
'
I
x ' '
'
'
I I ill
"
'
I
x
'
'
'
1
'
;
'
'-{
'
I I
-I
*
ill
1586
'
'S' l^'J
/ d'I -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,^
I 1582
' 1 ^^^^r m x^^ 1 I ' I I
5oo
'
1
11 7Q ^^^^^^ Hi
m
J I ' m -jiuiiii
'1 W
I
vi 'J
m
D
-jiuiiii
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 449
considerably
shorter. The small foot
1584 (II
R
7 A)
of normal thick oval section had a rib in
relief down it
(fig.
202. Cf.
1582
A on plate
84).
In one or two instances the
tops
of
tripod
feet
were
neatly
differentiated
(e.g.
fig. 202:
1586
cf.
1585
from II
Q,7);
these differentiated feet
may
come from bowl-like
cooking vessels,
as seems clear in the case of
1586.
There are
examples
of
tripod
feet with the
tops
differentiated in this
way
from Poliochni
(Poliochni
i
238 pl.
lxxii:
f,
evolved Blue
period)
. The surfaces of
tripod
feet were
characteristically dusky
brown or
reddish,
with
poor burnish,
or even
altogether unburnished;
but some were
very
well burnished.
Large
coarse unburnished feet of
cooking pots
were more noticeable in the
upper
levels 6 and
5.
1586. (II Q14)
Rim of
tripod
bowl with
top
of foot. Hard
grey clay
with
large grit;
surface with
poor burnish, lightish
grey inside, light
brown to
greyish
and
dusky
outside.
(c) JARS I587-1638 (FIGS. 203, 204)
There were
many
rims
belonging
to
storage jars
akin to
types 38-40; large strap
handles of coarse
fabric
evidently
came from these.
Jars
of other
types
often
appear
to have been coated with a red wash.
Many
of the
jars
with
finely
burnished surfaces
may
have had such a
wash,
which was more
obvious, however,
in the
case of
jars
with a
poor
burnish or none at
all;
on these the surface colour tended to
vary
from red
to shades of
purple. Large jars
were
apt
to have
light-coloured surfaces,
shades of red or
light
brown,
the surfaces of small
jars being
shades of darker brown to
black;
but there was no absolute
rule.
Simple upright
or inward
curving rims,
differentiated
(classes
B I-
II)
or undifferentiated
(class All),
were much in evidence.
Jars
with such rims
evidently ranged
in size from
large
pithos-like
vessels to small
pyxides
akin to
type 44.
Even the
largest jars
with rims of these classes
might
have
finely
burnished surfaces.
Many jars
of all sizes had a
pair
of vertical
strap handles,
either set below the
rim,
or
joining
rim and
shoulder,
or on the shoulder. In the case of
jars
of fine
burnished ware the handles were often of neat semi-circular or lunate section like those of
contemporary jugs.
The smaller differentiated rims of classes B I- II sometimes had an incised line at the base of the
neck
(e.g.
161
1, 1613).
A number of class B I- II rims
appear
to have come from
jars
of all sizes
with elaborate incised decoration. The
elaborately
incised lids of the cover
type 63
from levels of
II must have
belonged
to such
jars,
and
imply
that
they
had
simple upright
rims over which the
lids could fit. While
many body fragments
of decorated
jars
were
recovered, only
one or two rims
had traces of incised decoration on them. This
suggests
that the rims of incised
jars
were
normally
left
plain,
like that of the
richly
decorated
jar 1239
of
type 47
from the Period IV destruction
level.
The
larger examples
of Period II incised
jars appear
to have been
supplied
with vertical
strap
handles set low on the shoulders. In
shape
therefore the
larger jars
would have
approximated
to
type 47.
The smaller incised
jars
on the other hand were
evidently pyxides
akin to
type 44
with
vertically perforated lugs
as fig. 106 nos.
31
a-c and e. The
swellings
on these incised
jars,
both
on those
oflarge
and on ones of small
size,
were
frequently
carinated. Indeed it would seem that
the small
pyxis-like jars
akin to
type 44
were more often carinated than not. Some of the
largest
jars
decorated with incision were
evidently
of
very great size; fragments
over
1.5
thick were
recovered. While the outsides of these decorated
jars,
whether
large
or
small,
were
regularly
given
a
very fine,
often
polish-like
burnish,
the insides were left
rough.
The burnished outsides of the
large jars
were in
general grey-brown
to
black, usually
with a
purplish
or reddish
tinge, shading
to
light
brown and red. Reds and
lighter
browns were more in
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450 III. EMPORIO
evidence than darker shades of
grey-brown
and black. But the burnished outer surfaces of the
decorated lids which
appeared
to
belong
to these
large jars
were
normally
dark
grey-brown
with
a
purplish tinge, although light
brown and red surfaces also occurred. The inside surfaces of the
large
incised lids were
usually
treated to a
rough
stroke burnish. Horned
lugs,
solid or
occasionally perforated,
were much in evidence it seems on the
lids;
but
simple unperforated lugs
(e.g. 1669)
also occurred. The incised
designs
on the
large jars
and on their lids were
evidently
elaborate,
and often
incorporated
rows of circles made with the ends of reeds. The incisions
tended to be
bold,
and were in
many cases,
but not it seems
invariably,
filled with white.
The small incised
jars (pyxides)
akin to
type 44
and their lids were in
general dark-surfaced,
grey-brown
to
black,
often with a
purplish tinge,
but
occasionally light
brown or even red.
Fragments
of small incised
jars
occurred in all levels of
II,
but were
perhaps
more evidence in
those below 6. On the other hand small
pyxis-like jars
of the finest burnished
ware,
but with
plain
surfaces and no incised decoration
(e.g. 1597,
161
2), appeared
to be more in evidence in the
upper
levels 6 and
5, although
one or two rims as 161 2 were recovered from II
Q,
level
7.
Rims of class B III from
jars
cf.
type 47
occurred in all levels of
II, together
with the
handles,
whether vertical or
horizontal,
which
may
have
belonged
to such
jars.
Class B III a rims tended
to be
internally
differentiated as B III a:
variety 3.
Short everted rims of class B III f were
common;
most of them came from
cooking pots,
which were
probably
of the three-footed
type
27;
several had a vertical wart on the outside
(e.g. 1637-8),
and this was often the centre of a
triangular projection rising
from the rim.
Vertical warts
(e.g. 1593, 1600, 1607)
and sometimes ribs
(1592)
also
appeared
on rims of
other classes. Circular warts were common on
jar rims;
one rim
(1595)
had a double circular
wart below it.
(1) Undifferentiated jar
rims: classes A I-III
(a)
From
large
store
jars
akin to
types 38-40
Rims of class A I
1587. (II
R
9)
Circular wart on outside. Coarse
grey clay
with
large grit;
inside surface
light
brown to reddish with
poor burnish;
outside with traces of red
wash,
worn.
Rims of class A II
1588. (II
X
15-13, 7) Cooking pot type ware;
surface reddish to
dusky purple;
traces of
slight
burnish inside and out.
1
589. (II Q6/5) Cooking pot ware;
hard
iron-grey clay,
red-brown at
edges,
with small white
grit;
surface
dusky
and
shades of
purple-brown,
unburnished.
1590. (II Q,5)
With vertical handle. Red to
light brown,
well burnished on outside.
Rims of class A III
1
59
1.
(II
all
levels)
From
jars,
cf.
type 40.
Several rims of this
general type;
some with vertical handles on
outside;
surfaces with a
wash,
shades of red or
brown, mostly
with
poor
burnish.
1592. (II
R
7A)
With
long
vertical wart or rib. Red
wash;
traces of
poor
burnish.
1593. (II
X
5, Q,7) Long
vertical wart. Coarse
orange clay;
surface with a red
wash; slight
burnish inside and out.
Four others similar from levels above and below 6.
(b)
From small
jars
Rims of class A I
1594. (II Q,7)
Bold conical wart on outside. Surface much
pitted,
dark
grey,
burnished.
1595. (IV/II Q,22)
Double wart.
Gritty clay;
surface
light purple-brown inside, orange outside; poor
burnish.
Rims of class A II
1596. (II
X
5) Cooking pot type ware;
inside surface dark brown with
poor burnish;
outside dark
purplish brown,
unburnished.
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fig.
203.
Period II.
Jar
rims: classes A I- III. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA A. PERIOD II 451
hi
-
1^ .T|
HTi
l77
1587
*
W^' 1
^^1592
*
i f'
I
H H
^^^
il Wu

c ?
^Ly
y
1598
m, V m ) r*0 I L
^^^
J^ i
*
I ft/ ~
%
' V^V I
^^^
1600
*
~
1596^
1597'
1/
1599
1607
C.12
I I
1603 1604 1606
1597. (II
X
5) (plate 81) Chocolate-brown; very
fine
polish.
1598. (II 0,6/5) (plate 81)
With vertical
strap
handle.
Brown,
stroke burnished inside and out. Others similar from
levels above and below 6.
1599. (II
X
7)
With vertical
strap
handle. Fine fabric. Surface with a
wash;
inside
deep purplish,
unburnished
except
around inside of rim which
red-brown;
outside red to shades of dark and
light
brown with
high
burnish.
1600.
(II O 7)
Bold vertical wart. Soft
fabric;
coarse
grey clay, orange
at
surface,
which dark
brown,
burnished.
Rims of class A III
1 60 1.
(II
R
9A) Cooking pot type ware;
dark
grey clay,
red-brown at
edges;
surface with a burnished red wash
shading
to
deep purple
on outside.
1602.
(II
R
9A) Irregular. Grey clay; large grit showing
in
surface,
which
appears
to have a red wash with
poor
burnish on outside.
1603. (II
R
7 A)
Fine
fabric;
inside surface
black,
outside
grey-brown; high polish.
1604. (II
R
9A)
Coarse
fabric; large
red and white
grit showing
in
surface,
which
light purple-brown
with
poor
burnish.
1605. (IV/II O22) Cooking pot type ware;
coarse
grey clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface with a
wash,
red
shading
to
light brown,
unburnished.
1606.
(II
R
7 A)
Wart on rim.
Grey clay;
surface
purple-brown,
burnished.
1607. (II
R
8)
Vertical wart on outside. Coarse
grey clay;
surface
light greyish brown; poor
burnish.
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452 III. EMPORIO
(2) Differentiated jar
rims: classes B I-III
Rims of classes B I-II
(a)
From
large jars
1608.
(II
X
5) Red; slight
burnish. Three others similar from levels above and below
6;
surfaces red or
light
brown.
1609. (II Q 14) Cooking pot type ware;
dark
grey clay,
red-brown at
edges;
surface with a red
wash;
outside
dusky
brown to red with
poor
burnish.
(b)
from smaller
jars
16 10.
(II
X
7) Orange clay;
surface reddish due to a
wash; slight
burnish.
161 1.
(II
X
15-13, 7)
Reddish to dark
brown;
fine burnish.
Probably
from a
cooking pot.
161 2.
(II 0,6/5) (plate 84)
Fine
fabric;
outside surface dark brown to
red, burnished;
inside of rim
light brown,
burnished;
rest of inside
red-brown,
unburnished.
Probably
from a
cooking pot.
Two others similar
(II Q,7);
one with outside surface
pale
brown to
whitish,
burnished.
161
3. (II
R
7A) Grey-brown;
fine burnish outside and around inside of rim.
16
14. (II Q6/5)
With
stump
of vertical
strap
handle.
Grey
to reddish brown
clay;
inside surface
rough, unburnished;
outside dark brown with fine stroke burnish.
16 1
5. (II
X
7)
Shades of dark and
light
reddish
brown,
well burnished.
1 6 1 6.
(II
X
5)
With overall
wash;
inside surface
reddish, unburnished;
outside reddish dark brown to
dusky
with fine
burnish.
161
7. (II Q, 15)
Hole made before
firing
below rim. Hard
grey clay;
inside surface
light pinkish
brown with coarse
burnish;
outside dark brown to
black,
burnished.
Rims of class B III a:
variety
1
1 6 1 8
(II Q5) Cooking pot type
ware.
Gritty grey clay;
outside surface reddish brown with
poor
burnish. Two others
similar
(II Q,7,
X
15-13, 7);
surfaces
light grey-brown,
burnished.
Rims of class B III a:
variety 3
1619. (II 0,6/5) Purplish brown,
burnished. Another similar
(II Q,7); light
brown to
reddish; poor
burnish.
1620.
(II Q, 14)
Coarse reddish to brown
clay
with
grit
and straw
showing
in
surface;
red
wash; poor
burnish.
1 62 1.
(II Q, 14)
Outside
light
brown to reddish with fine burnish.
1622.
(II Q5) Grey
to red-brown
clay;
surface brown to
reddish,
burnished.
1623. (II 0,6/5)
With
stump
of vertical handle. Hard
light grey clay;
surface
reddish, rough
and unburnished.
1624. (III/II
G
?ig)
Soft
grey clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface with a red
wash,
burnished but worn.
Rims of class B III c
1625. (II Q7)
Outside
light
brown with fine burnish.
Rims of class B III d
1626.
(II Q, 14). Light
brownish
grey,
burnished.
1627. (II
R
?9) Grey-brown,
burnished.
1628.
(II Q5) Orange; poor
burnish.
1629. (II
R
7 A) Light brown;
fine burnish.
1630. (II
X
5) Orange clay;
surface
light brown,
burnished. One or two others similar
(II Q7)
with surfaces
light
brown to
reddish,
burnished.
163
1 .
(II Q,5)
Coarse
grey clay, orange
at
edges;
thick red wash outside and round inside of
rim;
outside with traces
of
poor
burnish.
1632. (II Q,7)
Dark
grey clay
with
large grit;
surface
dusky light brown;
fine burnish.
Rims of class B III e
1633. (II Q,5)
Soft brown
clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface with a red
wash,
burnished but worn.
Probably
an
earlier
stray.
Two others similar in
shape
and
fabric, including 1634 (II Q,7).
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fig.
204.
Period II.
Jar
rims: classes B I- III. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA A. PERIOD II 453

1609
I
'- '
/ 1613
'
1
H 1610
V
1611 1612 1614
1
^^B
C, 20 C.27
^
j . - 1_ 9 -
1618 M 1619 A
C2S^
,608^
,6-/
i6i6'
^>
I
f

'^

1620
S ]
-
P/fft^

I *
1624
i-r^i
I
]

I *
1624 I
1621 1622 1623
'
' pz
I 1627 f77

f
'
r i
-
7
'
) t
I 1627

f
r
'
i
#
7
) 1626 t
1628
1629
' #
7

N.
^^
1630
,63,

^
1633
'
-^r^
-
-^-jp
s
^
. &2B
-a
1638
^
1637 m
(7
s
1632
^
^
'
.
1634
&2B
T


-a
1635
1638
-7
M
^
^
1637 m
*

1632
'
1634

1635 M
^
^
60,
_
20 W*^^
1636
^^^P -^^^P
_
^^P 1646^^^
^r
r
tr
^v 1
V
1647
L^
^^
^^ 1642 1643 1644 ^HHi
V ^^
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454 III. EMPORIO
Rims of class B III f
1635. (II
R
9, 9A) Grey clay,
brown at
edges;
surface with a red
wash,
burnished.
Many
others similar from levels
throughout
II.
1
636. (II Q5) Large strap handle,
set
slightly
askew below rim.
Cooking pot type ware;
hard red-brown to
grey clay;
surface
uneven,
but well
burnished,
dark brown
inside,
shades of
lighter
brown outside.
1637. (II Q,i 4) (plate 94) Projection rising
from rim.
Grey clay, light
brown at
edges;
inside surface with a red
wash,
unburnished;
outside
light
brown with
poor
burnish.
1638. (II Q, 14) (plate 94)
As
1637. Cooking pot type
ware.
Several other
rim-projections
similar to
1637
and
1638
from levels
throughout II;
some of
cooking pot
ware
with a red
wash;
others
light brown,
burnished.
(d)
miscellaneous
51.
Double vases
1639-164.0
Two
fragments
of these were
recognised;
both had incised decoration.
1639. (II Q7) (plate 85) Grey-brown,
burnished.
1640. (II
X
5) (plate 85) Light
and dark brown to red.
(e)
pithoi
1641-1647 (fig. 204)
Rims of these
normally
seem to have
corresponded
to
jar
rims of
variety 3
of class B III a
(e.g.
1642-3). Large
vertical
strap
handles from
pithoi
include several with incised decoration
consisting
of
chevrons,
cross-hatched bands or
diamonds,
or with bold
grooves
or channels
running
down the
length.
Two of these decorated handles had a
large
hole made before
firing
at
one
(probably
the
top)
end.
Pithoi
might
be
very thick-walled,
but were
usually
well-fired and of hard fabric. The
outsides
normally
seem to have been coated with a red
wash, although
this often shades to
purple
in colour. Outside surfaces were
burnished,
but the burnish can be
very superficial.
One
large
pithos (1645) appears
to have had a lustrous black wash.
Bases
might
be flat as
1646,
or
splayed (e.g. 1647).
Four or five
fragments
from
large pithoi
preserve
a horizontal band of
diagonal
incisions which seems to have encircled the base of the
neck as on
pithoi
of Periods V-IV.
The
making
of
pithoi may
have been the work of itinerant
specialists,
as
suggested
for earlier
periods
at
Emporio.
1641. (II Q,
walls
57
and
58) (plate 90) Fragment
of
large vase, apparently pithos.
Red
clay;
outside surface
red;
inside coated with a thick
creamy
white
slip; slight
traces of burnish inside and out.
1
642. (II
X
5)
Rim. Coarse
grey-brown clay
with abundant dark
grey grit;
inside surface dark
red-brown,
outside red
to
light brown; poor
burnish. Others similar from levels
throughout
II.
1643. (II 0,6/5)
Rim. Hard
gritty
red
clay;
surface brown to
red,
burnished.
1644. (II Q,7) Rim,
and several other
fragments.
Surface
red;
fine burnish.
1645. (II Q,6/5
and walls
57, 58) Fragments
of
very large pithos, including flat-topped
rim. Red
clay,
fired an even
colour
throughout,
with abundant
red, white,
and
grey grit;
outside surface with a black
truly
lustrous wash.
(f)
lids i
648-1 696 (figs. 199, 205)
These seem to have been in more
general
use in Period II than
they
had been in V-IV.
Flat lids of
type
60 were the most
common, many being
of coarse
cooking pot type
ware,
although
some were well burnished. A number of these flat lids were adorned with circular or
oval warts
(e.g. 1652, 1655).
One or two
evidently
had
strap
handles in the centre and
belonged
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fig.
205.
Period II. Lids. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA A. PERIOD II 455
to
type
61 . Small flat lids with incised decoration
may
have covered
pyxides
akin to
type 44;
one
(1656)
had a raised
flap
with a
string-hole through
it.
Cover lids
(type 63)
of all sizes were also
very
well
represented.
The
larger
lids of this
type
probably
came from
largejars
with rims akin to classes B I- II.
Many
of these
large
lids had
finely
burnished surfaces with elaborate incised decoration
(plate 87); they presumably belonged
to
the
largejars
with
finely
burnished surfaces and ornate white-filled incised
designs
which were a
feature of Period II. Small lids of
type 63 (plate 86)
were evident from small
jars
with rims of
classes A II or B I- II
including pyxides
of
type 44.
At least one small lid of this
type (II Q5)
with
burnished surface shades of
light
and dark brown to reddish
appears
to have had a central
handle,
circular in section. A
flat-topped
knob from a surface level
(1685) evidently
came from
the centre of a small incised lid which
may
have been of
type 63. Lugs
of various
shapes,
perforated
or
solid,
are found round the
edges
of
type 63
lids from this
horizon,
there
being two,
or more
commonly perhaps four,
to each lid. Horned
lugs, perforated
or
solid,
were not
uncommon
(e.g. 1686-7).
j
''
/^i
^^^^^^^^^
'
vxX j?"
n
1648' 1652*
"
^^

I
1654
_
ft^^^t}
1649
"*'
16"
^^r"^S^V
""j"
1656
J'
/4 i
'
,66,
__J
S
/
'
*-
a^>
,662
.,-'
^
S
,669
*-
^
p^
>^|
^
^
/^^%
f~'
'667
/)
[V/'
A
^r :~^
-664
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16_jfc
c22
16'
c i by 4
c22 c
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456 III. EMPORIO
A few lid
fragments (1693-6)
had some kind of rib or
flange
around the
top edge,
and
might
have come from lids of
type 64.
(1) Type
60. Flat lids
1
648-1 65
1.
(II,
levels below
6)
Rims. Diam. c.
15. Mostly
of coarse
cooking pot type
ware with
poor
burnish.
1652. (II Q, 7)
Rim with wart on it.
Light brown; poor
burnish. Others
similar; cooking pot ware;
surfaces
unburnished.
1653. 1654. (II,
levels below
6) (plate 83)
Rims with
grooves
round outside
edge. Light brown,
burnished.
1655. (II Q,no level) (plate 83)
Rim with central
wart,
and oval wart on
edge. Cooking pot ware;
surface shades of
brown and
dusky,
unburnished.
1656. (II Q,7) (plate 84)
Small lid. Part
missing.
Diam.
6.5.
One side bent
upwards,
with hole made
through
it
before
firing.
Under surface dark
grey, rough; upper
surface shades of brown to
black,
burnished. Incised
decoration,
filled with white.
1657. (II
X
15-13, 7) (plate 86)
Part of small lid.
Upper
surface shades of dark and
light
brown to
reddish,
burnished,
with incised
decoration;
under surface
rough.
Fragments
of four other small flat lids with incised decoration were recovered from levels
below 6.
(2) Type 63.
Covers with handles or
lugs
on
top
1658. (II 15-13, 7,
and
Q,6/5) (fig. 199) Fragment
of
large
cover.
Grey clay;
inside surface
grey
with
rough
stroke
burnish;
outside dark
purplish
brown and black
shading
to
reddish,
with
high polish.
Bold incised
decoration;
traces of white fill.
1659. (II Q, 15) (plate 84)
Cover. About half
preserved.
Diam. 10. Ht.
4. Grey clay;
surface dark brown. Inside
rough,
without
burnish,
but
thickly
coated with crimson matt
paint
which seems
deliberately applied (not
rernains of
contents);
outside with incised decoration
(traces
of white
fill)
combined with reserved areas free of
burnish.
1660.
(II Q,5) Fragment
of
large
cover with
perforated lug.
Surface
brown,
burnished inside and out.
1 66 1 .
(II 0,6/5)
Rim of cover with
perforated lug.
Surface
light
reddish
brown; poor
burnish inside and out. Several
others similar from various levels of
II;
surfaces shades of
grey-brown
and
red, burnished; mostly
with incised
decoration.
1 662.
(II Q,6/5) Fragment
of
large
cover with
perforated
horned
lug.
Surface with a red
wash,
unburnished. Another
similar
(II Q, 14);
red surface with
poor
burnish.
1663. (II Q, 7) Fragments
of three or more
covers,
cf.
1302
of Period IV. Two with outside surfaces dark
purple-brown; high polish;
incised decoration filled with white. One
grey-brown,
burnished.
1664. (II 0,6/5) Fragment
of
large
cover with solid horned
lug.
Surface
light brown;
fine burnish. Several others
similar from various levels of
II; mostly large,
but one at least
small;
surfaces shades of
grey-brown, light brown,
and
red, usually
well burnished.
1665. (II Q,7) Fragment
of
large
cover with
incipient
solid horned
lug,
which is in effect a crude version of
1664.
Surface
grey-brown, rough
and unburnished. Three or four others similar from levels below
6;
surfaces
light
brown or with a red
wash; poor
burnish or none at all.
1666.
(II Q,7) Fragment
of cover with solid
lug,
cf.
1299
of Period
V/IV. Grey-brown;
fine burnish. Three others
similar from levels below
6;
surfaces shades of
light
and dark brown with
poor
burnish.
1667. (II
X
5) (plate 87) Large
solid
lug
with rounded
top.
Dark brown to
reddish,
burnished.
1668.
(II Q,6/5) Large
solid
triangular lug. Light
brown to
black,
burnished.
1
669. (II Q,6/5)
As 1 668. Surface with a red
wash,
unburnished. Other solid
lugs
similar to 1
667-9
from various levels
of II
appear
to come from
large
covers.
(3) Fragments of large
cover lids
of type 63
with incised decoration
(plate 87)
These include
fragments
from the
tops
of such lids
(
1
67 1-3) ,
as well as sides and rims
(
1
674-82)
.
The incisions on
1671-2, 1674-5
and
1683,
have traces of white fill. All come from II
(6/5,
except 1670-1, 1678, 1680,
1682 which are from II
Q7,
and
1683 (see below).
1670.
Horned
lug
with
single perforation.
Outside dark to
light brown, burnished;
inside
rough.
1
67
1.
Light brown,
burnished inside and out.
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 457
1672.
Outside red-brown to
black, burnished;
inside
rough.
1673, 1674.
Outsides shades of
light
and dark
brown, burnished;
insides
rough.
1675, 1676.
Outsides dark brown to
black, burnished;
insides
rough.
1677.
Outside dark
purplish brown, burnished;
inside
rough.
1678.
Outside
light brown,
inside
grey-brown,
burnished.
1679.
Outside
light brown, burnished;
inside
rough.
1680. Outside
grey-brown, burnished;
inside
rough.
1 68 1.
Light brown,
burnished inside and out.
1682. Outside brown to
black, burnished;
inside less well burnished.
1683. (II
X
15-13, 7; Q,7
and
6/5;
X
5)
Three
fragments
from
top
and sides of same
cover;
solid horned
lug.
Outside
reddish to dark
purple-brown
and
black, burnished;
inside less well burnished.
(4) Fragments of
small cover lids
of type 63
with incised decoration
(plate 86)
The small flat-
topped
knob on
1685 appears
to come from the centre of a lid. The
fragments
1686-7
have
horned,
while
1688-9
and 1
690-1
have
simple perforated lugs.
Outside surfaces are
all
burnished,
but insides are
rough
and unburnished. The incised decoration
mostly
retains
traces of white fill.
1684. (II Q7) Light brown; very
fine burnish.
1685. (II 0,5) Grey-brown
to
black,
burnished.
1686.
(II Q,7) Purple grey-brown
to
reddish,
burnished.
1687. (II 0,7)
Brown to black and
deep purplish; very
fine burnish.
1688.
(II
R
8) Grey-brown;
surface much worn.
1689. (II Q6/5) Grey-brown
to
deep purple
and
reddish,
burnished.
1690.
1
69
1.
(II
X
5) Grey-brown,
burnished.
(5)
Miscellaneous
1692. (II Q7) Fragment
of lid with
stump
of central handle and low horned wart. Soft
fabric;
surface with a red
wash;
inside with fine
burnish,
outside less well burnished. Two other lid
fragments
with similar
warts;
surfaces
light
reddish,
with
poor
burnish or none at all.
1693. (II Q 14) Fragment
of
large
lid with raised rib round
top
outside
edge.
Coarse
grey clay, orange
at
edges;
surface with a
wash;
outside
light purple-brown
with traces of
burnish;
inside
darker,
unburnished.
1694. (II Q,7, 6/5)
Two
fragments
of
large
lid with
rib;
bold incised decoration on
top.
Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface with a
wash, light
brown to
red, apparently
with
poor burnish,
but worn.
1695. (II Q, 14)
Rim of
large
lid. Coarse dark
grey clay;
surface with a
wash, orange
to
reddish; superficial
burnish
inside and out.
1696. (II
R
8)
Rim of
large
lid. Surface with a
wash;
outside
red,
inside
purple-brown,
unburnished.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(1)
Bowls 1
697-1 707 (fig. 206)
Handles. As in Periods V- IV some
types
of bowl were
provided
with
handles,
either
horizontal,
or less
commonly
vertical.
(a)
Vertical. About a dozen
fragments
of bowls with vertical handles were
recognised
from
levels of II. Some of these bowls were
evidently large
-
of
types 5
or 1
3
where the
shapes
could be
identified;
but others were small and classifiable as
dipper cups
of
type
16. The handles were
either set on the outside of the bowl as in the case of
1566
of
type i6,
or were
placed clasping
it
from the inside and outside
(e.g. 1537-8
of
type 13,
and
1567
of
type 16).
The massive
stump
projecting
from below the rim
1437
of
type 5 appears
to be
part
of some kind of vertical handle.
(b)
Horizontal. Bowls of certain
types, notably
those of the common
type 9,
were
regularly
provided
with side
handles, usually
it seems with
only one,
but sometimes no doubt with two set
opposite
each other
(e.g. 1500).
In at least two instances
(on
bowls of
types 5
and
9
from X level
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458 III. EMPORIO
7)
a
couple
of handles
appeared
to have been
placed together
side
by
side. These side handles
often rose at a
steep angle
above the level of the rim.
They
were in
general
of the
simple
rounded
shape
as fig.
107
no.
1;
but
pointed (2)
and
ogival (3)
handles also occurred. Some
forty-five
handles of the
pointed
or
ogival shape (fig. 107
nos.
2, 3)
were counted from levels of
II;
nicked
and horned handles as fig.
107
nos.
4
and
5
seem to have been
unusual, however,
and
only
about
a dozen were
recognised
in all. A number of the
ogival
handles were remarkable for their
elegance (e.g. 1699,
1
700)
. Side handles from bowls were
normally
circular in section as fig.
190
no.
1;
but some of the finest of all
shapes
were
triangular (fig. 190
no.
2)
or
rectangular (3),
and
one from a level below 6 was hollow on the outside as fig.
190
no.
4.
Lug-handles.
Characteristic of this
horizon, although
not common and confined it seems to
bowls of
types 13
and
14,
were
triangular
or horned
lug-handles
with
large
circular holes
through
them as
1540 (cf.
plate 88
(a)).
Similar
projections,
but without
holes,
also occur on
bowls of these
types (e.g. 1541). Triangular projections may
be combined with vertical warts
(e.g. 1542
of
type 13; 1563
of
type 14);
in some cases at
any
rate the
fragments
with these
appear
to come from
jars
or
cooking pots.
Trumpet lugs.
These occurred
throughout II,
but were not common. Some of the dozen or so
examples
noted
may
have been earlier
strays.
Five or six had been set on bowl rims as fig.
191,
class
3 a,
the bowls
being
in at least three cases of
type 9 (e.g. 1505).
Most of the other
trumpet
lugs appear
to have been as fig.
191,
class 1
a;
but at least one
(II
R
7A) might
have come from a
closed
vase,
the outside
being
dark reddish brown with a fine
burnish,
the inside
rough
and
unburnished. Horizontal
trumpet lugs
are found on the bellies of some
Early
Helladic III
jars
on
the Greek mainland and on that of an
Early
Bronze
Age jar
from the Mount
Kynthos
settlement
on Delos
(e.g.
Lerna:
Hesperia
xxix
(i960) pl. 70: j.
Delos xi
37 fig. 35).
Two other
trumpet lugs
from levels of II
might
have been set
vertically
on
jars
or
jar-like
bowls of the
type
which flourished at
Emporio
before Period V. Both of
these,
in view of their
anomalous
fabric, might
be earlier
strays;
one
(II
R
10)
has a
grey-brown surface,
burnished but
worn,
the other
(II Q, 7),
of soft
sandy orange clay, preserves
traces of a
light
brown burnished
surface.
1697, 1698. (plate 83)
Horizontal side handles of standard
types varying
from
pointed
to
slightly ogival,
as found
throughout
II. Smaller varieties as
1698 appeared
more at home in levels below 6.
1699. (II Q7) (plate 83) Ogival
handle.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish. One or two others similar from levels above and
below 6.
1700. (II Q5) (plate 83) Ogival handle,
Dark
purplish brown,
burnished.
1
70
1.
(II Q5) (plate 88) Large pointed
handle. Hard
sandy clay
with
grey, red,
and white
grit,
and some
mica;
surface
grey-brown; very
fine burnish.
Possibly
from
ajar. Perhaps
an
import.
Cf.
Troy
i
69, shape
C.
4.
Thermi
84 fig. 29a,
Class
C, pl.
xxxvii:
443, Winged jar.
1
702. (II
X 1
5-1 3, 7) (plate 85)
Elaborate
pointed handle, apparently
from a bowl. Shades of
light
and dark brown
to
black;
fine burnish inside and out.
1
703. (II Q7) (plate 85)
Elaborate
handle, apparently
from a bowl.
Upper
surface brown to black with
very
fine
burnish;
under surface
rough,
unburnished.
1704. (plate 83)
Nicked handle of standard
type,
as fig.
107
no.
4, represented by
about a dozen
examples
from
levels below 6.
1705. (II
X
15-13, 7) (plate 82) Fragment
of
handle, apparently
of horned
type
as fig.
107
no.
5,
with incised
decoration. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished but worn.
1706.
Horned
lug-handle
of standard
type,
as
represented by
about fifteen
examples
from various levels of II.
1707. (II
R
9A) Fragment
of
lug-handle. Grey-brown,
burnished.
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fig. 206. Period II. Handles. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA A. PERIOD II 459
P
y^^
1701
^
1704
|||
1700
, ^
1
7
i
^
I >^'/ (^v'~N)
1709
I i
/ I
"~
^T ^^ /v^
I

'
^
177
'
"
I

7/
i

i/io
1706
e/ )
y
'ti
-P
VJ 1711 1717 1719
(2) Jw^j
and
jars
etc. 1
708-1 720 (fig. 206)
Vertical handles. Some
8,400 fragments
of such
handles, mostly belonging
to
jugs,
were
recovered from levels of II. Those of fine
quality
with a
good
burnish tended to be semi-circular
or lunate in section. Handles of fine burnished ware
might
be differentiated at the base
(e.g.
1
7
1 2-1
6)
. A
very
few
handles, only
some twelve in all
(less
than 1 :
900) ,
were
ribbed;
most had a
single rib,
but one from a low level of II had a double rib. These ribbed handles tended to be of
fine
fabric,
and often had a
very high burnish;
in four instances the burnished surface was red.
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460 III. EMPORIO
One of the ribbed handles was surmounted
by
a wart. But handles with
warts,
common
during
Periods V-I
V,
were now
excessively rare; only
about a dozen
examples
in all were noted
from levels of
II,
and some of these were almost
certainly
earlier
strays, although others,
like 1
708
with a bold flat-
topped
circular
wart, appear
to be
definitely
of this
period.
The
comparative
rarity
of warts on handles is the more
striking
since
they
were still
commonly placed
on the bodies
of vases of all kinds
-
bowls, jugs, jars,
and lids. Incised decoration was
similarly
less common on
vertical handles of
jugs
and
jars
than it had been in
V-IV; only
some
24 examples
of such incised
handles were noted in levels of
II,
an
average
of less than 1
:45o.
Jug
handles from levels above 6 were often
'pushed-through',
and such
'pushed-through'
handles also occurred in levels below 6
(e.g. 1712).
The
objects
1
709,
1
7 10,
with a
single perforation through
the end made before
firing, might
have
belonged
to 'anchor ornaments' on the
analogy
oPoliochni i
657 pl.
clxvii:
3-5.
But no other
fragments
attributable to these were
recognised
at
Emporio.
The
unique
twisted handle
171
1 was
evidently
from an
imported
vase.
Horizontal
side handles. These were common on
jars
as well as on bowls. Several of those from
jars
were of the slashed
type
which
appears
to be of
Cycladic origin.
Some vases with slashed
handles were
evidently imported
to
Emporio
from the
Cyclades,
but such vases were also
imitated there. Some of the slashed handles from levels of II were circular
(171 7),
others
semi-circular
(1719)
in section.
1708. (II Q, 14) (plate 83)
Vertical handle surmounted
by large flat-topped
wart cf.
2245. Rough
and
irregular;
surface shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
1709. (II
X
5) Fragment
of handle with
large
hole made before
firing. Light
brown with a
tinge
of
red,
well
burnished.
1
7
1 o.
(II
R
7 A) (plate 83)
Handle with small hole
through
end made before
firing.
Coarse
clay;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
171
1.
(II Q,6/5) (plates 88, 90)
Twisted handle with oval section. Micaceous
Ware;
hard brick-red
clay,
fired an
even colour
throughout;
abundant
silvery
and
golden mica,
but no
grit;
traces of burnish.
Import.
1
7
1 2
-
1
7
1 6. Vertical handles of fine burnished
ware,
differentiated at base.
Gf.
Troy
i 106
fig. 240: 17, 18,
for
comparable fragments
from
Troy
I c
regarded
as handles. But it seems
just
possible
that some of these are illustrated
upside down,
and that
they actually
come from the
tops
of
tripod
feet
like
1586.
1
71 7. (II O 5)
Side handle of slashed
type.
From a thin-walled vase.
Very
fine
fabric;
hard
grey clay, orange
at
surface,
which has abundant
large
white marble-like
grit
and
silvery
mice
showing
in it. Outside with a
thin,
streaky,
black
shading
to
brown, slightly
lustrous wash.
Presumbably
an
import.
Four others similar from levels below 6.
One,
1
718 (II
R
7 A) (plates 88, 90), evidently
an
import; sandy
grey
to
orange clay
with fine
grit
and
gold
and silver
mica;
surface with traces of a thick red
wash,
which
crackled.
Two,
without mica in the
clay, may
be local imitations: one
(II 0,6/5)
of soft
grey clay, orange
at
surface,
with abundant
grit,
has remains of a
very
thick red
wash;
the other
(II
R
9)
of similar fabric has the surface
light
brown with traces of
smoothing
or
burnishing.
1
719. (II Q5)
Side handle of slashed
type.
Hard
sandy grey clay
with
very
fine
grit (some white, marble-like)
and
silvery mica;
surface
orange
with traces of
smoothing
or
burnishing. Presumably
an
import.
Another,
1
720,
similar
(II
X
15-1 3, 7) (plates 88, 90)
also
appears
to be an
import: sandy orange clay
with
abundant
mica;
surface with 'trickle ornament' in thick black to dark brown lustrous
paint.
(3) Lugs
1
721-1738 (fig. 207)
Trumpet lugs
have
already
been discussed under
(
1
) Bowls,
from which most of those recovered
from levels of II
certainly
came.
Lugs
of other
types
with horizontal
perforations
were not
common.
They occurred, however,
on bowls
(e.g. 1420, 1721),
and on some closed vases. The
vertical
lug
with horizonal
perforation
1
724
was
evidently
set in the
angle
of a
jar
neck. This and
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fig.
207.
Period II.
Lugs
and warts. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA A. PERIOD II 461
I'v
,yj ^L-J
I
^^
17OO
' ^^
H Jr
'y]~gf m/
1723 1724 fW
1725
r 1726
1727
1728
W-
1729
/
n-rjn
MP
I
i_r^1
4
#^17,,
#"^
Y*
/ MP
Jl
I
4^as^^
;/
4
#^17,,
1732
1733
1730 Jl 4^as^^
1732
-^__^ /^^
1731
'7~
/^^
-:Wr
W
I/:/
.' y'
/
1737 W
'/-y'
*
x?-/'
1/
^
W
y'
M
1737 W
*
1/
^
^
1734
*
1735
#
1736
1
723,
which
may
be from a
bowl,
are in effect versions of the animal head
lugs
characteristic of
Period VIII at
Emporio.
Vertically perforated lugs
were more in evidence.
Although
rare on bowls
they
occurred on
jars
of all
sizes,
and
especially
on small ones of the
pyxis type 44.
These
lugs
were
characteristically upturned,
and
triangular
in
shape (as 1727)
or sometimes horned.
Compar-
able
lugs,
horned
(e.g. 1659)
or
triangular (e.g. 1661)
in
shape,
were also
placed
on lids. The
circular 1
728
is
unique;
the double 1
729 may
come from a bowl. The double tubular
lug
1
730
is
interesting
for
comparisons
with Crete and the
Cyclades.
Solid
lugs
were of common occurrence on
bowls,
as well as on
jugs
or
jars,
and on lids. Like
the
vertically perforated lugs they
were often
upturned
and somewhat
triangular
in
shape.
Solid
horned
lugs
were also not rare. Solid
lugs
shade into circular or oval
warts,
which were
extremely
common, except
on handles. One
unique lug
set on the outside of a
jug
rim had a hollow
top
with
a hole let into it
(1577).
1
72
1 .
(IV/II Q22) Horizontally perforated lug,
set on outside of rim of bowl cf.
type 5. Grey clay;
inside surface
light
brown,
outside red to
light brown,
burnished.
Probably
an earlier
stray.
1722. (II
R
9) Horizontally perforated lug, probably
from bowl. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished but much worn.
Perhaps
an earlier
stray.
1723. (II 0,6/5) Lug
of animal head
type, perhaps
from bowl.
Grey-brown; poor
burnish.
Cf.
365-8
of Period VIII and
768
from a level of VII.
1
724. (II
X
5)
Vertical
lug
with horizontal
perforation,
from bottom of
jug
or
jar
neck.
Grey-brown
to
reddish;
fine
burnish.
1725. (II
X
5) Vertically perforated lug, apparently
from bowl. Inside surface
purplish brown,
outside
grey,
burnished.
1
726. (II Q6/5) Vertically perforated lug,
from small
jug
or
jar.
Outside reddish to
light brown,
with fine burnish.
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462 III. EMPORIO
1727.
Several
vertically perforated lugs
of this
type
from small
jars
of the
pyxis type 44
with incised decoration came
from various levels of II.
1
728. (II Q6/5)
Carinated
fragment
from
swelling
of
jar
or
top
of
lid,
with
elegant
circular
lug.
Inside surface reddish
brown, burnished;
outside dark brown with
high polish.
Troy
i
89 fig. 235: 4
from
Troy
I a is somewhat
comparable.
1729. (II
R
7A)
Double
vertically perforated lug, apparently
from bowl. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished but much
worn.
Probably
an earlier
stray.
1730. (II Q, 15)
Pair of
barrel-shaped vertically perforated lugs.
Soft red-brown
clay;
surface
greyish black;
inside
with
poor
burnish.
Cf.
Troy
i 1 12
fig.
266:
7,
set below
rim, possibly
of a
tripod cooking pot,
from an
early
level of
Troy
I.
Comparable pairs
of
lugs
are found on vases of the
Early
Bronze
Age
in Crete
(e.g.
VTM
9
No.
4193, assigned
by
Xanthoudides to E.M. I or the
beginning
of E.M.
II; 34
No.
4194, assigned by
Xanthoudides to E.M.
I, by
Evans,
PM i
fig. 43 c,
to E.M. II- III: both from
Koumasa).
1
73
1.
(II Q,5) (plate 83) Large unperforated
horned
lug.
Dark
brown; rough
burnish.
1
732. (II Q,
1
5)
Horned
lug,
from
body
of small
jar.
Soft
grey clay, light
brown at
edges.
Surface with an overall
wash;
red, burnished, outside; deep purplish,
without
burnish,
inside.
1733. (II
R
?9)
Small solid horned
lug,
from
jug
or
jar. Grey clay;
outside surface
light
brown with fine burnish.
1734. (II
X
5) Large
solid
upturned lug (or wart)
from
jar.
Outside with unburnished red wash.
1735. 1736.
Solid
upturned lugs
or warts of standard
types
from
jugs
or
jars,
as found
throughout
II.
1737. (II
X
5)
Solid
upturned ledge-like lug
or
wart,
from
jug
or
jar.
Outside surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
1738. (II
R
?9)
Solid
upturned ledge-like lug
or
wart, apparently
from small carinated
jar,
cf.
type 44. Sandy
red-brown
clay;
outside surface shades of
light
and dark brown with fine
burnish;
inside
grey,
smoothed or with
poor
burnish.
(k)
bases i
739-1 757 (fig. 208)
These were
usually flat,
or
roughly
flattened. A
large
number of
pedestal
and
ring feet, however,
as fig.
109,
classes 2 A and
3A,
were recovered from levels of II and seemed to be more in evidence
in the
upper
levels 6 and
5
than in those below
6;
most if not all of these
appeared
to come from
bowls. One
high ring
foot
(1743)
was
perforated
with holes like a strainer
(fig. 109,
class
3B).
Low
ring
feet
(as
class
4B
and
occasionally
as
4A),
and flat differentiated bases
(classes
8A and
B),
were
evidently
characteristic on
large
bowls of fine burnished ware. Sunk
bases, apart
from
low
ring
feet of class
4B,
seemed to be rare. The
fragment 1749, resembling
a small
square
base
with incised decoration on the
underneath,
was
unique.
Tripod
feet were
very common,
and have
already
been considered in connection with
cooking pots
of
type 27
to which
they belonged.
A number of short feet of fine burnished ware
appeared
to come from
jugs
of
type
21
(e.g. 1570)
or small three-footed
jars
akin to
type 44.
1
739.
Pedestal foot
(class 2A)
.
Several, mostly
shades of dark and
light brown, burnished,
from levels
throughout
II.
1740. (IV/II Q22) High ring
foot
(class 3A). Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
1
741
.
High ring
foot
(class 3A)
.
Many, mostly grey-brown,
some
light brown, burnished,
from levels
throughout
II.
1742. (II Q6/5) High ring
foot
(class 3A).
Shades of dark and
light
brown to
red,
burnished.
1743. (II
X
5) High ring
foot with strainer
(class 3B). Red-brown; poor
burnish.
1744. (II Q,7)
Low
ring foot, splayed (class 4A),
from
jar. Grey-brown,
burnished. Four others similar
(II,
levels
below
6),
one from a
bowl,
the rest
apparently
from
jars.
1745. (II
X
5)
Low
ring foot, splayed (class 4A), apparently
from bowl.
Light brown,
burnished.
1746. (II Q,5)
Low
ring foot, straight (class 4B), apparently
from bowl.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish. Another similar
(" Q6/5).
1747. (II
X
5)
Sunk base
(class 5B),
from
jug
or
jar.
Outside
light
brown with fine burnish.
1748. (II
X
15-13, 7)
Sunk base cf. class
5B,
from bowl. Outside
red,
inside dark reddish
brown;
fine burnish.
1
749. (II Q, 14) (plate 82)
Small
square
base
(?); sunk,
with incised decoration
underneath; apparently
from bowl.
Soft
grey-brown clay,
with white and
grey grit
and straw
impressions showing
in
surface,
which has a red wash
inside,
smoothed or with
poor burnish;
outside
light brown, burnished,
and decorated with
rough designs
made
with fine incisions and dots.
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fig. 208. Period II.
Bases,
decoration and
imports.
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA A. PERIOD II 463
'_^t >H*< '
I1742
^
1743
/ ^
1740 )
-
^^^^ / IHMS
l-'
/
1739
^
'
/"K
<___l__jk
1740

)
l^
-
^^^^

/
-
r^
IHMS
1739 <___l__jk
'

I ^
1741
,1745 ^
'
1747 A
1751
i vm
^
*= -=^^^
L^m
,1745 ^
^
y i
C^-^^^
Li
1744
*= - -=^^^
^v^
-
^^^^
C^-^^^
^
? )^^m . 1748
czza^^
^^^ '^ ^^^^+
1752
v.
1754^^^^^^
r-^ V r^~7
^^1756^
' 1799 ^
^
1800
1813 1814

1750. (II
R
?g)
Flat
splayed
base
(class 7A), apparently
from
jar.
Coarse
grey clay
with
large grey
and white
grit;
surface red to
light
brown with
poor
burnish. Another similar
(II Qi 5)
from
jar;
coarse
grey clay;
inside surface
grey,
outside
red,
without burnish.
1
75
1 .
(II
R
7 A)
Flat
splayed
base with rounded
edge (class 7B),
from
jar.
Outside
light
brown to
reddish, burnished;
inside
rough,
without burnish.
1
752. (IV/II Q22)
Flat differentiated base
(class 8A) ,
from bowl. Inside reddish
brown,
outside
deep purplish
brown
to
black,
burnished.
1
753.
Flat differentiated base
(class 8B)
. Several from levels
throughout II; mostly
from
bowls,
but two at least from
closed vases.
1
754.
Flat differentiated base
(class 8B)
.
Several,
all from
large bowls,
from levels
throughout II; mostly grey-brown,
some
light brown,
with fine burnish.
1755. (II
R
7A)
Short
tripod
foot.
Light brown;
fine burnish.
1
756. (II Q5)
Short
tripod
foot
(?).
Well and
evenly
made. Fine hard
fabric;
surface
grey-brown
with reddish
tinge,
unburnished.
1757. (II
X
5)
Short
tripod
foot
(?). Grey-brown,
burnished.
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464 III. EMPORIO
DECORATION
1758-1807 (fig. 208)
As in Periods V-IV decoration when it occurs is
normally incised;
but even incised decoration is
not as common as it was earlier.
Rare,
but
apparently
characteristic of Period
II,
is the
combination of incised decoration with
contrasting
areas of burnish and non-burnish. This
represents
the use of burnish for decorative
effect;
but
pattern
burnish of the classic
type
as found
in Period VII is
excessively rare, although something
of the kind seems to have been used on
occasion. Decoration in white
paint
was also
very
rare in Period
II, although
one or two
fragments
with
white-painted
decoration
appear
to be of
contemporary
fabric rather than
earlier
strays.
Red
paint,
however,
was
occasionally
used in Period II in
conjunction
with
white-filled incised decoration to create a
polychrome
effect
(e.g.
1
759)
.
Warts,
and the solid
lugs
which
merge
into
them,
were
regularly placed
on vases as decoration. Ribs in
relief,
when
they
occur,
are often
curved,
in
striking
contrast to the rectilinear character of the vast bulk of the
incised decoration.
Pattern burnish
A few
scraps
with classic
pattern
burnish
resembling
that common in Period VIII are
evidently
earlier
strays (e.g. 1413, 1452).
But the
burnishing
instrument was sometimes used for decora ti ve
effect in Period
II,
as on
1544
of
type 13,
and on
1761.
Such
burnishing may
on occasion
approximate
to
pattern
burnish of the classic
type;
the
fragment 1758
for instance has a
widely
spaced
net
pattern
on the outside. An uncommon but
very striking
form of decoration which
appears
to be characteristic of Period II is the combination of areas with fine burnish and incised
decoration with
contrasting
areas left
reserved,
without burnish or incision. This elaborate
system
of decoration seems to have been
mostly
used on small bowls of
type 13 (e.g. 1545),
but is
also found on a bowl of
type 9 (15 18)
and on lids
(e.g. 1659).
For other
examples,
see
1987-8,
2106, 2298, 2369, 2422, 2431, 2503 (from
a
deposit
of Period
I).
Once at least
(1759)
the scheme was
reversed,
areas with incised decoration
being
left
without
burnish,
while the undecorated areas were
burnished;
the decoration in this case was
further
heightened by triangles
of matt red
paint
outlined with incision.
This latter
system
of decoration recurs at different times in different
places.
It is
paralleled
on
two
fragments
from Samos
(Tigani 134 pl. 24: 8, 9).
In Cilicia it is found at the
beginning
of the
Chalcolithic and
again
in the
Early
Bronze
Age (Mersin
62
fig. 37 pl.
x: 1 . Tarsus ii
figs. 230: a, b;
254: 270, 274).
The reserved
slip
ware of Levels XIII-XIV of E.B. 2 at
Beycesultan
sounds
comparable (Beycesultan
i
167 pl. xxii,
a:
4).
The same
system
of decoration occurs at the
beginning
of the Cretan Neolithic on a few fine
E.N. I
pieces
from Knossos
(BSA
lix
(1964)
212
pl. 46 (4): 1).
It is also
apparently
found in the
Middle Neolithic of
Thessaly (Milojcic, Ergebnisse fig.
11:
3,
8. Thessalika iv
(1962)
82 f.
fig. 7,
from Soufli
Magoula)
.
1758. (II Q7) (plate 81) Fragment
of bowl. Inside red with fine
burnish;
outside dark
brown,
unburnished
except
for
widely spaced
net
pattern
made with thin
burnishing implement.
1
759. (II Q7) (plate 82) Fragments including part
of rim from small bowl of
type 5.
Inside
light
reddish brown to
dusky,
with
very
fine
burnish, although
straw
impressions
show in
surface;
outside
light brown,
with elaborate
combination of unburnished areas
having
white-filled incised
decoration,
burnished
areas,
and areas of red
paint:
vertical
strip
of diamonds filled with dots left without
burnish;
rest of surface with rather
superficial
burnish, apart
from
triangles flanking
the dot-filled diamonds coated with matt red.
1
760. (II
no
level) (plate 82)
Rim with
projection,
from bowl of
type
1
3.
Surface dark
purplish; very
fine burnish in
areas with elaborate white-filled incised
decoration;
areas without decoration left unburnished.
1
76
1.
(II Q,6/5 (plate 81) Jar
rim. Surface
red;
inside
burnished;
outside with vertical strokes of
burnish, apparently
spaced
for decorative effect.
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 465
Paint
Painted decoration was
very
rare in Period
II, although
both red and white
paint
were
occasionally
used on vases then.
(
i
)
White
paint.
A
scrap
from
Hevel
5
with a
light
brown burnished surface decorated with
thin lines of white
paint may
be an earlier
stray.
A
fragment
of a
jug, however,
from
Q
level
7
with a black burnished surface decorated with broad
stripes
in white seems to
belong
to a
contemporary
vase.
(2)
Red
paint.
In several instances matt red
paint
was used for decoration in
conjunction
with white-filled incision
(e.g.
1
762-4)
. The
paint normally, although
not
invariably,
seems to
have been
applied
after the surface had been burnished. The effect of the
contrasting
red and
white
against
the dark burnished surfaces of the vases would have been similar to that of the red
and white
painted
decoration of Cretan Kamares ware. In the case of 1
759
matt red
paint
was
combined with incised decoration and reserved areas left without burnish.
1762. (II Q, 14) (plate 82) Fragment, apparently
from bowl of
types 13
or
14.
Surface
grey-brown
with
very
fine
burnish. The area on the outside not
occupied by
incised decoration seems to be unburnished and is coated with
bright
red matt
paint.
1
763. (II
no
level) (plate 82)
Small
base,
cf. class
8, apparently
from bowl. Surface dark to
light
brown with
very
fine
burnish;
outside with incised decoration filled with white. Traces of matt red
paint
round
join
of base and bowl.
1764. (II Q, 14) (plate 82) Fragment, apparently
from
just
above
ring
base of bowl. Surface brown to
black,
burnished. Traces of matt red
paint
round
point
of
junction
with base cf.
1763.
Incision
This was
by
far the commonest form of decoration in Period
II, although
not as much in evidence
as in V-IV. It was
largely
confined to vases of certain
types, notably
bowls of
types 13
and
14
(plate 82), large jars
with collar necks
(plates
88
(c), (/);8g (e))
and their lids
(plate 87),
and
small lidded
jars
of the
pyxis type 44;
but a number of
fragments
and some
strap
handles
decorated with incision
(fig.
i
17)
from levels of II
may
have
belonged
to
jugs.
The
incisions,
made as in earlier
periods
while the
clay
was still
damp
and
soft,
were
normally
deep
and
bold,
and often retained traces of an
original
white fill. One
fragment
from what
may
have been a small
jar
akin to
type 44
-
the outside surface
purple-brown
with fine
polish-like
burnish
-
had what
appeared
to be an
attempt
at decoration
roughly
scratched after
firing,
presumably by
the owner of the vase. Elaborate
designs combining
white-filled incision with
contrasting
areas of burnish and
non-burnish,
sometimes with the addition of red
paint,
have
already
been described under Paint and Pattern burnish.
The motifs of incised decoration used in Period II were
essentially
similar to those current in
V-IV, although
the
designs
were more varied. This can be seen in
comparing
the incised
designs
on handles from levels of Period II on fig. i i
7
with their
equivalents
of V-IV
(fig. 116).
Some of
the
designs
on fig. i 16
(nos. 1,8, io, 11, 13-15)
also come on handles from
deposits
of Period II.
Apart
from
these,
the Period II
designs
of fig. i i
7
nos. i and 2
correspond
to fig. i 16 nos. 2 and
3;
fig. 1 1
7
nos.
3, 4
and
5,
to fig. i 16 nos.
9, 14
and
15;
while fig. i i
7
nos.
7-12
can be
regarded
as
elaborations on the theme of fig. i 16 no.
17.
Decoration was still
dominantly linear,
and curvilinear motifs were
exceptional;
the
very
few
possible examples
of curvilinear motifs included the neck of a
jug
or
jar (1798)
with a row of
dot-filled
circles, comparable
with the dot-filled oval on the neck
fragment 1351
from a level of
V. Chevrons and
zigzags,
and areas filled with dots
(pointill)
or with
cross-hatching (lattice),
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466 III. EMPORIO
were still common as in
V-IV;
rows of diamonds filled in this
way
with dots or
cross-hatching
were much in evidence.
(1) (plate 82)
Bowls of
types 13
and
14:
insides of rims
(1765-8);
outsides of rims
(1768-9,
1
77 1-5);
vertical handle
(1770),
and
fragments (1776-9).
1765. (II Q,7)
Red to
light
and dark
brown;
fine burnish.
1766. (II Q7)
Dark
purple-brown,
burnished.
1767. (II
R
7A) Light brown,
burnished but worn.
1768. (II Q7) Grey-brown,
burnished but worn.
1769. (II Q 14)
Dark brown to
deep purple
and
reddish;
fine burnish.
1770. (II
R
9) Light
and dark brown to
reddish,
burnished but worn.
1
77
1.
(Surface,
but
probably
of Period
II)
With horned
projection.
1772. (II Q,7) Grey-brown
to
black,
burnished.
1773. (II Q7) Purple-brown;
fine burnish.
1774. (II Q, 14)
Outside dark
grey-brown,
inside
light brown,
burnished.
1775. (II Q,7)
Dark
purple-brown
to
reddish,
burnished.
1776. (II Q,7) Possibly
from same vase as
1768. Grey-brown,
burnished.
1777. (II
X
15-13, 7) Grey-brown,
burnished.
1778. (II Q,7)
Dark reddish brown to
purplish,
burnished.
1779. (II Q 14)
With
stump
of vertical handle
(?). Grey-brown
to
black,
burnished.
1780. (II Q,7)
Brown to
black,
burnished.
(2) (plates
88
(c)y (f); Sg(e)) Large jars
with outsides
finely
burnished and with incised
decoration;
incision
mostly
with traces of white
fill;
insides different
colours,
without
burnish.
Only
outside surface colour described below. All
fragments
of
body,
unless
otherwise stated.
PLATE 88
(c)
1. 1
781 (II
X
5) Light
brown to red.
2-6.
1782 (II Q,7)
All
apparently
from same vase.
Dominantly light
brown
shading
in
places
to dark brown.
7. 1783 (II Q 7)
Red.
8, 9. 1784 (II Q,7) Probably
from same vase. Dark
red,
and dark brown to red.
10.
1785 (II Q,7)
Dark red.
1 1-
13. 1786 (II Q7, 6/5, 5) Apparently
from same vase. Dark brown to reddish.
plate
89 (e)
1-7. 1787 (II,
levels above and below
6)
All
apparently
from same vase. Shades of
light
and dark brown to
reddish.
8.
(II
X
7)
Dark brown to reddish.
9. (II Q,6/5)
Dark reddish.
10.
(II Q 5) Light
brown.
11.
(II Q,5)
Red.
12.
(II
X
15-13, 7)
Dark brown.
13. (II Q,6/5)
Dark brown.
14. (II 0,6/5) Grey-brown.
15. (II 0,6/5) Lightish
brown.
16. 17. (II Q,7, 6/5) Purplish
brown to black.
18, 19. (II Q,7, 6/5)
Dark reddish brown.
20,
21.
(II Q,7)
Dark brown.
22.
(II Q,7)
Dark
purple-brown.
23. (II Q,7) Lightish
brown.
24. (II 0,6/5)
Dark
purple-brown
to black.
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3. AREA A. PERIOD II 467
plate 88
(/)
i, 2, 4. 1788 (II Q,and
X
7,
X
5) Possibly
from same vase. Red.
5. 1789 (II Q5) Red,
much worn.
6.
(II
R
7 A)
Handle with hole made before
firing.
Red
wash, apparently
without burnish.
7. (II
X
5)
Handle. Red to
light
brown.
8.
(II
X
7)
Handle. Red to
light
brown.
9. (II Q,7)
Handle. Dark brown to red.
10.
(II
X
5)
Handle. Dark brown to red.
11.
(II
X no
level) Stump
of handle.
Light
brown.
12.
(II
X
7)
Handle. Dark brown to
light
brown and red.
(3) (plates 85, 86, 89 (b))
Smaller closed vases with incised
decoration; mostly jars
akin to
type
44.
Outsides
burnished;
insides
rough,
without
burnish;
incisions
mostly
with traces of white
fill.
Only
outside surface colour described below.
plate 86.
Jars,
cf.
type 44.
Lids
(1-9. 1657, 1684-91);
rims
(10-14. 1790-2); body fragments (15-22. 1793-7);
bases
(27-31).
10.
1790 (II
R
7A) Light
brown.
11.
1791 (II Q 14) Light
brown.
12.
1792 (II
R
?9)
Rim and two
fragments
of same vase.
Grey-brown.
13. (II Q,6/5)
With
vertically perforated lug. Light
to
deep purplish
red-brown.
14. (II Q 7) Grey
brown.
15. 1793 (II Q7) Grey-brown.
16.
1794 (II Q, 14)
Dark brown with reddish
tinge.
17. (II
R
?9)
Dark reddish brown.
18.
(II Q,6/5) Grey-brown.
19. (II Q,7) Grey-brown.
20.
1795 (II 0,6/5)
With
simple upturned vertically perforated lug. Grey-brown.
21.
1796 (II
X
13)
Shades of
light
and dark brown to
deep
reddish.
22.
1797 (II 0,6/5)
Solid
upturned lug, perhaps
from lid.
Light
to dark brown.
23. (II Q,5)
With
simple vertically perforated lug. Grey-brown.
24. (II Q, 14)
With
simple upturned vertically perforated lug. Grey-brown.
25. (II Q,7)
With
simple upturned vertically perforated lug. Grey-brown; high polish.
26.
(II
R
?9) Grey-brown.
27. (II Q,5)
Small sunk base.
Light
brown.
28.
(II
X
5)
Flat base.
Light brown;
little or no trace of burnish.
29. (II Q,7)
Part of base with small foot. Dark reddish.
30. (II Q,7)
Low
ring
foot. Dark
purplish
red-brown.
31. (II
R
7A) Fragment, apparently
of
ring
foot.
Grey-brown;
surface worn.
1798. (II Q,7) (plate 85)
Neck of
jug
or
jar.
Soft
fabric;
surface
light
brown to
red,
burnished. Incised decoration:
rough
circles or ovals filled with fine dots.
1799. (II Q7, 6/5) (plate 89) Fragments
of
jar
akin to
type 44
but
relatively large; apparently
with four
vertically
perforated lugs; perhaps
with
ring
foot. Part of side and one
lug preserved. Grey-brown clay;
surface shades of
grey-brown
to
light
brown with
slight
reddish
tinge,
burnished on
outside;
inside
rough, apparently wiped
with
bunch of
twigs.
Elaborate incised
decoration;
no
signs
of white fill.
Circles made with the ends of
reeds,
set in rows or used instead of dots as a
fill,
were
very
characteristic of Period II. Reed-made circles occurred on some vases in Period
IV,
but were
distinctly
rare then. In Period II
they
were
especially prominent
in the elaborate schemes of
decoration
adorning
the
large
collar-necked
jars
and their lids. Semi-circles made with a reed are
also attested in II.
Relief
Warts and the
large
solid
lugs
which
merge
into them were
common, especially
on the
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468 III. EMPORIO
carinations of bowls of
type 9,
and on the
swellings,
sometimes
carinated,
of
jugs; they
also
occurred
perhaps
on the
swellings
of
jars.
These warts and
lugs
were often
characteristically
upturned
or horned. Double warts are also attested
(e.g. 1595).
The five
examples
of
flat,
disc-shaped
warts were all
apparently
from closed vases
(e.g. 1800).
One
fragment
of a closed
vase
(1802)
had a
diamond-shaped
wart on the outside.
Vertical warts or ribs were
regularly placed
on the outsides of the rims of
jars
and
cooking
pots (e.g. 1592-3, 1600, 1607),
and
occasionally
it seems on those of bowls
(e.g. 1506
of
type 9).
Ribbed ornament was
by
no means
rare,
and the ribs were often curved
(e.g.
on the rim
1564,
assigned
to
type 14.
Cf.
1805-6):
a contrast to the almost
invariably
linear character of the
incised decoration of Period II. Horseshoes in relief were noted on the bodies of
jugs
or
jars
in
seven
instances;
some at
any
rate were set
high
on the shoulder of the vase
just
below the
spring
of the neck
(e.g. 1807).
In one case
(II
R
9)
what seems to be an inverted horseshoe
appears
immediately
above the carinated
swelling
of the vase. There were two
possible examples
of
circles in relief with a wart at the centre
(1803-4) comparable
with one from a level of Period III.
Horizontal ribs with bold
finger-tip impressions
or notches were noted in two instances:
below the rim
1454 assigned
to a bowl of
type 8,
and on another
fragment
also
apparently
from a
bowl,
and like
1454
from level
5.
1800,
1 80 1.
(plate 81)
Flat
disc-shaped
warts. Five
examples
from levels below
6;
all from closed vases. Outside
surfaces
light
brown and
red,
burnished.
1802.
(II Q7) (plate
81
) Diamond-shaped
wart on
fragment
of a
large
closed vase.
Light
brown to
red,
burnished.
1803. (II
R no
level,
but
apparently
of Period
II) (plate 89)
Circle in relief round
wart,
on
fragment
of
jug
or
jar.
Black,
with fine burnish.
Cf. Tkermi
pl.
xvii: c. Poliochni i
pl.
lviii:
k,
evolved Blue
period. Karatas. -Semayk: AJA
lxx
(1966) 253
f.
pl.
60
fig. 22,
Levels II and
III;
lxxi
(1967) 253 pl. 75 fig. 3.
1804. (II (7) (plate 81)
As
1803,
on
fragment
of closed vase.
Red,
burnished.
1805. (II
X
15-13, 7) (plate8i)
Pair of
curving
ribs in
relief,
on
fragment
of
jug
or
jar.
Soft
grey-brown clay;
outside
surface
purple-brown; very
fine burnish.
1806.
(II
R
16) (plate 81)
Bird-like
design
in
relief,
on
fragment apparently
from a
bowl; very
thin-walled and flat.
Grey clay;
surface brownish
grey,
burnished inside and out.
1807. (II
R
7A) (plate 81)
Horseshqe in
relief,
on shoulder of
jug (?). Light
brown to
reddish;
fine burnish.
IMPORTS
1808-1815 (fig. 208)
Various fabrics which have
already
been described under Fabrics
appeared
to be
foreign
to
Emporio;
the vases made of these fabrics were
presumably imports.
(1)
Micaceous Wares
(a)
Standard Micaceous Ware. The
unique
twisted handle 1
7
1 1 which
appears
to come from
a
jug,
and the distinctive slashed handles
171 7-9
which
evidently belonged
to
jars,
were of this
fabric. Other
possible imports
on the basis of mica in the
clay
include
1701.
1 808.
(II Q,7) (plate 90)
Thin
strap handle, perhaps
from a
jug,
and two
fragments
which
may
have
belonged
to the
same vase. Hard
grey clay,
red-brown at the
edges,
with
mica;
surface
light
brown with fine
polish-like
burnish.
Cf. Thermi
pl.
xxxiv:
9,
from Towns IV-V.
(b)
Black Burnished Micaceous Ware. This
wasvonly
represented by
one or two
fragments,
mostly
from
jugs.
The two illustrated on plate
90: 20,
2 1
(bottom centre) (II
R
7A, X5)
are from
closed vases of
sandy
reddish
clay,
the outside surfaces black with fine burnish.
(2)
Obsidian Ware
Parts of two vases of this distinctive
fabric, already
noted in earlier
periods,
were recovered from
levels of II.
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3. AREA A. PERIOD I
(WELL)
469
1809. (II
X
15-13, 7
and
Q, 14
and
7) (plates 89 (/), 90) Fragments
from
body
of
jar,
which
may
have had a collar
neck like
1243
of similar fabric from
V/IV.
Hard
sandy clay, grey
in
break;
inside surface mushroom
pink,
rough,
with occasional
specks
of mica and hard
shiny
black
particles showing
in
it;
outside
grey-black
with even
burnish,
decorated with a row of
boldly
incised hatched
triangles
set
just
above the
swelling.
Fragments
decorated with hatched
triangles
which look
very
similar are illustrated from the E.B. I- II
horizon at
Ikiztepe
on the Black Sea coast of northern Anatolia
(Y. Yakar,
Tel Aviv ii
(1975) 138 pl. 27: 1).
(3)
Fine
Light Grey
Burnished Ware
Two
fragments assignable
to this fabric were recovered from levels of II.
18 10.
(II
X
15-13, 7) (plate 90) Rim, perhaps
of a
jug. Very
fine
clay,
dark
grey
at
core, light grey
at
edges,
with
abundant fine
silvery
mica.
181 1.
(II Q, 14 (plate 90) Fragment, perhaps
from neck of a
jug.
Fine
greyish
brown
clay
with
silvery
and
golden
mica;
surface whitish
brown,
burnished.
(4)
White Coated Ware
The two
groups
of
fragments
with a white
slip grouped
under this
heading
have
already
been
described under Fabric.
181 2.
(II Q, 7) (plate 90)
Three
fragments,
and another from
top
of level
14,
all
perhaps
from the same closed
vase;
thick-walled;
soft
sandy clay,
shades of
pale grey, pink
and
brown,
with
grit (some very large) brown, red,
yellow,
and white in
colour;
inside surfaces
roughly
smoothed or
burnished;
outsides with thick white
slip,
not
burnished,
and in
only
one case smoothed.
181 2A.
(II
X
5) (plate 90)
Rim of
jug.
Outside surface with
creamy
white
slip,
burnished. Two other
fragments
of
same fabric from same
deposit,
but
apparently
from different
jugs.
(5)
Miscellaneous
foreign fabrics
1 8 1
3. (IV/II Q22)
Rim of
jar,
or of bowl cf.
type 4. Angle very
uncertain. Hard
grey clay
with
large grit, dominantly
white and brick
red, showing
in
surface,
which
pocked,
and has an unburnished
orange
to
dusky
wash.
1814. (II
R
7A)
Rim of
jar (class
B III a:
variety 3). Possibly
wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay
with fine
red, grey
and
white
grit,
and some
mica;
surface with traces of
smoothing
rather than
burnishing.
1815. (II
R
7A) (plate 88) Large
vertical handle with thin oval section.
Sandy orange clay, grey-green
at
core,
with
abundant white marble-like
grit
and
silvery
mica
showing
in
surface,
which has traces of a red wash. Shallow
grooved
decoration.
vii. Period I
(the well) (level 4)
1816-1822
(fig. 209)
GENERAL
Most of the material from the well had
evidently
fallen into it after the
collapse
of the stone-lined
sides. It came from
deposits
of earlier
periods
behind the
collapsed sides,
and
appeared
to be
largely
of Periods V-II with a little of VII-VI. One or two
fragments
with a red wash from vases
that
may
have been made on the fast wheel
(e.g.
182 1
) suggest
that the well continued in use into
the time of the horizon identified as Period I
(Troy
II or
later)
in Area F on the
Acropolis
hill
above. But all other traces of this horizon had
disappeared
from Area A
owing
to erosion of the
slopes
there.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
1816. Thickened club-like rim from
large
bowl of
type 7.
Hard
grey clay, orange-reddish
at
edges;
surface
purple-brown
to
reddish,
burnished but much worn.
Gf.
Troy
i
fig. 264: 6, shape
A
16, Troy
I.
181
7.
Rim of
type 7. Orange
to reddish
clay;
surface dark
purple-brown
to black with fine burnish.
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fig.
209.
Period I and Surface in Area A. Scale
1/3.
470 III. EMPORIO
>

_jo
8 g?

ca
m

I
1819^ 1821^
(T
~j '^_^^'
f'
1816 W 1818V
g '
I
'
i
/'ni
w
g
V
182
/ '-% I
^~'
' P^m^
^
'

, !>
1823
M 1824 1822 A '

^m
f
PX1828 |
'
182?1
I
^817
j
PX1828
y
__
|
'
182?1
1?
1825
^^^X
'
1826
^
(b) jugs
Fragments
of these were
very
abundant in the well.
(c) JARS
1 8 18.
Rim,
class B I. Hard
grey clay;
surface
light
to dark
brown,
burnished.
1 8
19. (From top
of fill in
well) (plate 89) Rim,
class B III d. Hard
grey clay, orange
at
edges;
surface red to
light
brown, wiped
and burnished.
1 820.
(From top
of fill in
well) Rim,
class B III d. Hard
grey clay, orange
at
edges,
with
grit (some large) ;
surface with
a burnished red wash.
(h)
wheelmade
(?)
1 82 1 .
(plate 90)
Rim of bowl. Rather soft
fabric;
dark
grey-black clay, orange
at
edges,
with fine white and
grey grit;
surface with a
thin, slightly lustrous,
red wash.
Possibly
wheelmade.
1822.
(plate 90)
Shoulder of
jar.
Fabric as 1821.
(i)
HANDLES
1823. (plate 83) Large
horned handle.
Grey clay, orange
near
surface,
which is shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
Compare
the handles of crucibles from
Troy
III
(Troy
ii
34, shape
D
34),
and the
projections
on some
Middle Thessalian bowls
(Milojcic, Ergebnisse 29 fig. 24: 4, 9).
(k)
bases
1824.
Low
ring foot, splayed (class 4A);
from bowl.
Sandy
reddish
clay;
surface black
inside, shading
to brown
outside,
burnished.
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3. AREA B. STAGE 1
(PERS. IX-VIII)
471
DECORATION
Like the rest of the
pottery
from the
well,
this reflected a mixture of
periods.
Paint. Two
scraps
of fine black burnished ware with decoration in white
appeared
to be of
Periods VII-VI.
Incision. This was better
represented
than
any
other form of
decoration,
and was
mostly
of
Periods V-IV rather than later.
Relief.
A
curving
rib with a wart from a vase of black burnished ware is
comparable
with two
examples (1803-4)
from levels of II and another from III.
vii. Surface 1
825-1
828
(fig. 209)
The
fragments
of
pottery
from surface levels in trenches
G, Q,and X,
were
mostly assignable
to
Period
II,
but there were some later
elements, including
Greco-Roman. From the
parts
of Area
A down the
slope
to the north-west
(trenches
H and
R),
where there was a
deepening deposit
of
stoney
hill
wash,
the bulk of the surface
pottery
was
post-Bronze Age, including
Archaic and
Classical Greek and
Roman;
but a few
Mycenaean sherds,
and one or two handles which
might
be of Middle Bronze
Age date,
were also
recognised,
as well as
fragments
of
Early
Bronze
Age
red
burnished ware. The
following appear
to be of Period II unless otherwise stated.
1825. (G 1)
Rim of
large
carinated bowl
(type 9)
with side handle.
Grey clay;
surface shades of brown to
black;
fine burnish.
Cf. Poliochni i 618
pl.
ex vi:
i,
Green
period.
1826.
(X
1
)
Rim of
large jar (class
A
II)
with
string-hole.
Hard
grey clay, light
brown at
edges,
with
greyish grit
and a
little
gold
and silver
mica;
outside surface with a
creamy slip,
well burnished.
Possibly
an
import
in view of mica
in
clay.
1827. (X 1)
Rim of
jar (class
B II
a). Orange clay;
surface with burnished red wash.
Perhaps
of Period V or earlier.
1828.
(R 1)
Small
tripod
foot
(?). Grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge,
burnished.
Another, perhaps
from same vase.
(f) Pottery from
Areas B-F
i. Area B
Stage
1
Trench B level
5
Amount c. 2 zembils
1829-1836 (fig. 210)
Periods IX-VIII with some later admixture
GENERAL
The
pottery
described below comes from trench B level
5, except
for
1833,
which is from the
surface level 1 in trench B.
The bulk of the
pottery
from this small
deposit (level 5) lying immediately
above the rock in
trench B was
early
in
character,
reminiscent of material of Periods
IX-VIII;
but there were
elements of VII and of later
periods
in it. Thus
1835
is from an incised bowl of
type 13 assignable
to Period
II,
and the handle
1836 may
date from the same
period
or later still.
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(1)
Periods I X-V III
There were
fragments
of bowls of
type 8, including
one or two rims with traces of
pattern
burnish
(e.g. 1833).
Dishes of
type 1,
characteristic of the earliest
periods
at
Emporio,
were also in
evidence
(1829-30).
But a horizontal
trumpet lug
set on a rim
evidently
came from a bowl of
type
10 which was more at home in Period VII than earlier or later. One or two
fragments
of the
large
bowl handles characteristic of the
early periods
were also noted from the
deposit, together
with two
large elegant
horned handles like
335, 337;
while two
fragments
of
pithos
had bold ribs
in relief of
sub-triangular
section as found on
early pithoi
at
Emporio (fig. 137
no.
1).
A
scrap
with incised decoration
consisting
of
multiple
chevrons also
appeared
to be of
early
date.
1829.
Profile of dish
(type 1).
Coarse
gritty orange clay;
inside surface
grey-brown
to
dusky
with
poor burnish;
underneath
rough.
1830.
Profile of dish
(type 1).
Diam.
very large.
Coarse
clay
with straw and
grit;
inside surface
grey-brown, poor
burnish;
unburnished brown wash on outside of
rim;
underneath
rough,
with straw
impressions.
1
83
1.
(plate 91)
Profile of
baking pan (type 3).
Coarse
clay,
shades of
light
brown to
dusky
and
reddish;
inside
surface
coarsely burnished;
outside
rough, wiped;
underneath with abundant straw
impressions.
1832.
Rim of bowl
(type 4C).
1833. (plate 91) Rim, perhaps
from bowl of
type 8,
with elaborate
pattern
burnish.
1
834.
Rim of
jar (class AI). Grey clay;
inside surface
grey,
outside
light
brown
mottling
to red and
dusky,
burnished.
(2)
Period II or later
1835. (plate 91 )
Rim of small bowl
(type 13)
with incised decoration inside and out. Shades of
light
and dark
brown;
fine burnish.
1836. Handle, possibly
from a lid of
types 63
and
64.
Shades of
light
and dark
brown,
well burnished on rounded
outside,
less well on flat inside.
Stage
2
Levels
28-27
Amount c.
''
zembils
1837-1854 (figs. 211, 212)
Period V with earlier elements
GENERAL
The
predominance
of carinated bowls of
type 9
in this
deposit, together
with the
presence
of
tripod
feet and the
general appearance
of the
pottery, suggest
that the bulk of the material from
it is
assignable
to Period V. A number of
fragments, however, notably
from the lowest level
28,
are
clearly earlier,
of Periods
VH-VI,
if not of X-VIII. These include three bowl handles
like
1851,
and
fragments
of
pithos
with
triangular-sectioned ribs,
cf. fig.
137
no.
1,
as found in
stage
1.
The
pieces
described are from the
upper
level
27,
unless otherwise stated.
472 III. EMPORIO
c 35 C.40? L
________^________
2#
Jjf
1832
""^V
1835
^e
Wfflm f777ZrfWZS' 1831 1834 ^
fig. 210. Area B.
Stage
i. Scale
1/3.
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fig. 211. Area B.
Stage
2. Bowls. Scale
1/2.
3. AREA B. STAGE 2
(PER. V)
473
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(fig. 211)
Over half of the bowl rims from the
deposit belonged
to the carinated
type 9.
These looked
early
in
character,
akin to rims of Period V rather than to those of IV. Three had
stumps
of side
handles set on the carination or below it. One rim with the
stump
of a vertical handle
might
have
come from a
dipper cup
of
type
16.
1837.
Rim
(type 4).
Rather coarse
clay;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
1838. (Level 28)
Rim
(type 5). Light
brown
shading
to dark brown and
reddish;
fine burnish.
1839.
Rim
(type 7). Grey clay shading
to red-brown at
edges;
surface
light pinkish
brown with fine even burnish.
1840. (Level 28)
Rim
(type 9A).
Rather
irregular. Grey-brown
to
reddish,
burnished.
1
84
1. Rim
(type 9B).
Rather
irregular. Grey-brown,
burnished.
1842.
Rim
(type 13). Very irregular. Light
to dark
brown,
burnished.
J5
25 25 25 24 30?
1837
fl
1838
H
1839
^
1840
Y//j
1841
Jffl
- .
%4
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
(fig. 212)
Jugs
Jugs
were not much in
evidence,
but
1843
of
type
22 was
complete except
for the handle. A
fragment
of a
sloping
rim from level
27 appeared
to come from a
jug
of
Light
Brown Burnished
Ware of the kind
typical
of Periods VII-VI.
1
843. (plate 9
1
) Jug (type 22)
.
Broken,
but
virtually complete except
for handle. Ht.
12.5. Irregular
in
shape,
but of
good
fabric.
Grey clay
with fine white
grit;
outside surface brown
mottling
to
black, burnished;
burnish
continues
deep
round inside of rim.
2
7
.
Tripod cooking pots
Two
tripod
feet were recovered from level 28. One of these
(1844)
has a
finely
burnished
surface,
and
may
have come from a
tripod
bowl or dish rather than a
cooking jar.
The
other,
of
semi-circular
section,
was red with a coarse burnish.
1844. (plate 91) Tripod foot;
oval section.
Grey-brown
to black and
reddish;
fine burnish.
(c) JARS (FIG. 212)
One rim from level 28
evidently
came from a
large storage jar
akin to
type 40.
Rims from smaller
jars
include
1848, internally
thickened and
differentiated, perhaps
to hold a
lid,
after the manner
of 1
191
of Period V.
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fig. 212. Area B.
Stage
2.
Jugs
and
jars
etc. Scale
1/2.
474 III. EMPORIO
C.14? C.35?
/"^^^^^^
-J5-* i
- -
g
'w&
-
m
->MJ
'
*
i
- -
'
g
Y 1 HL
1845
*
1
li
>'- 1 .^^P
1847
1
li Br ^^^^^^^^
1848
^^V

*
1850
a
<i|f /f^s '
1864
^T
1851
'a A
|PP
<^
--
^^8b ' ^Ib
1845.
^m
(class
A
I). Irregular. Grey clay;
surface
light pinkish
brown to
greyish, wiped
inside and out.
1846.
Rim
(class AI),
with
stump
of vertical
strap
handle. Thin-walled. Shades of
light
and dark brown to
dusky;
coarse but even burnish inside and out.
1847.
Rim
(class
A
III). Cooking pot type ware;
surface dark brown to
dusky black;
coarse burnish.
1
848. (Level 28)
Rim
(class
A
III) , internally
thickened and differentiated.
Very
coarse
gritty clay, grey
at
core, light
brown at
edges;
surface with a red
wash,
smoothed inside and out.
1849. (plate 75)
Rim cf. class A
I,
with
pair
of small vertical warts.
Perhaps
from a
tripod cooking pot. Light
brown
to
red;
traces of
very poor
burnish.
(e)
pithoi
Three
fragments
were recovered
-
two
(including
a
rim)
from level
28,
and one from
27
-
belonging
to one or more
pithoi
reminiscent of those attested in levels of Periods X-VIII
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3. AREA B. STAGE 3
(PER. V)
475
and VII-VI. The surfaces of these
fragments
were
light
brown to
red,
burnished. The rim has a
rib around the outside like
749
of Period
VII,
and there is a
curving
rib on one of the other
fragments;
the ribs
being sharply triangular
in section as fig.
137
no. 1. In addition there was a
large pithos
handle of thick oval section from level
28,
the surface
light
to dark brown and
reddish with a
slight
burnish.
(f)
lids
(fig. 212)
One certain
(1850)
and another
possible fragment
came from flat lids of
type
60.
1850.
Lid
(type 60)
with circular wart. Shades of
light
and dark brown to
dusky;
coarse burnish.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(FIG. 212)
(1)
Bowls
From level 28 came two or three
fragments
of
large
bowl handles
(e.g. 1851)
of the kind found in
the earliest
periods
X-VIII and
VII-VI,
but not later. A
lug
from the same level resembles that
on the bowl
113
of Period X. Such
lugs
were characteristic of the
early
Periods X-VIII at
Emporio.
1851. (Level 28) (plate 91)
Handle of
triangular
section with oval wart at base.
Fabric,
cf. Periods X-VIII. Soft
clay;
straw
impressions showing
in
surface,
which is
grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge
in
places,
worn but with
traces of fine
polish-like
burnish.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
One small vertical handle of
lunate,
and one of oval
section,
were noted. The
large
horned
handle
1852 may belong
to an
early period,
like the bowl handles
(including 1851) already
described.
1852.
Horned
handle,
almost circular in section.
Irregular. Light brown; poor
burnish.
(k)
bases
(fig. 212)
1853. (Level 28)
Class
3A,
from bowl.
Fabric,
cf. Periods V-IV.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
1854.
Class
7 A,
from
jar. Lop-sided
and
irregular.
Coarse
grey clay;
outside surface shades of dark and
light brown,
inside
light brown,
smoothed but not burnished.
DECORATION
The
only
decoration noted was in relief:
warts,
as on the
jar
rim
1849,
and
triangular-sectioned
ribs on
fragments
of
pithoi.
Stage 3
Levels 26-2 1
Amount c. 1 zembil
1855-1861 (fig. 213)
Period V
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476 III. EMPORIO
30?

__^_
1855
^__L*^
<::1
'^J
1857 1856 1859
fig.
213.
Area B.
Stage 3 (Period V).
Scale
1/3.
GENERAL
All the
fragments
described
appear
to come from level
26;
but there is some
danger
of mixture
with later elements.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
The burnished surfaces of the twelve bowl rims from this
deposit
were in
general
shades of
grey-brown.
One rim
(1856)
with
pattern
burnish
may
be an earlier
stray.
Four others came
from carinated bowls of
type 9:
one with the
stump
of a
large
side handle below the
carination,
another
(1857)
with a
horizontally perforated lug,
and the
remaining
two with warts on the
carination.
1855.
Profile of small bowl of
type 5
with rounded base.
1856.
Rim
(type 7)
with
pattern
burnish.
Light
brownish
grey; very
fine burnish. Fabric and
design,
cf. Period VIII.
1
857. (plate 58)
Rim cf.
type 9D,
with
horizontally perforated lug. Irregular.
Shades of
light
and dark brown to
red;
fine burnish.
1858.
Rim cf.
type 13. Light brown;
rather coarse burnish.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Jugs
A handle surmounted
by
a wart and set to a rim
may
have
belonged
to a
jug.
Another rim
fragment
with the
stump
of a handle set to it seems to come from a
jug
of
Light
Brown Burnished
Ware of the kind at home in Periods VII-VI.
2
7
.
Tripod cooking pots
Four oval-sectioned
feet,
one of them
large, evidently
came from
tripod
vases. One foot was
square-ended.
(C) JARS
A
large rim,
cf. class A
I,
of coarse
fabric,
the surface red to
dusky
with little or no
burnish,
had a
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3. AREA B. STAGE 4
(PER. IV)
477
bold vertical wart on the outside. Three other rims were
assignable
to classes A II and B II
(1859).
A rim of class B
I,
of soft
grey-brown clay
with coarse
grit,
the surface
light brown,
burnished, together
with a
vertically perforated
horned
lug (as
fig. i 06 no.
3
1
e)
of similar
fabric,
and a
fragment
with a wart and white-filled incised
decoration, evidently
came from small
pyxis-like jars
akin to
type 44.
1859. Rim,
cf. class B
II,
with vertical handle. Shades of
light
and dark
brown;
coarse stroke burnish inside and out.
(e)
pithoi
A
large handle, apparently
from a
pithos,
with an unburnished red
wash,
was
sharply
rectangular
in section like
1295
of Periods V-IV.
(i)
HANDLES
A handle surmounted
by
a wart
may
have
belonged
to a
jug,
as
already
noted. Three other
vertical handles from
jugs
or
jars
were oval or
slightly
lunate in section.
(k)
bases
There were two bases of bowls as class 6C with
grey-brown
burnished surfaces. The base
fragment
i860 of
grey-brown clay
has a mat
impression
on the underneath
(plate 92).
For
mat-impressed
bases cf.
1942,
and under AG
40
in volume i with references.
DECORATION
This was not much in evidence. The
fragment
1861 is decorated in white
paint,
and another
fragment, apparently
from a small
pyxis-like jar
akin to
type 44,
had a wart and white-filled
incisions,
as
already
noted.
1 86 1 .
(plate 92) Fragment
of bowl or
jar.
Red-brown
clay
with
grit;
inside surface
grey-brown,
outside
light
brown
with a reddish
tinge,
smoothed but not burnished. Decorated with broad vertical
stripes
in thick
chalky
white
paint,
which seems to have been
applied
after the surface was smoothed.
Stage 4
Levels 20-16
Amount c.
ij
zembils
1862-1872 (fig. 214)
Period IV
GENERAL
This horizon of burnt destruction in Area B seems to
correspond
to that of Period IV in Area A.
Several
complete
or
largely complete
vases were recovered from it.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
The burnished finish was
noticeably
better than it was in the case of bowl
fragments
from earlier
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fig.
214.
Area B.
Stage 4 (Period IV).
Scale
1/3.
478 III. EMPORIO
35
20

35
fc ~-f'T
**
-
^^
fc
I
~-f'T
I
I
**
-
^-^
~
r_-
-
/r

i ^
1862
g
I
1863
,'V'N
~
'|
-..

i
f/^
I
1866
/C___j'
'
I
^TYs
' i.-.-.-.-^
1864
'
' #
/
' i.-.-.-.-^
1864 ' #
1872
j^ J
_
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1//./
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'J
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f^f ' /
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3. AREA B. STAGE 4
(PER. IV)
479
stages
in Area B. Seven out of the eleven rims of bowls recovered came from the carinated
type 9;
three of them had
stumps
of side handles on the carination
(e.g. 1864).
1862.
(Level 20)
Rim
(type 9A).
Surface
grey-brown
to
black, irregular
but with
very
fine
polish. Appearance
and
fabric cf. Period IV.
1863. (Level 20)
Several
fragments, including rim,
cf.
type 9A,
with small vertical wart. Shades of
light
and dark
brown to reddish and
dusky;
fine burnish with
soapy
feel. Garination burnished
away
in
places
so that rim cf.
type 7.
1864. (Level 20)
Profile and about half rim
(type 9B)
with side handle. Ht. c.
4.
Diam. of rim c. 1 1 .
Irregular. Light
to
dark
brown,
burnished.
1865. (Level 20)
Rim
(type 9C).
Soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished but worn.
1866.
(Level 20)
Rim
(type 13). Grey-brown shading
to
reddish,
burnished.
1867. (Stage 4
or
5,
level
?i6) (plate 70)
Rim of small bowl with
open spout
and
triple vertically perforated lug
to
one side.
Grey-brown
to
red;
fine burnish.
(b) jugs
A
body (1868)
of uncertain
type
was
recovered, together
with the remains of a
cooking jug
of
type
26
(1869).
1 868.
(Level 20) Jug.
Neck and handle
missing.
Three low warts on
belly.
Ht.
preserved 9.
Diam. of
body
1 1 .
Orange
clay;
outside surface red with fine burnish.
1869. (Level 20) (plate 92) Cooking jug (type 26).
Most of
base,
and about half rim and one side of
body missing.
Ht.
c. 26. Diam. of mouth c. 1
7. Probably
with
open spout
on rim
opposite handle,
and vertical wart on each side.
Irregular
and somewhat
lop-sided,
but thin-walled. Coarse
greyish clay
with occasional
grit (some large)
showing
in
surface,
which shades of red and
dusky
brown to
black,
smoothed or burnished inside and out.
(c) JARS
A rim with a
large
vertical wart
-
the surface
light
brown to red with
very poor
burnish
-
evi-
dently
came from a
storage jar
akin to
types 39-40.
The small rim
1870
is
internally
thickened
and differentiated like
1848
of
stage
2 and
1191
of Period V.
Large parts
of three
jars
were
recovered;
one
(not illustrated) apparently
of
type 45,
the other two of
type 47, including 1871
with elaborate incised decoration.
1
870. (Levels 18/17) Rim,
class A
III, internally
thickened and differentiated. Coarse
cooking pot type ware;
surface
shades of
light
and dark brown to
dusky,
smoothed but not burnished.
1
87
1.
(Level 16) (plate 92) Jar (type 47 A),
with four vertical handles on shoulder.
Parts, including
all of neck and
rim, missing.
Diam. of
body 33.
Calcined and distorted
by
the fire which
destroyed
the
building
where it was
found.
Clay
rendered brick-red
throughout by this,
and white
(limestone?) grit
reduced to
powder.
Outside
surface now
red, burnished;
inside
deep purple-red,
less well burnished. Elaborate incised decoration filled with
white:
designs
cf. Period IV.
(i) HANDLES,
LUGS AND SPOUTS
Bowl handles included some of the
pointed type (fig. 107
no.
2).
The rim
1867
from a small bowl
has an
open spout
and a
triple vertically perforated lug.
A
V-shaped perforation
had been bored
after
firing through
a
fragment
of a
large jar
or
pithos.
(k)
bases
These included the small
ring
foot
1872
of class
3
A.
1872. (Stage 4
or
5,
level ? 1
6) Probably
from a bowl. Soft
fabric;
surface
pitted
with straw
impressions, greyish brown;
poor
burnish.
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480 III. EMPORIO
DECORATION
A
fragment
of a
large
vase from level 20 and the
jar 1871
were decorated with incision. The
cooking jug 1869
and two or three
jar
rims had vertical warts on the outside.
Stage 5
Levels
15-12
Amount c.
3
zembils
1873-1896 (fig. 215)
Period IV
(?)
GENERAL
Some of the material from this
deposit
seems to
belong
to the Period IV destruction like that of
stage 4;
and there is
nothing
that need be
later, apart
from a
large
horned
lug (apparently
from a
Period II
lid)
from a mixed level of
15-13
with
9.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
Nearly
half of the bowl rims
(about twenty
out of
forty-four)
from the
deposit belonged
to the
carinated
type 9;
the burnished surfaces were
dominantly grey-brown,
but sometimes
light
brown or
reddish;
one had the
stump
of a side handle on the carination. These
type 9
rims shaded
into ones of
type 7
with a
curving
instead of carinated
profile.
A rim from level 1
3
with the
stump
of a vertical handle
rising
above it
may
have
belonged
to a
large variety
of
dipper cup (type 16)
like
1874
below. Three of five rims
assignable
to
type 13
had incised decoration: in two instances
a
zigzag,
inside and
out,
and inside
alone;
the third rim
(
1
884)
was unusual for its sunk
top
with a
diamond
pattern
incised on it.
1873. (Level 13)
Rim
(type 4); stump
of double
vertically perforated lug
below it.
Irregular. Grey-brown shading
to
lighter
brown and
reddish;
rather coarse burnish.
1874. (Level 12)
Rim
(type 5). Possibly
from
dipper cup (type 16). Light brown;
fine burnish.
1875. (Level 13) (plate 70)
Rim
(type 5),
with
upturned
solid
lug
as fig.
193
no.
3. Grey-brown,
burnished.
1876. (Level 12)
Rim
(type 9A). Light
brown
mottling
to
dusky,
burnished.
1877. (Level 13)
Profile
(type 9A).
1878. (Stages 5
or
?y,
levels
13/9)
Rim
(type 9A). Grey-brown
to
black;
fine burnish with
soapy
feel.
1879. (Level 12)
Rim
(type 9B). Grey-brown,
burnished.
1880.
(Level 12)
Rim
(type 9C). Grey-brown,
burnished.
1 88 1.
(Level 13) (Plate 70) Rim, apparently
cf.
type 9D,
with
long horizontally perforated lug rising
from it. Soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished but worn.
1882.
(Level 12)
Rim
(type 14). Possibly
from
dipper cup (type 16)
cf.
1874. Grey-brown,
burnished.
1883. (Level 13)
Rim
(type 13),
with
stump
of side handle on outside.
Irregular.
Red
shading
to dark
brown,
burnished.
1884. (Level 12) (plate 92)
Rim
(type 13)
with sunk
top
decorated with incision.
Grey-brown,
burnished. Incised
decoration, very bold,
and
ragged
as if made after
burnishing
of
vase; possible
traces of white fill.
For hollow rims like this cf.
Argissa
iii
pl. 34: 16, Argissa:
Wohnschicht.
PZ
xlii
(1964) 41 fig. 7: 28,
Phanarion,
with incised decoration.
1885. (Level 13) Dipper cup (type 16).
Most of rim
missing.
Ht. to
top
of handle c. 10. Diam. c. 10. Reddish
clay;
surface
grey-brown
to
black,
burnished.
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fig.
215.
Area B.
Stage 5 (Period IV?).
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA B. STAGE 5
(PER. IV?)
481
*"
J!_
/
2!
^
^B Di' ^^^^^17
X
^m ^K
^
1873
^
18TO~'
'
^^
_
'
7
-eel
^m-^ y f^ ^r
^1 ^a

VLf"D
1892 1891 1896
(b) jugs
There were
fragments
of several
jugs
of
types
current in Period IV.
They
included a handle and a
shoulder with incised decoration
consisting
of
multiple
chevrons.
(C) JARS
There were rims and
fragments
of several
large
store
jars,
cf.
types 38-40.
1886.
(Stages 5
or
?7,
levels 1
5-1 3/9) Fragments
of
jar
cf.
type 39.
Diam. of rim c.
35.
Coarse
grey clay, orange
near
edges;
inside surface
dusky purple-brown,
outside with a red
wash;
no trace of burnish.
1887. (Level 12)
Rim cf.
type 40.
Coarse
fabric;
surface shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
Some
twenty
rims from smaller
jars
were
mostly
of classes B I- II. Three rims of classes A I
and A III with bold vertical
lugs
on the outside
evidently belonged
to
cooking pots
of some
kind;
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482 III. EMPORIO
they
were of coarse
fabric,
the surfaces dark brown to reddish and
dusky,
unburnished or with
poor
burnish.
1888.
(Levels 13, 12) Fragments
of
jar
with rim of class A
II;
vertical handles of
elegant
semi-circular section on
shoulder. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
outside surface shades of red and
light
brown
shading
to dark brown with
dusky patches, very
well burnished.
1889. (Level 13) Rim,
class A III.
Irregular.
Red to shades of
light
and dark
brown;
coarse burnish.
1890. (Level
1
2) Rim,
class Bill.
Grey clay,
red-brown at
edges;
surface darkish
red,
well burnished
outside,
less well
inside.
Fragments
of small
pyxis-like jars
akin to
type 44
with incised decoration were also in
evidence. One
(1891)
had side handles instead of the more usual
vertically perforated lugs.
1891. (Level 13) (plate 92) Fragment
of small
jar,
cf.
type 44,
with side handles and incised decoration. There
may
have been a
spout
on the
belly
between the handles. Soft
fabric; grey clay;
inside surface
rough,
outside
grey-brown
with
poor
burnish.
1892. (Stages 5
or
?7,
levels
15- 13/9)
Rim of small
jar (class
B
III)
with incised decoration.
Grey-brown clay;
inside
surface
rough,
outside burnished. Incisions with traces of white fill.
(f)
lids
Fragments
of several lids were recovered. One of these was
evidently
flat with a central handle
(type
61
)
like 1
296
of Period IV. A
large
horned
lug resembling 1662, apparently
from a cover of
type 63,
had an unburnished red wash and seems to date from Period
II;
it came from a context
of levels
15-13
with
possible
admixture of
9
of
stage 7.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(1)
Bowls
Handles included some of the
pointed
class as fig.
107
no. 2. A
trumpet lug
set on a rim
(fig. 191 ,
class
3 a)
from level 12
may
have come from a carinated bowl of
type 9.
The
triangular lug 1893
with double
perforation appears
to be from a bowl.
1893. (Level 13) (plate 70) Lug
with double
perforation. Light
to dark
brown,
burnished.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
Vertical handles included two
(1894-5)
surmounted
by
warts which
may
have come from
jugs,
cf.
type 23B.
Two other small vertical handles were
rectangular
in section. Another of oval
section with a coarse burnish from the mixed context
(levels
1
5-1 3/9)
had a hole
through
one
end.
Large
horizontal side handles from
jars
were of semi-circular or
pointed shape
as fig. i
07
nos.
i and
2,
and more or less circular in section. Several small
vertically perforated lugs,
three of
them of the horned class as fig. 106 no.
31 e, evidently
came from
pyxis-like jars
akin to
type 44.
1894. 1895. (Levels 12, 13) (plate 92)
Vertical handles surmounted
by warts; kidney-shaped
and semi-circular
sections.
Probably
from
jugs
cf.
type 23B,
or
perhaps
from
dipper cups (type 16).
(k)
bases
There were one or two flat bases from bowls and several from
jugs
or
jars. Tripod
feet from
cooking pots
of
type 27
included some of neat semi-circular
section;
two
tripod
feet of oval section
(one
from level
13,
the other from the mixed context of levels 1
5-1 3/9)
were
square-ended.
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fig. 2 1 6. Area B.
Stages
6 and
7.
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA B. STAGE 6
(PER. IV?)
483
DECORATION
About a dozen
fragments
-
from
jugs
and small
pyxis-like jars (1891-2),
as well as from rims of
bowls of
type 13 (e.g. 1884)
-
nacl incised decoration of the kind at home in Period IV. Warts
included the
large
vertical
example 1896
below. Other vertical warts or solid vertical
lugs
were
noted on
cooking pot
rims.
1
896. (Level
1
3) Large
vertical
wart, apparently
on
belly
of
jug
or
jar.
Coarse
grey clay
with
large grit;
outside surface
light brown,
well
burnished;
inside less well
burnished,
with two
splashes
of thick red
paint.
Stage
6
Levels 1 1 and 10
Amount,
less than 1 zembil
1897-1900 (fig. 216)
Period IV
(?)
GENERAL
A
large proportion
of the
comparatively
few sherds from this
deposit
had been rolled or
water- worn. These came from the
pebble-filled
channels of the
presumed Granary,
and most of
L

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J5 _
20
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(
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2O?
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Vtf^ Jz
M 0^
1902/

^
^^
1906 1907
1897
Y/yyi
^^
20/25
^
L
5
_5
W
r~-~~-
J)
A
ftp
1910 IW
191iM
1912 W 1913
y|f
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199
_^C j?
'5
1915
1916 1917 1918
them
may
have been on the beach from which the
pebbles
were collected. The
fragments
described below were recovered from the walls
lining
the
channels, apart
from
1899
which was
from the
pebbles (level 11).
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
Three of six rims
belonged
to bowls of the carinated
type 9.
A rim of
type 13
had a
pointed
side
handle
(fig. 107
no.
2)
on the
outside,
while
1898 preserves
a horned
projection
with a
horizontally perforated lug
below it.
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484 III. EMPORIO
1897.
Rim
(type gC).
Shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
1898. (plate 70)
Rim
(type 13)
with horned
projection
and
horizontally perforated lug
below it.
Light
and dark
brown,
burnished. Incised decoration
(zigzag)
on inside of rim.
For the horned
projection
with a
lug
below
it,
cf.
2234,
and
examples
on bowls of this
type
from the Period
IV destruction level in Area A
(e.g. 1073,
1081. fig. 106 no.
23 etc.)
(C) JARS
A rim of class A I had a vertical wart on the outside. The rim
1899 belonged
to a
large pyxis-like
jar
decorated with incision.
1899. (plate 93) Rim,
class B
I, apparently
from
large pyxis-like jar,
cf.
type 44.
Diam. c. 10. Surface
light
grey-brown, rough inside,
worn outside. Incised decoration:
multiple
chevrons.
(k)
bases
Two
tripod
feet were of neat semi-circular section.
DECORATION
There were three
examples
of decoration with
incision, including 1899.
A
fragment
from the
body
of a similar
pyxis-like jar
had
finely
incised
cross-hatching (lattice)
with
possible
traces of
white
fill,
while a vertical handle of oval section
(1900)
with
light
brown burnished surface was
decorated with
multiple
chevrons
(plate 93).
Stage 7
Level
9
Amount c. 6 zembils
1
901-1949 (figs. 216-219)
Period II:
early phase
GENERAL
Fine burnished surfaces were
dominantly grey-brown,
sometimes
light brown,
or
red;
but the
finest burnished ware tended towards black in colour. Bowls were as a rule
finely burnished,
as
were
many jugs,
and some
jars including
the
large
ones with elaborate incised decoration
characteristic of Period II.
Jars
tended to have crimson red and dark red
surfaces,
and while
these
might
be well
burnished, they usually
had a
poor
burnish or none at all. Some
jar
surfaces
were dull shades of
lightish
brown to
dusky
in colour.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(fig. 216)
About one half of the three hundred or so bowl rims from the
deposit
were
assignable
to the
carinated
type 9,
while another third
(about
100
rims) belonged
to small
hemispherical
bowls of
type 5A.
Small bowls of
type 5A
with a
very
fine burnish
(e.g. 1902-3)
seem to be characteristic of this
horizon,
and are not in evidence in earlier
periods. Many
of them are in effect small bowls of
type
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3. AREA B. STAGE 7
(PER.
II:
EARLY)
485
9
with the carination rounded
away by
hard
burnishing
of the surface. The sides of some of these
little bowls lean
slightly
inwards so that
they might equally
well be classified under
types
6 or
7.
Diameters
range
from 10 to
20,
with an
average
of c.
15.
Like carinated bowls of
type 9
these little
bowls of
type 5A normally appear
to have had a side handle set
just
below the
rim,
and three
warts,
one
opposite
the
handle,
and one in the middle of each side. The warts tend to be
large
in
relation to the size of the bowl. The handles are either rounded
(fig. 107
no. 1
)
or
pointed (no. 2)
in
shape.
Surfaces are
characteristically grey-brown
to black with a
very
fine
polish-like burnish,
but the burnished surface
may
shade to dark or
light
brown or reddish. There were one or two
miniature bowls of the shallow
type 5C (1905-6).
The surfaces of the abundant carinated bowls of
type 9, especially
in the case of the smaller
bowls which
merge
into those of
type 5A,
tended to be
grey-brown
to black in
colour;
but a
large
number of
fragments
of
type 9
bowls were shades of
lighter
brown or red. Side handles and warts
set on the carination were much in evidence and seem to have been normal. In two instances
small vertical handles were noted
rising
from the rims of
type 9 bowls,
like 10 18 of Periods V-IV.
One rim with a red
wash,
burnished but much
worn,
had a
trumpet lug resembling 1505
of
Period II. A miniature bowl of
type 9D (1909)
was decorated with incision.
Less than
fifty
bowl
rims, only
about one sixth of the total
number,
were
assignable
to other
types.
Several of these were
certainly
earlier
strays, including
one
possibly
of
type 8,
and two of
type
10
(one
as
1058
from a level of
IV,
the other with a
trumpet lug
as
540
of Period
VI).
Straight-sided
bowls of
type 4
were
distinctly
rare. One of the seven rims
grouped
under
type 7
had a wart on the outside.
Most of the rims
(7
out of
13) assignable
to
type 13
had incised
decoration, consisting
of a
single zigzag
inside
and,
in all
except
one
case,
outside as well. A
fragment
with a horizontal
trumpet lug
had double chevrons incised on the inside of the rim like 1081 of Period IV.
Bowls of
type
1 2 were less in evidence than those of
type
1
3,
but
they
formed a distinct class on
which incised decoration was not attested. The few rims
assignable
to
type 14
were
atypical
and
might
have been earlier
strays. Only
one certain
fragment
of a
dipper cup (type 16)
was noted.
1
90
1. Rim
(type 4). Angle
not certain. Inside surface
red,
outside
purple-brown
to
dusky,
without burnish.
1902, 1903.
Rims of
typical
small bowls of
type 5A.
Surfaces
black,
with fine burnish.
1904. (plate 93)
Rim
(type 5).
Surface
light
brown to
orange, scraped
or
wiped.
1905.
Rim
(type 5). Possibly
from
dipper cup (type 16). Irregular.
Surface
grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge,
burnished.
1906.
Rim of miniature bowl
(type 5).
Coarse
gritty clay;
inside surface
light brown,
outside red to
dusky,
unburnished.
1907.
Rim
(type 7). Grey-brown,
burnished.
1908.
Profile of miniature bowl
(type 9D);
one wart and what
appears
to be the
stump
of a side handle
preserved.
Rough
and
irregular. Grey-brown; poor
burnish.
1909. (plate 93)
Rim
(type 9D)
with
upturned
wart.
Light greyish brown,
burnished.
Finely
incised
cross-hatching
(lattice)
on outside.
1
9
10. Rim
(type 12) Grey brown,
burnished.
Others as 1068 and
1070
of Period IV.
191
1.
Rim,
cf.
type 13 (?),
with
stump
of
horizontally perforated lug. Greyish clay
with
straw;
inside surface
grey-brown,
outside
light
brown to
red,
with fine burnish but worn.
Possibly
an earlier
stray.
191
2- 1
914.
Rims
(type 13).
Shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
191 5. Rim,
cf.
type 14 (?). Possibly ajar
rim of class B III.
Grey-brown shading
to
light brown;
fine burnish.
1
9
1 6.
Rim,
cf.
type
1
4 (?)
.
Very irregular
and
angle
not certain. Soft fabric with straw
impressions showing
in
surface,
which red
mottling
to
light greyish brown,
burnished but worn.
Probably
an earlier
stray.
191 7.
Rim
(type 14). Grey-brown,
burnished.
1
9
1 8. Rim of bowl with tubular or
perhaps trumpet-shaped lug,
and handle
rising
from
top
of it. Dark brown
shading
to
light
brown and
reddish,
burnished.
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fig.
217.
Area B.
Stage 7 (Period
II:
early). Jug spouts.
486 III. EMPORIO
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Jugs (fig. 217)
There were
many fragments
of
jugs,
some of which had
evidently
been
quite large
in size. Fine
burnished surfaces tended to be
grey-brown
to
black,
often with a
purplish tinge,
but were
sometimes
light
brown or red. A
good many jug fragments, however,
had a
very poor
burnish or
were
altogether unburnished;
the surfaces of these were
mostly
shades of
light
brown or red in
colour,
and
many
had clear traces of a red wash.
/j.f
and
many
had clear traces of a red wash.
/in
/
1
2
fig. 218. Area B.
Stage 7 (Period
II:
early). Cooking pot
rims.
In most cases
(twelve
in
all)
handles were set to the rim as in Periods
V-IV;
but there were
two
examples
of
jug
handles set below the rim as characteristic of Period II in Area A. Two out of
the four
spouts
recovered were as fig. 2 1
7
no. 1 with a
sharp ridge
down the front of the
neck;
the
other two were
cutaway
as fig. 2 1
7
no. 2. One
fragment
of a
large jug
with an unburnished red
wash had a wart set
just
below the rim each side of the neck. Three
fragments
from the bellies of
small
jugs
were carina ted.
27. Tripod cooking pots (figs. 218, 219)
There were
large
numbers of
tripod feet, mostly
oval or thick
oval,
but in a
very
few instances
semi-circular or lunate in section. Two feet
(1919, 1920)
-
one of neat
lunate,
the other of
semi-circular section
-
were
clearly
differentiated at the
top
where
they joined
the
body
of the
vase
(plate 93).
This
way
of
differentiating
the
top
of
tripod
feet does not seem to be attested
before Period II at
Emporio.
Many
rims from the
deposit
were attributable to
cooking pots.
These were of coarse
gritty
clay,
with surfaces shades of
light
and dark brown
through purplish
to
red,
some
having
clear
traces of a red
wash; mostly unburnished,
but sometimes with a
very poor
burnish. The rim
192
1
seems to
belong
to a
tripod
bowl rather than to a
jar-like
vase. In a number of cases rims
12
3
4
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fig.
219.
Area B.
Stage 7 (Period
II:
early). Jars
etc. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA B. STAGE 7
(PER.
II:
EARLY)
487
assignable
to
cooking pots
had vertical warts
(e.g. 1922)
or
projections (1925),
or
projections
combined with warts which
might
be vertical
(1923)
or circular
(1924).
The vertical wart
1926
like an inverted nose
evidently
comes from a
cooking pot.
1
92
1.
(fig. 219) Rim, apparently
from
tripod cooking
bowl. Coarse
fabric;
surface
light
to dark brown and
dusky;
poor
burnish.
1922. (plate 94) (fig
218 no.
1)
Rim with vertical wart. Another similar.
1923. (plate 94) (fig.
218 no.
2)
Rim with
projection
and vertical wart in it. Seven others similar.
1924. (fig.
218 no.
3)
Rim with
projection
and small circular wart in it. Two others similar.
1
925. (plate 94) (fig.
2 1 8 no.
4)
Rim with
projection
which
may
be
thickened,
but has no differentiated wart. Three
others similar.
1926. (fig. 219)
Vertical
wart, apparently
from
cooking pot.
Outside with a dark red
wash,
unburnished.
(c) JARS (FIG. 219)
There were several rims of
large
store
jars
cf.
types 38-40;
the surfaces shades of
grey,
dark or
light brown,
or red due to a
wash;
unburnished or with
very poor
burnish. The surface colour
and finish of the
large
rim
1927
were
exceptional.
A number of rims of class A from small
jars
had surfaces shades of
light
and dark brown and
red with a
poor
burnish or none at all. Some of these were of class A
I;
one with a red
wash,
35?
35? c |3

c-15 c 12.5
M I I
1930
^-

1921 1927 1928

1929
^
>
1
1926
I
^^
^
m m ^r /Re' l
1933
smoothed but not
burnished,
had the
stump
of a vertical
strap
handle below
it;
another with an
unburnished
light
brown to
dusky
surface had a small horned wart on the outside. There were
also
many scraps
of everted rims as Class A III: one with the
stump
of a vertical
strap
handle
below
it; another, lightish
brown with
poor burnish, internally
thickened and differentiated
(class
A III
d)
like 1228 of Period V. A number of
fragments
came from small
jars
of the
pyxis
type 44
with
vertically perforated lugs
and incised decoration. Two small feet
presumably
belonged
to
jars
of this kind. Rims of
large jars
akin to
types 45-47
also occurred
(e.g. 1929).
1927. Rim,
class A I.
Irregular.
Surface shades of whitish to
light
and dark
brown;
coarse burnish inside and out.
1928. Rim,
class B III a:
variety
1. Inside surface red
mottling
to dark brown and
purple,
outside with a red
wash,
well smoothed but not burnished.
1929. Rim,
class B III a:
variety
2. Surface with a
wash,
dark red to
light
and dark
brown, wiped
or smoothed rather
than burnished.
1930. Rim,
class B III b. Hard
grey clay,
red-brown at
edges,
with
grit (some large) showing
in
surface,
which
red-brown to
dusky,
unburnished.
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488 III. EMPORIO
1
93
1.
Rim,
class B III c. Coarse
clay, grey
at
core, light
brown at
edges,
with
grit (some very large);
outside surface
with
slight
traces of a red
wash,
but much worn.
Possibly
an earlier
stray.
1932. Rim,
class B III e. Brick-red
clay,
fired an even colour
throughout,
with white
grit showing
in
surface,
which
dark brown to reddish
(apparently owing
to a red
wash),
unburnished and crackled.
(e)
pithoi
Fragments
of these were of hard
fabric,
well
fired;
the
clay
with abundant
grit
and
straw;
the
surfaces with a red
wash, shading
to dark brown or
purplish,
and unburnished. Some
fragments
had ribs in
relief,
and others rows of
boldly
slashed
diagonal grooves.
(f)
lids
(fig. 219)
Among fragments
of lids were two of
type 60,
one
(1933)
small with incised
decoration;
and
several of
type 63, mostly
small with incised decoration
belonging
to
pyxis-like jars,
cf.
type 44.
Two of the latter
(1934-5)
had
perforated
horned
lugs,
and one
(1936)
a central wart cf.
type
63D.
1933.
Rim
(type 60). Upper
surface
grey-brown
with incised decoration and remains of fine
polish-like
burnish.
1934. (plate 93)
Rim
(type 63)
with horned
lug
and incised decoration. Surface
light
to dark
brown;
fine burnish.
1935. (plate 93) Fragment (type 63)
with horned
lug
and incised decoration.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
1
936. (plate 93) Fragment (type 63)
with central wart and
stumps
of a set of four
lugs.
Surface
grey-brown
to
black;
fine burnish inside and out. Outside with bold incised
decoration;
traces of white fill.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(1)
Bowls
While
many
bowl handles were rounded like
1937
on plate
83,
others were
pointed
in
shape
as
fig.
107
no.
2;
but
only
one was
certainly
of the horned class
(fig. 107
no.
5).
In two instances the
stumps
of handles were noted
rising
from the
tops
of bowl rims: once from a rim akin to
type 5,
the
surface shades of dark and
light
brown with a rather
poor
burnish;
in the other case
(191 8)
apparently
from above a
long horizontally perforated lug
which
may
have been
trumpet-
shaped.
There was one certain
example
of a
trumpet lug,
set on a rim of
type 9
like 1
505
of Period
II;
the surface
grey-brown
with traces of a red
wash,
burnished but worn.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
Vertical handles were common. Some of these with
finely
burnished
grey-brown
to black
surfaces, apparently
from
jugs,
had an
elegant taper.
Several, especially among
those with
finely
burnished
surfaces,
were lunate or
rectangular
in
section;
but the cruder handles tended to have
oval or semi-circular or
triangular
sections. There were
only
two handles surmounted
by
warts:
one was
very
small with the surface
light
to dark
brown, burnished;
the other
(
1
938)
to the rim of
a
jug,
with the burnished surface
light
brown to
dusky,
was
large
and
rectangular
in
section,
with
a bold oval wart across the width of it
(plate 94).
Three
'pushed-through'
ends of handles were
noted;
all
perhaps
from
jugs, although
the outside
surfaces,
shades of
light
and dark
brown,
were
unburnished or had
only
a
poor
burnish.
Perforated
lugs
from small
pyxis-like jars
akin to
type 44
or from their lids were not
uncommon. In four instances these were
simple,
in twelve horned as fig. 106 no.
3
1 e. Two small
solid
upturned
horned
lugs
or warts
evidently
came from the bellies of small
jars
of this
kind;
but
similar
unperforated lugs
or warts also occurred on bowls.
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3. area b. stage 8
(per.
ii:
classic)
489
(k)
bases
These were
normally
flat. A
single neatly
differentiated base 1
939
of class 8
may belong
to a small
bowl,
or to a
pyxis-like jar
of
type 44,
like the two small feet
(
1
940-1 )
on plate
93.
One
fragment
of base
(1942)
had a mat
impression
on the underneath like i860 of
stage 3.
1939. (fig. 219)
Base
(class 8A). Lightish brown,
burnished inside and out.
1942. (plate 92) Fragment
of
base, apparently
of
large jar,
with bold
impressions
of
matting
underneath. Inside
lightish
brown with coarse burnish.
For
mat-impressed
bases cf.
i860,
and under AG
40
in volume i with references.
DECORATION
Paint. A
single fragment
from
ajar, probably
of
type 42,
with the
stump
of a
strap
handle
joining
neck to
shoulder,
had a
pair
of broad
diagonal stripes
in thin matt white on the
light
brown
burnished surface. It
appears
to have been an earlier
stray.
Incision. This was the standard form of
decoration, occurring
on bowls of
type 14,
on small
jars
of the
pyxis type 44
and their lids
(e.g. 1935, 1943-9),
and on a few
fragments
of the
large jars
of fine burnished ware characteristic of Period
II;
three of the latter were decorated with circles
made
by
the ends of reeds.
1944. (plate 93) Fragment
of small
jar. Grey-brown,
burnished. Band of dots
(pointill)
filled with white.
1949. (plate 93) Fragment
of small
jar
with carination. Outside red
shading
to
light
and dark
brown;
fine burnish.
Rows of short vertical strokes filled with white.
Relief.
Warts were
common, especially
on
jugs
and
bowls,
but
they
also occurred on
jars,
large
and small. Two
fragments
with ribs in relief came from
large jars
or
pithoi.
Stage
8
Levels 8 and
7
Amount c. 1 2 zembils
1950-2046 (figs. 220, 221)
Period II:
classic,
as Period II in Area A
GENERAL
The
pottery
from this
deposit
is
dominantly
of Period
II;
but a number of
fragments assignable
to
Periods VII-VI and V-IV
appear
to have become
incorporated
in it from earlier
deposits
exposed
on the
slopes
above.
Unless otherwise stated the
pottery
described is from level
7.
FABRIC
The
pottery
is in
general
of better
fabric,
and fired harder than was usual in Periods V-IV. The
surfaces when
finely
burnished tend to be more
regular
and even. The
clay, however,
is still
apt
to be rather
coarse, tempered
with
grit
and straw. In a few instances vases with a coarse burnish
or with the surface unburnished had
noticeably larger grit
in their
clay;
but on the whole there
did not seem to be
any
real difference in fabric between vases with
finely
burnished surfaces
(e.g.
bowls, jugs,
and some
jars)
and those
(mostly jars)
with a coarse burnish or none at all. The vases
might
be fired an even colour
throughout;
but more often the
clay
is
dark,
shades of
grey
or
black,
at the centre of the
break, lighter
shades of colour at the
edges.
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fig. 22O. Area B.
Stage
8
(Period
II:
classic).
Bowls. Scale
1/3.
490 III. EMPORIO
22 40+
(
35?
5
r-

*S
1951
JM H
1953
mT'
j|
S-=_-
_- . M> M
195O
Z~JW
-J^m,
Jp
1964
1955
22
J2
5 35? 40? 33? 35? 40*?
jg




1957$
1958^1 H
1960
H
1961
|^
1962
J| 1963^ 1964^

^

^

^
>^
1971
^
1972
fj
1973 01974
m975^ ^^
y^ /
/|k H^'^*^
^ M M
&
jv
1965 1969
1970
^
^^^
5
^x
^^,
_30
?

35?
j
M
Tm**/
198
1981y^^^1982
V ^
i i/
V

Tm**/
^%^^1976
<^-
^
1986
1993
^ i//
<^
^
^^'
' '
^O^f
V ^
1987 1988
1983 1984 1989
Surfaces with a fine burnish are
dominantly
shades of
grey-brown
which
may
have a reddish
or
purplish tinge,
but sometimes varieties of
light brown,
and less
commonly greyish
or red. The
burnish
always appears
to be stroke
burnish;
and even on the most
finely
burnished surfaces with
a
polish-like
lustre the marks of the
burnishing implement
can
usually
be detected. Where the
burnish is coarser the marks are more obvious. Coarse burnish is
simply
the effect of less intensive
burnishing
-
where the
burnishing
is
comparatively superficial
or
poor.
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3. AREA B. STAGE 8
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
491
Coarse burnished surfaces have a similar
range
in colour to
finely
burnished
ones,
but tend to
be dull shades of brown or red.
Many
of the
vases, predominantly jars,
with a coarse or
superficial
burnish have clear traces of a red wash.
Unburnished surfaces
similarly display
a wide
range
in
colour,
but are
dominantly
dull
shades of
brown,
or
grey,
or red due to a wash.
Cooking
Pot Ware. This amounts to a distinct fabric. The
clay
has abundant straw
temper,
the
straw
showing prominently
in the surface of the
vase,
which
may
be shades of brown or
red,
often
with a
purple tinge.
The surface is
given
a coarse burnish or left
unburnished;
it is often
dusky
as
from use of the vase over a fire.
Many
if not most of the
fragments
of this fabric
may
come from
cooking pots,
but some
cooking pots
were of
ordinary
fabric with
finely
burnished surfaces.
SHAPES
(a)
BOWLS
(FIG. 22O)
Carinated bowls of
type 9
were
by
far the
commonest,
but a certain number of
rims,
some of them
with incised
decoration,
came from bowls of
type 13.
Horizontal side handles were much in
evidence,
while
perforated lugs
were
rare, although they
included three
trumpet lugs.
2. Dishes
(1950-1952)
Two
profiles
of dishes were recovered
(1950-1).
The base
1952 might
have come from a dish of
some
kind,
unless it
belonged
to a
baking pan
of
type 3;
but no
baking pan
rims were noted in this
deposit
or in
any
other in Area B after
stage
2.
1950.
Profile. Inside surface
grey-brown
with fine
burnish;
outside
light brown,
with
slight
burnish or worn.
Possibly
an earlier
stray.
1
95
1.
(plate 96) Sandy orange clay,
well
fired;
surface
very irregular,
shades of
light
and
dusky
brown to
reddish,
wiped
on
inside;
outside
coarsely wiped,
or
perhaps impressed
with marks of some kind of
basketry
of which it
served as
lining.
1952. Fragment
of wide base.
Baking pan type fabric;
coarse
sandy clay, grey
to
dusky orange
at
core;
surface a
dirty
brown, very irregular
and
rough,
with marks of
wiping
on inside.
4. Open
bowls with
straight
or
slightly curving
sides
Some fifteen rims were
assignable
to this
type.
A number
approximated
to rims of carinated
bowls of
type 9D.
One rim had a
wart,
and another a tubular
lug
set below
it;
the
lug
had a
slight
rib in the middle.
5. Open
bowls with
curving
sides
( 1953- 1956)
There were
many
rims
assignable
to this
type
from bowls of all sizes
(1953-6).
Some of the rims
were thickened and
pointed,
as if
they
came from bowls of
type 9
with the carination rounded
away
in
burnishing (e.g. 1953).
About six rims had
stumps
of side handles set below them
(e.g.
1953).
Warts occurred on or
just
below five other rims. The burnished surfaces were
dominantly
grey-brown
to
black,
sometimes
shading
to
light
brown or red.
6 &
7.
Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims
(1957- 1959)
Rims of these were not common. Some
approximated
to
type 7
with
high
shoulders. One or two
had
stumps
of side handles as
1958.
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492 III. EMPORIO
8. Bowls with carinated shoulders and tall rims
The
only scrap
of rim from a bowl of this
type
was
evidently
an earlier
stray;
the surface
light
brown,
with darker
pattern
burnish
consisting
of alternate
groups
of
diagonal
lines as character-
istic of Period VIII.
9.
Carinated bowls
(
1
960- 1978)
Rims of these were
extremely
common. About a
quarter
of those recovered came from
large
bowls with a diameter of c.
30
or more
(
1
960-5) ,
and some bowls
appear
to have been
very large
indeed;
another
quarter
of the rims
belonged
to bowls of medium size with diameters between c.
1
5-30 (
1
966-7
1
) ,
but
nearly
half were from small bowls c. 1
5
in diameter or less
(
1
972-6)
. Rims
in
general
resembled those of Period II in Area
A; examples
like
1460
and
1463-4 (type 9B),
1474 (type 9D 1)
and
1481 (type 9D 2),
were noted.
Surfaces were
normally
well
burnished,
shades of
grey-brown
to
black,
often with a
purple
tinge;
sometimes
light
brown or
red, mottling
to dark brown or
dusky.
One rim from a bowl of
medium size and another from a small bowl had unburnished red washes.
There was no evidence that
any
of the small bowls was
provided
with a
handle,
but this
may
be
accidental,
since remains of side handles were noted below four rims from medium-sized
bowls and one or two from
large
ones. The
complete profile
of a small bowl
(1976)
with
very
thick
walls,
the surface
grey-brown, finely burnished,
has a
trumpet lug rising
above the rim.
There is a
trumpet lug
set on the carination below the
large
bowl rim
1977
which comes from
level 10 mixed with
stage
6
(plate 96).
Warts were not uncommon on the carinations of
type 9 bowls;
one or two Were
upturned (e.g.
1965),
and one was horned
(1969).
Two rims
(plate 93) may
come from the same bowl
1978
with the burnished surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
red,
incised
decoration,
and a wart
on the carination.
1 1 . Bowls with
inward-curving rims, internally differentiated
and
usually
thickened
A
single scrap
of rim as
584
of
type
1 iA from a level of Period VI has the surface red to
light
brown,
burnished but
worn,
and
appears
to be an earlier
stray.
1 2 . Bowls with
straight rims,
thickened and
usually differentiated
on the inside
(
1
979)
The one rim
1979 assignable
to this
type
had a
lightish
brown burnished surface.
1
3
. Bowls with
outward-curving rims, internally differentiated
and thickened
(
1
980-
1
990 )
Rims of these were
relatively
common. The surfaces were
invariably
more or less well
burnished,
ranging
from
grey-brown
to black in the case of the finest
polish-like burnish, through
shades of
dark and
light
brown to red.
Lug-handles
as fig. 106 nos. 8
a,
8
b, consisting
of
lugs
or
projections rising
from the
top
of the
rim with
large
holes
through them, appeared
to be at home on bowls of
types 13
and
14
in the
Period II horizon of Area A
(e.g. 1540,
and plate 88
(a));
and
fragments
of one or two
lug-handles
of this class associated with
type
1
3
rims were recovered from levels of
stage
8 in Area
B. In the case of the rim
1989
with a
finely
burnished
grey-brown
surface a hole of this kind had
evidently
been made
through
the side of the vase below a
vertically perforated lug.
A small rim
(1986)
with
finely
burnished
grey-brown
surface had a bold
groove
round the
outside. Six other rims had been decorated with incision. In the case of three of
these,
all from
small
bowls, 1^87-8 (plate 91)
and
1990 (plate 95),
the decoration had covered much of the
outside of the vase as well as the inside of the rim: their surfaces were
finely burnished,
shades of
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3. AREA B. STAGE 8
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
493
light
and dark brown
(1987, 1990)
or
grey-brown (1988);
two
(1987-8)
had areas
among
the
parts
without incision left reserved without burnish. Small bowls
elaborately
decorated with
incision and with
parts
reserved free of burnish were characteristic of Period II in Area
A;
but no
fragments
of them were
recognised
in levels of
stage 7, assigned
to an
early phase
of II.
The rim
1989,
with the
unique arrangement
of
lug
and hole
through
the
side,
was also
unusual in
having
traces of crude
pattern burnish, apparently cross-hatching
or lattice of some
kind, along
its
top.
The small rim
1985,
with a burnished surface shades of
light
and dark brown
and
red,
had a wart on the outside. Three rivet-holes of
hour-glass shape,
made after
firing,
are
preserved
on
1982:
two
through
the
rim,
and one lower
down,
as shown on fig. 220.
1
4.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims,
not
internally differentiated,
but sometimes thickened
(
1
99
1
-
1
992 )
The few rims
assignable
to this
type
included
1992
with traces of decoration in white
paint;
it
appears
to be an earlier
stray.
Two or three
fragments
had remains of handles in the form of
lugs
or
projections rising
from their
tops
with
large
holes
through
them as found on one or two bowls
of the
previous type 13.
A rim with a
light
brown to red burnished surface had an
unperforated
projection
of this kind
rising
from it.
1
99
1. Rim.
Grey-brown; very
fine burnish.
1992. Rim; diagonal hatching
in white
paint
on
inside,
cf. 618 of Period VII. Soft
fabric; orange
to
grey clay tempered
with straw rather than
grit;
surface
light
brown to
reddish,
burnished.
Apparently
a
stray
of Periods VII-VI.
15.
Carinated bowls with
outward-spreading
rims
(
1
993)
The two or three small rims like 1
993 assignable
to this
type may
have
belonged
to
dipper cups
of
type
16.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
(fig. 221)
>^(i994-i997)
These were not much in
evidence,
a situation
very
different from that noted in
deposits
of Period
II in Area
A;
but
fragments
of
jugs
of all sizes were recovered.
Many
had
finely
burnished
surfaces
ranging
from black to shades of dark and
light
brown
through purplish
to red. In
contrast to what was observable in
stage 7,
handles were now
usually
set well below the
rim;
thus
in five out of seven cases the
stumps
of handles were set below the
rim,
and in
only
two cases did
they slope
into it.
Spouts
included two or three of the
pointed
class with a
ridge
or carination
running
down the
front of the throat as on
1994,
which had a dark
purple-brown
surface with
very
fine burnish. At
least two
spouts
were
cutaway
like
1995.
One
fragment
of rim
(1996
from level
8)
with a
finely
burnished
grey-brown
surface had a kink in it. The small neck 1
997,
with the surface
grey-brown
to
black, finely burnished,
has the
top
of the handle set well below the
rim,
and seems to have
been
leaning
backwards like the necks of
Cycladic jugs.
A
fragment
of a carinated
belly
with a
light
brown burnished surface
appeared
to come from a
large jug,
but
might
have
belonged
to
ajar.
One
fragment
of
neck,
the inside
grey,
left
rough,
the outside
grey-brown
to black with fine
burnish,
had a
groove
round its base as if a
string
had been tied there and left in
place
while the
vase was burnished
(cf. 842, 1251, 1403, 2086, 2584).
The rim
2023
with the
stump
of a vertical handle
may
come from a small
jug
akin to
type
2 1
with wide flat mouth and
tripod
feet.
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fig. 221. Area B.
Stage
8
(Period
II:
classic). Jugs, jars
etc. Scale
1/3.
494
HI. EMPORIO
35/40? 30*
b' ' '
b
Li
vi 1
%
1994
'
>
r^
,ooe
V.
V007
A
'
'
c
/v
A
Y .
-
V -It F
.
r^ 1
T ,99e^-
L>1997 J M14
[
L '
c 15

n
%
l
2011
/
2012
'

^2016
"
2009
201
y-' ^
cz
C7
2013 %-

^
ji a
m t
e
'
f
"
I
V'
-
202
)
L<
2022
-
2023
^'
2037
-W

'/
-"^.2025
i
[""#
2038
I H'-k A-l
/
^
v' ~1a
2024
2033 2034 2036
c2
2040
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
3. AREA B. STAGE 8
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
495
17. Tripod cooking pots (1998-2006) (fig. 221)
The rims of these tended to be
everted,
like
jar
rims of classes A III and B III
f,
and
many
such
rims
evidently belonged
to
cooking pots
whether these had
legs
as
type
1
7
or not. Rims of
cooking
pots
were
characteristically
raised at the front
opposite
the
handle,
and
perhaps
in some cases at
the sides as
well,
to form
triangular projections
as
1998-2002
on plate
94.
Thirteen rim
fragments
with
projections
of this kind were noted from levels of
stage 8,
and four of these had
vertical warts on them
(e.g. 1998-9).
The surfaces of rims
assignable
to
cooking pots might
be shades of
light
and dark brown to
dusky
in colour with
poor
burnish or none at all. But
cooking pots
with
finely
burnished surfaces
were now in
evidence,
and were to become characteristic of the
succeeding
horizon of Period I.
The
clay
of these
finely
burnished
cooking pots
was
apt
to be well
levigated,
and fired an even
colour, light
brown to
orange, throughout;
the surfaces were
normally
crimson red or dark red
shading
to
purple-brown
and dark
brown,
sometimes
light
brown.
The
tripod
feet
belonging
to
cooking pots
of fine burnished ware
(e.g. 2003
on plate
84)
could be
very large, neatly triangular
in
section,
and flat or hollow on the
outside;
one
large
foot
had a
subrectangular
cross-section.
Tripod
feet of standard
fabric, however,
like
2004-5
on
plate
84,
were
semi-circular, oval,
or thin oval in section. One or two small feet had a marked
outward curve.
Many cooking pots
of this horizon
appear
to have been
provided
with a vertical handle set
immediately
above the back
foot,
like 1 1
78
of Period IV. In the case of 2006 the handle
merged
with the
top
of the foot to form a kind of rib
projecting
from the
body
of the
vase,
which had a red
wash with
poor
burnish inside and out.
(c) JARS (2OO7-2O23) (FIG. 221)
About a dozen rims came from
large jars,
cf.
types 38-40.
Most of these
appear
to have had an
unburnished red
wash,
but one or two rims
(e.g. 2007)
had been well
burnished;
and others with
surfaces shades of
light
or dark brown
preserved
traces of
poor burnish,
as 2008. Two
large
rims
(2009, 2010)
of class A
III,
of standard
Light
Plain Ware characteristic of the
early periods
at
Emporio,
were
probably strays
of VII-VI.
Some sixteen rims of classes A I- II
belonged
to small
jars (e.g.
201
1-12),
and
nearly
half of
these
(seven
in
all)
had
stumps
of vertical handles set on or
just
below
them; they probably
came
from
jars
with a
pair
of
opposed
handles as 1
187-8,
Most of these rims were
unburnished,
shades
of
light
and dark brown to
dusky,
or coated with a red
wash;
but a few showed traces of
poor
burnish,
and one with a
light
brown surface was
finely
burnished. Two rims of class A II had
warts on the outside.
Some half a dozen rims
evidently
came from
large
collar-necked
jars
akin to
types 45-47 (e.g.
2013-14).
Two
widely
everted rims
(2015, 2017)
were
assigned
to class B III
e,
as
they
seemed
likely
to
belong
to
jars
rather than to bowls of
type 14, although
both had
finely
burnished
surfaces.
Six or seven small
jar
rims
(2018-22) approximated
to classes A III and B III f. One of these
(2022)
had a red
wash,
but the surfaces of the others were shades of
light
and dark brown and
grey-brown,
more or less well burnished. Some of these rims
may
have
belonged
to
tripod
cooking pots
of
type 17.
Small
jars
of the
pyxis type 44
with
vertically perforated lugs
and incised decoration were
represented by fragments.
Rims which
might
have come from such
jars
included
2016;
but
2023,
with the
stump
of a vertical
handle,
could have
belonged
to a small
jug
of
type
2 1 with
tripod
feet.
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496 III. EMPORIO
2007. Rim,
class A II.
Very good
hard
fabric;
outside surface
light
brown to red with fine
burnish;
inside less well
burnished.
2008.
Rim,
class A III. Shades of
light
and dark
brown; poor
burnish.
2009.
Rim.
Very irregular. Light
Plain
Ware,
cf. Periods VII-VI.
Grey clay, light
brown at
edges;
straw
impressions
in
surface,
which buff and
light
brown
shading
to
pale reddish; poor
burnish.
Presumably
a
stray
of Periods
VII-VI or earlier.
2010.
Stages 6/8,
level
10)
Rim as
2009.
20 1 1 .
Rim,
class A I.
Very irregular. Possibly
from a bowl.
Grey-black clay
with
grit
and
straw;
surface
grey-brown
to
black;
fine burnish.
2012.
Rim,
class A II.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
Possibly
an earlier
stray.
2013. Rim,
class B III a:
variety 3.
Coarse
clay
with
large grit;
outside surface
light
brown to red with
poor
burnish.
2014. Rim,
class B III c.
Light
brown to
dusky;
fine burnish.
2015. Rim,
class B III e. Red to
light
and dark
brown;
fine burnish.
2016.
Rim,
cf. class B III
c,
from small
jar. Grey-brown,
burnished.
2017. Rim,
class B III e.
Grey-brown,
fine burnish.
2023. Rim,
class B
II,
from small
jar,
or
jug,
cf.
type 21; stump
of vertical handle to rim.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
(f)
lids
(2024-2025) (fig. 221)
These were in
evidence,
and of various
types
and sizes. Two
fragments
came from flat lids of
type
60,
with a diameter of c.
15,
and coated with unburnished red
washes;
one had an oval wart on
the outside
edge.
Large
covers of
type 63
were
represented by
some ten
fragments, mostly
with fine burnish on
the
outside;
but one with a horned
lug resembling
1662 of Period II had an unburnished red
wash,
and another with a solid
triangular lug
like 1
669
of
II,
an unburnished wash shades of
light
and dark
brown;
two others had solid horned
lugs (e.g. 2024).
Five of these cover
fragments
preserved
traces of incised decoration.
Only
two
fragments
were noted of small lids which
might
have
belonged
to
jars
of the
pyxis
type 44;
one
(2025)
came from a
flanged
cover of
type 62,
the other
apparently
from a cover of
type 63;
both had incised decoration.
2024. (Stages 6/8,
level
10)
Lid
(type 63)
with solid horned
lug.
Outside shades of
light
and dark
brown,
well
burnished;
inside
brown,
smoothed.
2025.
Lid
(type 62), belonging
to a small
jar.
Surface
grey-brown,
burnished but worn.
Rough
incised decoration.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(FIG.
22 I
)
(1)
Bowls
(2026-2029)
Side handles from bowls were common. These were
mostly
rounded in
shape
as fig.
107
no.
1,
but a
good many
were
pointed (as
no.
2)
or
ogival (as
no.
3) (2026-8
on plate
83).
No side
handles of the nicked or horned
shapes (fig. 107
nos.
4
and
5)
were
noted, apart
from the
unique
2029 (plate 83)
from level 8 with a
grey-brown
burnished surface. Most handles were circular
or thick oval in
section,
one or two
being pointed
oval as fig. 1
90
no. 2. A
fragment
from a bowl of
uncertain
type
with
grey-brown
burnished surface
appeared
to have a
projection springing
from
the rim with the
stump
of a side handle below it. Some half dozen
fragments
were recovered of
lug-handles
as fig. 106 nos.
8a, 8b, belonging
to bowls of
types 13
and
14,
formed
by projections
rising
from the rims with
large
circular holes
through them,
as
already
described.
Trumpet lugs.
There were three
examples
of
horizontally perforated trumpet lugs
from bowls:
one
(
1
976)
set above the rim of a bowl of
type 9,
the other two
-
one from level
8,
the other
(1977)
from level 10 with a mixture of
stages
8 and 6
-
on the
swellings
or carinations of bowls of
types 6,
7
or
9.
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3. AREA B. STAGE 8
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
497
(2) JUSS
and
jars
etc.
(2030-2035)
There were
large
numbers of vertical handles of all
sizes, many
of them with
finely
burnished
surfaces, black, grey-brown,
dark and
light brown,
or red in colour.
Several, especially
of the
smaller handles with fine
burnish,
had an
elegant taper. Finely
burnished handles were often
lunate in
section,
sometimes semi-circular. Two or three handles with coarse burnish were more
or less
rectangular
in section. Handles which were oval or thin oval in section
invariably
had a
coarse burnish or none at all. One handle was
distinctly kidney-shaped;
it was coated with a
coarsely
burnished red wash. The
only
ribbed handle was also coated with a red
wash;
it was
large
and
evidently
came from a
pithos.
One vertical handle was circular in
section,
with a hole
made
through
the
top
end like some handles of Periods
IX-VI;
it
may
be an earlier
stray. Many
of the handles from this
deposit appear
to have had the lower end
'pushed through'
the side of
the vase.
Side handles from
jars
were
normally rounded,
sometimes
pointed
in
shape.
One or
perhaps
two
stumps (2030-1) may
have
belonged
to handles of the
winged type
like
1701
of Period II
(plate 88).
The
large
twisted handle
2046 (plate 88) evidently
came from an
imported
vase.
Vertically perforated lugs
on small
jars
of the
pyxis type 44
were often if not
usually
horned.
Two
examples
of double
perforated lugs
were noted: one on the carination of a vase with incised
decoration,
either a bowl of
type 9
or a small
jar
of
type 44;
the other set below the rim
(class
A
I)
of a
jar,
unless it was from a bowl of
type 6,
of
grey-brown
burnished ware.
Solid
lugs
or
projections, perhaps
from
lids,
included
2033
with a
square top,
and
2034.
Three
fragments
from
jars,
two of them
evidently very large,
had traces of holes bored
through
them after
firing, presumably
for
string
to mend or
strengthen
them.
2033. (plate 83) Lug, perhaps
from lid.
Grey-brown
to
reddish; very
fine burnish.
2034. (plate 83) Lug, perhaps
from lid. Shades of
light
and dark
brown;
fine burnish.
2035. (Stages 6/8,
level
10)
Vertical
wart, apparently
from
belly
of
large jar,
as
1926
of
stage 7.
Outside surface dark
brown with reddish
tinge, coarsely burnished;
inside
red,
smoothed.
(k)
bases
(2036-2040) (fig. 221)
These were
normally
flat. Five
-
three
apparently
from
bowls,
two from closed vases
-
were of
the differentiated class 8. One
fragment (2036)
came from a
high pedestal
base of class 1.
Pedestal feet
(class 2A)
and
high ring
feet
(class 3A) (e.g. 2037-8)
were not
uncommon;
most
were
evidently
from bowls with
finely
burnished
surfaces, grey-brown,
or sometimes shades of
light
and dark brown and red. One
pedestal
foot was solid
(class 2B)
like
1332
of Periods
V-IV,
and
may
have been an earlier
stray;
its surface was
light
to dark brown with fine burnish. Two
bowl bases of class
4B
were noted
(e.g. 2039).
2036. Fragment
of
pedestal
base
(class
1
)
. Coarse
fabric,
with red wash inside and
out;
inside
rough,
outside smoothed
but not burnished.
2037. 2038. (Level 8) High ring
feet
(class 3A),
from bowls.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish. Another much
larger (diam.
c.
15?)
is
evidently
from a closed
vase;
outside surface
purple-brown
with fine
burnish,
inside
rough.
2039. (Level 8)
Base
(class 4B),
from bowl.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish inside and out.
2040.
Base
(class 6A),
from bowl.
Red,
burnished.
DECORATION
(2041-2045)
This was
virtually
confined to incision.
Pattern burnish. The
scrap
of rim
already
described from a bowl of
type
8 was
clearly
an earlier
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498 III. EMPORIO
stray.
But the
top
of
1989
from a
type
1
3
bowl with
vertically perforated lug
of unusual form has
rough pattern burnish, apparently cross-hatching
or lattice of some kind.
Paint. The
only
two
fragments
with
white-painted
decoration
may
be earlier
strays:
one was
from the
belly
of a
jug (?)
with
grey-brown
burnished surface
showing
traces of a
pair
of broad
vertical
stripes
in
white;
the other was
1992
from a
type 14
bowl.
Incision. This was not
uncommon, thirty-two fragments having
incised
designs
characteristic
of Period
II, many
of them with traces of white fill. Five or six of these were from
type 13
bowls
(1987-8, 1990),
but incised decoration was also attested on one or two small carinated bowls of
type 9 (e.g. 1978).
Four incised
fragments
came from
large finely
burnished
jars,
and two others
from their
lids;
some ten from other closed
vases,
whether
jugs
or
jars;
and five or six more from
small
pyxis-likejars
of
type 44 (e.g. 2041-2 below).
In two instances
(1987-8)
incised decoration
on small
type
1
3
bowls was combined with areas left free of burnish as noted on
examples
of such
bowls from levels of Period II in Area A
(e.g. 1545).
2041, 2042. (plate 95) Fragments
from bodies of small
pyxis-likejars
of
type 44
with
vertically perforated
horned
lugs.
Outside surfaces
grey-brown
or
lightish
brown with fine
burnish,
insides
rough.
Incised decoration
including
vertical or horizontal rows of diamonds filled with dots.
2043. (plate 95) Fragment, perhaps
from
ajar
of
type 44
as
2041-2.
Outside surface
grey-brown
to black with fine
burnish,
inside
rough.
Incised decoration: vertical row of diamonds filled with
dots,
cf.
2041.
2044. (plate 95)
Base of small
jar
or
jug.
Outside surface shades of dark to
light brown,
unburnished or with burnish
worn;
inside
rough.
2045. (plate 95)
Handle. Shades of
light
and dark brown to red with fine burnish. Incised decoration:
multiple
chevrons.
Relief.
A
good many
warts were noted. These came from
bowls, mostly
of the common
type 9,
and from the bellies of
jugs,
as well as from
jars.
Some were
large.
IMPORTS
The
large
slashed handle
2046
is
evidently
from an
imported
vase.
2046. (plate 88) Sandy orange clay, greyish
at
core;
surface worn.
Stage 9
Levels
6-4
Amount c. 8 zembils
2047-2109 (figs. 222, 223)
Period II:
classic,
and
virtually indistinguishable
from
stage
8
FABRIC
The
pottery
from levels of
stage 9
was similar in fabric to that of
stage
8. Fine burnished surfaces
were
dominantly
shades of
grey-brown
to
black,
often with a
purple tinge; occasionally light
brown
mottling
to red. The marks of the
burnishing implement
remained visible even when the
surface was
given
a
high polish.
Surfaces with coarse burnish were in
general lighter
in colour
than
finely
burnished
ones, dominantly
shades of
light
and dark brown and
red;
while
unburnished surfaces were shades of
light
and dark
brown, greyish,
and
red,
the red
being clearly
due to a wash. One or two sherds seemed to have a thin matt white
slip.
Insides of closed
vases,
such as
jugs
or
jars, might
be
wiped
or
impressed
with some kind of
matting
like
2047
below.
2047. (Level 6) (plate 93)
Inside surface of
jug
or
jar, wiped,
or
impressed
with
matting;
outside
light
brown to red
with
very
fine burnish.
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fig. 222. Area B.
Stage 9 (Period
II:
classic).
Bowls. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA B. STAGE 9
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
499
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(fig. 222)
Carinated bowls of
type 9 appeared
to be even more in evidence than
before,
their rims
forming
nearly
three fifths of the total number of bowl rims as
opposed
to
just
over half in
stage
8. Bowls of
types 13
and
14
were also still
quite
well
represented, however,
and some of them
evidently
had
lug-handles
formed
by projections rising
from the rim with
large
circular holes
through
them
(fig.
106 no.
8a)
as noted in
stage
8 and in the Period II horizon in Area A.
4. Open
bowls with
straight
or
slightly curving
sides
Only
two or three rims were
assignable
to this
type.
5. Open
bowls with
curving
sides
(2048-2051)
These and bowls of
types
6 and
7 merge
into carinated bowls of
type 9.
Two of the fifteen rims
assigned
to
type 5
had
stumps
of horizontal side handles set
just
below them.
6 &
7.
Bowls with inward
leaning
rims
(2052-2053)
Some half a dozen rims with
grey-brown
burnished surfaces were
assignable
to these
types,
which like
type 5 merge
into the carinated
type 9.
35* 17 J6 J6
357
^
J6j
2048 M 2049 A 2050 I
2051^
2052 M 2053 1 J
*0k*
...
1^
^
)
^_
40, ,
_
,6* bo '
2054 /
B 2056
^
2057 M 2058 2059 ' M
-
*

*
iv
B 9 .2.
a, 2i>
2067 M W M W
*
eTfc 2062
l2O63|~| 2065^ X*^ J
i
f
f
2071

f
2064
^
2068
>v
T F
-
^r
r^*
' 2075 r 2076 W 2077 2072
2074
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500 III. EMPORIO
9.
Carinated bowls
(2054-2066)
Rims of these were commoner than those of all other bowl
types put together.
Bowls of this
type
in
stage 9 appeared
to be
indistinguishable
from those of
stage
8. As in
stage 8,
while some rims
belonged
to
large
bowls with a diameter of over
30,
about half
appeared
to come from small ones
with a diameter of
15
or less.
Carinated rims of
type 9 merged
into those of
types 5-7,
and
parts
of the rim on the same bowl
might
be
distinctly
carinated while other
parts
were not
(e.g. 2060).
In the case of small bowls
with
very
fine burnish the carination had often been rounded
away by thorough burnishing
of
the surface.
As in
stage
8 the burnished surfaces of
type 9
bowls were
dominantly grey-brown
in
colour,
surfaces with the finest burnish
(notably
those of small bowls with a diameter of
15
or
less)
often
having
a
purple tinge;
but the surfaces of the
largest
bowls tended to be shades of
light
brown or
red. In one or two instances
type 9
bowls were left unburnished
(e.g. 2060).
Side handles were noted
belonging
to
type 9
bowls of medium and
large size;
but none were
certainly
attributable to small bowls with a diameter of
15
or less. The same
apparent
dearth of
side handles in connection with small
type 9
bowls was also observed in
stage
8. But
2054
with a
diameter of c.
15
has an
elegant trumpet lug rising
above the rim.
Warts do not seem to have been common on the carinations of
type 9 bowls,
and
only
about
half a dozen
examples
were noted from levels of
stage 9,
two of the warts
being
of the exotic
horned
type
as fig.
193
no. 1 1.
2054. (Level 4) (plate 95)
Rim with
elegant trumpet lug rising
above it.
Light
brown
shading
to darker
brown,
burnished.
2060.
(Wall 3)
Rim.
Very irregular,
and in one
place
without carination. Inside with a thick red
wash,
smoothed or
with
poor burnish;
outside with a
light
brown
wash,
unburnished.
2066.
(Level 4) Rim, very roughly
made and
irregular. Light
brown to
buff;
coarse burnish.
13.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims, internally differentiated
and thickened
(2067-2073)
Rims of this
type
were not uncommon. All had
finely
burnished
surfaces, dominantly
grey-brown
in
colour,
but with
light
browns and reds somewhat more in evidence than in the
case of carinated bowls of
type 9.
Two of the rims drawn
(2068-9)
were somewhat
irregular,
and
might
be
strays
of Period
IV;
the
spring
of a base
-
of classes 2 or
3 perhaps,
or of
4
or 8
-
is
preserved
on 2068.
At least two
lug-handles
of the
type
with a
large
circular hole
through
a
projection
from the
rim
(fig.
106 no.
8a) belonged
to
type 13
bowls. Some of the other
eight
handles of this kind
noted from levels of
stage 9 may
have come from bowls of this
type
rather than of
type 14.
Two rims from small
type
1
3
bowls had remains of elaborate incised
decoration;
that
illustrated
(2073
on plate
91)
is c.
15
in diameter with the surface
lightish
brown to
red,
burnished but
worn;
the incisions are
unusually light
and thin.
14.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims,
not
internally differentiated,
but sometimes thickened
(2074-2077)
Rims of these were not rare. The most characteristic tended to have
finely
burnished surfaces.
Some rims
assignable
to this
type
with a coarse finish
may
have
belonged
to
tripod cooking pots.
But the small
2076 appears
to be from a bowl
although
it has the
lightish purple-brown
surface
rough
and without burnish.
Similarly
the
large 2077
is
irregular,
with the surface shades of
light
and dark
brown, coarsely
burnished
outside,
without burnish inside.
Some of the ten
lug-handles, consisting
of
projections rising
from the rim with
large
circular
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3. AREA B. STAGE 9
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
501
holes
through
them as fig. io6 no.
8a, evidently belonged
to bowls of
type 14 (cf. 1540,
and
plate 88
(a)).
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Jugs
Jugs
were not well
represented.
Some fourteen
fragments
of
jug
rims were
noted,
and four of
these had remains of
handles,
of which three
sloped
into the
rim,
but
only
one was set below it in
the characteristic Period II manner.
Spouts, however,
were of the
V-shaped
or
cutaway types
standard in Period II. A
large fragment
from level
6,
from a thin- walled
jug
with a
finely
burnished
light
brown
surface,
had a
spout
of the
cutaway type
and a handle with a neat
semi-circular section. There were two
scraps
of
sharply ridged jug
throats as fig.
217
no. 1
characteristic of Period II. One or two
fragments
of carinated
jug
bodies were recovered.
The surfaces of
jugs
with fine burnish were
grey-brown
with a
purple tinge, reddish,
or
light
brown. But some
jugs
had a
poor burnish,
and two
fragments
of
jugs
with a
light
brown surface
were
altogether
unburnished.
27. Tripod cooking pots (2078-2079)
A
good many
rims of various
kinds,
both
(A)
undifferentiated and
(B) differentiated, appeared
to come from
cooking pots
which
mostly
no doubt had
tripod
feet as
type 27.
The rim on the same
vase
might vary
from everted
(as
class B III
f)
in one
place
to
upright
or inward
leaning (class
B
I-
II)
in another.
Many
of the
(B)
differentiated rims
evidently
had
triangular projections
of the
kind noted on thirteen
stage
8
cooking pot rims;
but
only
one such
projection
had a vertical wart
on
it,
as
opposed
to four
(nearly
a
quarter
of the
total)
of those from
stage
8.
A number of
fragments
from
cooking pots
of all sizes had
finely
burnished
surfaces,
dominantly
red in
colour,
but
shading
to
light
and dark
brown, dusky,
and
purplish.
Some
rims,
especially
ones of class
All, may
have
belonged
to
very large
red burnished
cooking pots
akin to
those noted from levels of the
succeeding
Period I. But other
cooking pots
it seems were
only
given
a
very superficial burnish,
or were left without
any
burnish at
all;
some
fragments
of these
preserved
clear traces of a red
wash;
but the surfaces of others were shades of
light
and dark
brown to
dusky
-
often, however,
with a
purplish tinge,
which
may
reflect the
application
of a
red wash transformed in the
firing.
Tripod
feet
(e.g. 2078-9
on plate
84)
were of various
sizes, although
none was immense.
Some
-
all
burnished,
and three of them with
finely
burnished red surfaces
-
had more or less
neat semi-circular sections. The
remaining
feet
-
some of them well
burnished,
but others
without burnish
-
were for the most
part roughly
semi-circular in
section,
but a few were
thinnish oval. One foot from level
5,
brown with a coarse
burnish,
was differentiated at the
top
where it
joined
the
body
of the vase
(cf. 1585-6).
(c) jars (2080-2094) (fig. 223)
About twelve rims of classes A I- III
(e.g. 2080)
had
evidently belonged
to
large
store
jars
cf.
types 38-40.
The surfaces of these were shades of
light
or dark
brown,
or had a red
wash;
some
had a
good,
others a
poor
burnish or none at all. One
rim,
the surface red to
light
and dark brown
with a coarse burnish inside and
out,
had a vertical
strap
handle like
1590
from an
upper
level of
Period II in Area A. This and one or two other
large rims, including
one as 1608 also from an
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fig.
223.
Area B.
Stage 9 (Period
II:
classic)
.
Jars
etc. Scale
1/3.
502 III. EMPORIO
30? 21?
J
B
_7?
17
~iXv^v'
30? 21?
'
J
B
2083
_7?
J
1 1
-
17
1
I 2080
W '
2082
2083
^^
2085
J ^- - -

I
^
. ' 9nft1
2084

^
.
I
r?
fey
-
1
I
i I2081
1
9nft1



I fey I 1
I
(

1

I
1

1 1
I
2090 I I
1
/--

I
(- Z"7- f
'
2088

'
2091
j
i 1

)
'
7 / 2089 ' ' M
( J ^^
/
jf
I
) ^86
' /
/
2093 I
c
.
-^
' 2092
i

M
'
^
' w

'
2095
2098
^
2094
w
I
,
/
'
1 2094
,
1
/.
'
%' ^ft/103
v-V
'
I
2099 2102
Cl
2104 2103
upper
level of II in
A, may
have
belonged
to outsize
cooking pots
with red burnished surfaces like
those attested in the
succeeding
Period I.
Rims of classes A I- II from smaller
jars
were not
uncommon;
two had vertical
strap
handles
set below them. Their surfaces were
mostly
shades of
grey-brown,
or dark and
light brown,
with
coarse
burnish;
but some had a red
wash,
burnished or unburnished. A few rims of class A
II,
however, resembling
1
596-7
from
upper
levels of Period II in
shape,
were of finer fabric with well
burnished
surfaces, grey-brown
or dark
purplish
brown in colour.
A number of rims were of the
simple upright type
differentiated from the
shoulder,
as classes
B I- II. Most of these
(2081-6) belonged
to rather small
jars,
but one or two
(e.g. 2087
with a
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3. AREA B. STAGE 9
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
503
burnished red
wash)
came from
large
ones. A
large
rim of this kind
resembling
1608 from an
upper
level in Period II in Area A but somewhat
thinner,
had the
clay
well
fired,
brick-red
throughout,
and the surface
red, wiped
on the
outside,
smoothed inside. Small
jars
with rims of
class B I included the
complete profile
2086. Several of the rims of this class
may
have
belonged
to
cooking pots;
their surfaces shades of
light
and dark brown to
dusky, usually
with rather
poor
burnish
(e.g. 2084).
But even a rim like
2081,
which is well
burnished, appears
to come from a
cooking pot.
Some rims of class B
I, however,
with
finely
burnished surfaces
(e.g. 2082-3)
evidently belonged
to small
pyxis-like jars
cf.
type 44,
all of which
may
have had incised
decoration like
2085.
Class B III rims also covered a wide
range
in size and fabric.
Some,
like
2093-4
which have
burnished red
washes,
were
evidently
from
large
collar-necked
jars
of
type 47;
while others
(e.g.
2088-9)
came from smaller
jars
of this
general type.
At the other end of the scale were little rims
with incised decoration
(2090-1)
from
pyxis-like jars
akin to
type 44.
Rims of classes B I- II
2081.
(Level 6) Light
and dark brown to
reddish;
outside well burnished.
2082.
(Level 4) Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2083. (Wall 3) (plate 84) Light
brown to
red;
fine burnish.
2084. (Level ?4) Light greyish brown;
no
sign
of burnish.
2085. (Wall 3)
Soft
fabric;
outside surface with burnished red
wash;
traces of incised decoration.
2086.
(Levels 6, 4) (plate 94)
Profile. Ht.
13.5.
Diam. of rim c.
9.
Handles or
lugs,
if
they existed, missing.
Coarse
grey-black clay, light
brown at
edges;
inside surface with a
wash,
shades of
lightish
brown and
red,
unburnished;
outside shades of dark and
light
brown to
dusky
and reddish with
very
fine burnish. A narrow
band round the base of the neck was left
unburnished,
as if a
piece
of material of some kind had been tied in
place
there at time of
burnishing,
cf.
2584
from a level of Period
I,
and
842, 1251, 1403.
Rims of class B III
2088.
(Level 4) Red, coarsely
burnished.
2089. (Level 6) Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2090. (Level 6)
With incised decoration.
Grey-brown
to
light brown,
burnished.
2091. (Level 4)
With incised decoration.
Light brown;
fine burnish.
2092.
Class B III f. Outside
grey-brown
with
very
fine
burnish;
inside dark
purple-brown, superficial
burnish.
(d)
miscellaneous
50.
Bottle
(2095)
Two
fragments
-
a
rim,
cf. class Bilie and
part
of a
body
-
appeared
to come from a bottle-like
vase.
2095. (Level 6) (fig. 223.
plate
94) Rim,
and
body fragment.
Coarse
grey-brown clay
with
large grit;
surface
light
and dark brown to reddish and
dusky; rough inside, very poor
burnish outside.
5
1 . Double vase
One
fragment
of a double vase was
recognised;
the outside surface of this was
grey-brown,
burnished,
with traces of incised decoration.
(e)
pithoi
(2096, 2097)
Fragments
included a
scrap
of rim
(2096)
of a
type
characteristic of Period
II,
and a ribbed
handle
(2097).
The handle
belonged
with a
fragment
from the
join
of shoulder and
neck;
at the
base of the neck on this was a rib in relief with
diagonal
cuts on it.
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504 III. EMPORIO
2096. (Level 5) Rim,
as
1642
from an
upper
level of Period II in Area A. Hard coarse
grey clay,
reddish at
edges;
abundant straw and
grit showing
in
surface,
which has a red wash with
very poor
burnish.
2097. (Level 6)
Handle with
rib,
as fig. 108 no.
14.
Surface with a
purple wash,
smoothed.
(f)
lids
(2098-2
10 i
) (fig. 223)
Fragments
of lids and covers of
types
60 and
63
were noted. The knob 2101
may
come from a
cover with 'crown' handle of
type 64.
2098. (Level 4) (plate 93)
Flat lid
(type 60).
About half
preserved. Grey-brown,
unburnished on under
side; upper
side
burnished,
and decorated with fine incision: six
groups
of
multiple chevrons;
traces of white fill.
2099. (Level 6) (plate 96)
Flat lid
(type 60),
with two
opposite pairs
of
string-holes.
Parts round one
pair
of these
missing.
Diam.
8.4.
Brown
clay, lightish
on under
side,
rather darker on
upper side; poor
burnish.
2100.
(Level 6)
Horned
lug
from cover
(type 63). Grey-brown,
burnished.
2101.
(Level 4) Knob, perhaps
from
point
of intersection of handles of
flanged
cover of
type 64
B.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(1)
Bowls
Side handles from bowls were
common,
some
being
rounded in
shape
as fig.
107
no. 1
,
but
many
pointed
as no. 2. In section most were more or less
circular,
but the sections of one or two
approximated
to thin
oval,
and one small handle was
rectangular.
Some ten
fragments
were noted
belonging
to
lug-handles
of the
type
formed
by projections
rising
from rims of bowls of
types 13
and
14
with
large
circular holes
through
them
(fig.
106 nos.
8a, 8b).
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
There were
many
vertical handles from
jugs
and
jars;
these were of all
sizes,
and often had
finely
burnished
surfaces, grey-brown, light brown,
or red.
Two,
one of them
very small,
were
elegantly tapered.
In section these handles were
mostly
rather thin
oval,
sometimes thicker
oval,
occasionally
semi-circular or lunate. The
comparative rarity
of semi-circular or lunate-sectioned
handles no doubt reflects the
scarcity
of remains of
jugs
in
deposits
of
stage 9
as
compared
with
their abundance in those of Period II in Area A. Two
handles,
one of them
-
apparently
from a
pithos
-
with a red
wash,
were
rectangular
in section. Two thin
strap-like
handles were
recovered from level
4:
one with the surface
light
brown to
reddish, unburnished;
the other with
a
finely
burnished
grey-brown surface, sloping
into the rim of a
jug,
or
perhaps
of a bowl of the
dipper cup type
16. A small ribbed handle surmounted
by
a wart from level
4,
the burnished
surface
grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge, appears
to be a
stray
of Periods V-IV.
Only
one
example
of a
'pushed-through'
handle was
recognised;
this
again
no doubt reflects the relative
scarcity
of
jug
remains in
deposits
of
stage 9.
Side handles from
jars
were circular in section. One from level 6 of the slashed
type
as 1
7
1
7
of
Period II has the surface
light
brown with traces of a red wash in
places;
it
may
come from an
imported
vase or from a local imitation of one.
Lugs
from
jars
or their lids were of the horned
type, perforated
or solid.
(k)
BASES
(2
102-2
IO5) (FIG. 223)
These were
usually
flat as class
6C,
but sometimes as class 6A
(e.g. 2102).
There were several
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3. AREA B. STAGE 10
(PER.
II:
LATE?)
505
pedestal
and
high ring
feet
(classes
2 A and
3A), mostly
it seems from
bowls,
but some from
jars
(e.g. 2086).
Some bases of
large
bowls were of the differentiated class 8. Sunk bases were not
much in
evidence,
but one
(2103)
of the rare class
5D
was noted. A small solid foot
(2105)
with
grey-brown
burnished surface
evidently
came from a
pyxis-like jar
cf.
type 44 (plate 93).
2102.
(Level 6) (plate 96)
Pedestal foot
(class 2A),
from bowl.
Light brown;
fine burnish inside and out.
2103. (Wall 3)
Sunk base
(class 5D),
from bowl.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2104. (Level 4)
Flat base
(class 6A),
from
jar. Brown,
with coarse burnish
outside; rough
inside.
DECORA TION
(2
1 06-2 1
09)
Incision. This was dominant as in
stage 8, being represented
on more than
twenty fragments,
coming
from bowls of
types 13
and
14, large jars
of fine burnished ware with carinated
bellies,
some
jugs
and
jars
of smaller size
(e.g.
2
106-7),
and small
pyxis-like jars (e.g. 2108)
and their lids.
The
fragment
2 106 had areas reserved from burnish
contrasting
with burnished areas
serving
as
a
ground
for white-filled incised
decoration,
as found on a number of
type
1
3
bowls from levels of
stage
8
(1987-8)
and of Period II in Area A. The motifs of incised decoration were ones
characteristic of Period
II, including multiple
chevrons
(e.g. 2108),
cross-hatched
triangles (e.g.
2107),
and areas or bands filled with dots
(e.g. 2106).
The incisions were sometimes
light
and
fine,
as on the lid
2098;
in a few instances
they
were
very shallow, amounting
to
grooves
or
channels.
2 1 06.
(Level 6) (plate 93) Fragment
from
jug
or
jar.
Inside
greyish, rough;
outside
grey-brown,
with
parts occupied
by
incised decoration
burnished,
rest of surface reserved without burnish. Incisions with traces of white fill.
2107. (Wall 3) (plate 93) Fragment
from
belly
of
jug
or
jar.
Inside
greyish, roughly smoothed;
outside chestnut
brown with
very
fine
polish-like
burnish.
2108.
(Level 4) (plate 95) Fragment
from
belly
of small
jug
or
pycis-like jar
with
sharp
carination. Inside
rough;
outside shades of
light
to dark brown with fine
polish-like
burnish
Relief.
This was
virtually
confined to warts on
type 9
bowls and on the bellies of
jugs
or
jars.
The warts were
mostly large,
and
normally circular,
but sometimes
upturned
or vertical.
Upturned
warts occurred on
large
bowls of
type 9,
but two small
upturned
warts from levels 6
and
5 appeared
to come from
jugs,their
surfaces
rough inside, grey-brown
with fine burnish
outside. A
flat-topped
disc wart
resembling
1800 of Period II
evidently
adorned the
belly
of a
large jug
or
jar,
the inside surface
being rough,
the outside
light
brown to red with coarse
burnish. A
group
of three vertical ribs decorated a
fragment (2 109)
from the
body
of a
large jug
or
jar
from level
4;
the inside of this was
rough,
the outside
light
brown with fine burnish.
IMPORTS
The handle of the slashed
type already
described
might
have come from an
imported jar,
but
from the fabric it could be classed as a local imitation.
Stage
10
Levels
3-1
Amount c.
9
zembils
21 10-2 1
71 (figs. 224, 225)
Mixed,
but
dominantly
Period II: late
(?)
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fig.
224.
Area B.
Stage
10. Bowls. Scale
1/3.
506 III. EMPORIO
GENERAL
In levels of this
deposit
there was a certain amount of intrusive wheelmade
pottery, including
Mycenaean
and some Greco-Roman. But no wheelmade
pottery
of the
type
in use
during
Period
I was
recognised,
with the
possible exception
of the rim
2134
described under
type 14.
The
virtual absence of Period I wheelmade
pottery suggests
that the
deposit
as a whole
belongs
to
Period
II,
even if to an advanced
phase
of it.
In
general
the
pottery
from levels of
stage
10 resembled that of the
preceding stage 9.
But
there were
possible signs
of an
improvement
in
firing,
a
good many
sherds
being
of hard fabric
and fired an even colour
throughout.
Moreover
orange, reddish,
and dull brown
surfaces,
with
poor
burnish or none at
all,
were much in evidence.
Sherds described came from level
3
unless otherwise stated.
(a)
bowls
(fig. 224)
4. Open
bowls with
straight
or
slightly curving
sides
(2
1 10-2 1 1 1
)
The
only
two rims
assignable
to this
type
had well burnished
surfaces,
shades of
grey-brown
to
purplish (21 10),
and
light
brown to red
(21
1
1).
5. Open
bowls with
curving
sides
(21 12)
About ten rims from bowls of all
sizes,
some of them small as 21
12,
were
assignable
to this
type.
All were
burnished,
with surfaces
mostly grey-brown,
but once at least
light
brown.
wrpyfrr
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-
i
-
k
-

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-j
M 2121 M 2122 2123 2124 1 2125 2126
J
M
N^-_J^^
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#2134 ^136
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
3. AREA B. STAGE 10
(PER.
II:
LATE?)
507
6 &
7.
Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims
(21 13-21 16)
Rims of these were not uncommon.
They
came from bowls of all
sizes,
some of them
evidently
very large.
Several rims had the
stumps
of side handles set
just
below them.
Light
brown and
reddish surfaces
appeared
to be more in evidence on bowls of these
types
than
they
were on
carina ted bowls of
type 9.
9.
Carinated bowls
(2
1 1
7-2
1
26)
The rims of these were
abundant, exceeding
those of all other bowl
types put together
in the
proportion
of about
3:2.
Carinations were often rounded
by burnishing,
so that the line of
division between bowls of this
type
and ones of
types
6 and
7
was somewhat indeterminate.
About half a dozen rims
preserved stumps
of side handles set on or below their carinations
(e.g.
21
19).
One
large
rim had an
upturned
wart like
1965
of
stage
8. Four other
type 9
rims with
warts were
noted;
one of these
(21 18)
was
roughly
made and had a burnished red wash. The
burnished surfaces were
dominantly grey-brown, however, although
shades of
lighter
brown or
red were not uncommon.
12. Bowls with
straight rims,
thickened and
usually differentiated
on the inside
(2127)
One rim with incised decoration on the inside was
assignable
to this
type.
2127. (No level)
Shades of
grey-brown
to
purplish brown;
rather coarse burnish. Inside with
boldly
incised
zigzag;
traces of white fill.
13.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims,
internally differentiated
and thickened
(2
128-2
130)
These were
evidently
not
common,
and
only
one
(2130)
out of the half dozen rims
assignable
to
type 13
had incised decoration.
2 1 28.
(Levels 4, 3)
Rim. Well and
evenly made;
surface shades of
light
and dark
brown, finely
burnished but worn.
2129. (Level 1)
Rim as
2128,
but smaller and less
regular.
2130. (Level 1)
Rim of small bowl. Surface
presumably grey-brown
or
light brown,
burnished but worn.
14.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims,
not
internally differentiated,
but sometimes thickened
(2 13
1-2
138)
A few rims
assignable
to this
type
were
finely
burnished and
evidently
came from bowls
(e.g.
2131-2).
But the
larger
number
belonged
to a distinctive class of coarse burnished ware
(e.g.
2134-7).
Some or all of these were
probably
from
cooking pots,
whether from ones with
tripod
feet as
type 27
or not. These
cooking pot
rims tended to be
small,
and to have a distinct
bead; they
were for the most
part
rather
roughly
made and
irregular,
of coarse
fabric,
with burnished
surfaces shades of dark and
light
brown to red. The
large
rim
2134, however, assigned
to this
class,
was of
noticeably superior fabric,
and
apparently
better
fired, although
with
poor burnish;
it was reminiscent of rims of some wheelmade vases of Period
I,
and
might
have come from one.
The rim 2 1
38
with a
projection rising
from it and elaborate incised decoration
may
be a
stray
of
Periods V-IV.
2 1
31.
Rim.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2132.
Rim. Outside dark
purple-brown
with fine
burnish;
inside
red,
less well burnished.
2133.
Rim with
large upturned
wart below it.
Gritty orange clay;
surface
light brown,
burnished.
2138. (Level 1) (plate 91) Rim,
with
spring
of
projection, perhaps
of
lug-handle
of
type
with
large
circular hole
through
it as fig. 106 nos. 8
a,
8 b. Surface
light
brown to
red,
burnished. Incised decoration:
zigzags
round
outside and inside of
rim; diagonal
band of dot-filled
lozenges
on outside.
Possibly
a
stray
of Periods V-IV.
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508 iii. emporio
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Not
many
rims of these were recovered from levels of
stage io;
but in the four instances where the
stumps
of handles were
preserved they
were set below the rim in the characteristic Period II
manner. The
only
two
spouts
were both of the
cutaway type.
One
fragment
of a
sharply ridged
throat was
noted,
the surface
being grey-brown
with fine burnish. Other
jug fragments
had
surfaces shades of
grey-brown, light
brown and reddish.
2
7
.
Tripod cooking pots (
2 1
39-2 141)
A
good many
rims
evidently belonged
to
cooking pots
of one
type
or another. Some rims of coarse
burnished ware
assigned
to
type 14 bowls,
as well as others described under
jars,
both
(A)
undifferentiated and
(B) differentiated, may
have come from them.
Surfaces were shades of
light
and dark
brown,
or red due to a
wash, varying
to
dusky
and
purplish; usually
smoothed or with coarse burnish. One rim
(2
1
39)
of class B II with a burnished
red wash
appeared
to be from a
large cooking pot
of the
type
found in the horizon of Period I.
This had a
slight triangular projection rising
from
it;
and similar
projections
were noted on two
other
rims,
one of which
(2 140)
from level 2 with the
stump
of a vertical handle set below it also
had a burnished red wash. A small rim
(2 141 )
also from level 2 and with a red wash had a distinct
bead and a vertical wart on the outside.
The
tripod legs
recovered were all more or less oval in section and of rather coarse
fabric,
their surfaces shades of
brown, apparently
unburnished.
(C) JARS (2 I42-2 I57) (FIG. 225)
There were some four rims from
large
store
jars
of
types 39-40,
one from
ajar
of
type 40 having
a
vertical handle below
it;
all
appeared
to show traces of a red wash with
poor
burnish.
Rims of smaller
jars
of classes A I- III were not
uncommon,
those of class A II
being
most in
evidence. One class A I rim had a vertical handle set below
it;
one
(2149)
of class A III was
thickened and differentiated on the inside. All these
jar
rims were of coarse burnished
ware,
their
surfaces shades of
grey-brown
or
brown,
or red due to a wash. Some rims of classes A II- III
may
have
belonged
to
cooking pots
of one
type
or another.
A few rims of classes B I- III
evidently
came from collar-necked
jars
akin to
types 45-47
(2150, 2154-5).
Some smaller rims of classes B I- II
(e.g. 2152-3) belonged
to
pyxis-like jars
cf.
type 44
of
very
fine burnished ware. The small rim
2156
of class B III a:
variety
2 with its
elaborate incised decoration must come from
ajar
of similar kind. Another small rim
2159
of
class B III had incised decoration
consisting
of a row of dot-filled diamonds like a
couple
of rims
(2090-1)
of
stage 9.
Rims of classes A I- II
2
142. (Level 2) Clay
with
grit,
some
very large;
abundant mica
showing
in
surface,
which shades of
light
brown with
coarse burnish. The mica
suggests
that this
may
be from an
import, although
the fabric is otherwise
indistinguishable
from that of local wares.
2143.
Surface with a red
wash, shading
to
dusky brown; poor
burnish.
2144.
Surface
grey-brown
to
dusky;
coarse burnish. Two or three others similar with surfaces
light brown,
grey-brown
to
dusky,
or red due to a
wash, coarsely
burnished.
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fig.
225.
Area B.
Stage
10.
Jars
etc. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA B. STAGE 10
(PER.
II:
LATE?)
509
c25>
c 17 c 17 c 20? .18? c >7 c 10? c 25 ? c 16
2152
'
/
I

cK)
^^
/
2153 ' ~
I
j%p
2151 ^
2155
f
^;58

I 1
2160
^ ^L
2168


1 -
^V->
tK
2169
|^ A ^
2167
|~ ) N[
XV2163 *i'- / m m,
217
tf ^^^ /r''7 W-
/ m
I ^
m,
22
^^
^^^ W- 22
2171
Rims of class A III
2145.
Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface with a red
wash,
which
may
have been smoothed or
burnished,
but worn.
2146. Angle
not certain. Outside surface
grey-brown
with fine
burnish;
inside
wiped,
or with mat
impression.
2147. Irregular.
Surface
light
brown with a red
wash,
burnished.
Possibly
an earlier
stray.
2148.
Surface
light
brown with coarse burnish.
2149. Internally
thickened and differentiated. Coarse
gritty clay,
fired an even colour
throughout;
some mica
showing
in
surface,
which has a red wash with traces of coarse burnish.
Possibly
from an
import,
cf.
2153.
Rims of classes B I- II
2150. (No level)
Hard
sandy clay,
fired brick-red
throughout;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
2
15
1. Surface shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished but worn.
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510 III. EMPORIO
2152.
Rather soft
fabric;
surface dark brown to red with fine burnish.
2153. Irregular.
Some mica
showing
in
surface,
which
light brown,
burnished.
Possibly
from an
import
like
2149.
Rims of class B III
2154.
Outside surface
grey-brown
to
dusky
with coarse
burnish;
inside
rough, wiped.
2155.
Soft
fabric;
surface
light
brown with a red
wash,
burnished.
Possibly
a
stray
of Periods V-IV.
2 1
56. (No level) (plate 95)
Rim with incised decoration inside and
out,
and
fragments
that
may
come from the same
vase. Soft
grey-brown clay;
traces of black burnished surface. Incisions with
slight
remains of white fill.
2157. (Level 1) (plate 95) Rim,
cf. class B III
d,
from small
pyxis-like jar.
Surface
light
brown to red with fine
burnish;
incised decoration.
(e)
pithoi
(2158) (fig. 225)
The
only fragment
of
pithos
rim
(2158)
from the
deposit may
be an earlier
stray.
2 1
58. Rim,
in
shape,
cf.
2588.
Coarse
grey clay
with
very large grit,
much of it
together
with straw
impressions
showing
in
surface,
which
light brown,
worn.
Possibly
an earlier
stray.
(f)
lids
(2
i
59-2
i
63) (fig. 225)
One or two
fragments evidently
came from covers of
type 63 (e.g. 2160).
There were also
fragments
of
flanged
covers of
type 64,
two of them
very large (2
16
1-2).
Some
perforated lugs
of
the horned class like
2165-6 may
have come from lids.
2160.
(No level)
Cover
(type 63)
with
perforated lugs. Grey-brown,
burnished.
2 1 6 1 .
(Levels 3, 2) (plate 96) Large flanged
cover
(type 64B)
. About one
quarter
of rim
preserved.
Ht. 1 o. Diam.
34.
Stumps
of what
appear
to have been crown-like handles which crossed above centre. Outside surface with fine
burnish, dominantly purplish, shading
to red and
light
and dark
brown;
inside shades of
brown, roughly
smoothed. A hole made after
firing may
be for
string
to
strengthen
or mend the cover.
Another
(2162)
similar with surface
grey-brown,
burnished inside and out. A
fragment
of a smaller cover
(diam.
1
1)
of this
type
had a
light
brown burnished surface with traces of incised decoration. Other
fragments
from levels of
stage
10
may
have come from such covers.
2163. (plate 96) Knob, apparently
from lid. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
Similar knobs
appear
on
simple
lids of the Red
period
at Poliochni
(Poliochni
i
645 pl. clix).
Brea notes that
lids with knobs of this
type
were also at home in the Gumelnitsa culture of the Balkans. Part of a lid of this
kind,
but with incised
decoration,
was recovered at Thermi
(Thermi
1
14
no.
267 pl.
xxix:
1,
Town
III).
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(1)
Bowls
Side handles from bowls were common as in
stage 9, many
of them
being pointed (fig. 107
no.
2),
and one
ogival (no. 3)
in
shape
like
1699
of Period II in Area A. These handles were
normally
more or less circular or thick oval in
section;
but two of
pointed
and one of rounded
shape
had
roughly rectangular
sections.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
(2 164-2 166)
Vertical
handles,
all
apparently
from
jugs
or
jars,
included one or two
neatly triangular
or
semi-circular in
section,
and two or three which were
markedly
lunate. Three handles were thin
wide
straps,
their surfaces
grey-brown
to
reddish,
or
light brown,
with traces of fine burnish. One
handle from the shoulder of a
large jar (the
outside surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
purple-brown
and red with fine
burnish,
the inside
rough)
was
elegantly splayed
at
top
and
bottom.
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3. AREA B. STAGE 10
(PER.
II:
LATE?)
511
Large
side
handles, apparently
from
jars,
included a
fragment
of a
'winged
handle'
(2164),
and a twisted handle like
171 7
of Period
II, apparently
from an
imported
vase.
Some
perforated lugs
of the horned class as fig. 106 no.
31
e
belonged
to small
pyxis-like jars
and their lids. The
flanged
cover
2161,
and a
fragment
from a
large jug
or
jar
from level
2,
had
rivet-holes bored after
firing.
2164. (fig. 225.
plate
88) Tip
of
winged
handle. Neat and
elegant.
Surface
light
brown with traces of fine
burnish,
but worn.
2165. (plate 95)
Perforated
lug
of horned class.
Possibly
from a bowl.
Thin;
surface
light
brown with
very
fine
burnish.
2166.
(plate 95)
Perforated
lug
of horned class.
Probably
from a lid or cover. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished but
worn.
(k)
bases
(2 167-2
i
71) (fig. 225)
As in
stage 9
these were
normally flat,
bases of classes 6B and C
occurring
on both
open
and
closed
vases;
but one
large
bowl had a base of class 6A. Pedestal bases
(class 2A),
and
ring feet,
high
and
low,
as classes
3A
and
4A,
were also in evidence. At least one
fragment (2167)
came
from a
large pedestal
of class 1 .
2167. Fragment
of
large pedestal (class
1
) ;
trace of
opening. Grey clay
with fine
grit; silvery mica,
and straw
showing
in
surface,
which
greyish brown, evenly burnished, outside;
inside
light
brown to
reddish,
without burnish.
Fabric and finish are
suggestive
of an earlier
period (VII-VI ?);
but the
fragment may
come from an
imported
vase in view of the mica in it.
2168. Pedestal foot
(class 2A), apparently
from a bowl. Darkish
brown,
burnished.
2169. (plate 96)
Pedestal foot
(class 2A). Sandy clay
fired red-brown
throughout;
some mica
showing
in
surface,
which
worn,
but
may
not have been burnished.
Possibly
from an
import
in view of the mica.
2170.
Pedestal foot
(class 2A). Grey-brown,
burnished.
2 1
71. High ring
foot
(class 3A),
from a bowl.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
DECORATION
This was
dominantly incised,
as in
stage 9.
But ribs in relief occurred on
large jars
or
pithoi,
and
the
scrap
described below
suggests
a
contemporary
if rare use of
pattern
burnish.
Pattern burnish. One
scrap, evidently
from a
jar,
the burnished outside surface dark
purple-brown, appeared
to have deliberate
pattern
burnish in the
shape
of
diagonal
lines
crossing
to form lattice-work.
Incision. This was the most common form of decoration and was
indistinguishable
in
character from that of
stage 9.
Relief.
Warts occurred as in
stage 9,
but
only
one was
certainly
from the
belly
of a
jug.
Some
upturned
warts were noted on
type 9
bowls. A vertical wart
appears
on the outside of the small
cooking pot
rim 2
141.
Two
fragments
of
large jars
or
pithoi
had ribs in relief: one decorated with
diagonal cuts,
the
other with
finger tip impressions along
it.
IMPORTS
A
large
handle of the slashed
type appears
to come from an
imported
vase. This was
semi-circular in section like
1719
of Period II in Area A. The vase to which it
belonged
was
evidently thin-walled,
the
clay sandy
with mica in
it, grey
at the
core, light
brown at the
edges;
the inside surface
being wiped,
the outside
having
a
pale greenish
matt wash.
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512 III. EMPORIO
Traces of mica were noted in the
clay
of a number of other
fragments
from levels of
stage
io
(e.g. 2142, 2149, 2153, 2167, 2169);
but these
may
not all come from
imported vases,
since in
other
respects they
were
indistinguishable
in fabric from the
obviously
local wares.
ii. Area G
The bulk of the
pottery
described below came from the main eastern series of trenches in the area
(C.
1
)
. But later
phases
of the Bronze
Age
after Period II were
only preserved
in the two trenches
HHandJJin
Area C.
3.
(a)
AREA C. 1
A
large
amount of material from the
upper
levels
(6-1 )
in these trenches was of
post-Bronze Age
date. The latest Bronze
Age deposits
here were
assignable
to Period II
(levels
1
2-7)
. Level 1
3
was
evidently
the destruction horizon of Period
IV,
and level
14
below it could be referred to an
early
phase
of IV or to V.
Stage
1
Levels
14
and
13
Amount c. 6 zembils
2172-2235 (fig. 226)
Periods
V/IV (level 14),
and IV destruction
(level 13)
GENERAL
The bulk of the material of this
stage
came from trench
LL,
and
largely
from level
14
there. The
rims drawn and described are from LL level
14
unless otherwise stated.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(2
i
72-22
i
2)
Types 4 (2172-3); 5 (2174-7);
6
(2176-9); 7 (2180-2); 9A (2183-92)
9
B
(2193-5); 9 0(2196-7); 90(2198-2201);
11
(2202);
12
(2203); 13 (2204-8); 13/14(2209);
14 (2210-12).
About a hundred bowl rims were recovered from levels
14
and
13
in
LL,
and half of these
were of the carinated
type 9.
These
type 9
rims varied in diameter from c.
15
to
40
or
more,
and
closely
resembled ones from levels of Periods V-I V in Area
A;
one from LL level 1
4
had a vertical
strap
handle like 10 18 of Period
V-IV,
and the
stumps
of side handles were
preserved
on others.
Warts were not uncommon on rims of
type 9,
and included one of the horned class as fig.
193
no.
11. One
type 9
rim had a
trumpet lug
as fig.
191
no.
3 a,
but with the waist
apparently
sunk
below the line of the
rim,
which
was, however, very irregular, grey-brown
to
black,
burnished.
Most of the
eight
rims
assignable
to
type 4
were thickened like
2173,
and one of these
thickened rims had a
vertically perforated lug
on the outside. Rims of
types 5-7 merged
into
those of
type 9.
One
type 5
rim
preserved
the
stump
of a side handle. A
single
rim
(2202
described
below)
was
assignable
to
type
1 1 .
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fig. 226. Area C. i.
Stage
i
(Periods V/IV
and
IV).
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA C. STAGE 1
(PERS.
V-
IV)
513
I '. I V fe I-i 2191^
2192^
2184 M 2185 M 2186 M 2187 I 2188 2189 M^ 2190
/
W M
2183
'
*
*
'
M*l
II
/
2194 E
2195^
2196 1 219tJ
j
^k
^^ ^k
^k
/))-
T
fi ^
2204 W 220*>T
2207 ' ^ Mi)
^
X^
gp
w
I m
W
'
' '
^
^^ ^
2202 2203 M
m
W
' '
^
w
2207
^m
2210
^i
#
^ *-j "~'
% 22141
nnn
22161 2217
ni
^
2210 #
2211^
2212^
2213 % 22141 2215 1 22161 2217
M 25
2? _
'S?

2218 A 2219 1

I I
%
m^
2221% 2222'
'
-
n
x
%

m^
vA
2221%

_2o j5
2220 W
2227
I 2228
I
%
'
2229 W 2230 2225 W 2226
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514 III. EMPORIO
Rims of the distinctive
type
1
3
were in evidence. Several of
these,
and some of the related
type
14,
bore incised decoration. One of
type 13, elaborately
decorated with incision
including
a
chain of dot-filled
lozenges
on the
inside,
had a
long
horizontal
lug outside;
the incised
design
on
the outside of this rim and on most of the other decorated rims of
types 13
and
14
consisted of a
single zigzag (e.g.
2208 described
below).
The rim of a
large type 13
bowl from FF level
13
was
adorned with a double
zigzag
as fig. i
14
no.
5
inside and out. The rim
2207
from a small bowl of
this
type
had a
trumpet lug
on the outside
(plate 58).
Some rims
may
have
belonged
to
dipper cups
of
type
16.
2202.
(FF 13)
Rim
(type
1
1)
with
horizontally perforated lug. Grey-brown
to
black; very
fine burnish. This
type
of
bowl rim was characteristic of Periods VII-VI in Area
A;
but the fabric and condition
suggest
that 2202 is of
contemporary
date
(Periods V-IV).
2206.
(FF 13)
Rim
(type 13). Irregular. Light
to dark
brown;
coarse burnish.
2208.
(FF 13) (plate 97)
Rim
(type 13).
Shades of dark brown and
red-brown;
fine burnish. Incised decoration:
single zigzag
on inside of
rim;
dot-filled
design outside;
white fill.
2209. (FF 13) Rim,
cf.
types 13
or
14. Grey-brown
to
black;
fine burnish. Incised decoration:
zigzag
on inside of
rim;
white fill.
221 1.
(FF 13)
Rim
(type 14). Irregular. Light
brown
mottling
to red and
dusky;
rather coarse burnish.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Jugs
Fragments
of these were shades of dark and
light
brown and
red;
outside surfaces
might
be well
burnished,
or have coarse burnish or sometimes none at all. Seven
scraps
of rim were recovered.
A
spout
of the
simple pointed type
as fig.
175
no. 1 A from level
13
in LL had a red
wash,
smoothed but not burnished. A rim from FF level
13,
the surface
grey-brown
to
purplish
with
very
fine
burnish,
retained the
stump
of a
high-swung
handle decorated with white-filled incised
decoration;
it
may
have
belonged
to a
jug
of
type 23
B like 11
58
of Period IV. Two or three
fragments
of carinated bodies
evidently
came from
jugs;
one from level
14
in LL had a
strongly
emphasised
carination which continued as a
ridge up
each side of the handle.
2
7
.
Tripod cooking pots
There were ten
tripod
feet from
deposits
of this
stage
-
an
average
of less than two
per
zembil.
Most were oval in
section,
but one was
roughly semi-circular;
one at least was
square-ended
like
a few from levels of Period II in Area A
(e.g.
1
582-3)
. Some
jar
rims of classes A I
-
II,
B I- II and
B III
f, may
have
belonged
to
cooking pots
with or without
tripod feet;
several had vertical warts
on the outside.
(c) jars (2213-2232)
Rims of class A I
(2213-6);
A II
(2217-22);
A
I/III (2223-4);
B
2225-6);
B III
(2227-32).
Surfaces were in
general
shades of
dusky
black and dark and
light
brown to
reddish,
with a
coarse burnish or in
many
cases none at all. Fine burnish seems to have been more or less
confined to collar-necked
jars
like 2226 and 2228.
Rims of classes A I- II were
common;
some of the
larger evidently
came from store
jars
of
types 38-39 (e.g. 2213, 2217),
while
many
of the smaller
may
have
belonged
to
tripod cooking
pots (e.g. 2214-5, 2219, 2221);
one or two
(e.g. 2220)
had vertical
strap
handles set below them.
Two class A II rims were thickened and
internally
differentiated like 1 228-1
230.
Several of
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3. AREA C. STAGE 1
(PERS.
V-
IV)
515
classes A I- III had vertical warts on the outside
(e.g. 2223-4
on plate
75).
A
pair
of warts is
preserved
on
2231.
The rim
2232
has a vertical wart like an
upturned
nose as fig.
193
no. 8.
Descriptions
of selected rims:
2213.
Class A I. Inside surface
red,
outside shades of
dusky purple-brown,
smoothed but not burnished.
2216. Class A I. Surface
light purple-grey
with burnish on outside.
2217.
Class A II. Surface with a
wash,
dark
purple-brown inside,
reddish to
purple-brown outside, wiped.
2218. Class A II. Surface reddish to
purple-brown,
smoothed or
wiped,
but not burnished.
2220. Class
All,
with
stump
of vertical handle. Surface
light
brown to
red,
much
worn,
but
apparently
once
burnished.
2225.
Class B I. Inside surface
red,
outside
light
brown to
dusky,
with coarse burnish.
2226. Class B I.
Grey-brown,
well burnished.
2227. (FF 13)
Class B III a:
variety
1.
Grey clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface with a red
wash,
smoothed. Rivet-hole
made after
firing
at base of neck.
2228. Class B III a:
variety 3. Grey-brown,
burnished.
2229.
Class B III c. Surface with a
wash,
red to dark
purple-brown, burnished, outside;
red without burnish inside.
2230. (FF 13)
Class B III c.
Irregular. Light brown,
burnished.
(e)
pithoi
Rims and handles recovered were of
types
characteristic of Periods V-I V in Area A. A ribbed
handle from level
14
in LL resembled that on
1291
and had a red wash.
(f)
lids
(2233)
The
fragment 2233
from FF level
13 appears
to come from the
top
of a lid with a knob at the
centre
(plate 97).
The surface of this is
light
brown
shading
to darker
brown,
burnished inside
and
out,
with incised decoration.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(2234)
(1)
Bowls
Vertical handles occurred on
bowls,
but horizontal side handles were more
usual,
one or two of
these
being
of the horned class as fig.
107
no.
5.
There were four
examples
of horizontal
trumpet lugs
on
bowls;
three of these had been set on
or
slightly
below the rims of carinated bowls of
type 9;
the fourth was the
elegant 2207
below the
rim of a small bowl of
type 13 (plate 58).
A rim
(2234) apparently
from a bowl of
type 14,
with a
light
brown burnished
surface,
had a
horned
projection rising
from it with a
horizontally perforated lug
below
(plate 70)
reminiscent
of
1898
from Area
B,
and others on bowls of
type
1
3
from the Period IV destruction level in Area
A
(e.g. 1073,
1 081. fig. 106 no.
23 etc.).
A
vertically perforated lug
of the
simple type (fig.
106
no.
32 a)
was
preserved
below a thickened rim of
type 4.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
Vertical handles from
jugs
or
jars
were
mostly lunate,
thin
oval,
or
sub-rectangular
in
section;
only
two of these handles were surmounted
by warts,
but one or two had traces of incised
decoration. A
fragment
of a small
pyxis-like jar
with incised decoration had a
vertically
perforated
wart as fig. 106 no.
31
c.
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516 III. EMPORIO
(k)
bases
These were
normally
flat as classes 6A and B. The
only
sunk base was of class
5C,
and
apparently
came from a bowl. A
fragment
with a burnished red wash from FF level
?i evidently belonged
to a
pedestal
foot
(class 2A)
with four circular holes or windows in it.
DECORATION
Incision. Motifs were reminiscent of those current in Periods V-IV in Area A. One
jar
fragment
with traces of a red wash had a
design
identical with that on the
large jar
1
23
1 of Period
IV. The
fragment 2235
with a
boldly
incised
zigzag
on the carination
evidently
came from a
very
large jar,
a fore-runner
perhaps
of the
jars
with
finely
burnished surfaces and elaborate incised
decoration characteristic of Period II. The
boldly
incised
zigzag
on the carination of this was
apparently
made after the
burnishing
and
firing
of the
vase,
which is unusual.
2235. (FF 13) (plate 97)
Carinated
fragment. Clay grey-brown
at
core, light
brown at
edges;
surface with a
wash,
light purplish, roughly
burnished or
smoothed, inside;
shades of dark brown and
red, burnished,
outside.
Zigzag apparently
cut after vase burnished and fired.
Relief.
Warts occurred on vases of all
kinds,
but
especially
it seems on
jugs.
A
fragment
from
FF level
14, apparently
from
ajar,
the inside surface
light
to dark
brown, wiped
or
coarsely
burnished,
the outside
light
brown with traces of
burnish,
had a horseshoe in relief like fig.
194
no. 1.
Stage
2
Level 12
Amount c.
5
zembils
2236-2245 (fig. 227)
Period II:
early phase (?),
with some admixture of IV.
GENERAL
While this
deposit
was
basically
of Period
II,
and
apparently
reflected an
early phase
of
it,
some
Period IV material seems to have become mixed with it.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(2236-2242)
One rim with holes
through
it
belonged
to a
baking pan
of
type 3.
Little bowls of fine burnished
ware of
types 5-7 (e.g. 2237-9),
and small carinated bowls of
type 9
of similar fabric
(e.g. 2240),
resembled those characteristic of Period II in Area A. Several other
type 9
rims were like
1465
of
Period
II,
or like 1
5
1 2 with an oval wart on the carination. But one rim of a
type 9
carinated bowl
with a
finely
burnished
grey-brown
surface had a vertical
strap
handle like 1018
assigned
to
Periods V-IV. The rim
2242
from a
type 13
bowl with vertical handle
may
also be a Period IV
stray.
2236.
Rim
(type 5). Very irregular.
Surface with a
wash,
red to
light brown, mottling
to dark
purple-brown,
smoothed but not burnished.
2237.
Rim
(type 5). Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
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fig.
227.
Area C. i.
Stage
2
(Period
II:
early?).
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA C. STAGE 2
(PER.
II:
EARLY?) 517
20
Jl
IS?
12

c 25
2236^ nl
j^^
'
2239I "I
m m
2241

-JF
M M ' ~7 Iff
2240 M
W' -^
M
f
v^^X
2238
"
/

mX'^
-^
------
-^ ^^ ^s^*2242
V I ^k y ml rb
2245
2244

'^
2243
W ' ' v
2238.
Rim
(type 6)
. Inside surface with thick red
wash,
smoothed or
burnished;
outside
light grey-brown,
burnished.
Incised decoration.
2239.
Rim cf.
type 7. Black;
fine burnish.
2240.
Rim
(type 9 A). Grey-brown; very
fine burnish.
2241.
Rim
(type 9 D).
Inside surface
grey-brown,
outside
light brown,
burnished.
2242.
Rim
(type 13),
with vertical handle set askew below it.
Irregular. Light
to dark brown and
reddish,
burnished.
Possibly
a
stray
of Period IV.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
A number of feet
belonged
to
tripod cooking pots
of
type 27.
Two at least of these were
square-ended
like
1582-3
of Period II in Area A.
(C) JARS (2243-2244)
The rim
2243
with a
pair
of vertical warts
appears
to come from a
cooking pot
of some kind.
2243. (plate 75)
Rim
(class
A
III) ,
with
pair
of vertical warts . Surface dark brown to
purple-brown;
coarse burnish.
2244.
Rim
(class
Billa:
variety 2)
Coarse
orange clay,
fired an even colour
throughout;
surface with abundant straw
impressions
and traces of red wash on outside.
(f)
lids
A
scrap
of a cover
resembling
1
297 (type 62)
of Period IV had the outside surface
light
brown to
red, burnished,
and an unburnished red wash on the inside.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(2245)
(1)
Bowls
Vertical handles were noted on a bowl of
type 9
and one of
type 13.
Side handles included one of
ogival shape
as fig.
107
no.
3
with a
light
brown burnished surface. One side handle had a neat
square
section. The two
trumpet lugs
from this
deposit evidently
came from
bowls;
one with a
medial rib like fig.
191
nos. 1
b,
2
b, may
be a Period IV
stray.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
The small handle
2245,
f
grey-black clay,
red-brown at the
edges,
with a red
wash,
is
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518 III. EMPORIO
surmounted
by
a
disc-shaped
wart. An
Early
Bronze
Age
handle from Vardaroftsa looks similar
(PMac i8ofig. 52 (ii)
e
(Argissaiiipl. 83: 18)).
A
perforated lug
of the horned class as fig. 106 no.
3
1 e
evidently belonged
to a small
pyxis-like jar.
A
large
solid horned
lug
akin to 1
664
from levels
of Period II in Area
A,
the surface
light
brown with traces of a
purple-brown
to red
wash, wiped
not
burnished, may
have come from a lid.
(k)
bases
Two
pedestal
feet
(class
2
A)
were noted.
DECORATION
Incision. Some
fragments
had
simple
incised decoration of a kind with
parallels
both in Period
IV and in II.
Stage 3
Levels 1
1-7
Amount c. 10 zembils
2246-2301 (figs. 228, 229)
Period II: classic
GENERAL
The
largest deposit
of
pottery assignable
to this horizon came from level 1 1 in NN. But a number
of
complete
or
nearly complete
vases were recovered from AA in a level which seemed to
correspond
to 8 in LL.
(a)
bowls
(2246-2269) (fig. 228)
Carinated bowls of
type 9
were much in evidence. Rims of these formed
nearly
one half
(23
out of
some
53)
of the bowl rims from level 1 1 in NN. The
type 9
rims of this horizon had
profiles
characteristic of Period II. Some came from
large bowls, notably
two from level 1 1 in NN
resembling 1482
of Period
II,
with
finely
burnished surfaces shades of
light
and dark brown to
red;
but most were from small bowls with diameters of c.
15
or less. Some
type 9
rims
(e.g. 2559)
had
characteristically large
warts on the carination. One
(2260)
was
unique
in
being
decorated
with
hatching
in matt red
paint.
Bowls of
type
1
3
were also much in
evidence, although
not as common as those of
type 9.
One
or two were
evidently
decorated with incision. Five or six rims
(e.g. 2261-2) appeared
to come
from
unusually steep-sided
bowls of
type
1
3
A. Four or five rims from bowls of
types
1
3
or
14
had
traces of
lug-handles
of the
type
formed
by projections
with
large
circular holes
through them,
as
fig. 106 nos. 8
a,
8 b.
2246. (NN 11)
Rim
(type 5),
with
stump
of side handle.
Light brown,
burnished. Another
similar;
the inside
light
brown, wiped;
outside
light
brown to
reddish, apparently
unburnished.
2247. (AA ?8)
Rim
(type 6). Grey-brown, shading
to
light
reddish brown round
top
of
rim;
fine burnish.
2248. (AA ?8)
Bowl
(type 9 A),
with
high ring
foot
(class 3 A)
and side handle of
pointed shape
as fig.
107
no. 2.
Large
parts, including
about two thirds of
rim, missing.
Ht. 1 1
.5.
Diam. c . 1
5.
Traces of
wart, perhaps
one of
three,
on
carination. Thin- walled. Fine
grey-brown clay;
surface
light
brown
mottling
to darker brown and
black,
with
smooth even burnish.
2250. (NN 11)
Rim
(type 9 A).
Shades of
light
and dark brown to
red;
fine burnish.
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fig. 228. Area C. i.
Stage 3 (Period
II:
classic).
Bowls. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA C. STAGE 3
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
519
I
f
2249 M J
2254
2255
2256 2260
^246
2247
'
S
*
/^V
^^ ^^^r
2248 M
M 2262 2264 2265
^W
2261
2263
^W
y? *
^^r
r~T7
'
2269 #
'-*r
~y
*
^^r
'
2269 #
2266

2267

38
^^
'^^
y do
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520 III. EMPORIO
2251. (AA ?8)
Rim
(type 9 A)
with side
handle,
which
sub-rectangular
in
section,
and
neatly
differentiated at base
where it
joins body
of vase.
Grey-brown
to
light brown,
burnished.
2252. (NN 11)
Rim
(type 9 D)
with
stump
of side handle.
Purple-brown;
fine burnish.
2253. (NN 11)
Rim
(type 9 D). Grey-brown,
burnished.
2254. (NN
1
1)
Rim
(type 9 D). Light brown,
burnished.
2255. (AA ?8)
Rim
(type 9 D). Grey-brown
with
purplish tinge,
well burnished.
2256. (AA ?8) (type 9 D). Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2257. (NN 11)
Rim
(type 9 D),
as
1494
of Period II.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
2258. (NN 11)
Rim
(type 9 D),
as
1495
of Period II.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
2259. (AA ?8)
Rim
(type 9 D)
with
large upturned
wart. Cf.
15 14
of Period II.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
2260.
(NN 11)
Rim
(type 9 A). Grey-brown;
fine burnish. Carination decorated with
hatching
in matt red
paint.
2261.
(NN 11) Rim,
cf.
type 13
A.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2262.
(NN 11) Rim,
cf.
type 13 A,
with incised line round outside.
Neatly made,
of fine fabric. Shades of
light
and
dark brown to
reddish,
burnished.
2263. (AA ?8)
Profile
(type 13). Only
about one third
preserved.
Ht.
19.
Diam. c.
38.
Hard
gritty grey clay,
red-brown at
edges;
surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
reddish,
well burnished outside and round inside
of
rim,
but not inside bowl.
Scrap
of similar wide rim from NN level 1 1
;
surface shades of
light
and dark
brown;
fine burnish.
2264. (NN
1
1)
Rim
(type 13).
Surface
light
brown to
reddish,
burnished but worn.
2265. (AA ?8)
Rim
(type 13)
with
stump
of side handle.
Light
to dark
brown,
burnished.
2266.
(NN
1
1)
Rim
(type 13)
Rather
irregular.
Shades of
light
and dark brown to dark
purple-brown
and
reddish,
burnished. Two other rims from the same or similar bowls.
2267. (NN 11)
Rim
(type 13 G). Orange clay, greyish
at
core, tempered
with straw rather than
grit;
surface
light
brown to dark
red,
once
presumably
with fine
burnish,
but worn.
2268.
(AA ?8) (plate 97)
Parts of
rim,
one with
large
vertical
handle, apparently
from
bowl,
cf.
type 14.
Diam. c.
39.
Surface
grey-brown
or black to
deep purplish
brown and
red,
well burnished.
2269. (AA ?8)
Rim
(type 14). Irregular.
Outside surface
grey-brown
with
purple tinge, burnished;
inside
greyish
with
very poor
burnish.
2270. (NN 11)
Rim
(type 14). Grey-brown
to
black,
burnished.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Characteristic features of Period II
jugs
found in levels of
stage 3
included
spouts
with a
ridge
or
carination down the front
(e.g. 1575)
and handles set below the
tops
of rims. Four
spouts
from
NN level 1 1 had warts on the
tip,
like
1575-6;
one of
these,
with an unburnished red
wash,
had a
ridge
down the front like
1575
and the rim
cutaway
at the sides like
1576.
2 1 .
Tripod cooking pots
Some
forty
or
fifty fragments
of feet from
tripod cooking pots
were noted. These were of all
sizes,
one or two
being very large;
at least one was
square-ended
like
1582-3
of Period II in Area A.
Cooking pot
feet tended to be oval in
section,
but some were
roughly lunate,
and one from AA
level ?8 had a neat
sharp-edged
lunate section. A
very large
foot from NN level 1 1 was
sharply
triangular
in
section;
it was coated with a red
wash,
and
may
have come from a
large cooking pot
of red burnished ware like those from the horizon of Period I in Area F.
Rims and
fragments
with a red
wash,
unburnished or with coarse
burnish, may
have
belonged
to
cooking pots,
whether
provided
with
tripod
feet or not. One or two of these rims rose
in a low
triangular projection,
while others had vertical
warts,
some
exaggeratedly long,
on the
outside.
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fig.
229.
Area C. i.
Stage 3 (Period
II:
classic)
.
Jars
etc. Scale
1/3, except 2278 (1/6).
3. AREA C. STAGE 3
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
521
(c) JARS (227I-2282) (FIG. 229)
Large jars
with burnished red washes were much in evidence. Smaller
jars
with fine burnish
tended to have darker surfaces.
2271. (CC ?8) (plate 97) Fragment
of
large jar
or
pithos.
Outside surface red with coarse
burnish;
inside
wiped
or
impressed
with
matting
in manner characteristic of Period II.
2272. (AA ?8)
Rim
(class
A
II).
Surface shades of
light
and dark brown to red with
very poor burnish,
but worn.
2273. (CC ?8)
Rim
(class
A
II). Irregular.
Red wash
shading
to
light
and dark
brown;
coarse burnish.
2274. (NN
1 1
) (plate 97)
Rim
(class
B
II), apparently
from the
large jar 2292
with elaborate incised decoration. Red
to shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
2275. (NN 11)
Rim
(class
B
II).
Shades of brown to
red;
fine burnish.
2276. (NN
1
1)
Rim
(class
B
II).
Inside surface dark
brown;
outside
light
brown to
red,
with fine burnish.
2277. (AA
?
12)
Rim
(class
B
II)
.
Grey-brown
to
reddish;
fine burnish. Groove round base of neck with
possible
traces
of white fill.
2278. (AA ?8) Jar (type 47 B). Large parts, including neck,
rim and both
handles, missing.
Ht.
preserved 23.
Max.
diam.
3
1 .
Sandy clay
with
grey
and white
grit;
surface reddish to
orange
and
light brown, mottling
to
black;
poor
burnish.
2279. (CC ?8)
Rim
(class
B III a:
variety 1).
Rather
irregular,
but thin-walled. Coarse
clay
with much
grit, grey
at
core
shading
to red-brown at
edges;
surface with a red
wash,
burnished.
C.20 cl* c30 30 25
cl5
c 26 ell ?

e*


228o
m
22-eT^
I
J
! M
-^r
2279
I
x /
00
' / 2289 1
' 2278
/ ) ^k r^SKS I i

L
^^
2285
2290
2284
^^F
^^
'^^1^ )
^^t

.o
^w^
-
^^^
T^hz
-
-
-
.o
1 ^^.
-^r
2287
..
2291
/ Y^m^y
-
>/
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522 III. EMPORIO
2280.
(NN 11) Rim,
cf. class B III a:
variety 2,
from
large jar. Very irregular
and uneven. Shades of
light
and dark
brown;
coarse burnish.
2281.
(NN 11) Rim,
cf. class B III a:
variety 3,
from
large jar,
or
perhaps
bowl of
type 13.
Shades of
light
and dark
brown to
red; very
fine burnish.
2282.
(CC ?8) Rim,
cf. class B III
c,
from small
jar.
Red wash
shading
to
light orange brown;
coarse burnish.
(d)
miscellaneous
51.
Double vase
(2283)
2283. (AA ?8) (fig. 229.
plate
97)
Part of small double vase with two short
legs
and incised decoration. Ht.
5.
Diam.
of rim
4.5. Grey clay;
surface shades of
brown; poor
burnish.
(e)
pithoi
(2284) (fig. 229)
Fragments
of
pithoi including
the rim
2284
were recovered from AA level ?8. One
fragment
of
a
pithos
or
large jar
from this
deposit
had a relief band with
diagonal
cuts on it.
2284. (AA ?8)
Rim. Coarse
sandy orange clay;
surface with a red
wash, slightly
burnished.
(f)
lids
(2285-2288) (fig. 229)
Fragments
of several lids were noted. These included
2285-7
of
type 60,
and the handle 2228
from a
flanged
cover of
type 64
A. A
fragment
from CC level ?8
apparently
came from a
large
cover
(diameter
c.
25 ?)
of
type 63:
the outside surface
finely burnished,
shades of
light
and dark
brown with a
slight purplish tinge,
both
shape
and fabric
being
characteristic of Period II.
Another
fragment
of a smaller
type 63
cover from AA level
?8,
with a
finely
burnished
grey-brown surface,
had a solid
triangular lug
like
1669
and was decorated with white-filled
incision.
2285. (NN
1 1
) (plate 97)
Lid
(type 60)
.
Irregular. Upper
side
grey-brown
with
poor
burnish and incised
decoration;
lower side smoothed but not burnished.
2286.
(NN 11) (plate 97)
Lid
(type 60).
Diam. c.
7. Grey-brown,
burnished. Incised decoration.
2287. (NN 11)
Lid
(type 60)
with wart on
edge.
Shades of
light
and dark brown to
red,
burnished.
2288.
(NN 11) (plate 98)
Handle from
flanged
cover
(type 64A).
Surface dark
purple-brown
to
red;
fine burnish.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(1)
Bowls
Side handles of bowls
might
be
ogival
in
shape
as fig.
107
no.
3.
One
scrap
from AA level ?8 with
light
brown burnished surface
appeared
to come from a handle of horned
shape
as fig.
107
no.
5.
The
only trumpet lug
noted
presumably
came from a bowl. Four or five bowl rims of
types
1
3
or
14
had remains of
projecting lug-handles
with
large
circular holes
through
them as fig. 106 nos.
8
a,
8 b.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
Vertical handles included some with thin lunate sections. One
very
wide
handle, measuring 4.6
across,
from NN level 1 1
,
with an
unusually
thin
oval, virtually
flat
strap-like
section,
was of hard
fabric,
the surface
grey-brown, finely
burnished. Two ribbed handles as fig. 108 no.
13
were
recovered;
one from CC level ?8 was of characteristic Period II
fabric,
with
purple-brown
burnished surface. A
large
handle
(AA
level
?8)
from
ajar
with
coarsely
burnished red wash had
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3. AREA C. STAGE 3
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
523
a hole made before
firing through
the
top
end like a number of handles of Periods IX-VI in Area
A
(see
fig.
104). Lugs
included some from small
pyxis-like jars
as fig. 106 no.
31
e. One from AA
level ?8
resembling
fig. 106 no.
31
c came from a bowl of
types 13
or
14.
(k)
bases
(2289-2291) (fig. 229)
These included four or five
pedestal
or
high ring
feet of classes 2 A and
3A (e.g. 2289, 2290),
and
some bases of class 8 characteristic of Period II
(e.g. 2291).
A base of class
5D
like
1747
of Period
II in Area A was recovered from NN level 1 1 .
2289. (NN
1
1)
Pedestal foot
(class 2A). Grey-brown
with a
strong purple tinge,
burnished.
2290. (GC
level
?8) High ring
foot
(class 3A). Grey-brown
with a reddish
shading
to
purple tinge,
burnished.
2291. (NN 11)
Flat differentiated base
(class 8A). Grey-brown,
burnished.
DECORATION
(2292-2298)
This was
mostly incised,
but some
examples
of decoration in matt red
paint
were noted.
Paint. The rim 2260 from a carinated bowl of
type 9
had vertical
hatching
in matt red. An
unburnished area coated with matt red
paint
contrasts with a zone of burnish
acting
as the field
for incised decoration on the shoulder of the small closed vase
2298
below.
Incision. This was
common,
and was often used for elaborate
designs
in the manner of Period
II. Dot-filled bands and
lozenges
were much in
evidence, together
with reed-made circles
(e.g.
2292)
which were
extremely
rare as a motif of decoration before Period II in Area A.
A number of
fragments, mostly
from NN level 1 1
, belonged
to
large jars
with
finely
burnished
surfaces and
very
rich incised decoration
(e.g. 2292-6)
as characteristic of Period II. Two
fragments
of smaller vases
displayed
the Period II
system
of decoration
by
means of burnished
areas
acting
as a field for incised decoration and
contrasting
with areas which were reserved
without burnish. One of these
(AA
level
?8),
a
scrap apparently
from the rim of a
large
bowl of
types 13
or
14,
had incised decoration
(double
chevrons or
zigzags)
on the inside
contrasting
with a reserved area there without burnish. In the case of the other more elaborate
example,
2298 below,
the unburnished area was coated with matt red
paint
as
already
mentioned.
2292. (NN
1 1
) (plate 97) Fragments
of
large jar,
to which the rim
2274 may
have
belonged.
Sides in
places
as much
as 1
.5
thick.
Fairly
hard fabric.
Gritty clay, greyish
to
orange
in break. Surface
apparently
with a
wash;
outside
black,
well
burnished;
inside dull
purplish.
2293. (NN
1 1
) (plate 97) Fragment
of
large jar, perhaps
the same vase as
2294.
Outside surface dark
red, burnished;
inside
pale reddish, rough
and unburnished.
2294. (NN 11) (plate 97)
Handle from
large jar, perhaps
the same as
2293.
Thick
triangular
section.
Gritty orange
clay;
outside with traces of a red
wash,
burnished but much worn.
2295. (NN 11) (plate 97,
where
upside down) Fragment
from carinated
belly
of
large jar.
Inside surface
light
mustard
brown, wiped
rather than
smoothed;
outside
dominantly red,
due to a
wash, shading
in
places
to
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
2296. (NN 11) (plate 97) Fragment, apparently
from
just
below carinated
belly
of
large jar,
which to
judge
from
curve
may
have been a metre or more in diameter. Inside surface
light
mustard
brown;
outside shades of dark
brown to black with a
purple tinge, shading
to
purplish red,
burnished.
2297. (NN 11) (plate 97)
Shoulder of
jug
or small
pyxis-like jar.
Inside
rough;
outside
grey-brown, burnished,
and
decorated with fine white-filled incision.
2298. (LL ?8) (plate 98)
Shoulder of
jug
or small
jar
cf.
2297.
Inside surface
greyish, rough; upper part
of outside
grey-brown, finely
burnished and decorated with
incision;
lower
part plain,
without
burnish,
but
thickly
coated with matt red
paint.
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524 III. EMPORIO
IMPORTS
(2299-2301)
Three
fragments appeared
to come from
imported
vases.
2299. (NN
1 1
) (plate 98)
Rim
(class
B
II),
with
ridge
for lid on
outside,
and
long horizontally perforated lug
below
it.
Apparently
handmade.
Sandy, pale orange clay, slightly dusky
at
core;
abundant fine
grit including silvery
mica
showing
in
surface,
which seems to have a
slip
of same colour as the
body clay;
smoothed but not
burnished.
Probably Gycladic.
A
complete jar
from
Antiparos
with rim and
lugs exactly
like this is illustrated
by
Renfrew, Emergence pl. 9: 5.
Cf. AE
1898,
1
75 pl.
ix:
38,
from
Paros, Pyrgos. Phylakopi 155 fig. 140. Tigani 185 fig.
1
pl.
66: 1.
Comparable ledged
rims occur at Hacilar as
early
as Level VI
(Hacilar
ii 260 f.
fig. 55: 16, 17).
2300. (NN
1 1
) Scrap, apparently
from side of
large,
thin-walled vase of uncertain
shape.
Handmade
(?)
. Fine
orange
clay;
outside surface with an
orange slip,
smoothed but not
burnished;
inside with traces of matt red
paint.
2301. (AA ?8) (plate 88) Fragment
of
jar.
Hard
fabric; sandy light grey-brown clay
with abundant mica. Inside
surface
light purplish brown, wiped;
outside
wiped,
and afterwards coated with a rather
thin, slightly
lustrous
wash,
red
mottling
to shades of brown.
Stage 4
Surface levels in
AA, CC,
DD
Amount c.
3
zembils
2302-231
1
(fig. 230)
Period II and later
GENERAL
The Bronze
Age pottery
from the
upper
surface levels at the south-western end of Area C. 1 was
still
dominantly
of Period
II;
but it was mixed with some
later, Greco-Roman,
material. A
number of
complete
or
nearly complete
vases from AA
(e.g.
the
jugs 2304-5) probably belong
to
AA level ?8 of
stage 3.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(2302-2303)
One or two rims like
2302-3 assignable
to
type 4
resemble those of shallow bowls of the horizon of
Period
I,
but
appear
to be handmade and not wheelmade.
2302. (AA 1)
Hard
fabric;
surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
purple-brown
and
red,
burnished.
2303. (AA
1
)
Hard
fabric;
surface
light
brown to
red,
burnished.
(b) jugs (2304-2305)
2304. (AA ?8) (plate 97) Juglet, apparently
cf.
type
2 1
,
with three small feet. One
foot,
handle and
rim, missing.
Ht.
as
preserved 5.
Diam. of
body 5.5. Clay grey
at
core,
red-brown near
edges;
surface dark
grey,
without burnish.
Elaborate incised
decoration;
traces of white fill.
2305. (AA ?8) (plate 97) Jug (type 24 A)
.
Broken,
but
virtually complete.
Ht.
14. Roughly
made and
irregular. Grey
grit,
some
large, showing
in
surface,
which
orange
to
light
brown
mottling
to black in
places;
coarse burnish.
(f)
lids
(2306-231
i
)
A number of
fragments belonged
to covers of
type 63,
some of them
very large
with elaborate
incised decoration.
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fig.
230.
Area C. i.
Stage 4;
and Area C.
3. Stages 5
and 6. Scale
1/2.
3. AREA C. STAGE 4
(PER.
II &
LATER)
525

20 30?
r
=Ji
20
^~2 ~~^p r-^ rp-i
2302
^^^ VyVA^y ^vA^v^y
C^/'-> 2304
L/'./'J
/
VJ
2307
Ce
2306
/
/
/
C-|S?
_
C25? C.2O? C2O?
C2O?
/
/
/
M
2
_
-
~M
-
%, "^ "^^
C2O?
/ / 2312 M
2313^^^
2314 A 2315 2316 1
' /^' 'C
2305
VP.
^
1
_^
2318 2319
2320
2317
2306. (DD ?io)
Cover
(type 63). Sandy orange clay
fired an even colour
throughout;
outside surface
light brown,
burnished;
inside
orange
without burnish.
2307. (AA ?8) (plate 95)
Small cover
(type 63).
Well made. Hard
fabric;
surface
grey-brown, rough inside;
outside
with
possible
traces of a red
wash,
which
may
have been smoothed but was not it seems burnished.
2308. (DD ?i2/io) (plate 95)
Small cover
(type 63).
Surface
grey-brown, rough inside;
outside burnished. Bold
incised
decoration;
white fill well
preserved.
2309. (BB ?u) (plate 98) Large
cover of
type 63
with
elegant
solid horned
lug.
Surface
light brown,
smoothed
inside;
outside with fine burnish.
2310. (AA ?8) (plate 83) Large
horned
lug, perhaps
from lid.
Light brown;
coarse burnish.
231
1.
(AA 1) (plate 83)
Horned
lug, perhaps
from lid.
Light brown,
burnished but worn.
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526 III. EMPORIO
(b)
AREA C.
3
Stage 5
JJ
level
3
Amount c.
1.5
zembils
23
1
2-23
1
7 (fig. 230)
Period I
(?)
GENERAL
Material
assignable
to Period I was
only
recovered in Area C in the most
westerly
trench
JJ,
where a
deposit
of it
(level 3) overlay
a horizon of Period II. There were some earlier
strays
in this
material,
but on the whole the
deposit appeared
to
belong
to the horizon of Period I as identified
in Area F on the
Acropolis
hill. One or two
fragments
seemed to come from wheelmade vases.
Burnishing
was
usual,
but was not
very
fine. The burnished surfaces were
dominantly
shades
of brown to
orange
and
red;
black surfaces with fine burnish
hardly
occurred.
Many fragments
of
rather
large
vases of coarse fabric were noted
together
with a
good
deal of
pithos.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(2312-2316)
Two rims
belonged
to
baking pans
of
type 3,
and were of the coarse fabric
peculiar
to such vases.
The
larger
of
these,
which was
very thick-walled,
had the inside surface
light brown,
burnished.
These
may
be earlier
strays,
but one or two other bowl rims were
closely paralleled by
ones from
the horizon of Period I in Area
F;
one from an
open
bowl of
type 4
C
appeared
to be wheelmade.
2312.
Rim
(type 4). Light grey clay,
brown at
edges;
surface
light brown,
burnished.
2313.
Rim
(type 4 C). Light brown;
fine burnish.
2314. Rim,
cf.
type 7. Irregular.
Reddish brown
clay
fired an even colour
throughout;
surface
light
brown to red with
poor
burnish.
2315.
Rim
(type 7). Light brown;
fine burnish. Cf.
2479
of Period I in Area F.
2316.
Rim
(type 7). Light
brown to reddish and
dusky brown;
fine burnish.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Two
handles, evidently
from
jugs,
were set below the rim as became usual in Period
II;
one of
these was of neat
semi-circular,
the other of lunate section.
Over a dozen
fragments
of feet from
tripod cooking pots (type 27)
were
counted;
one had a
neat semi-circular section.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(23
I
7)
(1)
Bowls
There were two or three
fragments
of horizontal side handles from
bowls,
one
being
of the nicked
class as fig.
107
no.
4.
A rim from a
large type 4
bowl with a
vertically perforated lug
below it
appeared
to be an earlier
stray.
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3. AREA D. STAGE 1
(PER. IV)
527
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
Some
twenty fragments
of vertical handles were recovered. One surmounted
by
a wart
may
be
an earlier
stray.
Two with neat semi-circular and lunate sections were set below rims of
jugs
as
noted above.
Another,
with the burnished surface shades of brown to
red,
was
very wide,
flat and
strap-like
in section. The curious
lug 2317 may
be a
stray
of Periods V-IV.
2317. (plate 83) Lug
with traces of
perforation. Upper
surface shades of
light
brown to
red,
well burnished but worn.
Bold incised decoration.
DECORATION
Three small
fragments
besides
2317
were decorated with incision. One of
these,
from a bowl of
types 13
or
14, may
be a
stray
of Periods V-IV like
2317;
the other two were from the bodies of
jugs
or
jars.
The wart noted came from the
body
of a
jug
or
jar
with a red wash on the outside.
Stage
6
HH level 2
Amount c.
1.5
zembils
2318-2320 (fig. 230)
Middle Bronze
Age (?),
mixed with Late Bronze
Age including Mycenaean
This
deposit
was
virtually unstratified,
but a
good
deal of Middle or Late Bronze
Age
material
was recovered from
it, including
a
fragment
of a strainer base with
matt-painted
decoration in
black. The
plate 2318
and the bowl rim
2319 may belong
to the Middle Bronze
Age.
2318.
Plate
(type 1).
Handmade
(?).
Underneath
rough
and
irregular;
inside shades of
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
Shape
and
profile
are reminiscent of
plates
common at Knossos in Crete from Middle Minoan times into
Late Minoan I.
2319.
Rim of bowl cf.
type
8.
Probably
wheelmade.
Light brown; very
fine burnish.
2320. (plate 98)
Lid
(type 60).
Diam.
5.8.
One side bent
upwards
and
pierced
with a hole.
Light
brown to
dusky,
burnished.
iii Area D
The stratified
deposits
in trench
Q,(L)
were of later Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean date,
and the
pottery
from them is considered under
Mycenaean.
But in the small trench M on the terrace
above trench
Q (L)
a
deposit
of burnt destruction
(stage 1) assignable
to Period IV was
preserved
on the
sloping
rock. Sherds from the levels
(stage 2) immediately overlying
this Period
IV
deposit
were datable to Period II.
Stage
1
Burnt
deposit
above rock in trench M
Amount c.
3
zembils
2321-2336 (fig. 231)
Period IV
GENERAL
From the burnt
deposit
above the rock two
large pithoi (2332-3)
and a number of other
complete
or
nearly complete
vases were recovered. Several of the vases had been discoloured
by
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fig.
231.
Area D.
Stage
i
(Period IV).
Scale
1/3.
528 III. EMPORIO
X-~- -^
2322 #
^
/_
f
^^
2^
_f
'
/ I
2324 2334
'^
y 2323 I
^X

2327
/f~''
(f y
(/
OA
V
^
^
' / '
TT/7////S>77
' I '
A
hole: / V.
'
/ /
2331 '
2332
X
/
L '.
X JU
I
V^>._.- 15
2333
^t^X 15
2330 I
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3. AREA D. STAGE 1
(PER. IV)
529
the fire in which
they
had been involved. All of them
corresponded
to
types
current in Period
IV,
and the burnt destruction here
appeared
to be the same as that of Period IV in Area A. As the
deposit
was close below the surface a number of later sherds had become
incorporated
in it. Some
of these were
assignable
to Period
II;
a few were
Mycenaean.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(2321-2328)
Bowls of the carinated
type 9 predominated, accounting
for
nearly
two thirds
(28
out of some
50)
of the
profiles
and rims. Most of these carinated bowls were
evidently
of medium size with
diameters of c.
20-25
as found in Period
IV;
the small bowls with diameters of
15
or less
characteristic of Period II were not in evidence. Surfaces were shades of
grey-brown, light
brown
or
red,
and
invariably
burnished. Remains of side handles were
preserved
on three or four
type 9
rims,
while others had warts on their carinations.
The
complete
bowl
2325
of
type 13
had four double
projections rising
from the rim. There
were three
lug-handles
as fig. 106 nos. 8
a,
8
b,
on rims of
types 13
or
14;
one of the
projections
was horned as fig. i 06 no. 8
b,
the other two
being
of
simple
rounded
shape (fig.
i 06 no. 8
a) ;
one
of the latter
(2326)
had a
long
horizontal
lug
set below it. A
simple zigzag
was incised on the
inside of a
scrap
of rim from a
type 13
bowl.
Dipper cups
of
type 16,
characteristic of Period
IV,
were
represented by
two
complete examples (2327-8)
and
fragments
of others.
A thickened rim of
type 7 resembling 958
from a level of Period V in Area A
may
have been a
stray
of Periods
VII-VI;
the surface was
light
brown with a reddish
tinge, finely
burnished.
2321.
Profile
(type 5), possibly
from
dipper cup (type 16). Grey-brown
to
black;
fine burnish.
2322.
Profile
(type 5), possibly
from
dipper cup (type 16). Grey-brown
to
deep purplish red,
burnished.
2323. Rim,
cf.
type 6; stump
of
possible
side
handle,
and two
irregular
channels below rim. Inside
light brown,
outside
grey-brown,
burnished.
2324. Rim,
cf.
type 8,
with
sharp
carination.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
2325. (plate 99)
Bowl
(type 14). Broken, parts missing.
Ht. c. 1
1.5.
Diam. c.
25.
Four double
projections rising
from
rim;
horned
lug
with double vertical
perforations
below one of them.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
2326. (plate 99)
Rim
(type 14),
with
lug-handle
formed
by projection
with
large
circular hole
through it,
and
horizontal tubular
lug
below.
Grey-brown,
burnished. One
joining fragment
discoloured
light
red-brown
by
fire of burnt destruction.
2327. (plate 99) Dipper cup (type 16). Broken,
but
nearly complete.
Ht. to
top
of handle 1 1. Max. width of rim
13.5.
Elegant
handle surmounted
by large
wart.
Very
well
made;
shades of
light
and dark brown to black with a
reddish
patch;
fine burnish.
2328. (plate 99) Dipper cup (type 16). Broken, parts missing.
Ht. to
top
of handle
9.5.
Max. width of rim 12.6.
Soft
fabric;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Jugs
These were
only represented by fragments.
No
jug
handles were noted with
tops
set below the
rim as was characteristic in Period II.
2
7
.
Tripod cooking pots (2329)
One
complete
vase
(2329)
and some
twenty
feet from others were recovered.
2329. (plate 99) Parts, including
one
leg, missing.
Ht. c. 21. Width across rim c.
15. Cooking pot
fabric as
characteristic of Periods V-IV in Area
A;
surface shades of
light
and dark brown to reddish and
dusky;
no trace
of burnish.
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530 III. EMPORIO
(C) JARS (233O-2331)
Rims were of
types assignable
to Period IV.
2330.
Rim
(class
B III a:
variety 3).
Coarse
grey clay;
surface
light
brown with a reddish
tinge,
unburnished.
2331.
Rim
(class
B III
c).
Coarse
gritty clay,
red-brown at
core;
surface
light brown,
burnished.
(e)
pithoi
(2332-2333)
Two
large pithoi
were restorable.
2332. (plate 100)
Most of one side
missing.
Ht. c.
140.
Max. width c.
96.
Diam. of rim
40.
Like a
huge egg
in
shape,
but
very irregular.
Rim
everted,
but
edge
worn
away
all
round, apparently
while
pithos
in use. Relief band
with
boldly
incised chevrons round neck. Six massive vertical handles of
kidney-shaped
section
arranged
in two
opposed
series of three
each;
between
them,
low down on one side and
just
above the
base,
a
large
oval hole
(7
x
5-5) evidently
made after
firing, presumably
for a wooden
bung,
cf.
1283, 1287.
Rounded base. Fabric as
pithoi
of Periods V-IV in Area
A;
soft
grey-brown clay
with abundant
straw;
surface full of straw
impressions,
smoothed but not
burnished;
outside with a
wash,
red
shading
to dark and
light brown;
inside a dull
lightish
brown. Inside of base black as if a fire had been lit in it.
2333. (plate 100) Virtually complete.
Ht. 102. Max. width c. 60. Diam. of rim c.
40,
of base c. 10. Rim everted and
fairly
well differentiated on inside
(cf.
rims of
jars
of class B III a:
variety 3).
Six vertical handles of flat oval
section
arranged
in two
opposed
series of three each as on
2332;
between
them,
on the shoulder each
side, large
circular
flat-topped
warts or discs. Small flat base. Fabric cf.
pithoi
of Periods V-IV in Area
A;
coarse
grey-brown clay
with
large grit, showing together
with straw
impressions
in
surface,
which has a
wash,
red
shading
to
brown,
discoloured in
places by
fire of burnt destruction.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(2334-2336)
(1)
Bowls
Dipper cups
of
type
1 6 had
large
vertical
handles,
that of
2327 being
surmounted
by
a wart. One
side handle from a bowl was of
pointed shape
as fig.
107
no.
2,
while two others were horned
(no.
5)
or nicked
(no. 4)
. One side handle was
sub-rectangular
in section. The horned
fragment 2334,
with incised
decoration, may
come from a
projecting lug-handle,
cf. fig. 106 no. 8
b,
on a bowl of
types 13
or
14.
A
large
bowl rim of
types 5/6
or
9
had a solid horned
lug resembling
that on
15
16
of Period II. The curious serrated
lug 2335 may
come from a bowl.
2334. (plate 92)
Horned handle or
lug-handle. Grey-brown,
burnished. The
upper
side decorated with
very fine,
rather
irregular
incision.
2335. (plate 92)
Serrated
lug. Grey-brown,
burnished.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
The
fragment 2336
which
may
come from
ajar
has incised
cross-hatching
on the
upper
side.
2336. Large
side handle.
Sandy grey-brown clay;
surface with a red
wash, apparently
unburnished. Incised
decoration.
DECORATION
This was
mostly incised,
and
appropriate
to Period IV. One
fragment
of a
large jar, however,
the
outside surface dark brown with fine
burnish,
had
boldly
incised lattice with reed-made circles in
the diamonds as on
1787
of Period II in Area A
(plate 89 (e)).
Warts were in evidence on bowls of
type 9
and on
jugs
or other closed vases. One
fragment
from the
body
of a
jug
or
jar,
the outside surface
light
brownish
grey, burnished, may preserve
part
of a circle in relief with a wart at the centre like
1802-3
from levels of Period II in Area A.
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fig.
232.
Area D.
Stage
2
(Period
II and
later).
Scale
1/2.
3. AREA E. TOMB 1 531
Stage
2
Surface levels in trench M
Amount c. 2 zembils
2337-2339 (FIG- 232)
Period II with later intrusions
The material from the surface levels above the Period IV burnt destruction
deposit
in trench M
was
dominantly
of Period
II, although
mixed with earlier and later elements. Thus the
elegant
jug
mouth
2338
seems to be of Period
II,
while the
type 9
rim
2337
with elaborate incised
decoration
may
be of Period IV. A
jug
rim with
vertically perforated lug (2339)
is
probably
of
Period IV or of II at
latest,
and is therefore
grouped here, although
it came from a
Mycenaean
level in trench
Q,(L).
2337. (plate 99)
Rim of small bowl
(type 9)
with
upturned
wart on carination and elaborate incised decoration.
Soft
grey-black clay;
surface
black,
burnished.
Cf. 1
5
18 of Period II from Area A.
2338. Jug
mouth. Surface
grey-brown
with
purple tinge; very
fine burnish.
2339. (Q,(L) ?5) (plate 99) Jug
rim with
vertically perforated lug.
Surface red to
light brown,
burnished.
Cf.
1577
of Period II.
2337 I 2338
iv. Area E
TOMB I
(234O-2346) (FIG. 233)
(1)
A
good many
sherds were recovered from the disturbed surface soil above the
Early
Bronze
Age
tomb 1 . Most of these were of
Early
Bronze
Age type
and
assignable
to Period
II;
but
they
included one or two
scraps
of
Mycenaean.
(2)
A
complete jug (2343)
and
large fragments
of two other vases
-
a carina ted bowl of
type
9 (2342)
and
ajar (2344)
-
were recovered from the fill of the tomb chamber. These did not
belong
with the burial
there,
and
appear
to have washed down into the hollow left
by
the
collapse
of the tomb chamber from another tomb
higher
on the
slope.
This
may
have been a
pithos
burial,
since
fragments
of a
pithos including part
of its rim
(2345)
were also recovered
from the fill. The bowl
2342
is
assignable
to Periods
V-IV,
and the other vases are consistent
with such a date.
(3)
On the floor of the
tomb,
and
clearly
associated with the burial in
it,
stood a
couple
of
small
pyxis jars;
one of them is
2346, assignable
to Period
II;
the other was stolen from the
tomb,
apart
from a small foot left behind in the earth.
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fig.
233.
Area E. Tomb i. Scale
1/3, except 2345 (1/6).
532 IH. EMPORIO
/~>'y~
V/
!
f
Kj
^ V/ f ^
1
2341
' #
^
1
'
;
/
a
x
2341
^A
'
'
'y
#
#
'
;
/ x ^A
'
#
2344

44
v"

r

7 pi-i
I % 2346
/
2345
^
t
(
1
)
From disturbed surface soil
2340. (plate
101
) Fragment
of
large
bowl of
type 9
with a wide
trough spout. Possibly
from
2342
below. Red to
light
brown and
dusky;
fine burnish.
2341.
Base
(class 2A), apparently
from a bowl.
Light brown,
burnished.
(2)
From
collapsed
fill of tomb
i, apparently
from
destroyed
tomb on
slope
above
2342. Large
bowl
(type 9). Profile,
with side handle on carination. Ht.
22.5.
Diam. c.
37. Grey-black clay;
surface red
and
light brown, shading
to darker brown and
dusky,
well burnished. The
spout 2340 may belong
with this.
2343. (plate 101) Jug,
cf.
type 23 A,
with six warts.
Complete except
for small hole in side and one wart
missing.
Ht.
13. Roughly
made and
irregular.
Coarse
clay
with
large grey
and white
grit;
surface
orange
to reddish with
poor
burnish.
2344. (plate 101) Jar (type 34). Only
half
preserved
with one vertical handle. Ht. c. 16. Diam.
19.5.
Coarse
gritty
clay;
surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
dusky
and
purplish; rough
burnish.
2345.
Pithos rim. Several
fragments
of
body
also recovered. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
outside surface with a
bright
red
wash, continuing
round inside of
rim;
no burnish.
(3)
From floor of
tomb,
and
clearly
associated with burial in it
2346. (plate ioi) Pyxis jar (type 44);
carinated
body;
four
vertically perforated lugs. Complete.
Ht. 8. Outside
surface shades of dark brown to
red,
well burnished but worn. Fine careful incised decoration.
Probably
of
Period II rather than earlier.
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fig.
234.
Area F.
Stage
i
(Period IV?).
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA F. STAGE 1
(PER. IV?)
533
v. Area F
(including
Period
I)
Stage
1
Trench S level
13
Amount c. 1 zembil
2347-2360 (fig. 234)
Period IV
(?)
This small
group
of material from level 1
3 immediately
above the rock in trench S
appears
to
belong
to Period
IV, apart
from some
possible strays
of Period II.
Among
bowls those of the carinated
type 9
were
predominant,
and remains of them included
one
complete profile 2348.
The little rim
2353
of
type
1 o is unusual. Rims of
type
1 2 included one
(2354)
which had incised decoration on the
inside,
like
2356
of
type 13.
The ribbed
trumpet lug
2360 evidently
comes from a bowl. The
type 9
rim
2351
with a double
vertically perforated lug
below the carination
may
be of Period II date.
The
fragment 2359
from a
jug
or
jar
has a horseshoe in relief and traces of incised decoration.
2347.
Rim cf.
type
6. Surface shades of dark brown to
black, soapy
to
feel,
well burnished but worn.
2348.
Profile
(type 9 A).
Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface
light
brown to
red,
burnished.
2349.
Rim
(type 9 C). Irregular.
Shades of
light
and dark
brown;
coarse burnish.
2350.
Rim
(type 9 A),
with side handle.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2351. (plate ioi)
Rim
(type 9 C),
with double
vertically perforated lug.
Surface
light shading
to dark
brown,
burnished.
2352.
Rim
(type 9 A)
with wart.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2353.
Rim cf.
type
10.
Grey brown;
fine burnish.
2354.
Rim
(type 12)
with incised decoration.
Grey-brown;
outside with fine
burnish,
inside less well burnished.
2355.
Rim
(type 12). Irregular. Lightish grey-brown;
coarse burnish.
2356.
Rim
(type 13),
with
horizontally perforated
horned
lug;
white-filled incised decoration on inside.
Lightish
grey-brown;
coarse burnish.
2357.
Rim cf.
type 14,
with
vertically perforated lug. Grey-brown;
coarse burnish.
2358.
Cover
(type 63). Grey-brown,
burnished.
2359.' (plate ioi) Fragment
of
jug
or
jar
with horseshoe in relief cf. fig.
194
no. 1 . Outside surface
light
brown with
fine
burnish;
inside smoothed. Traces of incised decoration: vertical line on
right
of horseshoe.
2360. (plate 102) Trumpet lug
with
rib, evidently
from rim of
bowl,
cf. fig.
191
no.
3.

13

17
cz
-
:
-
-
-~1


I
^
22
20
^^^
/
'
I 2349 1 2350
"""^^P '
) I
I 2349
'
1
'
2350
rZ
"""^^P
'
2347
#
2wY
Wb~P
'
""S
^
W
^
M2-J
{^m^
W^ 2358 %
2354
^
2355 W 2356 W
2357 I . 3
- IB
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fig.
235.
Area F.
Stage
2
(Period
II:
early?).
Scale
1/3.
534 III. EMPORIO
Stage
1 A
Trench B levels
14
and
13
Amount less than half a zembil
Period IV
(?)
This
deposit
above the rock in trench B
may
have
belonged
to Period IV like the
corresponding
one in trench S to the
west,
but little
diagnostic pottery
was recorded from it. A
good deal,
however,
of what was
dug
as B level 12
(stage 2) really
came from level
13
below
it,
and some of
this
stage
2 material is more
comparable
with that of Period IV than with that of II.
Stage
2
Trench B level 1 2
Amount c. 2 zembils
2361-2375 (fig. 235)
Period II:
early phase (?)
GENERAL
This horizon seems to be
assignable
to an
early phase
of Period II like
stage 7
in Area
B;
but some
of the material
allegedly
from B level 1 2 is of Period IV character and
may
in fact come from level
13
of
stage
1 A.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(2361-2369)
A few rims were inward
leaning,
cf.
types 6-7 (e.g. 2361-2);
and
2363
was of the
early type
8. But
rims of the carinated
type 9
were
by
far the most
common,
and about two thirds
(2
1 out of
30)
of
these came from small bowls with a diameter of
15
or less
(e.g. 2366-7). Large type 9
rims
included one like
1460
of Period
II,
and one each like
985
and
996
of Periods IV and V. One rim
of a
large type 9
bowl
(2364)
had a solid horned
lug
on the carination.
m . j r
/
236T>
^r 1
-
m f v
*
-^=- I
^
Fi I I -^=-
a? 1
2376
' ty I
m )
c
'^^L
^^
'
A2368
2373
1
2372 2371
m
%
c ^^
l^r^
2373
*
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3. AREA F. STAGE 2
(PER.
II:
EARLY?)
535
Bowls of
types
1
3
and 1
4
were
represented by
the
complete cup 2368 together
with some
eight
other rims. The small rim
2369
of
type 13, resembling 1545
of Period
II,
had elaborate
white-filled incised decoration combined with an area reserved from burnish.
2361, 2362.
Rims
(type 7). Grey brown;
coarse burnish.
2363.
Rim
(type 8).
Coarse
grey-brown clay
with abundant
grit;
outside surface much flaked
away,
shades of dark
and
light brown, burnished;
inside
rough, wiped.
2364.
Rim
(type 9)
with horned
lug. Light
brown to
red;
fine burnish.
2365.
Rim
(type 9),
cf.
1464
of Period II.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
2366.
Rim
(type 9),
cf.
975
of Period V.
Grey-brown shading
to
light
brown and
reddish;
fine burnish.
2367.
Rim
(type 9),
cf.
1488
of Period II. Brown
shading
to black with reddish
tinge
round the
rim; very
fine burnish.
2368. (plate ioi)
Tall
cup
with everted
rim,
cf.
type 13;
vertical handle.
Broken,
but
virtually complete.
Ht.
7.4.
Diam.
7.7. Grey-brown clay;
surface
light
brown
mottling
to
dusky
black in
places,
burnished.
Cf.
Troy
i
63 fig. 377: 37.1 182,
of
shape
A
24, represented
in
Troy
II but not
certainly
identified in
Troy I,
although
it
may
occur at the end of the Late
Sub-period. Compare dXsoAJA
lxxv
( 1971 ) 138 pl. 30 fig. 37
from
Aphrodisias, Complex II,
which
appears
to
overlap
with
Troy
II. lasos ii
538 fig. 169: 1, 4 (Tomb 21)
are
somewhat
comparable
for
shape,
but have vertical handles set to the rim: the latest elements in the
cemetery
are
probably assignable
to late
Troy
I or
early Troy
II
according
to
Coleman, AJA
lxxviii
(1974) 342.
2369.
Rim
(type 13),
cf.
1545
of Period II.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish. Elaborate incised decoration: outside with wide
zone of
cross-hatching;
round inside of rim
quadruple
chevrons
contrasting
with
plain
areas reserved from
burnish.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
Jugs (2370)
The handle of
2370
is set below the rim in the manner characteristic of Period II. But some ten
other
fragments
of
jug
necks were
indistinguishable
from ones from levels of V-IV in Area A.
2370. (plate 102) Jug,
cf.
type 24
A
(?).
About half
missing, including spout.
Ht. as
preserved
22. Coarse
grey-brown
clay;
inside
roughly smoothed;
outside red to
light brown,
burnished.
2 1 .
Tripod cooking pots
Some thirteen
tripod
feet were noted. One of these of thin oval section had a wide
splayed
end
like
1583
of Period II in Area A. The others were
mostly
oval in
section;
but one
large
foot had a
sharp triangular
section and seemed
distinctly
Period II in character.
(C) JARS (2371-2374)
Many jar
rims
(e.g. 2372)
looked more akin to those of Period IV than to those of II.
2371. Rim,
cf. class A II. Surface
irregular, grey-brown,
burnished.
2372.
Rim
(class
B III a:
variety
1
). Fabric,
cf. Period IV. Coarse
gritty grey clay, light
brown at
edges;
surface full of
straw
impressions,
red to
light brown,
with
poor
burnish.
2373. Rim,
cf. class B III c.
Red;
fine burnish.
2374. (plate 102)
Two
fragments
of
large pyxis-like jar:
one with
vertically perforated
horned
lug,
the other with
small
peg foot,
cf. fig.
109
no. 1 1 .
Grey clay;
inside surface
rough
and
irregular;
outside
grey-brown,
burnished.
Incised
decoration, including
rows of dot-filled
lozenges.
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
(1)
Bowls
One small bowl handle with
grey-brown
burnished surface was
pointed
in
shape
as fig.
107
no.
2. The rim
2364
from a
large
bowl of
type 9
had a horned
lug
on the carination.
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536 III. EMPORIO
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
Several vertical handles were of thin oval
section, virtually
flat and
strap-like.
(k)
bases
(2375)
The
ring
foot
2375 may
be of Period IV rather than II. Flat bases came from both
jars
and bowls.
2375.
Low
ring
foot
(class 4A),
from bowl.
Fabric,
cf. Period IV. Soft
gritty grey-brown clay;
inside surface
red,
outside red to
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
DECORATION
Incision. This was the normal method of
decoration,
with motifs of the kind found in Periods
V-IV and II
(e.g. 2374).
One
fragment
of a
large jar
had a lattice
design
with
reed-impressed
circles in the
spaces,
like
1787
of Period II in Area A
(plate 89 (e)). Reed-impressed
circles
appear
to have been rare in Period
IV,
but were
commonly
used to decorate the
large jars
with
finely
burnished surfaces characteristic of II.
Relief.
Warts occurred on some bowls of
type 9
and on two or three
fragments
from the bellies
of
jugs. Ajar fragment
of coarse brown
clay
had a horseshoe in relief like fig.
194
no. 1.
Stage 3
Trench B levels 10 and 10A
Amount
5.5
zembils
2376-2402 (figs. 236, 237)
Period II: classic
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
(2376-2391) (fig. 236)
Total number of rims:
87
Type 4
2 rims
Type 9 large
6 rims
Type
1
3 9
rims
5 9
rims medium 20 rims
14 9
rims
6/7
16 rims small 16 rims
total
42
rims
Nearly
half the rims came from the carinated
type 9,
and some of the sixteen rims
assigned
to
types
6 and
7 may
have
belonged
to carinated bowls which
merge
into them. Several
type 9
rims
had
stumps
of side handles or warts on their
carinations;
the neat
elongated
wart or
ledge-lug
on
the small rim
2387,
unusual at
Emporio,
is
interesting
for
comparisons
in northern Greece and
elsewhere. Two
fragments
of
type 9
rims
evidently
came from bowls with wide
open spouts
(2388).
Two small bowls of
type 13 (2389, 2389A)
had
stumps
of vertical handles
clasping
the rim
from inside and
out;
the handle of
2389A (plate 95)
was decorated with white-filled incisions.
Other
type 13
rims had incised
zigzags
on the inside like
1546
of Period
II,
or an incised line
round the outside like
1526 (e.g. 2389B
on plate
102).
The rim of a small bowl of
type 14
had the
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fig.
236.
Area F.
Stage 3 (Period
II:
classic).
Bowls. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA F. STAGE 3
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
537
26 12 45? 31

^^>^/ If
'
2378 I 2379 Ml 2382 M 2383
^_
20 16
13
J4
^W

M 2381
'
2384 1 2385 M 2386

,5
y
M 2381
0
1
'
2384
1
2385
/
M 2386
f
)

^?
2387
,5
^f
0
f 2387
2380
^^^^
^
^_
^-, W
/^V
' /
(H)
'&
2390 ^^fcML^_x/
2401 V-.^_EI^^
2389 ^K
2388
stump
of a side handle set below it on the
outside,
another
(2390)
a
lug-handle
in the form of a
horned
projection
with a
large
circular hole
through
it as fig. 106 no. 8 b. The
profile
of another
small bowl
(2377 assigned
to
type 4)
had a similar
lug-handle,
and four other
fragments
of such
lug-handles
were recovered
(e.g. 2390A
on plate
102).
2376. (plate 103)
Rim of
large
bowl of
type 4
or of
jar.
Reddish
clay;
inside surface
smoothed;
outside
wiped,
and
scored with
deep
channels.
Possibly part
of
clay lining
for vessel of some
perishable
material.
2377. (plate 102)
Profile of bowl as
type 4,
but cf.
2390
of
type 14,
with horned
lug-handle
with circular hole
through
it
(fig.
106 no. 8
b).
Diam. estimated c. 12. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface red to
light brown; very poor
superficial
burnish.
2378.
Rim
(type 5). Grey-brown,
burnished.
2379.
Rim
(type 5),
with
stump
of side handle.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
2380.
Profile
(type 7).
Ht. c.
7.5.
Diam. c. 18.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2381.
Rim
(type 7). Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2382.
Rim
(type 9 A). Irregular.
Red
mottling
to
light
brown and
dusky; very
fine burnish.
2383. Rim,
cf.
type 9 D,
with
large
low wart on carination. Surface
irregular,
shades of dark and
light
reddish
brown,
burnished.
2384.
Rim
(type 9). Irregular.
Outside surface
grey-brown, burnished;
inside
wiped.
2385.
Rim
(type 9). Grey-brown
with
purplish tinge,
well burnished.
2386.
Rim
(type 9). Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2387.
Rim
(type 9),
with
long
horizontal wart or
ledge-lug
below carination.
Grey-brown,
burnished.
There is a
ledge-lug
like this below the rim of a bowl of
shape
A 6 from
Troy
lie
(Troy
i
241, 271 fig. 412: 15).
But such
lugs appear
to be
very
much at home in the later
phases (Argissa
II B
onwards)
of the
Early
Bronze
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538 III. EMPORIO
Age
in
Thessaly,
where
they
often occur on
type 9
bowls like
2387 (e.g. Argissa
iii
87 pls.
1
5;
22:
11532: 15). They
are
similarly
attested in Phases
9
and 10
(but
not
apparently 8)
of the
Early
Bronze
Age
at Servia in western
Macedonia
(Servia 223).
At
Kritsana, however, they
occur as
early
as Kritsana
II, although they only
become
common there later
(Argissa
iii
197 pl. 70: 6).
Three from
Ayia
Irini in Kea are from
Early
Bronze
Age
Phases B
and C
(Hesperia
xli
(1972) 366
B
54, pl. 79; 372
C
11, 12, pl. 81).
There is one from the
grotto
above the
Asklepieion
at Athens
(Annuario
xiii-xiv
(1930-31) 473 fig. 54: b).
2388. (plate 103)
Rim
(type 9),
with wide
open spout,
cf.
105
1-2 of Period IV.
Grey-brown;
fine burnish. Another
similar of coarse
clay;
surface
light
brown to red with
poor
burnish.
2389.
Profile of small bowl
(type 13),
with
stump
of vertical handle
clasping
rim. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface
reddish
inside,
brown
outside,
without burnish.
Another
fragment (2389A
on plate
95)
as
1538
of Period
II,
with
stump
of similar
handle;
surface
grey-brown
with fine
burnish,
decorated with white-filled incision.
2390. (plate 102)
Bowl
(type 14)
with horned
lug-handle
with circular hole
through it,
cf.
2377.
About half
preserved.
Diam. c. 16. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface
grey-brown shading
to
light
brown in
places,
burnished.
Other
fragments apparently
from bowls of
type 14
with
comparable lug-handles (2390A
and
2391
on
plates
102, 103).
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
(fig. 237)
Jugs (2392-2394)
Fragments
of these were not
common,
but included three
scraps
of
spouts
with
sharp ridges
or
carinations down the throat characteristic of Period II. The
jug 2392
with double
spout
was
assigned
to this
horizon,
but its context was not
absolutely certain,
and another
complete
example
of this
type (2540)
was recovered from the floor of
stage 4 (Period I) immediately
above.
2392. (B ?ioA) (plate 103) Jug (type 23C)
with double
spout. Broken,
but
complete except
for
tip
of one
spout
and
handle. Ht.
19.5.
The
spouts
do not have divided necks as on
2540,
which
apparently
comes from the floor of
stage 4 (Period I)
above.
Body carinated; pair
of warts on carination
opposite handle,
and
single
wart in middle
of each side.
Signs
of
paring
of
clay
on necks. Surface with a
wash,
red to
light brown;
no burnish.
2393. (plate 103) Top
of
large jug (type 24A).
Ht. as
preserved
26. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
outside surface
grey-brown, burnished;
inside dark
purplish red-brown, roughly wiped.
2394. (plate
1
04) Jug
or
jar
with
ring
base.
Only part
of carinated
body
and
non-joining fragment
of rim with
top
of
handle
preserved. Original height
estimated as c. 20. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
outside surface dark brown
shading
to
deep purple
and
red,
with
very
fine burnish.
2 1 .
Tripod cooking pots (2395, 2395A)
Parts of two
large examples
coated with red washes were recovered
(2395, 2395A).
In addition
there were more than
twenty-five
feet of
cooking pots,
several of them with neat semi-circular
sections and a
slight
outward curve like
1578
of Period II in Area A
(fig. 202).
Some
tripod
feet
were
burnished,
others unburnished.
2395. (fig. 237.
plate
104) Large tripod cooking pot (type 27).
Parts
missing, including
most of rim and all three
legs.
Ht. as
preserved
c.
27.5.
Max. width c. 28. Vertical handle above one of the
legs;
three neat
projections rising
from the
rim,
one each
side,
and one
opposite
the
handle,
the latter
being
more
prominent
and wart-like.
Coarse
orange-brown clay, grey
at
core;
surface with a red
wash, shading
to
light
and dark brown and
dusky
black in
places.
Inside well
burnished, especially
around
rim;
outside
smoothed,
but with
only
one or two
stray
marks of
burnish, except
around rim which well burnished outside as well as in.
Fragments
of another
(2395A
on plate
104)
similar but
smaller;
inside surface
red,
outside red
shading
to dark
purple-brown;
coarse stroke burnish.
(C) JARS (2396-2399) (FIG. 237)
Several
fragmentary jars
of
types 45-47
were recovered from this
deposit. Fragments
of two or
three small
jars (e.g. 2399)
had remains of a thick coat of red
paint inside,
and this
might
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fig.
Q37.
Area F.
Stage 3 (Period
II:
classic)
.
Jugs, jars
etc. Scale
1/4.
3. AREA F. STAGE 3
(PER.
II:
CLASSIC)
539
2392
)r'
VZj/
-/r'' ' '
2393
I
V~^N'
'
2394
,'
H
' V
2398
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2396
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2400 ' W
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540 III. EMPORIO
represent
the
original contents, kept perhaps
for cosmetic
use, except
that traces of similar red
paint
were also noted on the outsides of the vases. A number of
jar fragments
carried incised
decoration of the
type
found in Period
II;
some of these came from
large finely
burnished
carinated
jars (plate 105 (a), (b)
bottom
row,
with lids in
top row),
others from small
pyxis-like
ones
(plate 105 (d)
with
fragments
of
lids).
2396. (plate 105 (e)) Large jar
with wide low
neck,
cf.
type 45; rim,
class B I.
Presumably
two vertical
strap
handles
on
swelling.
About half rim and
large parts
of
body preserved,
but one handle and base
missing.
Diam. of rim
15.
Hard
fabric,
well fired. Coarse
gritty grey clay,
red-brown at
edges;
outside surface with a
wash,
red to
shades of
brown, wiped
as if with a
comb;
red wash continues round inside of
rim,
which well smoothed or
burnished;
rest of inside
red-brown,
without a
wash, wiped.
The combed finish is reminiscent of the Scored
Ware, apparently foreign
at
Troy,
where it was
being
imported
in the later
part
of
Troy
I and into the
beginning
of
Troy
II
(Troy
i
53
f.
figs. 251-2).
2397. (plate 104) Fragments
of
largejar,
cf.
type 47; apparently
with four vertical handles on
shoulder;
neck and rim
evidently
broken in ancient
times,
base of neck
being
afterwards trimmed and
smoothed, making jar
into one of
hole-mouth
type.
Coarse
sandy orange clay;
inside
wiped
in
places
as if with a
comb;
outside with a
wash,
red to
light
brown and
dusky,
with fine burnish.
2398. (plate 104) Fragments
of small
jar,
cf.
type 47.
Part of carinated
body
with
elegant
ribbed handle
preserved.
Coarse
grey-brown clay;
inside surface dull
purple-brown, wiped;
outside
evidently
with a
wash,
dark red to
purple-brown,
with
very
fine burnish.
A rim as 1820 from the Period I fill of the well in Area
A,
the surface red to
light brown, burnished, may
belong
with this.
2399. (plate 104) Fragments
of small
pyxis-like jar
with low collar neck. Diam. of rim c. 1 2. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
outside surface
grey-brown
to
black,
with fine
burnish;
inside less well
burnished,
and coated with a thick
layer
of matt red
paint,
which
might represent original contents, except
that traces of red
paint
noted on outside
as well.
Fragments
of bases from one or
perhaps
two other
comparable
small
jars
from the same
deposit,
their
surfaces
grey-brown
to black with
very
fine burnish inside as well as
out,
had remains of a similar thick
deposit
of red
paint
inside and traces of red on the outside.
Compare
also
2426
and
2584.
(e)
pithoi
Pithos
fragments
were coated with a red
wash,
smoothed but not burnished.
They
included a rim
like 1
290
from a level of Periods IV or III in Area A. One
fragment
from a
largejar
or
pithos,
of
coarse red-brown
clay,
with the outside surface
reddish, wiped,
had a thick white wash on the
inside.
(f)
lids
(2400)
Four
fragments
of flat lids were noted: one with a wart like
1655 (type 60)
of Period
II,
another
with a handle as
1296 (type 61)
of Period IV.
Fragments
of two or three
large
covers
(type 63)
with horned
lugs
and incised decoration
(plate 105 (b) top row) evidently belonged
with the
characteristic Period II decorated
jars
of which
fragments
are illustrated on plate
105 (a), (b)
bottom row. Two small incised covers of this
type
with
simple perforated lugs (plate 105 (d))
came from
pyxis-like jars
cf.
type 44.
A
fragmentary plain
cover
(2400)
was of
type 63A.
2400. (fig. 237.
plate
104)
Cover
(type 63A). Broken, large parts including
handle
missing.
Diam.
17.
Soft
fabric;
coarse
grey-brown clay;
inside surface
grey-brown,
outside dark
brown,
burnished.
(i)
BOWL HANDLES AND LUGS
(2401)
Nearly
one-third
(5
out of 1
6)
of the side handles from bowls were of the
pointed shape
as fig. i
07
no. 2. The small handle
2401
is
exceptionally elegant.
2401. (plate 83)
Small side handle from bowl.
Grey-brown; very
fine burnish.
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3. AREA F. MIXED LEVELS 541
(j)
SPOUTS
Open trough spouts
were noted on two
fragments
of
type 9
carinated bowls
(2388).
There was
also a nozzle
spout
from
ajar
with a small handle on
top attaching
it to the wall of the
vase,
like
1329
of Periods VI or V and 1
193
of
V-IV;
this was
light
brown with coarse burnish.
(k)
bases
Bases, apparently
from
bowls,
included one
high ring
foot
(class 3A)
like 1
741
of Period
II,
and
one sunk base of class
5B
like
1747 together
with three or four of class 8B like
1753
of the same
period.
DECORATION
Incision. This was much in
evidence,
with motifs characteristic of Period
II, notably
on
fragments
of
large jars
with
finely
burnished surfaces
(e.g.
plate
105 (a), (b)
bottom
row).
Relief.
A
fragment
with the surface
light brown,
burnished inside and
out,
had
part
of a
curving rib, perhaps
a horseshoe like
2359 (plate ioi).
Warts occurred on vases of all kinds
including jugs
and
jars.
The unusual
long
horizontal wart or
ledge-lug
on the small
type 9
carinated bowl
2387
has
interesting parallels
on the Greek mainland and elsewhere.
IMPORTS
Four
fragments
of wheelmade vases were
among
the material
alleged
to
belong
to
stage 3.
A
scrap
from a bowl of Period I
type
had no doubt
strayed
from the levels above. Three other
wheelmade
fragments, however,
all of the same
fabric,
of
orange clay
with a white or
greyish
white
slip
on the
outside,
and
evidently
from one or more closed
vases,
seem more
likely
to be
imports.
The
fragment 2402,
which has an even better claim to be
regarded
as
foreign, may
also
come from a wheelmade vase.
2402. (plate 105 (c)) Fragment
of
large
but
thin-walled, apparently closed,
vase.
Possibly
wheelmade.
Sandy
red-brown
clay;
some
mice,
both
silvery
and
golden.
Inside surface even and
smooth;
outside with a lustrous
black to dark
purple-brown
wash.
Mixed levels in Area F
2403-2431 (figs. 238-240)
These include levels with
pottery dominantly Early
Bronze
Age (mostly
Period
II)
in
character,
but with a
good many later, Mycenaean
and even
Greco-Roman, strays.
The
presence
of a
certain amount
assignable
to the horizon of Periods VIII-VI
suggests
that there was
occupation
of some kind on the summit of the
Acropolis
hill
then, although
no walls or floors were identified
there earlier than Periods V-IV.
(1) Assignable
to Periods VIII-VI
(fig. 238)
2403. (E Roman)
Bowl rim
(type 8).
Surface
grey-brown,
with fine smooth burnish.
2404. (J (B
?i
1/9), stages ?3/4)
Bowl rim
(type
10
B). Irregular;
surface
grey-brown
to
black,
burnished.
2405. (E Roman)
Bowl rim
(type
1 1
A).
Soft
grey shading
to brown
clay;
straw
impressions
in
surface,
which red to
light
and dark
brown,
burnished.
2406. (E. Roman)
Bowl
rim,
cf.
type 14 C,
with
horizontally perforated lug
with
incipient
horns.
Irregular;
soft
sandy
grey-black clay
with
grit showing
in
surface,
which
black,
well burnished and
soapy
to feel.
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542 III. EMPORIO
20 30 30? 30 e a?
2403 1
2404
2405
m 2406
fig.
238.
Area F. Mixed levels
(Periods VIII-VII).
Scale
1/2.
fig.
239.
Area F. Mixed levels
(Periods V-IV).
Scale
1/2.
2407. (B 7, stage 6A) (plate 102)
Rim of
bowl-jar,
cf.
types 31-32.
Soft
fabric;
surface full of straw
impressions,
presumably
once
burnished,
but
worn;
inside dark
grey-brown
with traces of a red
wash;
outside red.
Decorated with two rows of
deep
holes.
(2) Assignable
to Periods V-IV
(fig. 239)
2408. (A surface)
Miniature
bowl,
cf.
type 5. Broken,
but
complete.
Ht.
3.5.
Diam.
4.5. Irregular;
base
roughly
flat.
Gritty orange clay shading
to buff and
blackish;
surface
rough
and much
pitted,
without
any
trace of burnish.
2409. (B
West Section
?7, stage ?6A)
Bowl rim
(type 13). Grey-brown
to
red,
burnished.
2410. (T Roman)
Bowl rim
(type 18),
with
ledge
round outside and
vertically perforated lug. Light brown,
burnished but worn.
241
1.
(J (B
?i
1/9), stages ?3/4)
Elbow handle. Surface
light brown,
with coarse burnish but worn.
Cf. the elbow handle
131 7
from a level of Period VI or
V,
with references for
examples
from
Troy
and
elsewhere.
2412. (B ?8/7, stage 6B) (plate 88)
Small handle of slashed
type,
cf.
171 7-19;
from
belly
of thin-walled
jar. Sandy
orange clay, grey
at
core,
with
grit
and abundant mica
showing
in
surface;
traces of a
slightly
lustrous black
wash on outside.
Presumably
from an
import. Possibly
of Period II or I.
Three others similar but
larger
from unstratified contexts in trenches A and D.
(3) Assignable
to Period II rather than earlier
(fig. 240)
2413. (A (B ?2/i), stages ?7/8)
Bowl rim
(type 5),
with
vertically perforated lug. Grey-brown,
burnished.
2414. (D
East
?4)
Bowl
rim,
cf.
type 7,
with neat horizontal wart.
Light
brown to
red;
fine burnish.
2415. (A (B ?2/i), stages ?7/8)
Rim and base of small bowl
(type 9). Black;
fine burnish.
2416. (K (B 4/2), stage 7) (plate 95)
Bowl rim
(type 13),
with white-filled incised decoration on inside and outside.
Outside surface shades of
light
and dark brown with fine
burnish;
inside of rim red to
light
and dark brown and
black, burnished;
rest of inside well
smoothed,
and afterwards coated with a red
slip.
2417. (K (B 4/2), stage 7) (plate 95)
Bowl rim
(type 13),
with incised decoration on inside and outside. Surface
shades of
light
and dark
brown; very
fine burnish.
2418. (A (B ?2), stage ?j) (plate 95)
Bowl rim
(type 13 A).
Surface
grey-brown
to
red,
burnished but much worn.
2419. (A (B ?2), stage ?y) (plate 91) Fragment
of bowl with
carination,
cf.
type I5(?).
Surface
light
brown to
red,
burnished. Incised decoration inside and out.
2420. (B ?8, stage ?4) (plate 103) Jug. Broken,
but
virtually complete.
Ht. 18.
Grey clay;
surface with a
wash, light
brown
mottling
to red in
places,
smoothed but not burnished.
25 20?
' '^0
W ^2410
W
i
V
1^^
M 2411
2408
#2409
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fig.
240.
Area F. Mixed levels
(Period II).
Scale
1/3, except 2427 (1/6).
3. AREA F. MIXED LEVELS 543
' ^'
2417
I
^
-
s__^^
30?

c-15 - .
2420
s__^^
f^Xm /J|
I
i
22W_J^^I
/
tH
^^/
2421

M
'
/
/
'J
2418
{-s
242
1 .
(B 9, stages ?3/4) (plate 84)
Rim of
jar,
with
design
scratched after
firing
on outside. Coarse red-brown
clay;
surface
purple-brown
with coarse stroke burnish inside and out.
2422. (B
1
1, stages ?3/4) (plate 105 (/))
Small
jar
of
pyxis type 44. Broken, parts including
neck and rim
missing.
Ht.
as
preserved 9.5.
Diam. of
body
12.
Body carinated,
with four solid warts instead of more usual
vertically
perforated lugs. Grey-brown clay;
surface
grey-brown, burnished, except
in four vertical
panels
on shoulder
which reserved without burnish. Incised decoration in burnished
areas;
white fill.
2423. (B
1 1
, stages ?3/4) Fragment
of lid of
pyxis (type 44) ,
with one of
presumably
four
perforated lugs
and elaborate
white-filled incised decoration. Diam. estimated c. 10. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished on outside.
2424. (B
West Section
?7, stage ?6A) Fragment
of vertical handle
(?),
with
large
hollow
disc-shaped
wart like
2428.
Surface
purplish grey-brown; very
fine burnish.
.
2425. (F ?4) Fragment
of small
jar
with
vertically perforated
tubular
lug. Sandy grey clay, orange
at
edges;
inside
surface dull
purple-brown, smoothed;
outside red to shades of
light
and dark
brown,
well burnished.
2426. (D-F Roman) Fragment
of small
jar
with
upturned doubly perforated lug.
Inside surface
grey-brown,
smoothed,
with traces of red
paint
which
might
be remains of
contents,
cf.
2399.
Outside shades of
light
and
darker
brown,
well burnished.
2427. (Surface) Fragment
of
very large
vase with
huge
solid
lug.
Hard
fabric;
coarse
grey clay,
red-brown at
edges,
with
grit
and abundant
straw;
straw
impressions prominent
in
surface,
which
reddish;
little or no
signs
of
burnish.
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544 III. EMPORIO
2428. (B 9, stages ?3/4) (plate 83)
Bowl handle with wart.
Grey-brown
to
red,
burnished.
2429. (B 2, stage 7)
Base
(class 8A).
Surface
deep purplish
brown to black with fine
burnish,
but worn.
2430. (K (B 4/2), stage 7) (plate 102) Fragment
of small
pyxis-like jar,
cf.
type 44.
Inside surface
lightish brown,
rough,
without
burnish;
outside red to dark
brown,
burnished. Incised decoration.
2431. (K (B 4/2), stage 7) (plate 98) Fragment
of small
jar,
cf.
2430.
Outside surface
light brown,
burnished in areas
with incised
decoration;
reserved without burnish
elsewhere,
in the characteristic Period II
manner,
cf.
2422.
Stage 4
Trenches
B, D, F,
S
Amount
25
zembils
2432-2610 (figs. 241-252)
Period I
GENERAL
This horizon was well
preserved
with floors and house walls
throughout
the area excavated in
trenches
B,
D and F. Several
complete
vases were
recovered, especially
from above the floor of
room I in trench B.
Among
these
complete
vases were some bowls made on the fast
wheel,
which
is first
certainly
attested at
Emporio
in Period I.
While
complete
vases and
large fragments
found above the relevant house floors
may
be
assumed to
belong
to this
horizon,
a
large proportion
of the isolated
fragments
from
deposits
of
Period I were
evidently
earlier
strays,
and some later
strays
had also become
incorporated
with
them in excavation. Thus two
fragments
of
matt-painted
ware
assignable
to the
early part
of the
Late Bronze
Age
were included with the
fragments
of
complete
vases in the
deposit
from above
the floor of room I in trench B. The
deposit
here was
very thin, however,
and the
top
of it not
easy
to
distinguish.
At the south end of trench D the Period I
deposits
were
deeper;
but in F the
situation was
very confused,
and the sections here were of no
help
in
disentangling
it. Two
deposits (A
and
B)
from trench F as excavated seem to consist of Period I material
coming
from
room V. But
only
the vases from above the floor in room I in trench B
(B
level
8)
are
entirely
reliable,
and
give
a
key
to the character of this horizon.
The
complete vases, notably
those from trench B level
8, suggest
that Period I
overlaps
with
the later
part
of
Troy
II. Tankards like
2532
of
type 77
in
particular
seem characteristic of
Troy
II rather than of later
Trojan phases.
It is
noteworthy
that
although
several
fragments
of such
tankards were
assignable
to the horizon of Period I at
Emporio,
no remains of the
tall,
thin
depas
amphikypellon (Troy shape
A
45)
were noted.
Similar horizons of Troadic
pottery, including
tankards of our
type 77 (Troy shape
A
43),
have been revealed at the base of the settlement mound of Lefkandi in Euboia and at
Ayia
Irini
in Kea. At Chalandriani in
Syros
a
comparable
horizon, assignable
to the
period
of
Troy
II or
III,
has
produced
several
depades
of
Troy shape
A
45,
but
apparently
no tankards of our
type 77
(Troy shape
A
43).
Fragments
of
cups
with one or two handles
(Troy shapes
A
39
and A
43)
and of wheelmade
plates (Troy shape
A
2),
all
presumably imported,
have been noted from a
good many
sites on
the Greek mainland
(French,
Thesis
130).
FABRIC
The fabric of the handmade vases was not
very
different from what it had been in Period II. Even
in the case of vases with
finely
burnished surfaces the
clay
tended to be
coarse, tempered
with
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3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
545
straw and
grit.
Surfaces were still for the most
part burnished, although
the
burnishing might
be
very poor
and
superficial.
As in Period II
finely
burnished surfaces
ranged
in colour from shades
of
light
and dark brown
through grey-brown
to
deep purple-red
and
black;
but
light-coloured
surfaces,
red or
light brown,
were now more dominant. The insides of a number of vases
appeared
to have been
scraped
with a comb of some
kind;
and the outside surface of a small vase
from Area
F,
trench B level
?g,
had been combed in this
way
before
being
coated with an
unburnished red wash.
White Burnished Ware. Some
possible jug fragments
from
deposits
of Period II were of
this ware. A
fragment, apparently
from a
jug,
from B level 8 of Period I in Area F also seemed to
be
assignable
to
it;
this was of
very
soft
gritty orange clay,
with the inside surface
rough;
the
outside surface had a thick
greyish
white
slip,
burnished but
crackled,
with
grit showing
in it. A
neck
fragment
of
comparable
fabric from
Deposit
A in trench F of Area F
may
have
belonged
to
the same vase.
Wheelmade Wares. About
sixty-five fragments
from
deposits assignable
to Period I in
Area F were identified as
coming
from vases made on the fast wheel. This
represents
an
average
of about three wheelmade sherds
per
zembil. There were over
twenty
rims
among
these
sixty-five
sherds and at least seven
fragments
of bases.
Many
of the rim and base
fragments evidently
belonged
to more or less shallow dish-like bowls akin to
type 75.
But a few bases like 2620 with
aggressive
wheel marks on the inside must have come from small closed vases
-
tankards of
type
77
or some allied
type perhaps;
a few rims attributable to tankards
appeared
to show traces of the
fast wheel
(e.g. 2535, 2538).
All of the wheelmade
pottery
from the horizon of Period I at
Emporio may
have been
imported.
The fabric of the wheelmade wares was in
general soft, occasionally very soft,
and the
clay
often shaded in colour from the standard
orange
to
greyish, reflecting comparatively
low
temperatures
of
firing.
The
firing
indeed
appears
to have been
markedly
less
good
than it was in
the case of the local handmade wares. Small amounts of mica could often be detected in the
clay,
which was
normally sandy
and
coarse,
with
grit,
sometimes
quite large, showing
in the surfaces.
The vases were as a rule coated with a red
wash, usually
thick but in some instances thin.
Light
brown,
dark brown with a
purplish tinge,
and black washed surfaces were also
attested, although
red was the dominant colour. The wash used seems to have been
slightly lustrous,
but the
surfaces of the vases were often smoothed
-
more
rarely
burnished
-
after it had been
applied.
A few wheelmade
fragments assigned
to Period I were
noticeably
better fired than the rest.
Some of these at
any
rate
may
be later
intrusions, contemporary
with
stages 5
or 6 in Area F.
SHAPES
(a)
bowls
General
Bowl surfaces were
mostly burnished, although
the
burnishing
was
apt
to be rather
rough
and
superficial.
Shades of red or
light
brown were
very prominent, accounting
for at least
half,
or
more than
half,
of the total number of rims and
fragments
from bowls.
The wheelmade bowls with their red-washed surfaces were
normally
flat and
dish-like;
and
there was a marked
tendency
even
among
the handmade bowls
(e.g.
those of
type 5
and of the
carinated
type 9)
to be shallower and more dish-like than those of the
preceding
Period
II,
although deep
varieties of small
type 9
bowls were still current it seems
(e.g. 2489).
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fig.
241.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Types 1-5.
Scale
1/3.
546 III. EMPORIO
Carinated
type 9
bowls of all
sizes,
whether made
by
hand or on the fast
wheel,
were still
common,
but
they
had been
largely replaced by
bowls with rounded
incurving
rims
assignable
to
type 7;
these
type 7 bowls, however,
were in effect
type 9
ones with the carination rounded
away.
Handles and
lugs appeared
to be much less in evidence on bowls of Period I than on earlier
ones. Some of those noted as from the horizon of Period I
may
have been earlier
strays.
1. Plates
2432 (fig. 241)
Part of a
plate
was recovered from above the floor in room I of trench B. This seems to be in a
contemporary
Period I
context,
in
spite
of the fact that
fragments
of
plates
with similar
profiles
were characteristic of the earliest Periods X-VIII at
Emporio.
Another
plate fragment (2318)
came from an
upper (Middle
or Late Bronze
Age (?))
level in trench HH of Area C.
3.
In
shape,
2438 ^^'___ 'z~:~:a^^^
-~*
-*-m
J-^
m
2437
-~*
^0 2436^^2435^^
W
I J ^1 1 2439^ ^ ^
M
2440
I/'J
M
I
f
2441 M
J
2442
^1
ff
^p
2443 M
1 2439^
|
J^
2_^
^-^f
'
^ ^
^
M
M
2444
M 2441 M 2442 ff 2443 M
J^
^
^
2440
f
^p | 2_^
' M
2444
M 21
^0
2D
^J
<-
J
P^
' ^
2453 A
^y
2447 / 2448 2449^
^^^T
<- ' ^
^^T
^T
^f
f
W 21
-
2_
_^
^r
2451 A
-
2452
^
2454^^^
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3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
547
however,
this was reminiscent of
plates
common at Knossos from Middle Minoan times
onwards.
2432. (B
8:
floor) Rim,
and
non-joining fragment. Very
soft coarse
fabric,
with
large grit
and abundant
straw; upper
surface
lightish
brown with
poor burnish;
underneath
rough
with straw
impressions
in it.
Cf.
Troy shape
D
23: baking dish,
which occurs in
Troy I,
and is common in
Troy
II and
later,
but still
current in
Troy
V
(e.g. Troy
ii
fig. 59, b)
. Cf. Tarsus ii 1
58
Nos.
666-8,
from E.B. III. ADelt xxii
(
1
967) 73 fig. 5,
10,
with seal
impression,
from Chalandriani in
Syros, assignable
to horizon of
Troy
II- III.
2. Dishes
2433 (fig. 241)
Like
type
1 this
type appears
to be more characteristic of the earliest Periods X-VIII at
Emporio,
but two
fragments, apparently
from the same
dish,
were recovered from a
deposit
assignable
to Period I.
2433. (B
1
1/9)
Profile. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface
light
brown
mottling
to
dusky
and
red,
with
poor
burnish.
4. Open
bowls with
straight
or
slightly curving
sides
2434-2439 (fig. 241 )
About a dozen rims of handmade bowls were
assignable
to this
type
rather than to the more
standard
type 5.
In addition
fragments
were recovered of one or two shallow bowls of this
type
made on the fast wheel.
2434. (S
?i
1) Large
rim.
Possibly
from
ajar
of some kind rather than a bowl. Coarse reddish brown
clay
with
grit,
some
very large;
surface
irregular,
red
shading
to
light
brown and
dusky,
unburnished.
2435. (D
West
6A)
Rim.
Irregular.
Outside surface
light brown,
inside dark
brown; very poor superficial
burnish.
2436. (B 8)
Rim. Coarse red-brown
clay;
surface
irregular,
brown
shading
to red in
patches,
burnished.
Another similar
(B 8)
of coarse
greyish clay;
outside surface
grey-brown
to black with fine
burnish;
inside
dull
black,
unburnished.
2437. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim. Surface rather
irregular,
with a red
wash,
not smoothed or burnished.
2438. (D
West
?5B)
Several
fragments including
base of wheelmade bowl
(type 4C). Very
soft
orange clay;
surface
with an overall red wash.
2439. (S
?i 1
)
Rim
(type 4G).
Wheelmade.
Orange clay,
well
fired;
surface
plain.
5. Open
bowls with
curving
sides
2440-2455 (fig. 24
1
)
These were not uncommon. A number were
evidently
shallow
(type 5C)
like the
complete
example 2450. Many
bowls of
type 5 appear
to have been
roughly
made and
irregular,
their
surfaces
nondescript
shades of
light
and dark brown to reddish and
dusky
with a
very poor
superficial
burnish. The fine burnish on the two shallow rims
2452
and
2454
is
exceptional.
A.
Deep,
more or less
hemispherical
2440. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim.
Orange clay, grey
at
core;
surface
very
much
pitted, light brown,
burnished.
Possibly
an earlier
stray.
2441
.
(B 8)
Rim.
Orange clay,
well
fired,
with some mica in
it;
surface red to
light brown,
even and
regular,
but with
poor
burnish.
2442. (D
West
6)
Rim. Surface
light brown,
burnished.
2443. (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown shading
to reddish around
rim,
burnished.
2444. (D
East
6A) (plate
i
06)
Bowl with side handle and
non-joining pedestal
foot
(class
2
A)
. Diam. c. 1 6.
Irregular.
Surface shades of
light
to dark brown and
black,
with
very poor superficial
burnish.
2445. (F ?5/3,
room
V)
Profile of small bowl with rounded base. Surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
reddish,
scraped
rather than burnished.
B. Medium
2446. (B 8)
Rim. Coarse
fabric;
surface
irregular, light
brown
shading
to darker brown in
places; poor
burnish.
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548 III. EMPORIO
2447. (D
West
6)
Rim.
Irregular.
Inside surface dark
brown,
outside shades of
light
and dark brown to
reddish,
with
poor
burnish.
Three others similar
(D
East
?6);
all
very irregular;
surfaces
light
to dark brown and
dusky shading
to
red,
with
poor
burnish.
2448. (D
West
6)
Rim. Surface
light
brown to
red,
with rather coarse burnish.
2449. (D
West
6,
hearth
H)
Rim. Surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
dusky,
with
poor
burnish.
G. Shallow
2450. (S
?i 1
) (plate 106)
Bowl.
Large parts missing.
Ht. c. 6. Diam. c.
19. Roughly made;
surface
irregular,
reddish
brown to
dusky
in
patches,
with
poor superficial
stroke burnish.
2451. (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V)
Rim. Surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
dusky,
burnished.
2452. (B 8)
Rim.
Gritty grey-brown clay;
surface red to shades of dark brown and
light brown,
with fine burnish.
2453. (D
West
6)
Rim.
Irregular.
Surface
grey-brown,
with coarse
burnish, very superficial
on inside. One or two
others similar.
2454. (F ?5/3,
?room
IV)
Rim. Inside surface
grey-brown,
outside
light
brown to
dusky,
with fine burnish.
2455. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim. Overall red
wash,
more or less unburnished
inside,
with coarse burnish
outside.
6 &
7.
Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims
(cf. Troy shape
A
16) 2456-2481 (fig. 242)
These were
evidently common,
and rims
assignable
to such bowls were
very
much more
plentiful
in
proportion
to rims of the carinated
type 9
than
they
were in levels of Period II. But a number
of rims
assignable
to the
high-shouldered type 7
are in effect
type 9
rims with the carination
rounded,
and the rim on the same bowl
may
be more or less
sharply
carinated as
type 9
in one
place
and rounded as
type 7
in another. At the same time some of the
large
rims
(e.g. 2456-8)
assigned
to
type
6
may
come from
jars
of some kind rather than from bowls.
Handles and
lugs
were not much in evidence on these
bowls,
but a double
vertically
perforated lug
is
preserved
on the
large fragment 2460
of
type
6 and also on
2465,
while a rim of
type 7
like
2473
had a
horizontally perforated lug.
The
type 7
rim
2481
is of
great interest,
since
the outside surface is decorated with
pattern
burnish. It
might
therefore be considered as a
stray
from the horizon of Period
VIII,
when
pattern
burnish was common. But neither the
shape
of
the rim nor the
style
of the
pattern
burnish are
typical
of the
early periods
at
Emporio,
and the
fresh condition of the
fragment suggests
that it is from a
contemporary
Period I vase.
6. Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims
(2456-2465)
2456. (D
East
?6)
Rim. Coarse
fabric; clay
with
grit,
some
large, showing
in
surface;
outside with a red
wash,
inside
light brown, poor
burnish.
2457. (D
West
?6A)
Rim. Surface
light
brown to
red,
with
poor
burnish.
2458. (D
East
6A)
Rim. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface without burnish.
2459. (B 8)
Rim with distinct bead.
Gritty clay, grey
at
core, orange
at
surface,
which has traces of a red wash inside
and
out, apparently unburnished,
but worn.
2460. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V) Rim,
with double
vertically perforated lug
below it. Surface
grey-brown
to dark
purple-red,
with fine burnish.
2461. (B 8)
Rim.
Gritty orange clay;
surface
light
brown
mottling
to dark brown and
dusky,
well burnished.
2462. (D
East
6A)
Rim. Surface red
shading
to dark and
light brown,
burnished.
2463. (D
East
6A)
Rim. Coarse
grey-black clay;
inside surface
roughly smoothed,
outside with
very superficial
burnish.
2464. (B
1
1/9)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
2465. (D
West
6A) Fragment, apparently
from bowl of
type 6,
with double
vertically perforated lug.
Surface
grey-brown,
with fine burnish. Antother
(D
West
6) similar,
but
larger.
7
. Bowls with
inward-leaning
rims and
high
shoulders
(2466-248
1
)
2466. (D
West
6,
hearth
A) Fragments
of bowl. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface
light
brown to darker brown and
dusky; poor
burnish.
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fig.
242.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Types
6 and
7.
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
549
L
^
_ii?_^
e-? -fc
^
-2!
^

^
U -
2456 M 2457
^k
2458 2459 2461 1 2462 I I
l'i
i
s
'
,..,
/
(
I

1 '^h
^^^y
rn
2464
I
P
^^^y

r
2464
'
^m
2460 W&
V- - - - /
'.
^^^ Mj
2465
^
27
y
_22
18
. 2469 1 2470 % 2471 %
' M 2468
Jj
"
'
^^ ^^
2472 I
2473^
2474 B

25 20
24
2475 V 2476 % 2477 V 2478 1
^
- ^^^^
2479 2480 ^U V
2467. (B
above wall
22)
Rim.
Grey clay shading
to red and
light
brown at
core;
surface
light brown,
with coarse
burnish. Three or four similar rims
(D
East
?6,
West
6, ?6A).
2468. (B ?ioA)
Rim.
Gritty orange clay;
outside surface
red, burnished;
inside
light
brown with fine burnish.
2469. (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V)
Rim. Surface
light brown,
burnished.
2470. (F 5/3/2,
Prooms V or
VI)
Rim. Surface
light
to dark
brown,
burnished.
2471. (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V)
Rim. Surface
light
brown
shading
to darker
brown,
burnished.
2472. (B 8)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
2473. (B 8)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown,
with fine burnish.
Many
others similar from levels of Period
I;
surfaces
mostly
grey-brown, burnished;
one
(D
East
?6)
with
stump
of horizontal barrel
lug
as fig. 106 no. 28 set
just
below
swelling.
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550 III. EMPORIO
2474. (B 8)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
2475. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown inside, light
brown
outside,
with
very
fine
burnish,
even
and
soapy
to feel.
2476. (K (B ?8))
Rim. Surface
grey-brown
to
black,
with fine burnish.
2477. (K (B ?8))
Rim. Surface
grey-brown;
rather coarse burnish.
2478. (S
?i
1)
Rim. Red
clay;
surface
lightish brown,
with fine burnish.
2479. (D
East
?6)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown
to
black,
with fine burnish.
2480. (F 5,
room
VI)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
2481. (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V) Rim,
with
pattern
burnish on outside. Fine
grey clay;
surface
grey-brown,
with fine
burnish, soapy
to feel.
9.
Carinated bowls
(Troy shape
A
12) 2482-2495 (figs. 243, 244)
These were much in
evidence, although
less than
they
had been in Period II. As in Period II
bowls of this
type
showed a considerable
range
in
size,
and rims of class
9
D were still common.
Characteristic, however,
of the Period I horizon was a wide shallow
variety
of carinated bowl
with a rim cf.
type 9
B
(e.g. 2485);
some of the bowls of this
shape
were made on the fast wheel
(e.g. 2494-5).
Handles and
lugs appear
to have
gone
out of favour
by
Period
I,
and the
virtually
complete 2364
for instance had no
lug
or handle of
any
kind. But small
deep type 9
bowls with
side handles and warts were still well
represented (e.g. 2489)
. Most of these had
finely
burnished
surfaces and were
indistinguishable
in
shape
and fabric from the little carinated bowls common
in Period
II;
some of them at
any
rate
may
therefore be earlier
strays.
The small rim
2493
had a
neat solid horned
lug
above the carination.
(
1
) Large
bowls
2482. (B
1 1
/9)
Rim
(type 9 A)
.
Rough
and
irregular.
Outside surface red
shading
to
brown, burnished;
inside shades
of
light
and dark brown with no trace of burnish.
(2)
Bowls of medium size
2483. (D
East
6,
hearth
E) (plate 106)
Bowl
(type 9 A). Broken,
but
virtually complete.
Ht.
10.5.
Diam.
25.
Surface
dominantly lightish
brown
shading
to darker brown and
black, burnished;
one or two
fragments reddish,
apparently owing
to action of fire in hearth.
2484. (B
8:
floor) Profile,
cf.
type 9
B. Hard
sandy clay, grey
to reddish
brown;
surface
purple-brown;
rather
poor
stroke burnish.
2484A. (B 8, 7) Fragments
of rim
(type 9 B).
Surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
2485. (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V). Profile,
cf.
type 9
B. Ht. c. 8. Diam. c.
30.
Coarse
clay, grey
to
light brown,
with
grit
(some large)
and straw
impressions showing
in
surface,
which
light brown,
burnished.
2486. (F5,
rooms IV and
VI) Fragments
of rim
(type 9 D). Gritty
reddish brown
clay;
surface
grey-brown
to
reddish,
burnished.
2487. (F ?5/3,
?room
IV)
Rim
(type 9 B).
Surface
light
to dark
brown,
with fine burnish.
2488. (D
East
?6)
Rim
(type 9 B). Very rough
and
irregular;
surface
light brown,
with
poor
burnish.
(3)
Small bowls
(diameter
c.
15
or
less)
2489. (B
1
1/9) (plate 106) Bowl,
cf.
type 9 A,
with side handle of
pointed shape
as fig.
107
no. 2. All rim
preserved,
but
large parts
of
body
and base
missing.
Ht. estimated c. 10. Diam. c.
15.
Surface
grey-brown shading
to
light
brown and
red; very
fine
polish-like
burnish.
Possibly
a
stray
of Period II.
2490. (B 8)
Profile
(type 9 A).
Carination
very faint; large
oval wart on rim above it. Surface
grey-brown;
coarse
burnish.
2491. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim
(type 9 D).
Surface
grey-brown,
with fine burnish.
2492. (F 5/3,
?room
V)
Rim cf.
type 9
D. Surface
grey-brown,
with fine burnish.
2493. (B ?8)
Rim with neat solid horned
lug
above carination. Surface
grey-brown,
with fine
polish-like
burnish.
(4)
Wheelmade bowls
2494. (B
8:
upside
down c.
14
above
floor) (plate 106)
Shallow
bowl,
cf.
type 9
B.
Large parts including
most of rim
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fig.
243.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Type 9.
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
551
2482
^m
'
^m
',
^f
2483

,
,

1
>
y /
v'^
^^^^^^^r
2484
2484 A
30? 20?
' f
2487
M
f
Nv
^^r
{
2488
r M 2491 2492
2486 '. ^^
^
2493
' J 2489
'
^
^-

^^
2490
Nn-
J__-il^^^
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fig.
244.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Type 9
wheelmade bowl. Scale
1/2.
552 III. EMPORIO
^ -
=_SaB^Bl^^^
2495
missing.
Ht.
8.5.
Diam.
29.5.
Marks of manufacture on fast wheel inside and out. Pale
orange clay;
surface with
a
black, slightly
lustrous
wash, shading
to red on one
part
of outside.
2495. (B
8:
floor) (fig. 244.
plate
106) Bowl,
cf.
2494. Only part preserved.
Ht.
7.4.
Diam. c. 26. Marks of
manufacture on fast wheel
clearly
visible inside and out. Fine
orange clay;
surface with a
thin, slightly
lustrous
wash,
red to
light brown,
and in
places
on outside
dusky.
13.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims, internally differentiated
and thickened
2496 (fig. 245)
Type
1
3
which was much in evidence in Period II was not well
represented
in
deposits assignable
to I. No
complete profiles
or
large fragments
of bowls of this
type
were recovered from Period I
deposits,
and some at
any
rate of the
comparatively
few rims from them
might
be earlier
strays.
2496. (B
wall
13)
Rim. Surface
red,
with coarse
superficial burnish, leaving large
areas unburnished.
1
4.
Bowls with
outward-curving rims,
not
internally differentiated,
but sometimes thickened
2497-2504
(fig. 245)
Type 14, although apparently
more
frequent
than the allied
type 13,
was not common. The
fragment 2503
has the
stump
of a vertical handle and elaborate incised decoration combined
with areas reserved from burnish in the characteristic Period II manner.
2497. (B ?ioA)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge,
well burnished.
2498. (B 8)
Rim. Surface
grey-brown; very
fine
polish-like
burnish.
2499. (B
1
1/9)
Two
rims, apparently
from same bowl. Surface
grey-brown,
with fine burnish.
2500. (D
West
6)
Rim. Surface
light greyish brown,
burnished.
2501. (S ?n)
Rim.
Irregular.
Surface
lightish brown;
coarse burnish.
2502. (B
1
1/9)
Rim.
Irregular.
Surface shades of
light
and dark brown to
reddish,
burnished.
2503. (B
wall 1
3) (plate 95) Rim,
with
stump
of vertical
strap handle;
white-filled incised decoration inside and out.
Parts with incised decoration
grey-brown,
well
burnished;
rest of surface reserved without burnish.
For the handle set inside in this
way, although
on a different
type
of
bowl,
see
Troy
i 228
fig. 379: 36.855,
from
Troy
II.
2504. (F
wall
31)
Rim with
vertically perforated lug
below it. Surface
light
to dark brown with
very
fine burnish.
1
7.
Bowl with a
ledge
round the inside
2505 (fig. 245)
The
single fragment (2505) assigned
to this rare
type may
in fact come from a lid.
2505. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim.
Greyish
to
orange-red clay;
surface
light brown,
burnished but worn.
Possibly
a
stray
of Period II.
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fig.
245.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Types 13, 14, 17,
18. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
553
-
-
2497 M 2498 / 2499 /
2500^ '^( I
2502S
^frfa'
*
J
2496 EM
2501
'V^Vn
# #
/'/
)
)
(
- "
1
^
S

fe"f (w
11
'
'
^F flflfoft il
^v
^^r
2506
2503
1 8. /?0x>/ zmA 0
//g
to the rim outside
2506 (fig. 245)
One
fragment (2506)
of a bowl
(or lid?)
of this
type
was
recovered;
it had a
string-hole through
the
ledge.
2506. (B 8) Rim,
with
part
of
string-hole preserved.
Surface dark
purple-brown,
with fine burnish.
(h)
bowls and drinking vessels of types not attested before period i
Most but not all of the vases of these
types
were made on the fast wheel.
70.
Shallow bowls with
internally differentiated
rims
2507-2508 (fig. 246)
Four rims from Area F were
assignable
to this
type.
All came from trench
F,
and therefore from a
somewhat uncertain
stratigraphie context, allowing
the
possibility
that
they
dated from later
phases
of
occupation contemporary
with
Troy
III-V or even VI. Two of the rims
approximated
in
shape
to the unstratified 2612 from Area D. All four
appeared
to
belong
to wheelmade vases.
Two had an overall red
wash,
one a dark
purplish
brown
wash;
these washes looked
slightly
lustrous,
but the surface of
2507
at
any
rate was burnished.
Somewhat
comparable
rims occur in
Troy
II on bowls
assigned
to
shapes
A 16 and A
18,
both of which continued into
Troy
III-V
(Troy
i
365, 370 fig. 414: 25, 28).
2507. (F 5/3/2,
Prooms Vor
VI)
Rim.
Possibly
wheelmade. Rather fine
greyish
to
orange clay;
surface with a red
wash, shading
to
light
and dark brown and
dusky,
burnished.
2508. (F ?4)
Rim. Wheelmade. Hard
orange clay, greyish
in
places
at
core;
surface with an overall
slightly
lustrous
dark
purplish
brown wash.
7
1 .
Deep
bowls with
inward-curving, internally differentiated
rims
2509-25
1 o
(fig. 246)
Only
three rims were
recognised
as
being
of this
type. They appeared
to come from handmade as
well as from wheelmade vases.
There seems to be
nothing
from
Troy
which
closely corresponds
to this
type
of
rim, except
perhaps
for a rim from
Troy
IV
assigned
to
shape
A 2
(Troy
ii
197 fig.
181:
1).
2509. (D
West
6A) (plate 107)
Rim.
Orange clay;
surface with an overall
slightly
lustrous red
shading
to
purplish
wash inside and out.
2510. (F 5/3,
?room
V) (plate
i
07)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?)
.
Sandy orange clay, greyish
at
core;
surface worn. Another
similar
(D
West
6) apparently
from a handmade
vase;
surface
light
brown to
red,
burnished.
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fig.
24.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Types 70-72.
Scale
1/3.
554 III. EMPORIO
30? C25? C 24 C 16' 20 C *>

c 18
~7^)
30? C25? C 24
/
C 16'
~T>1
2511I/
20 C *>
P-
'



1
I

c 18
)
W 2507 2508 /
2511I/
2512
'

I
2513 W

c 6

c227 C.I4T
' I
2514
*
' 2515 -# 2516
*
72.
Bowls with
inward-curving, S-shaped
or bead rims
251 1-2516 (fig. 246)
The rim
25
1 1 with the
stump
of a side handle
may
be from a handmade vase. Some of the other
rims, however, evidently belonged
to wheelmade bowls with overall red washes. Most were from
relatively good
Period I contexts.
The bowls from which these rims came seem to have been akin to
Trojan shape
A 2 1
,
which
first
appears
in
Troy
II b but continues at least as late as
Troy
V
(Troy
i
227 f.;
ii
241 f.).
For
comparable
rims from
Troy
II
contexts, e.g. Troy
i
276 fig. 412: 2; 319 fig. 414: 16,
both of
red-coated ware.
25
1 1 .
(D
West
6) Rim,
with
stump
of side handle. Soft
grey-brown clay;
surface well
burnished,
but
worn,
with straw
impressions showing
in it. Fabric and finish cf. Periods V-IV.
Cf.
Troy
ii 212
fig. 184
no.
7,
from
Troy
IV.
2512. (D
East
6)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?). Sandy orange clay,
with thick
orange-red
wash.
2513. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V) (plate 107)
Rim. Wheelmade. Soft
sandy orange clay;
inside surface
greyish;
outside with a smoothed red
wash,
which continues round inside of rim.
2514. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?).
Soft
sandy greyish
to
orange clay;
surface with a red wash
inside and out.
2515. (D
East
6) (plate 107)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?). Sandy greyish
to
orange clay;
surface with an overall
wash, light
brown
inside,
dark
purplish
outside.
2516. (B 8) (plate 108)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?). Orange clay;
surface with a
light
brown
wash,
burnished.
73.
Carinated bowls with outward
spreading
bead rims
251 7-2518 (fig. 247)
Several
fragments
of wheelmade bowls and at least one rim
(2518)
from a bowl which
may
have
been handmade were
assignable
to this
type,
which is reminiscent of the earlier
type 15.
It is
comparable
with some bowls of
Trojan shape
A
18,
which first
appears
in
Troy
II d and
continues into
Troy V-VI, although fragments
from VI
may
be earlier
strays ( Troy
i
227;
ii
25,
124, 240;
iii
42).
A
deep example
from
Troy
III is close in
shape
to
2517 (Troy
ii
25 fig.
66:
37.1122).
2517. (D
West
6, 6A) (plate 108) Fragments, including parts
of rim and base.
Wheelmade; aggressive
marks of
manufacture on fast wheel.
Very
soft coarse
sandy clay
with some
mica, orange shading
to
dusky
at
surface,
which has
grit showing
in
it;
overall black
wash,
well smoothed and
soapy
to feel.
2518. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim. Surface with a red
wash, shading
to dark
purple-red outside, light
brown and
dusky inside,
burnished.
74.
Miscellaneous bowls with
outward-curving
and thickened rims
251 9-2520 (fig. 247)
2519. (B 8) (plate 108)
Rim. Wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay
with
paler
surface.
2520. (B 8) (plate 108)
Rim. Well made on fast
wheel; very
thin walled. Hard
sandy
reddish to
orange clay
with
some
mica;
surface
plain,
rather
rough.
The neat
sharp profile
and thin wall of
2520 suggest
an imitation of metal. A shallow silver bowl from one of
the
Troy
II treasures has a
very comparable
rim
(SS 231
no.
5868.
Tul
353 fig. 285: c).
A rather similar but
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fig.
247.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Types 73-75.
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
555
20
C 12
v
'

=1
M
1
27 '
'

1
2519
1
f ' M
^f
' 2519 f
' f f
^2521
2520
' ^m
c3O?

35

X ^^r
L
^
-
fJ2^ ^^ ^^^^
X ^^T 2523^^
^
ZI^gLr
-
fJ2^
1^2527
2517 ' LY-Y-YJ^^
^^ ~^^^ cacW_
^
2526
^ ^ ^
2530
thicker rim in
clay
from
Troy
IV a is
assigned
to
shape An,
which looks as if it
might
be derived from metal
bowls like SS no.
5868 (Troy
ii
145 fig. 177: 2,
and
24 fig.
60: III-
5
1 & III-
52
for the bowl
shape).
Two rims
from
Troy
II b and d recall
2520
but are
larger
and thicker
(Troy
i 260
fig. 413: 12; 300 fig. 413: 32).
75.
Shallow bowls with more or less well marked bead rims
2521-2530 (fig. 247)
Such bowls were
relatively
common at
Emporio.
Some
15 rims, mostly
from
quite large
bowls
with diameters of c.
25-30,
could be
assgned
to this
type.
Smaller rims included the
very
neat and
well made
2530
with a wash outside but not in. Most of the
bowls, however, appear
to have been
covered with an overall
wash, normally
red in colour. But
2525
came from a bowl with a white
wash,
and one or two other rims had a
pale greenish slip
inside and out.
Type 75
bowls were
evidently
akin to ones of
Trojan shape
A
2,
which occurred in vast
quantities
in the later levels of
Troy
II and were still common in
Troy
III
[Troy
i
225 f.;
ii
24).
Some A 2 rims from
Troy
II are
very
similar to
type 75
ones
(e.g. Troy
i
300 fig. 413: 29-31; 301
fig. 414: 7-8).
Such bowls have also been found at Lefkandi and Manika in Euboia
(Lefkandi 7
f.
fig. 7: 1,
2. ASxvi
(1966) 53 fig. 7).
2521. (D
West
6A) (plate 107)
Rim. Wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay;
surface with a thick red
wash,
smoothed.
Cf.
Troy
i
301 fig. 414
no.
7,
from
Troy
He.
2522. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim. Wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay;
surface with an overall red
shading
to
purple
wash,
which
appears
to be
slightly
lustrous.
2523. (F 5,
room
VI)
Rim. Inside surface
grey-brown,
outside
light
brown to
red,
burnished.
2524. (D
West
5A) (plate 107)
Rim. Wheelmade. Soft
sandy orange clay;
surface with an overall red
wash,
smoothed.
2525. (B 8)
Rim. Wheelmade.
Orange clay,
well
fired;
surface with a white wash inside and out.
For
shape
but not fabric
compare
the A 2 bowl
rim, Troy
ii
63 fig.
60:
33.141,
from
Troy
III.
2526. (B 8) (plate 108)
Rim and other
fragments
of same bowl.
Sandy orange clay
with some
mica;
surface with an
overall dark
purple-brown
to reddish
slightly
lustrous wash. Another rim
2526A
similar
(plate 107).
2527. (D
East
?6)
Rim.
Grey-brown clay;
surface with traces of
wiping
before
application
of an overall
wash, light
and dark brown
shading
to
dusky
around
rim,
smoothed.
2528. (D
West
?5B) (plate 107)
Rim. Wheelmade. Soft
orange clay;
surface with an overall red
wash,
smoothed.
2529. (D
East
6A) (plate 107)
Rim. Wheelmade.
Orange clay
with some
mica;
surface with a thin red wash inside
and out.
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fig.
248.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Types 76
and
77.
Scale
1/3.
556 III. EMPORIO
2530. (S
?i
1) (plate 107)
Rim. Well and
evenly
made on fast wheel.
Sandy orange clay, greyish
at
core,
with some
mica;
inside surface
finely pitted;
outside with a lustrous red
shading
to
dusky purplish wash, continuing
as a
band around the inside of the rim.
76.
Tall
goblet
with solid
'foot 2531 (fig. 248)
This
unique
handmade vase was
among
those
lying
on the floor of room I in trench B. It is
somewhat reminiscent of the much smaller electrum
cup
from one of the
Troy
II treasures
(SS
230
f. no.
5864.
Tul
351 fig. 280a).
In a
general way
it resembles the
cups
with a vertical handle
and low
ring
base of
Trojan shape
A
35,
which seems to
belong
to the end of
Troy
II
( Troy
i 228 f.
fig. 414: 39).
Similar handled
cups
from
Siphnos
and
Syros assignable
to
Early Cycladic
II have
more
curving
sides and
high
feet
(AE 1899 pl.
8:
3, 4).
A vase from
Kiiltepe
has a
very
similar
profile
to
2531,
but is
smaller,
with four
lugs
or handles on the rim
(K. Bittel,
Prhistorische
Forschung
in Kleinasien
(Istanbul, 1934) 69 pl.
viii:
3).
2531. (B
8:
floor,
on side
against
wall
13) (plate 109) Broken,
but
virtually complete.
Ht.
18.5.
Rather
irregular
in
shape;
mouth
roughly
oval
(diam.
1
2.5-1 3.5). Orange clay
with
grit, including
some
large
red and
white;
surface red
mottling
to
light
and dark
brown,
with fine stroke burnish inside and out.
77.
Tankards
2532-2538 (fig. 248)
This
type corresponds
to the
Trojan shapes
A
39
and A
43,
with one or with two handles. It was
not in fact certain whether
any
of the tankards from
Emporio
had two handles
(Troy shape
A
43)
as
suggested
in the reconstruction of the
large fragment 2532
from the floor in room I of trench B.
A
couple
of small wheelmade bases like
2538 may
have come from
tankards,
but
they
and
some of the rims
grouped
here could have
belonged
to vases of the related
type
A
38
with no
handles.
Examples
of all three
types
from
Troy
and elsewhere in Anatolia are listed
by
P. Z.
Spanos,
1st. Mitt. Beiheft 6
(Tbingen, 1972)
108 ff. Even in Anatolia the one-handled tankard
as
Troy shape
A
39 appears
to be much commoner than the two-handled
variety (shape
A
43).
A
43
tankards were characteristic of
Troy II,
but were
already
rare in
Troy
III and are not
it seems attested afterwards
(Troy
i
229 fig. 380;
ii 26 f. Cf. SS nos.
2001-2, 1207-9,
1
156-7,
2122-3).
The silver two-handled
vase,
SS
232
no.
5873,
from one of the
Troy
II
treasures,
is of
this
shape,
but has a rounded base. The one-handled
variety (A 39) may
have
already
occurred
I
^
V
' M ^^^ 2532
2531
I
I
2^7
*
V
/
' (
r*W
/ P^,
*
2534 2535
's
2537
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3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
557
at the end of the Late
Subperiod
of
Troy I,
and was at home from
Troy
II-IV and even later
{Troy
i
64, 229;
ii
25 f.,
126
f., 242).
The handleless A
38
seems to be an innovation of
Troy
II a
and is not recorded after the end of
Troy
II
{Troy
i
229).
Two-handled tankards akin to those of
Troy shape
A
43,
some handmade and others
wheelmade,
were at home at Tarsus in E.B. Ill
{Tarsus
ii
141
f. nos.
471-482 figs. 265, 356). They
were found there
alongside
one-handled
cups
akin to those of
Troy shape
A
39 (
Tarsus ii
141
nos.
467-470).
A
variety
of handleless
jar
reminiscent of the
Trojan shape
A
38
occurred in the same
horizon
{Tarsus
ii
149
f. nos.
573-585 esp.
no.
576 figs. 274, 362).
There were also
many
two-handled
depades
in a wide
range
of different forms
{Tarsus
ii nos.
483-513) together
with
single-handled
and handleless
goblets resembling
some of them in
shape.
This wide
group
of
related forms
appears
to have
developed
in
Cilicia,
and the fashion for vases of these
shapes
probably spread
from there to the
Trojan
area in the time of
Troy
II
along
with the
technique
of
the fast
potter's
wheel which is first attested in
Troy
II b.
At
Karata-Semayuk
tankards of
Troy shape
A
43
were found in E.B. Ill contexts
{AJA
lxix
(
1
965) 250 pl. 65 fig. 36;
lxxi
(
1
967) 259 pl. 83 fig. 46)
. Mellink calls the
shape
'a hallmark of the
E.B. Ill
period, Troy II,
Cilician E.B. Ill A'.
Fragments
of handmade
vases,
with two handles or
handleless,
and with rims like
2534-5
coated with a red
slip
and
burnished,
occurred at
Beycesultan
as
imports
in the latest level
(XIII a)
of E.B. 2 there
{Beycesultan
i
190
if.
fig.
P.
46: 2,
5;
sheet
5 shape 38.
Cf. ibid. 202 f.
fig.
P.
47:
60 from level XII of E.B.
3 a).
It is
interesting
that both
depades
and tankards with one or two handles
appear
to be rare in
settlements
(if
not in
graves)
in the hinterland of north-western Anatolia
(D. French,
AS xix
(1969)
68 under 12
(c)
and
(d)).
A
unique (imported ?) example
of the one-handled
variety
(Troy shape
A
39)
identical with one from Tarsus is
assigned
to Alishar II but came from an area
with
frequent
remains of Alishar I
{Alishar 1928-29
i
114 fig. 134 pl.
xii: b
2536. Aberg,
Chronologie
iv
96
f.
fig. 190.
Cf. Tarsus ii
141
no.
467 fig. 266).
Tankards with one or two handles like
Troy shapes
A
39
and A
43
do not
appear
to be
attested at Thermi. But one-handled tankards
(A 39)
occur on Samos
{Samos
i
pls. 15:
6
(47: 6);
21:
1),
and in the Red
period
at Poliochni
{Poliochni
i
639 pl.
cxliii:
a-f, k).
The Poliochni
tankards
usually
seem to have the
top
of the handle attached to the shoulder rather than to the
neck,
as if
they
were direct imitations of Cilician E.B. Ill models instead of
Trojan
derivatives
(e.g.
Tarsus ii
fig.
266:
467.
Mersin 200 f.
fig.
1
24: 10)
. The same
type
is standard at
Aphrodisias
in
Complex
VI which
appears
to be
contemporary
with an
early phase
of
Troy
II
{A JA
lxxv
(1971 )
137, 138 pl. 25: fig. 4).
The two-handled tankard
(Troy shape
A
43)
does not
appear
to be at home in the
Cyclades
or further west. But the one-handled
variety (A 39)
is well
represented
in the islands in
Early
Cycladic
II and on the western side of the
Aegean
in contexts
assignable
to late E.H. II or
early
E.H. Ill
(e.g.
Delos xi
fig. 41: top row,
2 and
4
from left. Cf.
MacGillivray 1979 fig. 9.
Naxos:
several in
Apeiranthos
Museum.
Syros
and
Siphnos:
AE
1899 pl. 9: 7,
1 1 .
berg, Chronologie
iv
89
figs. 172, 173. Zervos, ACycl. pl. 183. Ayia Irini,
Kea:
Hesperia
xli
(1972) 373 pl. 80,
Phase C
(Late
Phase of E.B.
A.). (A
number of
Cycladic
tankards have the handle set on the shoulder like some
from Poliochni and
Aphrodisias (e.g. Zervos, ACycl pl. 184. Renfrew, Emergence pl. 9: 4.
MacGillivray 1979 fig. 9)). Leflcandiff. fig. 7: 7,
8.
Rafina,
house A: PAE
1952, 145
f.
figs. 10, 12,
with sauceboats. Eutresis
105 fig.
1
38,
and Orchomenos iii
55
note
5
for another. Orchomenos iii
54
ff.
fig.
1
5 pl.
xxii:
2-4)
. Rims of
imported
Urfirnis ware which
might
have come from tankards were
found in levels of E.B. Ill if not of E.B. II at
Argissa
in
Thessaly {Argissa
iii
15 pl.
12:
4 (xi: 2); pl.
41 ).
Other
examples
of vases of
Troy shapes
A
39
and A
43
found in
Greece, mostly represented
by fragments,
are listed
by French,
Thesis
130.
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558 III. EMPORIO
Brea
suggests
a connection between the one-handled tankards and a
shape
current in
Macedonia in the
Early
Bronze
Age
there
(Poliochni
i
639.
PMac
179
no.
230 pl. xiv).
2532. (B
8:
lying
on side
just
above
floor) (plate 109) Profile, including stump
of one handle. Ht. 10. Diam. of rim
8.5.
Soft
grey-brown clay;
outside surface
grey-brown
to dark
reddish, burnished;
inside
rough,
without
burnish,
except
around rim.
Fragments
of another vase
(2532A
on plate
109)
found with
2532,
and
perhaps similar;
surface
black,
finely
burnished.
2533. (B 8) (plate 108)
Rim. Well and
evenly made, perhaps
on fast wheel.
Sandy orange clay;
surface with an
overall red wash
shading
to
dusky
on
inside,
smoothed.
2534. (B 8) (plate 108)
Rim.
Very
fine
fabric; orange clay
with abundant
silvery
mica
showing
in
surface;
thick red
slip
outside and around inside of
rim; exceptionally high
stroke burnish.
2535. (B 8) Rim,
cf.
2534. Possibly
wheelmade. Fine
orange clay
with some
grit;
abundant
silvery
mica
showing
in
surface;
red wash outside
continuing
around inside of
rim,
with
high
stroke
burnish;
rest of inside
plain orange,
smoothed.
2536. (D
East
6A) (plate 109)
Rim with
boldly
incised or
impressed
circles. Surface
grey-brown
to dark
purple-brown;
fine burnish outside and around inside of rim.
2537. (F
wall
30) (plate 107)
Handle.
Sandy orange clay;
red wash.
2538. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Base
(class 6C)
like 2620. Wheelmade.
Grey clay;
outside surface dark
purple-brown
with a reddish
tinge, very
well burnished.
Fragment
of another similar base
(D
East
6)
of soft
orange clay, grey
at
core;
outside surface with traces of a
red wash.
(b) jugs
and tripod cooking pots
3ugs 2539-2540 (fig. 249)
These were not as much in evidence as
they
were in levels of earlier
periods
in Area A. But
fragments
of
jugs
of all sizes were recovered from
deposits assignable
to Period
I;
the surfaces
being
either black with a fine
burnish,
or dull
purple-brown, grey-brown,
and
light brown,
less
well burnished. Two or three
spouts (e.g. 2539)
were like fig.
217
no. 2. A
pointed spout
with a
sharp ridge
or carination down the front
(F ?5,
?room
V)
resembled those characteristic of Period
II. One or two
'pushed-through'
handles doubtless came from
jugs.
Handles
normally
seem to
have been set below the rim as in Period
II,
but some were to the
rim,
as on the
double-spouted
jug 2540.
2539. (B
1
1/9) Top
of small
jug,
cf.
type 24.
Surface darkish brown with fine burnish.
2540. (B
?8:
lying
on
floor) (plate 109)
Double-mouthed
jug (type 23 C). Complete except
for
parts
of
spouts.
Ht. as
preserved 18.5.
Three
pairs
of warts on
belly.
Thick-walled. Hard
fabric; clay grey-brown
to
orange;
surface
unburnished, orange shading
to
red,
due to what
appears
to be a
slightly
lustrous red wash.
Cf.
2392
of
stage 3 (Period II).
But the
spouts
of
2540
have divided necks.
26.
Cooking jugs 2541
The
fragments 2541
from above the floor in room I of trench B
may belong
to a small
cooking
jug,
cf.
type
26A.
2541. (B
8:
floor) (plate 109) Fragments
of small
jug
cf.
type
26A. Ht. to rim estimated c. 10. Diam. of
body
10.
Irregular.
Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface
roughly
smoothed.
27. Tripod cooking pots 2542-2543
These were
evidently common,
and
large fragments
of one
(2543)
were recovered from above the
floor in room I of trench B. One or two
rims, apparently
from
cooking pots
of some
kind,
had
projections rising
from them
(e.g. 2542)
like
2395
of Period
II,
but the
finely
burnished surfaces
of some Period II
cooking pots
were not in evidence. There were
many legs
from
tripod cooking
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fig.
249.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Jugs
and
jars.
Scale
1/4, except 2554 (1/8).
3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
559
/ /
I
2546 I
4
.?.,i
/
254
'
y
W
2547
rifa
V
1/
v)
Y /
2547
V
1/ Y /
1

'
y
1 /
'
2548
B
N.
^7
r
1
m
^| ^^^r ORRfi
/(O
Q) I
'
^w
' / B
'
^^
' 2554 /
^
2555 N.
^^^f
'v / -<
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560 III. EMPORIO
pots, mostly
more or less semi-circular in
section;
their surfaces tended to be
lightish
brown or
shades of
grey-brown
with coarse burnish.
2542. (B 8) (plate 109) Fragments
of
tripod cooking pot
as
2395
of Period
II,
but smaller. Surface
irregular,
red to
dark
purple-brown
and
dusky,
with coarse burnish.
2543. (B
8: c. 20 above
floor) (plate hi) Jar,
in
shape
and
fabric,
cf.
2555-6,
but with
tripod legs. Only
half
preserved,
with one vertical handle and
stumps
of two
legs.
Ht.
preserved 25.
Diam. of rim c. 18. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
outside surface shades of reddish and dark brown to
dusky
with
rough
stroke
burnish;
inside
smoothed, light
brown
shading
to
dusky
at bottom as if from action of fire.
(C) JARS 2544-2584 (FIGS. 249-251)
These all seem to have been handmade. Some rims of classes A I- III
appear
to come from small
jars
which
may
have been used as
cooking pots
as in earlier
periods;
the surfaces of these were
dusky brown,
sometimes with a red
wash, rough
or with little or no burnish. One rim
(2545)
of
class A I was bevelled on the inside.
Jars
with a
pair
of handles set
opposite
each
other,
either on the
shoulder,
or
joining
shoulder
to neck
(or occasionally
shoulder to
rim),
were much in
evidence,
and of all
sizes, ranging
from
store
jars
as
2554
to small
pyxis-like
vases. The
larger
ones had
irregular
surfaces with a coarse
burnish,
shades of
light
and dark brown to
reddish,
the red surface sometimes at
any
rate
being
the result of a
wash;
while smaller ones
might
have
finely
burnished surfaces as in Period II.
Some
large
two-handled
jars
were wide-mouthed as
2554.
Narrow mouths like
2578 may
come
from
jars
with a
pair
of vertical handles on the
belly resembling
those of
Trojan shape
C 10
common in the destruction level
marking
the end of
Troy
II.
Two
large jars
with
globular
bodies and a
pair
of vertical handles
joining
neck to shoulder
had
high ring
feet
(2555-6).
There seem to be no close
parallels
for these
jars
from
Troy
or
Thermi. A
single-handled cup
from Thermi IV has a
comparable profile,
but is much smaller
(
Thermi 1
25
no.
438 pl. ix)
.
Ring
bases like those of
2555-6
are in evidence on
jars
of other
shapes
from the Yellow
period
at
Poliochni,
which should
overlap
with
Troy
II
(e.g.
Poliochni ii
pls.
xcv-xcvii).
The
surviving upper part
of a two-handled
jar
from a late
phase
of the local
Early
Bronze
Age
at Servia in western Macedonia looks
remarkably
similar to
2555-6 {Servia 224,
222
fig.
16: 1 1
1).
More or less
globular jars
akin to
type 47 (e.g. 2573)
still seem to occur at
Emporio
in Period
I,
and these
may
have a
pair
of horizontal side handles instead of the more usual vertical ones.
A few
jars
had everted rims of class B III f
(e.g. 2582-4).
The small
jar 2584
is
interesting,
since the base of the neck seems to have been covered with a band of some kind of material other
than
clay
at the time the vase was burnished. A similar
phenomenon
was noted in the case of
some
finely
burnished
jar
necks from levels of Period II
(e.g. 2086).
Traces of red
paint
inside
2584 may
be remains of its
original contents;
but thick matt red
paint
inside
jars
and lids from
deposits
of Period II sometimes at
any
rate
appears
to have been decorative
(e.g. 2399).
Class A I
(fig. 250)
2544. (F 5/3/2,
?rooms V or
VI) Flat-topped
rim. Outside surface
red,
inside
grey-brown,
with
very
even burnish.
Perhaps
a
stray
of Periods V-I V or earlier.
2545. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V) Rim,
bevelled on inside. Surface
irregular, grey-brown,
burnished
outside,
rather
rough
inside.
Class A II
(figs. 249, 250)
2546. (D
West
6A) (fig. 249)
Rim and most of
profile; stump
of vertical handle
joining
neck to shoulder.
Gritty grey
to
orange-red clay;
inside surface
dusky, rough;
outside
light
brown to
dusky
and
red,
burnished.
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fig.
250.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Jars.
Scale
1/3.
3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
561
c 15 c 14? cu? clS? L_
1
L!^
^
2544I 2545 I 2549
%
2550
'
I I
A/^iLt^
1
1*1
255, 1
cl5? cK>
25581 2559 M
r=-a*p I W ' W
2561
^
V/ *
m r /I
W
''m
W
2562

I
m
1

r
J I
^-
^

1 1 ^1
I
M

S^4
's*/

2553
1 1
I
M
's*/ 2560

W / I
M
"i o /
2567
%
' 2568 I
' 2570
#

C.22
^m
M^ 2575
^m
V
^if
I
S
'
I

M

2579 i
2574 M^ 2575 V 2576 I ' M M
"
^
2577
^
^^^

c 14
^

I
M
)
2582
r
W
2580 M
'v
^^X^
2582
^
'7 |
2584
2583 2581
2547. (B 8) (fig. 249) Rim,
with vertical handle
joining
neck to shoulder. Surface
grey-brown; very
coarse burnish.
2548. (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V) (fig. 249) Rim,
cf.
2547.
Inside surface
lightish brown, roughly
smoothed or
burnished;
outside
light
brown to
dusky,
with
very
coarse
superficial
burnish.
2549. (F 5/3/2,
Prooms V or
VI) Flat-topped rim,
thickened on inside. Coarse
orange clay;
outside surface with traces
of a red
wash,
burnished
(?).
2550. (F 5,
room
VI)
Rim. Surface dark
purple-brown
to
red,
well burnished inside and out.
255
1 .
(D
West
6)
Rim.
Gritty grey-black clay; large grit
and straw
impressions showing
in
surface,
which
light
brown
to
red,
burnished.
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562 III. EMPORIO
2552. (B
1 1
/g) Rim,
with
stump
of vertical handle set
just
below it. Coarse
clay;
outside surface with a red wash and
traces of burnish.
2553. (D
East
6A) Rim;
wart on outside. Surface shades of brown to dark
red,
burnished
outside, rough
inside.
Class A III
(figs. 249-251)
2554. (S
?i 1
) (fig. 249.
plate 1
10) Large
store
jar (type 40). Broken,
but
virtually complete, apart
from one handle
missing.
Ht.
36.
Mouth somewhat oval
(diam. 30-34).
Coarse
grey-brown clay,
with abundant
grit, grey,
red
and
white,
some
large;
surface shades of
lightish brown,
much
pitted;
traces of
poor
burnish.
2555. (B
8:
lying
on
floor, partly
covered
by 2494) (fig. 249.
plate i
io)
Two-handled
jar
with
high ring
foot. Most of
one side with one handle
missing.
Ht.
30.
Diam. of rim
24.
Inside surface
light
brown
(except
around
rim,
which
dusky)
smoothed rather than
burnished;
outside
grey-brown shading
to
dusky
black and
light
brown with
poor
stroke burnish.
2556. (B
8:
lying
on floor on
side) (fig. 249.
plate i
io)
Two-handled
jar
like
2555. Large parts
of one side
missing.
Ht. 28. Diam. of rim 22. Surface
lightish grey-brown
with coarse burnish
outside,
less well burnished inside.
2557. (B 8) (fig. 25
1 . plate
in)
Two-handled
jar
like
2555. Only parts
of rim with two handles
preserved.
Diam. of
rim c. 21. Surface
irregular,
red to shades of
light
and dark brown and
dusky;
coarse burnish.
2558. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Rim. Surface
light brown;
coarse burnish.
2559. (D
East
?6)
Rim. Surface
light brown, rough
without
any
trace of burnish
outside,
but
quite
well burnished
inside.
2560. (D
West
6A)
Rim.
Very
coarse red-brown
clay
with
large grit
and
straw;
inside surface dark brown to
black,
outside
black,
with
superficial
burnish.
2561. (D
West
?4/3,
hearth
N)
Rim. Coarse
clay
with
large grit;
surface
grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2562. (D
East
6A)
Rim.
Grey clay;
outside surface
light brown,
burnished.
Classes B I- II
(fig. 250)
2563. (D
East
6A)
Rim. Shades of brown and
red,
well burnished outside and around
top
of rim inside.
2564. (D
West
6)
Rim.
Gritty orange-red clay;
surface
pitted;
inside
dusky, smoothed;
outside shades of
light
and
dark brown to
red,
well burnished.
2565. (D
West
6)
Rim.
Irregular. Light red-brown,
with
poor
burnish
outside, rough
inside.
2566. (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V)
Rim. Outside
light brown,
inside darker
brown,
well burnished.
2567. (D
West
6)
Rim.
Irregular.
Coarse
grey clay;
surface
light
brown with a reddish
tinge;
traces of
rough
smoothing
or
burnishing
on outside.
2568. (B ?ioA)
Rim. Outside shades of
light
and dark brown to red with fine
burnish;
inside
rough,
unburnished.
2569. (S
?i
1)
Rim. Soft
greyish clay;
surface
light greyish brown,
burnished.
2570. (B
1
1/10A/9)
Two
non-joining fragments
of small
pyxis-like jar
cf.
type 44.
Outside surface
grey-brown
with
very
fine
polish-like
burnish
continuing
round inside of
rim;
rest of inside smoothed but not burnished.
Fragments
of a similar but smaller
jar (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V).
2571. (S
?i
1)
Rim.
Light grey-brown
with a reddish
tinge,
burnished.
2572. (D
East
6)
Rim.
Gritty grey-black clay,
red-brown at
edges;
surface
light greyish brown,
burnished.
Class B III
(figs. 250, 251)
2573. (S
?i
1) Jar,
cf.
type 47C,
with
pair
of horizontal handles on
belly;
four warts on shoulder. Rim
missing except
for one
non-joining scrap.
Soft
gritty grey clay, orange-brown
at
surface;
outside with traces of a red
wash,
smoothed or burnished.
2574. (F ?5/3,
room
V) Rim,
class B III a:
variety
1
(?).
Coarse
orange clay
with
large grit;
surface with a red
wash,
burnished.
2575. (F ?5,
?room
IV) Rim,
class B III a:
variety
1
(?). Grey-brown;
fine burnish.
2576. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V) Rim,
class Billa:
variety
1 .
Gritty
reddish
clay;
some
large grit showing
in
surface,
which somewhat
pitted;
outside red to dark brown and
dusky, burnished;
inside less well burnished.
2577. (B 8) Rim,
class B III b. Surface with a red
wash, shading
to
dusky
in
places; very
coarse
superficial
burnish.
2578. (D
East
6) (fig. 251.
plate
hi) Rim,
cf. class B III d.
Thick-walled;
coarse
fabric;
surface shades of
light
and
dark
brown,
with
poor
burnish
outside;
inside
rough. Fragments
of one or two others similar from levels
assignable
to Period I.
Possibly
from tall
jars
cf.
Troy shape
C
10,
which first
appears
in
Troy
II c
{Troy
i
234 pls. 391-4).
2579. (D
East
6A)
Rim as
2578.
Coarse
orange-brown clay;
surface dark
purple-brown
to
reddish,
burnished inside
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fig.
251.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Jars
and
pithoi.
Scale
1/4.
3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
563
and out.
Fragment
of neck
(D
West
6A) apparently
from same
vase;
outside surface dark
red, burnished;
inside with a dark
purple-brown wash,
unburnished.
2580. (B
wall
13) Rim,
cf. class B III d. Shades of
light
to dark
purplish brown; very superficial
burnish.
2581. (D
West
6) (plate 102) Rim,
cf. class B III d. Soft
fabric; light grey clay
with
grit,
some
large;
surface
light
greyish brown,
burnished but worn. Incised decoration: band of cross
hatching (lattice)
with traces of white fill.
2582. (B 8) Rim,
cf. class B III e.
Gritty grey-brown clay,
cf.
cooking pot ware;
surface shades of
light
and dark brown
to
dusky,
with
poor
burnish.
2583. (B ?ioA) Rim,
cf. class B III e. Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface with little or no trace of burnish.
2584. (D
East
6A)
Profile of small
jar; rim,
class B III
f;
sunk base.
Gritty grey-black clay;
outside surface
light greyish
brown,
burnished. Wide shallow
groove
round base of neck with no trace of
burnish,
as if concealed
by
a flat
band of some
perishable
material when
burnishing done,
cf. 2086
(Period II),
and
842, 1251, 1403.
Inside
rough,
with traces of red
colouring matter,
which
might
have been
original contents,
cf.
2399, 2426, assigned
to
Period II.
(e)
pithoi
2585-2590 (fig. 251)
Some of these were
very large
in size to
judge
from their
fragments.
Rims
appear
to have been in
general simple
and
outward-curving,
like
2345
from the fill of tomb 1 in Area E and
2585
below.
The thickened rim
2590
with internal differentiation is
exceptional.
A few vertical
handles, mostly large,
but one
small, evidently belonged
to
pithoi.
One from B
8
joining
neck to shoulder
(the
surface
red, burnished)
had a thumb
impression
at what
appears
' I 2578

WJT'
' 2557
W
2585 W
Vj^ W

*
"
^ *_^
"
"^^ ^
2589
^
2586^^ 2587^^ 2588^^
"
^V ^^^ ^^^
m
m
f
2590
%
^^g^^
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564 III. EMPORIO
to have been the lower end. The
fragments 2589,
all
perhaps
from the same
vase,
include a
rim,
cf.
2345,
a vertical handle with
sharp rectangular section,
and a rather
small, slightly
sunk base.
The
clay
for
pithoi
was
normally coarse,
but well
fired, tending
to
light
brown or
orange
in
colour;
surfaces were
often,
but not
always,
coated with a red
wash,
and
usually
smoothed or
burnished.
Decoration on
pithoi
in Period I seems to have been confined to a raised band around the
base of the neck with
diagonal
or vertical cuts on it.
2585. (B ?8)
Rim. Coarse
orange clay
with
grit,
some
very large;
surface
irregular,
coated with an overall
wash,
red
inside,
dark
purplish
red-brown
outside,
smoothed or burnished.
Possibly
a later
(Middle
or Late Bronze
Age)
intrusion.
2586. (F 5,
?room
V)
Rim. Coarse
light
brown
clay;
surface with an overall red
wash,
smoothed but not burnished.
2587. (F 5/4 Deposit, A,
?room
V)
Rim. Coarse
orange clay
with abundant
grit showing
in
surface,
which
quite
well
burnished on outside.
2588. (D
East
?6)
Rim. Soft
fabric;
coarse
orange clay;
traces of an overall red
wash,
smoothed or burnished.
2589. (S
? 1 1
) Fragments
of
large pithos, including part
of
rim,
one vertical
handle,
and base. Coarse
grey-brown clay,
light
brown on inside
edge;
outside surface with a
bright
red
wash,
and traces of
sporadic burnishing
in
places;
inside of base
blackened,
as if a fire had been lit in
it,
cf.
2332
from trench M in Area D.
2590. (B ?ioA)
Rim. Surface with a red
wash,
smoothed but not burnished.
Cf. Poliochni i
582 pl.
lxxvii:
f, i,
evolved Blue
period.
(f)
lids
2591-2597 (fig. 252)
A
good many fragments
of lids were noted in levels
assignable
to Period I. Some of these were
evidently large,
of coarse
fabric,
their surfaces shades of
light
brown to
dusky
with
poor
burnish
or sometimes none at all.
Among
lids of coarse ware flat ones of
type
60 were in
evidence;
three or
four had solid horned
lugs
on the
edge
like
2592.
One
fragment
of a lid of uncertain
type,
of coarse fabric with an unburnished
purple-brown
wash,
was surmounted
by
a handle flanked
by
a
pair
of
string-holes.
Two solid
triangular lugs
resembling 1669
of Period
II,
with
light
brown to red burnished
surfaces, evidently
came from
large
covers of
type 63;
but small covers of this
type belonging
to
pyxis-like jars
were not much in
evidence in
deposits
of Period I. The
scrap 2594
from a small
type 63
cover has the surface
finely
burnished,
but no trace of incised
decoration;
it
may
be of Period I date. But the
fragments
of a
pyxis-like jar
and small cover decorated with incision on plate
105 (d)
nos.
2, 6, although
from a
level
(B
under wall
22) assignable
to
I,
look as if
they might belong
to Period II.
Three
fragments (2595-7) evidently
came from varieties of covers of
type 64B
with
'crown-handles'.
2591- (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V) Edge
of flat lid
(type 60)
with
oblong
wart. Surface
light
to dark
brown,
well
burnished.
2592. (B 8) (plate 83) Edge
of lid
(type 60)
with solid horned
lug. Light
brown to
dusky;
coarse burnish. Two or
three
fragments
of other flat lids of
type 60,
of same fabric with similar horned
lugs.
2593. (D
West
6A) Fragment
of cover
(type 63).
Surface shades of
light
to dark
purple-brown
and
reddish;
outside
with
good
stroke
burnish;
inside less well burnished.
2594. (F
wall
30) Edge
of small cover
(type 63)
with horned
lug. Grey-brown
to
black;
fine burnish.
2595. (S
?i
1) (plate hi)
Handle surmounted
by
a sunk
disc-shaped knob, apparently
from a cover of
type 64B.
Light
brown
shading
to dark brown and
red-brown,
burnished.
2596. (S
? 1 1
) (plate hi)
Intersection of two
crossing
handles surmounted
by
a tall
disc-shaped knob, evidently
from
a cover of
type 64B. Gritty greyish clay;
surface much
pitted, light greyish brown,
without
any
trace of burnish.
Cf.
Troy shape
D
8,
which occurs in
Troy II,
but is still attested in
Troy
IV and V
( Troy
i
239;
ii
135 f., 247
f.
Cf. SS
23
f. nos.
475-84.
Poliochni ii
255 pls.
cxcv:
c;
cxcvi:
e;
cxcviii:
b,
Yellow
period).
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fig.
252.
Area F.
Stage 4 (Period I). Lids, handles,
bases etc. Scale
1/3.
3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
565
2597. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Intersection of three arms of a 'crown-handle' surmounted
by
a low
disc-shaped
knob, evidently
from a cover of
type 64B. Grey-brown,
burnished.
Cf.
Troy shape
D
7,
which was an innovation of
Troy II,
but continued
through Troy
III and IV and into V
{Troy
i
239 fig. 405: 35.859;
ii
32, 135, 247.
Poliochni ii
256 pls.
cxcvi:
f, g;
cxcviii:
c).
(i)
HANDLES AND LUGS
2598, 2599 (FIG. 252)
(1)
Bowls
Bowls of
types
6 and
7,
and ones of the carinated
type 9,
sometimes
appear
to have had side
handles,
but these were not as much in evidence as in levels of Period II. One or two of these
handles were
pointed
or horned as fig.
107
nos.
2, 5, although
handles of these
shapes
were no
'"
2591 2593%
| J ' /
''

~
y~-
x %

C"
2594
^SZ^tf^'
V
2592
V
t
-
1
~~~
""^l""/

;
' f
2597
!
!
u99
N "
/ 2598
)
n
^
^_w
2600 2601
2602
2604
;
,i;r_.->
^
-m
-
2603
^
2605
^^rEE=;:=? I
2606 2607 2608
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566 III. EMPORIO
longer
common it seems. Handles when
they
occurred on bowls were
normally
circular but
sometimes
square
in section.
A rim
(D
East
?6)
with
grey-brown
burnished
surface, apparently
from a
type 5 bowl,
had
the
stump
of a handle
rising
from its
top
like bowls of the
early
Periods X-
VIII;
it
may
be a
stray
from that horizon.
Several
fragments
were recovered of horned
lug-handles
with
large
circular holes
through
them as fig. 106 no. 8
b, rising
from the rims of
bowls, apparently
of
type 14;
their surfaces
light
brown,
or shades of
light
and dark brown to
reddish,
burnished. Such
lug-handles (fig.
106 nos.
8
a,
8
b)
were not uncommon in Period II. One or two circular-sectioned handles like
2537
evidently belonged
to tankards of
type 77
or to vases of related
types.
A
large
horizontal
trumpet lug (F 5 Deposit B,
room
V) may
come from a bowl.
Vertically
perforated lugs
of various kinds seem to have occurred on
bowls,
but were
evidently
rare.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
etc.
(2598-9)
Vertical handles from
jugs
and
jars
were much in evidence. Most of these were oval in
section,
or
hollow-backed, resembling
earlier
kidney-sectioned
handles but thinner.
Only
one handle was
noted with a neat lunate
section;
it was
evidently
from a
jug,
with a
finely
burnished black
surface,
and
may
have been a
stray
of Period II or earlier when similar handles were common.
A number of handles had
'thrust-through'
ends of a modified
kind; they presumably
came
from
jars, aggressively 'thrust-through'
handles
being
confined to
jugs,
whose narrow necks
prevented
the
potter
from
putting
a hand inside to smooth over the handle end.
A
fragment
of a side handle
(F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
like
1701
of Period II was noted.
Another
fragment
came from a handle of the slashed
type
like
171 7.
The curious
lug-handle 2598
is somewhat reminiscent of those
representing
arms on
Trojan
'Face Urns'. Solid horned
lugs
or warts occurred on vases of various
types,
on the sides of bowls
(e.g. 2493),
and on flat lids
(e.g. 2592).
2598. (B
1 1
g) (plate hi) Lug-handle
from side of
jar.
Outside surface
light
to dark
brown,
with fine
burnish;
inside
of
jar rough.
Two others similar from B
9, stages ?3/4,
and E
(F ?4/i)
In a
general way
cf. the solid arms of
Trojan
'Face Urns'
(Troy shape
C
30)
attested from the end of
Troy
II
until
Troy
V
(Troy
i
236;
ii
31, 133 f., 246).
2599. (D
West
?5B) (plate hi) Large lug-handle, apparently
from side of
jar.
Hard
gritty grey
to red-brown
clay
with mica
showing
in
it;
surface with a
paler wash,
unburnished.
Possibly
from an
imported
vase in view of the
mica.
(k)
bases
2600-2607 (fig. 252)
These included several
pedestal
feet and
high ring feet, mostly
it seems from bowls
(e.g. 2489-
of
type 9), although
the
pair
of
jars (2555-6)
from room I in trench B had
high ring
feet. One foot
(D
East
6A)
of class 2A was
evidently perforated
with four circular holes. The
unique goblet
2531
of
type 76
has a solid
pedestal
foot
(class 2B).
Sunk bases do not seem to have been
common,
but one or two were
noted;
that on the little
jar 2584
is
very
marked. One small conical foot of a
pyxis-like jar
was recovered
(F ?5,
?room
V)
.
Bases from wheelmade vases included
2605.
A
couple
of little bases like 2620 could have
belonged
to wheelmade versions of
type 77.
Unless otherwise stated the bases described below are either
certainly
or
probably
from
bowls.
2600.
(F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Pedestal foot
(class 2A), apparently
from
ajar.
Inside surface
dusky,
outside
light
brown, rough
and unburnished.
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3. AREA F. STAGE 4
(PER. I)
567
2601.
(D
West
?6A) High ring
foot
(class 3A).
Coarse
grey
to red-brown
clay;
inside surface black with coarse
burnish;
outside shades of
light
and dark
purple-brown
to
red,
burnished.
2602.
(D
West
6) High ring
foot
(class 3A).
Soft
fabric;
surface
light
to dark brown and
reddish,
burnished.
2603. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V) High ring
foot
(class 3A) Gritty grey
to red-brown
clay;
surface
purplish,
burnished
inside and out.
2604. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V)
Low
ring foot,
cf. class
4B.
Surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
2605. (S
?i
1)
Low
ring foot,
cf. class
4B. Wheelmade,
with wheel marks
clearly
visible inside. Fine
clay, greyish
at
core,
red-brown at
edges;
inside surface
grey-brown
to
black,
outside
lightish brown,
well burnished inside and
out.
2606.
(D
East
?6) (plate hi)
Small flat base
(class 6C).
Fabric akin to
Minyan
ware. Fine
grey clay;
surface
grey
shading
to
light grey-brown,
burnished.
2607. (B ?ioA)
Differentiated base
(class 8A).
Surface
light
brown to
red,
with fine burnish.
DECORATION
This was not much in evidence
compared
with earlier
periods.
Pattern burnish. The
fragment 2481
from the rim of a bowl of
type 7
was decorated with true
pattern
burnish. Pattern burnish was characteristic of the horizon of Period VIII at
Emporio,
and was
hardly represented
in levels of VII-VI and
only by
earlier
strays
it seems in those of later
periods
from V-II. But neither the
shape
of this rim nor the
style
of the
pattern
burnish are
typical
of Period
VIII,
nor is the
fragment
at all worn. There is
nothing apart
from the
decoration to
suggest
that it comes from an
imported
vase. A
theriomorphic
vase from the fourth
level in the Mound of Protesilaos
assignable
to the
period
of
Troy
II
appears
to have been
decorated with a
variety
of
pattern
burnish
{Protesilaos
61
fig. 79).
Incision. This was the commonest form of
decoration, although comparatively
few incised
fragments
-
only
some
twenty-three,
or less than one
per
zembil
-
were
recovered,
and most of
these could be
regarded
as
strays
of Period II. The rim
2536, however,
with
large
incised
circles,
may
come from a tankard of
type 77
and is almost
certainly
of Period I date.
Apart
from
this,
the
motifs of incised decoration from levels of Period I were
indistinguishable
from those attested in
II,
and the
shapes
of vase on which such decoration
occurred, including
bowls of
types 13
and
14
(e.g. 2503), large
carinated
jars
with
finely
burnished
surfaces,
and small
pyxis-like jars (e.g.
2581),
were
equally
if not more at home then.
Relief.
Decoration in relief
occurred,
but was not common. The rim of a bowl of
type 7 (S
? 1 1
)
had a crescent in relief on the shoulder. There was a
group
of
curving
ribs on a
fragment (B ?g)
which
may
have come from the
body
of a
jug.
A
fragment (B 8)
from
ajar (?)
had a vertical rib
descending
to a thick circle. Horizontal
ridges
of a
distinctly
metallic kind
appear
on
2068;
but
this
may
be later than Period I.
Warts seem less in evidence than
they
were in Period
II,
but occur on some carinated rims of
type 9 bowls,
and in
pairs
on the
double-spouted jug 2540.
A rim
(B ?ioA)
with a
long
vertical
wart like 1
593
of Period II
may
come from a
large
store
jar
akin to
2554.
The
jar
rim
2553
of class
All has a wart below it.
2608.
(D
West
?5B) (fig. 252.
plate
107) Fragment, apparently
from a
bowl,
cf.
type 14.
Wheelmade.
Sandy orange
clay;
surface
plain,
with horizontal
grooves
and
ridges, perhaps imitating
metal-work.
Possibly
of Middle
Bronze
Age
date.
IMPORTS
2609,
2610
These were not much in
evidence, apart
from the wheelmade
vases,
some or all of which
may
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568 III. EMPORIO
have been
imported
in view of the traces of mica detectable in them. The curious
lug-handle
2599
also has mica in the
clay.
Other
possible imports
noted were:
2609. (F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V) (plate hi) Fragment
of
large jug
or
jar. Grey shading
to brown
clay, fine,
but with
some
grit (including large lumps)
and abundant mica
showing
in
surface;
inside
greyish, rough;
outside dark
brown to
reddish,
stroke burnished.
2610.
(F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V) Fragment
of small vase with
stump
of vertical handle.
Fabric,
cf.
2609.
Abundant
silvery
mica
showing
in
surface;
inside dark
grey, rough;
outside dark
grey
to
light
reddish
brown,
smoothed or
burnished.
vi.
Pottery assignable
to Period I from later and mixed levels in Areas D and F
261 1-2620
(fig. 253)
All from Area F unless otherwise stated.
261 1 .
(D 3)
Rim
(type 7).
Wheelmade
(?).
Not
very
well fired.
Orange clay
with
large
white
grits;
surface with a red
wash inside and out.
2612.
(Area D, Q,?7, 5/4)
Two
fragments
of rim
(type 70). Possibly
from same bowl. Wheelmade
(?). Orange clay;
surface smoothed. Four other similar
rims,
all
wheelmade,
one of them from a level of Period I
(F 5/4 Deposit A,
?room
V).
2613. (Area D, 0,5/4) (plate
i
12)
Rim
(type 75).
Wheelmade. Soft
orange clay;
inside surface
light brown,
outside
light
brown to
red,
burnished.
26 1
4. (Area D, Q5/4) (plate 112)
Rim. Wheelmade. Pale
orange clay;
surface
plain.
Another similar
rim,
but with a
red
wash,
smoothed.
Cf.
Troy
i 260
fig. 413
no.
12,
from
Troy
II b.
2615. (Area D, Q,?3) (plate 112)
Rim. Soft
orange clay;
surface with a red
shading
to
light
brown wash.
2616.
(D
1
(B2)) (plate 107)
Rim
(type 75).
Wheelmade. Soft
orange clay
with
grit;
traces of a red wash.
2617. (D 1) (plate 107)
Rim
(type 75).
Wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay
with some
mica;
surface with a red
wash,
smoothed.
2618.
(F ?2)
Rim
(type 77?)
Soft
grey clay;
straw marks
showing
in
surface,
which
light
brown to
red,
burnished but
worn.
2619. (B
walls 22 and
23)
Base
(class 6B).
Wheelmade. Soft
greyish clay;
traces of a red wash outside.
2620.
(B ?7) (plate 107)
Base
(class 6C). Possibly
from a tankard of
type 77. Wheelmade; aggressive
wheel marks
inside. Soft
greyish orange clay;
inside surface
light greyish;
outside with a
light
brown
wash,
well smoothed.
One or two others similar from levels of Period I
(e.g.
2620A on plate
107).
(3)
End of the
Early
Bronze
Age (Troy III-V)
2621-2644 (fig. 254)
No
pure deposit
of this horizon was identified in the course of the excavations. A number of
fragments, however, mostly
unstratified or from levels with later
pottery
in Areas D and
F,
appeared
to be
assignable
to
it,
and
suggest
that
occupation
continued on the
Acropolis
hill and
around it
throughout
the
period covering
the life of
Troy
III-V until the Middle Bronze
Age.
But some of the
fragments grouped
here
may
in fact be
contemporary
with
Troy
VI and with the
matt-painted
and
Minyan
wares.
The
fragments
are from Area F unless otherwise stated.
(
1
)
Bowls with everted rims
2621-2630
The rims below come from bowls of various
types;
some
may
be later Bronze
Age
or
Mycenaean.
262 1 .
(
A
(B ?2) , stage ?y) (plate
i
23) Rim;
the
top curiously rough,
as if
something
had been
applied
to it. Reddish
clay,
fired an even colour
throughout,
with some mica in
it;
outside surface more or less
smoothed,
inside
striated.
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fig.
253. Pottery assignable
to Period I from
Mycenaean
and mixed levels in Areas D and F. Scale
1/3.
3. END OF E. B. A.
(TROY III-V)
569
C20
I
c2? C30?

c30?

2611
._
^^^
2613
^^^
*
^616
2612
2620 2619 2618
fig.
254. Pottery assignable
to the end of the
Early
Bronze
Age (Troy III-V).
Scale
1/3.
p2Sr^3^
t3 ^a
/=;=)
^-m -^m ^m
W
I I z^m
2622
J^T
C /
M
2624
2625 W
2621
-

.
'
-
'
2628
T
2630~7
V

1
.
Y
c
/
'
2627

'
I
2629

*
263 1# 2632 I -

1 2633 I 2636 A 2637 V
fi ml
2638m
*
^F-^1^^-1
'~^*^^^^^r,*
*
2643
^
2634
|

^^
^^^^^
v
_2542
^^
r I- ^L
^^^F
V-_-:i'^
^
2644
2640
^^^ |_
V /^^
^^^^
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570 III. EMPORIO
2622.
(B 5/2/1) (plate 123)
Rim.
Gritty grey clay
with some
mica,
brown at the
surface,
which
rough,
with
grit
showing
inside and out.
2623. (Area D, Q2)
Rim with flat
top
and
slight
horizontal rib below.
Orange clay;
surface
plain.
Cf.
Troy
ii
figs. 251
no.
16, 256
no.
23,
from
Troy
V.
2624. (S
1
3-1 1)
Rim.
Orange clay;
surface
very
worn.
2625. (D 3) (plate 107)
Rim.
Presumably
wheelmade. Hard
orange clay;
surface
orange,
with fine burnish inside
and out.
2626.
(B 2, stage 7) (plate 107) Rim,
with side handle
rising
from it.
Orange clay;
surface
light
brown to
reddish,
burnished but much worn.
2627. (F 2) (plate
1
12)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?). Fairly
hard
orange clay;
surface with a dark brown to black
slightly
lustrous wash inside and out.
Cf.
Troy
ii
146 fig. 177
no.
3, shape
A 1 1 or
16,
from
Troy
IVa.
2628.
(B 7, stage 6A) (plate 112)
Rim.
Orange clay;
surface with a
slightly
lustrous
light purple wash,
worn.
2629. (F ?2)
Rim.
Orange clay;
surface
plain.
2630. (Area D,
L
?i)
Rim. Wheelmade.
Gritty orange clay, grey
at
core;
surface
orange
to
reddish, rough.
Another similar
(Area D, surface) (diam.
c.
18); orange clay
with buff surface.
(2)
Bowls with
S-shaped
rims
2631-2633
2631. (D ?4) (plate
1
12)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?). Gritty orange clay,
with traces of a
paler slip.
2632. (Area D, (2/
1
) (plate
i i
2)
Rim.
Wheelmade,
but somewhat
irregular.
Soft reddish
orange clay,
with a
paler
orange slip
inside and out.
2633. (D 3) (plate 107)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?).
Fabric as
2514
of
type 72.
Cf.
Troy shape
A
18, developed
in
Troy
1 1-1 1 1 and common in
Troy
IV
(e.g. Troy
ii
124, 145 fig. 177
no.
12,
from
Troy
IV
a).
(3)
Bowls
of Troy shapes
A
23 (Troy V)
or A
56 (Early
to Middle
Troy VI) 2634-2639
About
38
rims
(14
from Area D and
24
from Area
F)
were
assignable
to such bowls.
2634. (B ?7, stage ?6A) (plate 112) Rim,
with handle
rising
from it.
Wheelmade,
but
irregular. Orange clay;
surface
plain.
Three others
similar, including 2634A
on plate 112.
Cf. E.
Akurgal, Bayrakli:
erster
vorlaeufiger
Bericht ber die
Ausgrabungen
in
Alt-Smyrna (Ankara,
1
950) 55 pl.
viii:
b.
Beycesultan
ii 120
fig.
P.
24: 36-38,
Level IV
b; 130 fig.
P.
31: 10,
Level IV
a).
2635. (Area D, Q,7) (plate
i
12) Rim,
with
stump
of handle
rising
from it.
Orange clay;
surface much worn.
2636. (Area D,
P
surface) (plate
i
12)
Rim.
Orange clay;
outside surface smoothed.
Cf.
Troy
ii
287 fig. 257
no.
18,
from
Troy
V d.
2637. (K (B 4/2), stage 7) (plate 112)
Rim. Wheelmade.
Orange clay
with
paler slip. Many
others similar from
Areas D and F.
2638. (Area D,
P
surface) (plate
i
12)
Rim. Wheelmade. Surface with a
slightly
lustrous dark
purplish
brown to
reddish brown wash.
2639. (D 1)
Rim. Wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay
with some mica in
it;
surface
apparently
with a
paler slip.
(4)
Pithoi
2640-2641
2640. (S, Roman)
Rim. Wheelmade
(?).
Hard
gritty
reddish
clay, greyish
at
core;
surface with an
orange-red slip
inside and
out; top
of rim coated with a thin dark brown to black matt wash.
2641. (S, Roman) Fragment, possibly
from same vase as
2640. Gritty
brown to reddish and
orange clay;
inside
surface
orange,
outside shades of brown. Decorated with raised
band,
sunk in
middle;
two rows of
reed-impressed
circles on it.
(5)
Bases
2642-2644
Some
fragments
of
high pedestal
bases from
Mycenaean
levels
appear
to be of earlier date.
2642. (B 2/1, stages 7/8)
Ribbed
pedestal. Gritty orange clay;
surface
plain.
2643. (Area A, G/H 1)
Soft
orange clay;
surface with a red
wash,
worn.
2644. (D 1) Orange clay;
surface with an overall red-brown lustrous wash.
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3. M. B. A.
(TROY VI)
571
(4)
Middle Bronze
Age (Troy VI)
2645-2688 (figs. 255-257)
No
pure deposit
of this horizon was identified in the
excavations,
and no remains of
any
structure
that could with
certainty
be
assigned
to it. But a considerable number of sherds with traces of
matt-painted decoration,
and some
fragments
of
grey Minyan ware, mostly
from Areas D and
F,
evidently
reflect
occupation
at
Emporio during
the
period
covered
by
the
early phases
of
Troy
VI.
Large fragments
of two
matt-painted jugs (2658-9)
from Area F
suggest
that at least one
building
level of this
period
had existed on the
Acropolis
hill.
Some of the
matt-painted designs
and
shapes
seem to reflect Cretan influence of the
periods
Middle Minoan III B-Late Minoan I
A,
which
suggests
a date after the middle of the
seventeenth
century
b.c. and into the sixteenth. The
grey Minyan similarly appears
to be of an
advanced
type,
and some or all of it
might
be
contemporary
with the
matt-painted.
But while all
the
fragments
of
matt-painted
came from mixed surface levels or levels from which Late Bronze
Age
or
Mycenaean pottery
was
reported,
a few
pieces
of
grey Minyan
were from contexts that
seemed earlier.
Fragments
of late
matt-painted
ware and one
fragment
at least of
grey Minyan
were found in a walled bothros at
Tigani
in Samos
along
with
Mycenaean painted
ware and
plain cups
akin to our Late Bronze
Age/Mycenaean types
1 1 and 12
{Tigani
1
17 f., 194).
The
contents of this and of other late
pits
at
Tigani appear
to date for the most
part
to the
beginning
of
the Late Bronze
Age (early Mycenaean
in Greek mainland
terms) (Samos
xiv
134 ff., 137).
While the
matt-painted
ware found at
Emporio appears
to be of local
fabric,
most if not all of
the
grey Minyan
was
evidently imported.
(
1
) Grey
ware
including Minyan
2645-2654 (fig. 255)
This was not
common,
and was
only represented by
about
36 fragments,
of which
15 belonging
to at least
eight
vases came from Area
D,
while 2 1
belonging
to more than five vases were from
Area F. Five of the
fragments
from Area F were
reported
to be from levels
assignable
to Period
I,
including
B 8 and D East 6A and ?6.
All
fragments
of this later
grey
ware from
Emporio appear
to
belong
to vases made on the fast
wheel;
in most cases wheel marks are
clearly
visible. Several of the
fragments
are of standard
Minyan ware,
the
clay being grey throughout
and the surface
finely
burnished. But other
fragments
with
grey
or
grey-brown clay
are also included
here;
the fabric of these is described.
Their
comparative rarity suggests
that all these
grey
wares were
imported,
whether from the
mainland of Greece or from Anatolia. In most cases the
clay
had traces of
mica,
indicative of a
foreign origin.
But some
fragments
of vases of
typical Minyan
fabric and
shape (e.g. 2654)
had no
such
traces,
and there
appeared
to be no mica in the
clay
of the
jugs 2652-3.
(
1
) Cups
and bowls
2645. (Area D, Q2/1) (plate 113)
Two
fragments
of
rim,
one with
stump
of vertical
strap handle; ring
foot which
may belong
to same vase.
Grey-brown clay
with
good
deal of
mica;
surface burnished.
A standard
shape
of Middle Helladic
Minyan ware,
also
very
common in
Troy
VI from the earliest levels
( Troy
iii
54, shape
A
94,
with
references). Particularly
cf.
Troy
iii
207 fig. 430: 4,
from a
deposit assigned
to the
early part
of the Middle
Subphase
of VI.
2646. (Area D, Q,2/i) (plate 113)
Three
non-joining fragments
of a
cup,
cf.
2645.
Fabric as
2645,
with some mica.
Three other similar rims from Area
D, Q,2,
and Area
F,
D
?4; two, including 2646A
on plate
113,
with
stumps
of vertical
strap
handles.
2647. (Area D,
L
?2)
Bowl rim.
Grey Minyan;
surface well burnished inside and out.
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fig.
255. Grey
ware
including Minyan.
Scale
1/2.
572 III. EMPORIO
I /
'
'
/
/
' x
I I '
'
I
f
' I
I I
'
'
/
/
f
I I
'
I
'

J '
I
I
' '
' ^^
/ /
N V V
^
/ /
N
N
' M
''
'
2647

Cl8,

^^ ~~lj
2650
^
2648
','
Mv
;
/
I
'y/
mW
2651
I I .^^
bot
f
'^^ 2654 K 2653 W
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3. M. B. A.
(TROY VI)
573
2648. (Area D, J surface) (plate
i i
3)
Rim of
bowl,
or bottom
edge
of
pedestal
foot or stand.
Grey Minyan,
with some
mica. Wheelmarks much in evidence on inside
surface, burnishing
strokes visible on outside.
2649. (Area D, Q_2) (plate
i
13)
Bowl rim.
Grey Minyan,
with some mica.
(2) Jugs
and
jars
The
following
four
fragments may
all come from
jugs
or
jars
with
flat-topped
mouths like
2650.
2650. (B 5, stage 6B) (plate
i
13)
Rim of
jug (?).
Fine
grey Minyan,
with some mica. Surface burnished inside and
out.
2651. (K (B 4/2), stage 7) (plate 113) Rim,
with
stump
of ribbed
handle, apparently
from a
jug. Grey-brown clay
with abundant
mica;
surface
greyish.
2652. (D ?6A) (plate
1
13) Body
of a
jug (?).
Fine
grey Minyan;
no trace of mica.
2653. (B
8
(stage 4)
and
7 (stage 6A)) (plate 113) Body
of a
jug (?).
Fabric as
2652.
(3)
Pedestal stands
The
fragment 2654
below was the
only
one
certainly
from a ribbed
pedestal,
but
2648 may
come
from the bottom
edge
of a
pedestal
rather than from a bowl rim.
2654. (Area D, Q7) (plate 113) Fragment
of
pedestal
with horizontal
grooves.
The
top irregular,
but
smooth,
as if
the
pedestal
had been made
separately
from the vase and
joined
to it while the
clay
was leather hard. Fine
grey
Minyan;
no trace of
mica;
outside surface
very
well
burnished,
inside without burnish.
(2) Matt-painted
ware
2655-2688 (figs. 256, 257)
GENERAL
This was much more in evidence than
grey Minyan,
and most of it at
any
rate seemed to be of
local manufacture. The
matt-painted
ware of
Emporio
does not
closely
resemble that of the
Middle Helladic
period
on the Greek
mainland,
but like the later
matt-painted
of the
Cyclades
it
shows
signs
of
being strongly
influenced
by
the
dark-on-light painted pottery
which
began
to
replace
the
light-on-dark
of Middle Minoan tradition in Crete in Middle Minoan III B-Late
Minoan I A. Much of this
early dark-on-light pottery
in Crete was decorated in two
colours,
red
as well as
black,
and bichrome decoration of this kind is
similarly prominent
on the
matt-painted
ware of
Emporio.
The
Emporio matt-painted
is in effect a
simplified
local version of
Cycladic
matt-painted
as known from sites like
Phylakopi
in Melos.
SHAPES
One
virtually complete jug (2658)
and
large parts
of another
(2659)
were
recovered, together
with over 200
fragments (about
1 10 of them from Area F and over 100 from Area
D) bearing
traces of
matt-painted
decoration. Most of the rims and
nearly
all the
body fragments appeared
to be from closed vases of some kind. A few
rims, however, certainly belonged
to bowls or
cups;
the everted rims
2656-7 may
have come from handled
cups
of a
type
current in Crete
during
Middle Minoan III B-Late Minoan I A and imitated in Melos
(e.g. Phylakopi pl.
xxvi:
1,3).
One
section of a small
strap
handle
may
have
belonged
to a
cup.
Most of the rims
evidently
came from
jars.
One
(2660)
was thickened on the inside like some
metal-imitating
rims of Cretan vases. The
bridge-spout
2661 is also reminiscent of
Crete,
as is the
strainer base
2675.
A
fragment
from a closed vase
(plate
i 16
(b)
no.
3)
has a rib around the
join
of neck and shoulder. Ribs at the base of the neck like this are a
regular
feature of
jugs
of the
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574 HI. EMPORIO
Middle Minoan III B-Late Minoan I A horizon in Crete. The two
largely completejugs 2658-9
had carinated bellies.
Fragments
of
jug spouts
are shown on plate i
15 (b)
nos.
2, 3.
Handles of
jugs
were
usually
set to their rims.
Jug
and
jar
handles were
mostly circular,
sometimes thick
oval,
in
section;
one
(2673)
was
kidney-shaped.
A thin
strap
handle
(plate
i
14
()
no.
4) may
come from a
jug,
like the circular-sectioned handles set to rims on plate i
14 (),
cf.
2673.
Other circular-sectioned handles were set below
rims, however,
like plate
115(6)
no. 6.
One handle
(2674)
had a
long
cut at the lower
end,
made before
firing
and
perhaps
to facilitate
it.
FABRIC
Some of the
fragments
with
matt-painted
decoration from
Emporio may
have come from
handmade
vases,
but most show clear
signs
of the fast wheel. The
clay
was
normally orange,
but
where the
firing
had been more intense it
might
be reddish or
purplish
in colour. The
firing
appears
to have been somewhat
irregular;
and
although
the fabric was
usually
rather
soft,
in
some cases it was
very
hard. It was noted
-
but the
impression may
have been a false one
-
that
fragments
from Area F tended to be of harder
fabric,
as if
they
had been
subjected
to more
intensive
firing, suggestive
of a later date for them than for the bulk of the
matt-painted
ware
from Area D.
The
clay
was often rather
sandy,
and
might
have mica
showing
in it. But in
spite
of the mica
the
quantity
of
matt-painted
ware recovered
suggests
that the bulk of it was
locally made,
although
some
fragments,
like 268 1
, may
come from
imported
vases. The outside surface
usually
had a
slip,
which
might
be a
light
shade of
orange
or
buff,
or in
many
cases
greenish;
the surface
was
normally quite even,
but not smoothed or burnished.
DECORATION
The decoration was in
black,
or more often than
not,
in black and red combined. The
paint
was
usually thick, standing
out in marked relief from the surface of the vase. It was almost
invariably
matt;
the rim
2669
was
unique
in
having
a lustrous black wash on the inside.
The
fragment 2672
from Area B is
atypical
in several
respects.
It seems to come from a
handmade
vase,
and the handle surmounted
by
a wart is of a traditional
Early
Bronze
Age type;
the
clay
is
brick-red,
and the surface has a
greenish slip
smoothed or
burnished;
the
painted
decoration
appears
to have been in matt red-brown.
Some sherds of
matt-painted
ware from
Tigani
on Samos
( Tigani 166, 194, pls. 49: 3, 4; 70:
1
)
sound
comparable
with this
matt-painted
ware of
Emporio,
which in fabric and decoration
evidently corresponds
to that of the Middle and the
early part
of the Late Bronze
Age
in the
Cyclades
and on the Greek mainland. The bichrome decoration in black and red in
particular
is
reminiscent of the Melian Black and Red ware with
shapes
and
designs inspired by
those of
Cretan
pottery
of Middle Minoan III B-Late Minoan I A
(Phylakopi
118
ff.).
The
Emporio
repertory
of
designs
is
very
much more basic in
character,
but
similarly appears
to reflect the
influence of Cretan vase decoration ofthat horizon. While more
complex
Cretan motifs taken
from nature
(Plant Style)
are
lacking
on the
Emporio matt-painted
ware, nearly
all the motifs
found on it can be
paralleled
on Cretan vases of the Middle Minoan III B and Late Minoan I A
periods: namely groups
of horizontal
bands, alternately
red and
black; wavy bands, single
or
multiple;
foliate
bands; running spirals;
and
cross-hatching
or lattice.
Horizontal
bands
(e.g.
plate 116
(b)
nos.
9, 10). Groups
of these were
evidently
common on
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fig.
256. Matt-painted
ware. Scale
1/2.
3. M. B. A.
(TROY VI)
575
2655
2656
W- =
..
^
W
2661
c.9.5
, ^_^,^
V

=^^^^ /
/
m

/
2664
^
2666
2665

c.9.5
^ ^
CM

CIO

c 2
|^^^ %
2668 2669 2670

2667
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576 III. EMPORIO
jugs
and
jars, especially
it would seem round the lower
parts
of the
bodies;
and
they
were often
alternately
black and red as on the
jug 2658.
The same
system
of alternate red and black
horizontal bands is found on
jugs
and
jars
of Middle Minoan III B-Late Minoan I A in Crete.
Wavy
bands. These
may
be
single,
as on
2676 (plate
1 16
(a)),
or
multiple (e.g. 2678-9,
and
plate 1 16
()
nos. 1 1-
13).
As in Crete in Middle Minoan III B- Late Minoan I
A, multiple wavy
bands are much in
evidence, running horizontally
round the
body
of the
vase,
or in one case at
any
rate used as
filling
ornament
(2680
on plate 116
(b)).
The
wavy
band shows a
tendency
to
degenerate
into a saw-like band
(e.g.
plate 116
(a)
no.
7),
which
merges
into a band with a
fringe
of
pendants
below as seen on the
jugs 2658-9.
Foliate bands. One
straight
foliate band
(2681)
was
noted,
and one that was
apparently
spiraliform (2682
on plate
115 (a)).
The
fragment
2681 with the
straight
foliate band
may
be
from an
imported
vase. A
matt-painted fragment
from Athens has a foliate band of this
type
(Hesperia
ii
(1933) 360 fig. 31).
Running spirals (e.g. 2683
and plate 116
(b)
nos.
5, 8, 9).
These were
evidently
not
uncommon. The
spirals might
be
open-centred
like
2683,
and the
angles
between them were
sometimes filled with ornament as was the fashion in Crete
during
Middle Minoan III B-Late
Minoan I A
(e.g. 2684
with a dot in the
angle; 2685
with three
crosses).
Rows
of spots.
Two rows of rather
irregular spots appear
on the
fragment
2686
(plate
i 16
(a)).
Cross-hatching (lattice).
This was
only
attested on
2671 (plate 115 (a)).
Rockwork. What
may
be a reminiscence of a
very
characteristic
although
not common motif
on Cretan vases of Middle Minoan III B-Late Minoan I A
appears
on two
fragments, 2686-7.
Handles. These were
normally
decorated with
straight hatching
in black or alternate red and
black
(e.g.
plate i i
4 (b) )
. But the handle
2674 (plate
i i
4 (d) )
of thin oval section
evidently
had
a
pair
of vertical black
stripes
down its
length.
CATALOGUE
2655. (Surface) (plate 115 (b))
Rim of
bowl,
cf.
type 14
C.
Orange clay;
surface with a
slip,
buff
outside, pale orange
inside. Decoration in black and red.
2656. (Area D, Q7) (plate 115 (b))
Rim of
cup (?).
Wheelmade.
Orange clay;
surface with a
pale orange slip.
Decoration in black and red.
2657. (Area D, Q2)
Rim of
cup (?)
.
Orange clay;
surface with
paler orange slip.
Decoration in black and
red,
worn on
outside.
2658. (K (B 7/4), stages 6/7) (fig. 257.
plate i
14) Jug
with
cutaway spout,
cf.
type 24
A.
Broken, large parts missing.
Ht.
25.
Diam. of
belly
c.
19.
Circular-sectioned handle to
rim;
carinated
belly;
base somewhat rounded.
Wheelmade,
to
judge
from marks on inside. Hard
fabric; clay
fired an even
orange-red
colour
throughout,
with
much
grit (dominantly grey,
but
including
red and
white) showing
in surface. Outside with a
pale greenish slip,
and decoration in black and red.
2659. (F 2/1) (plate 114) Large fragment
of carinated
jug,
cf.
2658.
Ht.
preserved 16.5.
Diam. of
belly
18.
Wheelmade.
Unusually
well-fired and thin-walled.
Sandy
reddish
clay;
inside surface
rough, purplish;
outside
with a
pale greenish slip,
and decoration in black and red: alternate red and black bands
may
have covered the
body
as on
2658,
but the red is much worn and hard to see.
2660.
(D 3) Jar rim,
thickened and differentiated on inside.
Orange clay,
with a white
slip covering
outside surface
and
top
of
rim;
traces of decoration in black and red: alternate red and black
hatching
on
top
of rim.
2661.
(K (B 7/5), stage 6) (plate 115 (b)) Jar rim,
with
stump
of
bridge spout. Sandy orange clay;
white
slip
on
outside;
decoration in red-brown and black.
2662.
(Area D, Q2) (plate 115 (b)) Jar
rim. Wheelmade
(?). Sandy orange clay;
white
slip
on outside and around
inside of rim. Decoration in black and red: traces of
hatching, probably
alternate red and black as on
2660,
on
top
of rim.
2663. (B 5, stage 6B) Jar
rim.
Orange clay;
white
slip
on outside. Decoration in black and red.
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fio.
257. Jug 2658
of
matt-painted
ware. Scale
1/4.
3. M. B. A.
(TROY VI)
577
O^-

y9
^
-/ 2658
2664. (Area D,
P
surface) Jar
rim. Wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay; pale buffslip
on
outside;
decoration in black and
red.
2665. (Area D, Q (L) i) Jar
rim. Wheelmade. Reddish
orange clay;
traces of a white
slip
and worn decoration in
black on outside.
2666.
(D 1) Jar
rim.
Orange clay;
white
slip
on
outside;
decoration in black and red.
2667. (Area D, Q,?2) Jar
rim. Wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay;
white
slip
on
outside;
decorated with bands in matt
grey
with fine
diagonal hatching
in black. Three other similar rims
(e.g. 2667A
on plate
115 (b)).
2668.
(D
wall
41) (plate 115 (b)) Jar
rim.
Orange clay;
surface
smoothed;
decoration in black.
2669. (E Roman) (plate
i
15 (b)) Jar
rim.
Sandy orange clay;
inside surface with a lustrous black
wash;
outside with a
thin
orange slip
and decoration in
black,
which
may
have once been
lustrous,
but worn.
2670. (Area D, Q, (J) ?4) Jar rim,
with
stump
of handle. Fine
orange clay;
outside surface
paler,
due to
slip
or
wet-smoothing. Hatching
in black around inside of rim.
267
1 .
(E Roman) (plate 115 (a))
Shoulder of
jar,
with
stump
of neck.
Sandy orange clay; pale green slip
on outside.
Cross-hatching (lattice)
in
black,
with
possible
traces of a red band above.
2672. (Area B,
B
2)
Shoulder of
jar,
with small wart-surmounted handle. Handmade
(?)
. Brick-red
clay,
fired an even
colour
throughout,
with some
mica;
outside surface with a thick
greenish slip,
smoothed or burnished. Traces
of decoration in red-brown.
2673. (Area D, Q(J) ?3) (plate
i
14)
Handle to rim of
jug (?); kidney-shaped
section.
Hatching
in alternate black
and red.
2674. (AreaD, Q,(J) ?4) (plate 114)
Handle with
deep
cut made before
firing
at lower
end;
thick oval section. White
slip; hatching
in alternate black and red.
2675. (Area C.3,
HH
2)
Strainer base. Fine
orange clay;
outside with a
pale slightly greenish slip;
decorated with
wide bands in black.
Strainer bases are found on vases of the so-called
'sponge
holder'
type,
at home in Crete in Late Minoan I.
Cf.
Phylakopi pl.
xxiv: 1.
2676. (AreaD, Q,(L) 2/1) (plate
1 16
(a)) Fragment
from
belly
of
large
closed vase. Wheelmade.
Orange clay; green
slip;
decorated with a black
wavy
band flanked
by stripes
in red.
2677. (Area D, Q, ?5) (plate
116
(a)) Fragment
from shoulder
just
below
join
of neck of
large
closed vase.
Wheelmade.
Orange clay
with
paler slip;
decorated with two rows of
wavy
bands in black.
2678. (F
walls 28 and
34) (plate
116
(a)) Fragments
of
spout.
Surface with a
light green wash;
decorated with
multiple wavy
bands in black.
2679. (F ?2) (plate
116
(a)) Fragment
of closed vase. Fabric and decoration as
2678.
2680.
(B 7/5, stage 6) (plate
i 16
(b)) Fragment
from shoulder of
large jar.
Wheelmade. Decorated with black circles
filled with
diagonal
rows of
wavy
lines in red.
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578 III. EMPORIO
2681.
(F ?2) (plate 115 (a)) Fragment
of small closed vase.
Greyish clay
with abundant
silvery mica;
surface
plain;
decoration in dark brown to black. Fabric and finish
exceptional. Possibly
an
import.
2682.
(Area D, Q2) (plate
i i
5 (a) ) Fragment
of closed vase.
Sandy orange clay; greenish slip;
decorated with
design
akin to 'foliate band' ornament of Late Minoan I in Crete:
curving
lines in
black,
'leaves' in red.
2683. (B 7 (stage 6A)
and 2
(stage 7)) (plate
116
(b)) Fragment
from shoulder of closed vase. Wheelmade.
Sandy
orange clay; pale greenish slip
on
outside;
decorated with bold
running spiral
in black.
2684. (B 8/7, stages 4/6A) (plate
116
(b)) Fragment
from shoulder of closed vase. Wheelmade.
Sandy orange clay;
buff
slip
on outside. Decorated with
spirals (?)
in
black;
red
spots
in
angles.
2685. (B 7, stage 6A) (plate 115 (a)) Fragment, apparently
from shoulder of closed vase.
Orange clay;
outside
surface
orange-buff,
well smoothed or burnished. Decorated with
running spirals (?)
in
black;
solid red
spot
in
centre of that
preserved;
red crosses in
angle
between two
spirals;
red band above.
2686.
(Area D, Q, (L) 2/1) (plate
116
(a)) Fragment
of neck and shoulder of small closed vase. Wheelmade
(?).
Sandy orange clay; green slip.
Decorated with two rows of
oblong
dashes in
black,
with a black band below and
a red one above.
2687. (Area D, Q2) (plate
i
15 (a)) Fragment
of closed vase. Wheelmade.
Orange clay; pale orange slip;
decorated
with
multiple
chevrons in black between red bands.
2688.
(Area D, (5/4) (plate 115 (a)) Fragment
of small thin-walled vase. Wheelmade
(?). Orange clay,
with
pale
slip;
decorated with
curving
motif in black between red bands.
(5)
Prehistoric
pottery
from the area of the
Early
Christian basilica church
2689-2699 (fig. 258
and
Plan,
fig.
48)
Some
deposits
with
fragments
of
prehistoric pottery
were encountered
during
the excavation of
the
Early
Christian basilica church. None of this
pottery
looked as it if need be earlier than
Period II. The
pottery
from the lowest levels reached in
(A)
trench U on the south side of the
apse
of the church was of Period II
date,
and the
deposit
above them was
assignable
to the horizon of
Period I
(Troy II)
if not later
(Troy III-V).
A
deposit
which
appeared
to be
contemporary
with
this was struck in
(B)
trench RR inside the northern
part
of the
apse;
but twelve
scraps
of
pottery
from level 1 1 in
(C)
trench M in the south aisle of the church were all handmade and
might
date
from Period II rather than later like the material from the lowest levels in
(A)
trench U. One or
two
scraps
of
prehistoric pottery
were recovered further west in
(D)
trench
T,
and seven
scraps
-
mostly
at
any
rate from wheelmade vases
-
in level
5
of
(E)
trench N
just
north-west of
trench T. This material seemed
distinctly late,
and
might belong
to the horizon of
Troy
III-V or
to the Middle Bronze
Age (Troy VI).
Sections will
appear
with Roman
Emporio.
(A)
Trench U. Inside the
apse of
the church on the south
(
1
)
Level 1 1 . Period II
(?)
. Nine
scraps,
all from handmade
vases, including
a rim with the
stump
of a handle from a little
type 9
carinated bowl
(diam. 12)
of the kind characteristic of
Period II.
(2)
Level
9, immediately
above level 11. Period I
(?).
About
fifty-five
sherds of which over a
quarter (fifteen
in
all)
were from wheelmade vases.
(a)
Handmade. Surfaces dull brown or
red, usually
it seems burnished.
2689.
Rim of bowl
(type 9)
with carination.
Light brown; very
fine burnish.
2690.
Rim of bowl
(type 6),
cf.
2694
from
(B)
trench R.
Light brown;
fine burnish.
2691.
Rim of bowl
(type 7).
Rather
irregular. Light brown,
burnished.
(b)
Wheelmade. Rather soft
fabric; very
fine
orange clay,
with mica
showing
in it in some
instances. The
presence
of mica
suggests
that these wheelmade vases
may
have been
imported.
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fig.
258.
Prehistoric
pottery
from the area of the
Early
Christian basilica church. Scale
1/3.
3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. GENERAL 579
c 15 c
ao?^

c 30
~)~)
f
#
CD
'^ I
M
W'-fl-^
VM ' '
^::d
2698
^T*
'
2699


f
#
'^ I
M VM ' ' 2698
'
2699

^2691 2694
2695
^T
2697 '0
2692.
Four
fragments
of
dishes,
cf.
type 25,
with overall red washes.
2693.
Two
rims, apparently
from the same tankard of
type 77.
A little wheelmade base and a small circular-sectioned
handle
may
come from this or from one similar.
Orange clay
with mica
showing
in it. The base with traces of
a red wash on the outside.
(B)
Trench RR. Inside the
apse of
the church on the north
The
twenty-five prehistoric
sherds all seemed to come from handmade
vases,
but from ones of a
distinctly
late
type
which
might
date from Period I
(Troy II)
if not later like the material from
(A)
trench U: level
9.
Surfaces were
dominantly
red or
light brown,
and
mostly burnished,
although
the burnish tended to be
poor, except
in the case of
2694.
2694.
Rim of bowl
(type 6). Light
brown to
reddish; very
fine even burnish.
2695.
Rim of bowl with bead. Rather
rough
and
irregular. Orange clay;
surface with a red
wash, coarsely
burnished.
2696. Fragment
of
large lid,
cf.
type 63.
Diam. c. 22. Surface
grey-brown
to
reddish;
coarse burnish.
2697. Tripod
foot. Red to
light brown;
coarse burnish.
(D)
Trench T: level 8. South aisle
of
church
2698.
Bowl rim with
stump
of handle.
Possibly
wheelmade. Middle Bronze
Age (?).
Soft
fabric; orange clay
with
abundant
sandy grit;
thick lustrous red
paint
on rim.
2699. (plate
1
12) Jar
rim.
Possibly
wheelmade. Middle Bronze
Age (?). Orange clay, slightly greyish
at
core,
with
fine
sandy grit
and a little mica
showing
in
it;
surface with an even red
wash,
which does not seem to have been
burnished.
(6)
Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean Pottery
(a)
General
The Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean pottery
found at
Emporio mostly
came from three areas:
from
parts
of the settlement on the northern side of the
Acropolis
hill
(Area F)
and on its lower
western
slopes (Area D),
and from a cist
grave (tomb 3)
in Area E. The dominant character of
the
pottery
recovered was
Mycenaean
III
C,
and
nearly
all the
complete
or restorable vases with
painted
decoration were
assignable
to that
period.
But there was some evidence for a
Mycenaean
presence
at
Emporio
before
Mycenaean
III C.
Two
Mycenaean building
levels were identified in Area D. The earlier of these
(stage I)
ended with a destruction
by
fire. Both it and the later
building
level
(stage II) appeared
to
belong
to
Mycenaean
III C. The walls of
stage
II were on a rather different
alignment
from those
of
stage
I. The
stage
I
buildings evidently
consisted of
groups
of
rectangular
rooms. Little was left
of those of
stage
II.
Two or
perhaps
three
building
levels
assignable
to the Late Bronze
Age
were identified in
Area F. The latest of these
(stage 7)
ended with abandonment or destruction in
Mycenaean
III
C. A number of
complete
or restorable
Mycenaean
III C vases were recovered from above the
floor of a house in trenches
B, J,
K
(walls 36, 37, 40).
The earlier
building
level
(or levels)
of
stage
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580 III. EMPORIO
6, represented by
two successive floors in trenches B and
F, may
have fallen
entirely
within the
Late Bronze
Age,
but in a
period
before there was
any Mycenaean presence
at
Emporio.
The
buildings
of this
stage
were on a different
alignment
from those of
stage 7.
Some of the
pottery
discussed below
clearly belonged
to
stage
6 and to a
pre-Mycenaean
phase
in the
history
of the settlement. This
non-Mycenaean pottery
included bowls of
type 4
and
plain cups
with handles of
type
1 1
,
as well as
many
if not all of the
plain
handleless
cups grouped
under
type 12, together
with
thejugs
of
types 15
and 16 and the
pithoi
of
type 24.
The two best
preserved
vases of
matt-painted
ware
(2658-9)
came from
deposits
of
stage
6 in trenches F and
K. Much if not all of the
matt-painted
ware from
Emporio probably belongs
to this horizon and
dates from the earlier
part
of the Late Bronze
Age.
There was evidence to
suggest
that
Emporio
was
already
a
Mycenaean
settlement in
Mycenaean
III B.
Desborough,
who made a careful
study
of all the
Myceanaean pottery kept
from the
excavations,
was of the
opinion
that
only
one or two sherds were earlier than III
B,
and
that there was not much III B
(LMS 33, 159).
But the four vases from the cist
grave (tomb 3)
were all
Mycenaean
and were
assignable
to III B and not later.
Moreover,
a number of
fragments
of
Mycenaean pottery
found scattered in the surface levels of Area D look older than
III C and
may
derive from
occupation deposits
of an earlier
phase
of
Mycenaean
that had
existed
higher
on the
slopes
of the
Acropolis
hill from which
they
had washed down.
Mycenaean
occupation
at
Emporio may
therefore have
begun
in
Mycenaean
III B: it is even
possible
that
successive
Mycenaean groups
followed each other at
Emporio
as
they appear
to have done at
Lefkandi
(Lejkandi 34);
but no
building
level and no floors that could be
assigned
to
Mycenaean
III B were identified in the areas excavated.
The final destruction or abandonment of the
Mycenaean
III C settlement at
Emporio may
have taken
place
at a
relatively
late
stage
of the
period.
The
solitary
askos
(2852)
with late
affinities seemed to be
assignable
to the latest
building
level
(stage II)
in Area D. Vases from
Area F
belonging
to
stage 7
included
amphorai
of a late
type
with handles to the neck instead of
to the rim: the most
complete
of these
(2838),
which had been
repaired
with rivets in ancient
times, corresponds
to Furumark's
type 70,
ascribed to a late
phase
of his
Mycenaean
III C 1.
Conical bowls of
type
2 identical in their
system
of decoration with
2704
from
Emporio
were
recovered from Lefkandi Phase III and from the
Temple deposit
at
Ayia
Irini on
Kea,
both
assigned by J. Rutter, Hesperia
xlviii
(1979) 383 f.,
to his fifth and last
phase
of
Myc
III C. S.
Iakovidis, AJA
lxxxiii
(1979) 455
ill. 1 No.
42, similarly places
conical bowls like
2704
in his third
and last
phase (c)
of L.H. Ill C 1
immediately
before L.H. Ill C 2
equated
with
Submycenaean.
There are also
comparable
bowls from Tarsus in Cilicia.
Desborough,
LMS
159,
noted that the
deep
bowls with an overall wash or decoration of a
simple
character
suggest
an advanced
stage
of III C. He also
observed, however,
that there was
little from
Emporio
to indicate the latest
phase
of III C as found on the mainland of
Greece;
although
this did not
necessarily
mean that some of the
Emporio pottery
was not
contemporary
with
it,
since it would be reasonable to
expect
some
degree
of
conservatism,
a
time-lag
in
fashion,
here on the
fringes
of the
Mycenaean
world.
Decoration of double or
triple wavy
lines as on
273
1 and plate i
29 (e)
is characteristic of late
III C
according
to
Schachermeyr,
Die
myk. eit 301 (see
also under
2731).
Double and
triple
wavy
lines are
prominent
on
Mycenaean type pottery
from Enkomi in
Cyprus including
that
from the
very
late Level III C
(Enkomi
iiia
pl. 84).
A number of
fragments
came from vases that were not
Mycenaean
in
fabric,
and had features
such as incised decoration and warts found on
Trojan pottery
in the horizon of
Troy
VI-VII.
Some of these could
belong
to the Middle Bronze
Age
or the earlier
part
of the Late Bronze
Age.
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3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. TYPES 581
But the
fragment 2995,
which
may
be from an
import,
has a row of
finger-tip impressions
like the
Coarse Ware of
Troy
VII B and the
comparable
handmade wares from
Myc.
Ill C contexts on
the Greek mainland.
(b) Types
1 . Shallow
semi-globular cups
with one horizontal handle
2. Conical bowls with one horizontal handle
3.
Small
deep
rounded bowls wtih horizontal handles: A. With a dark wash inside and
out,
as
Perate classes
1-3;
B. With an overall wash
inside,
but a
light ground outside,
as Perate classes
4
and
5;
C. Without an overall wash
4.
Thick-walled
deep
rounded bowls with horizontal handles
(mostly pre-Mycenaean)
5. Large deep
rounded bowls with horizontal handles
6.
Deep
kraters with two vertical handles
7. Deep
conical bowls
(kalathoi)
8 A.
Kylikes (stemmed cups) ,
with a
pair
of low
strap
handles:
(
1
) Small,
rather
squat,
as
Pylos
shape 29a; (2)
Tall with shallow bowl and
high stem,
as Furumark
type 259; (3)
Straight-sided deep bowl,
as Furumark
type 274
8B.
Kylikes (stemmed cups),
with
high-swung
handles
8C. Small one-handled
kylikes (stemmed cups)
9. Semi-globular
bowls
10.
Cylindrical cups
1 1 . Plain
cups
with
S-shaped
rims and
strap
handles
(pre-Mycenaean)
12. Plain handleless
cups (mostly pre-Mycenaean): (1)
Tall with
straight sides; (2)
Tall with
curving sides; (3)
Low with
straight
or
curving
sides
13.
Bowls with horizontal
strap
handles
14.
Miscellaneous bowls with everted rims
15. Large jugs
with trefoil mouths
(pre-Mycenaean)
16.
Large jugs
with flat circular mouths
(pre-Mycenaean)
17. Hydrias
18.
Amphoras
19. Amphoriskoi
20.
Straight-sided
alabastrons
21.
Stirrup jars
22. Askoi
23. Large
flasks
24.
Pithoi
(mostly pre-Mycenaean)
25.
Pot stands
26. Lids
27. Cooking jugs
28.
Lamps
See
Appendix
B for Table of
Quantities
(c)
Fabric
of
the
Mycenaean
vases
The smaller
vases,
as
might
be
expected,
tended to be
distinctly
better in fabric and more
thoroughly
fired than the
larger
ones. But in
general
the
clay
was not well
refined,
and
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582 III. EMPORIO
occasional
lumps
of
grit
were often
apparent
in the surfaces even of small decorated vases with
thin
walls,
like some of the little bowls of
type
2. The
clay
was
normally
shades of
orange
or
buff,
sometimes
green,
and
occasionally
white in colour.
The use of white
clay
seemed to be
largely
confined to some bowls of
types
2 and
3,
and to
kylikes (type 8).
This white fabric
may correspond
to the 'white ware' which is a feature of the
latest Phase III of
Myc.
Ill C at Lefkandi
(BSA
lxvi
(1971) 334, 344)
. Vases from the
Myc.
Ill C
Temple deposit
at
Ayia
Irini on
Kea,
which look
very comparable
in
shape
and
style
of
decoration with ones from
Emporio,
were
apparently
of similar ware
(Hesperia
xli
(1972) 400).
Some vases
(including
several
kraters)
of White Ware have been identified from
Myc.
Ill C
deposits
at Corinth
contemporary
it seems with Lefkandi Phase II b
(J. Rutter, Hesperia
xlviii
(1979) 370 f., 390
and note
37
for the character of Corinthian White
Ware).
Traces of fine
silvery
mica were often visible in the
clay,
and the
presence
of mica
appears
to
have been normal in the
Mycenaean pottery
of
Emporio.
This is in
striking
contrast to the lack of
mica in the
pottery
of earlier
phases
of the Bronze
Age
there: the
signs
of mica in this were so
exceptional
that
they
were taken to be a safe indication of
foreign origin.
It is
difficult, however,
to believe that the bulk of the
Mycenaean
ware with traces of mica in it found at
Emporio
was
not made in the area.
Most of the
kylikes (type 8)
and some vases of other
types
had a dark overall wash and no
decoration. The
presence
of
many fragments
of small vases with an overall dark wash
appears
to
have been a feature of the latest
Mycenaean, assignable
to
Myc.
Ill
C,
at
Phylakopi
in Melos
(BSA
xvii
(1910-11) 19).
Where vases had
painted
decoration
they
were
normally
first
given
a
slip
which was a
paler
shade of
orange
or buff than the
body clay,
or
(notably
in the case of
jars
of
types 17
and
18)
greenish
in colour. A white
slip
or wash is found on some decorated vases of various
types,
especially
on bowls of
type
2. The surfaces of decorated vases were
normally
smoothed or
burnished. The
paint
used for decoration
ranges
from red
through
shades of brown to
black,
and
may vary
a
good
deal in colour on the same vase. While the
paint
sometimes has a
high lustre,
it is
often
only slightly lustrous,
and
upon
occasion
appears quite matt;
but in some cases at least this
matt
appearance may
be the effect of wear.
(d)
From the
cemetery (Area E)
2700-2703 (fig.
260. plate
117)
Four vases were recovered from a cist
grave (tomb 3)
in Area E on the
slope facing
the
Acropolis
hill. None were of
types recognised
from the
settlement, except
for the
plain
handleless
cup 2702.
This
group
of vases seems
assignable
to
Myc.
Ill
B,
but not
necessarily
to the end of the
period.
The
cup 2702
in
particular might pass
for
Myc.
Ill A 2.
2700.
Shallow
semi-globular cup
with one horizontal handle
(type 1). Complete
and unbroken. Ht.
5.
Diam.
15.
Orange clay;
surface
orange
to
buff,
smoothed. Decorated in lustrous red: bands inside and out.
Shape,
cf. FMP
type
220:
Myc.
Ill
A-B,
which is
common, especially
in
Cyprus
and the Levant. But the
horizontal handle instead of a vertical one is unusual. Our vase is in effect a shallow
variety
of
deep cup peculiar
to Attica and
apparently
ancestral to the
type
2 conical bowls from the settlement
(F.H. Stubbings,
BSA xlii
0947) 35 "g- 14 c>
and
59)-
2701. Cylindrical cup (type 10).
Handle set below
rim;
small flat base.
Complete although
broken. Ht.
5.6.
Diam.
6.6. Surface buff with
slight greenish tinge,
smoothed. Decorated in lustrous dark brown to black:
very
crude
vertical
wavy lines,
cf. FMP Mot.
53
Nos.
33-34,
like a
degenerate
version of earlier Cretan Tortoise Shell
Ripple,
on
outside;
concentric circles under base.
In size and
shape
cf. FMP
type 225,
dated to
Myc.
Ill A. But the handles on some of FMP
Levanto-Mycenaean type 228, assigned
to
Myc.
Ill
B,
are set in this manner.
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fig. 260. Vases from
Mycenaean
cist
grave (tomb 3).
Scale
1/3.
2702.
Plain handleless conical
cup (type 12). Broken,
but
nearly complete.
Ht. c.
5.8.
Diam. c.
9.5.
Concentric
string
marks under base. Fine buff to
orange clay.
FMP
type 204.
Cf. PNestor
359
f.
type
1 1
figs. 353-4;
but these were
probably
not in
general
use at the time
of the destruction of the
palace.
2703. Straight-sided
alabastron
(type 20) (FMP type 94: squat jar
with
angular profile).
Three handles. All of rim
and much of
body missing.
Ht. as
preserved
10. Diam.
13. Orange clay;
outside surface
buff,
smoothed.
Decorated in lustrous red
shading
to
light
and dark brown.
Cf. FMP
types 94
and
96.
PNestor i
402
f.
type 64.
BMA 100
1-2,
from
Kalymnos.
(e)
From the settlement
(Areas
D and
F)
2704-3000 (figs. 261-281)
The
stratigraphie
evidence for Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean occupation
in Areas D and F
was not
altogether satisfactory.
The relevant
deposits
were much
telescoped
and
separated by
earth floors which were difficult to
detect,
while the walls of
buildings
were for the most
part only
preserved
in
patches.
The two
building
levels
(stages
I and
II)
identified in trench
Qof
Area D
(figs. 79, 81)
both
appeared
to
belong
to
Myc.
Ill C. The earlier of
these, stage I,
ended with a fire.
Only
one
Mycenaean building
level
(stage 7)
was noted in Area F
(Plan,
fig.
89).
The
building
level or levels
(stage 6)
below this and above the horizon of
stage 4 (Period I)
seemed to
be
assignable
to a
non-Mycenaean phase
of the Late Bronze
Age (Plan,
fig.
88)
. Two floor levels
of
stage
6 were visible in the eastern section of trench B
(fig. 91 ),
and
two,
which
may
or
may
not
have
corresponded
to those in trench
B,
were noted in trench F
(fig. 95,
with restored
section).
But the situation in trench D was
obscure,
and while the
apparent
levels in which
pottery
was
found there are
given
in the
Catalogue,
no
attempt
has been made to
assign
the levels to
stages
(Sections,
figs.
93, 94).
When the
study
of the
pottery
from
stages
6-8 in Area F was first undertaken it seemed that
no safe
stratigraphie
observations could be
made,
and that
Mycenaean
wares occurred in
deposits
of all three
stages.
It was therefore decided to treat the
pottery
from these three
stages
together.
The
matt-painted
and
Minyan wares, however,
were
obviously
earlier than the
Mycenaean occupation
at
Emporio,
and
assignable
to the Middle or the
beginning
of the Late
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fig. 261.
Mycenaean type
2: conical bowls. Scale
1/3.
584 III. EMPORIO
Bronze
Age.
In view of this
they
were ascribed to a
stage 5
between
stage 4
of Period I and
stage
6.
It was
only
after the final
publication
numbers had been
given
to the
pottery
that it became clear
that the
Myc.
Ill C
material, forming
the
great
bulk of the
Mycenaean,
could
only
in fact be
assigned
to
stages 7
and
8,
and that the
deposits
of
stage
6 must date from an earlier
phase
of the
Late Bronze
Age.
Some at
any
rate of the
matt-painted
ware
including
the two most
complete
vases
(2658-9) evidently belonged
to
stage
6. The
pre-stage
I levels in Area D
similarly appeared
to contain material of this horizon.
In the
Catalogue
the area
(mostly
D or
F)
is
given
first in
italics,
followed
by
the trench and
level,
and the
stage
where known.
2 . Conical bowls with one
horizontal
handle 2
704-2 709 (fig. 261)
These
appear
to have been used as
drinking cups,
and
correspond
to Furumark's
type 242.
Such
bowls were not common at
Emporio; they
were
recorded, however,
from both the earlier and the
later
Mycenaean
horizons
(stages
I and
II)
in Area D and from
stages
6B and
7
in Area
F;
but
none were attested from
stage
6A in F.
Outside surfaces were
normally light-coloured,
often with a whitish
slip. They
were
frequently
decorated with a horizontal
stripe
or band around the rim or
just
below
it,
and with
other
stripes
round the
body;
but one of the two
complete profiles
from Area D
(2705)
had the
outside coated with an overall wash
except
for a
pair
of reserved bands below the rim.
Insides were
normally given
an overall
wash, usually
red but often black in colour. The two
complete profiles (2704-5)
from Area D both had a reserved circle at the bottom of the base. But
six rims from Area F
(nearly
one-fifth of the total
number,
about 28 in
all, assignable
to bowls of
type 2)
were decorated with horizontal
stripes
on a
light ground
inside as well as out. None of
these rims from Area F were
clearly stratified,
but a
fragment
from the lower
Mycenaean
building
level
(stage I)
in Area
D,
with a whitish
slip similarly
decorated with horizontal bands
in lustrous black
paint, appears
to come from a
type
2 bowl. A small base
(2922)
from a
pre-stage
I
deposit
in Area
D,
decorated with a
spiral
inside and horizontal bands
outside, might
also have
belonged
to a bowl of this
type
in
spite
of the
early
context.
Furumark
only
lists four
examples
under his
type 242.
The first of
these,
from the
Acropolis
at
Athens,
is
very
crude and not like our
type
2
(ADelt
i
(191 5)
Par.
37
no.
49).
More
closely
comparable, although small,
is Furumark's no. 2 from the Kolonaki
cemetery
at Thebes
assigned
to
Myc.
Ill B
(ADelt
iii
(1917) 127
no.
5 fig. 90: 7).
The
variety
with
high
conical foot
like one from
Tragana
dated
by
Furumark to the
very
end of
Myc.
Ill C
(AE 19 14, 105
no. 6
fig.
6:
5)
was not in evidence at
Emporio.
Bowls of this
type
with one horizontal handle
appear
to have been at home in
Athens,
however,
and
many fragments
of them were recovered from the
Mycenaean spring deposit
on
the north side of the
Acropolis
there
(O. Broneer, Hesperia
viii
(1939) 337
ff.
figs. 59,
60.
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fig. 262.
Mycenaean type 3:
small
deep
rounded bowls with horizontal handles.
3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 585
Desborough,
LMS
i5g).
Broneer
suggested
that the
shape might
have
originated
in
Attica,
and
S
tubbings
noted a
possible
ancestor in a
deep
version of our
type
i
(2700)
common in Attica but
extremely
rare in the
Ploponnse (BSA
xlii
(1947) 59, 35, 33 fig. 14: C). Type
2 bowls are
very
rare in the
Argolid,
and have not
yet
been found in the
Corinthia, according
to
J. Rutter,
Hesperia
xlviii
(1979) 370.
The
Emporio type
2 bowls seem to be
closely
akin to those from the
Athens
Acropolis spring deposit.
At Lefkandi such bowls
appear
in Phase II of
Myc.
Ill
C,
and in Phase III almost
entirely
replace
the
kylix
as the normal
drinking
vessel
(Lejkandi 14 fig. 20,
22
fig. 52.S^41xvi (1971) 340
ff.).
Five were recovered from the Perate
cemetery;
Iakovidis comments that
they
are
characteristic of the second half of
Myc.
Ill C 1
(Perate
ii
222-4).
Iakovidis
reports
bowls of this
kind from
Naxos,
where
they
have been found both in tombs and in the Grotta settlement
(Perate
ii
223); several, including unusually large examples,
are on exhibition in Naxos Museum. Such
bowls have also been recovered in
Cos,
at Enkomi in
Cyprus,
and in the
Myc.
Ill C horizon at
Tarsus where
they
seem to have been common
(Cos 292 fig.
260: a. Tarsus ii 221 f.
fig. 332
nos.
1268-9,
and
223 fig. 331
no.
1284
for a handmade local imitation. E.
French,
ASxxv
(1975) 61,
64
f.
figs. 14-15. Desborough,
LMS 1
17).
2704. (Z), Q,7, 5/4, stage ?I) (plate
i i
7) Broken, part
of rim and most of handle
missing.
Ht. c. 8. Diam. of rim c. 1
3.5.
Fine
orange clay;
outside surface
orange-buff,
well
smoothed,
and decorated with horizontal
stripes
in lustrous
streaky
dark red-brown to
black;
inside
painted solid, except
for reserved circle in base.
One such bowl from Phase III of
Myc.
Ill C at Lefkandi and another from the
Myc.
Ill C
Temple deposit
at
Ayia
Irini on Kea are
virtually
identical
(Leftandi
22
fig. 52 (BSA
lxvi
( 1971) 344
f.
fig. 7: 3). Hesperia
xli
(1972) 400 pl. 98,
M
5).
Cf. Perate i
300 pl.
88 no.
367.
2705. (D, Q,7, 5/4, stage ?I) (plate 117) Broken, large parts
of rim
missing.
Ht.
8.5.
Diam. of rim c.
13.
Rather soft
fabric; orange clay,
with some fine
grains
of mica
showing
in
surface;
thin dark
orange
wash over most of
outside,
and whole of
inside, except
for small reserved circle in base.
2706. (Z), Q,7, pre-stage I) (plate
i
18)
Rim.
Orange clay;
surface
smoothed,
and decorated in lustrous red: outside
with
single stripes
around rim and
body;
inside
solid, except
for reserved circle in base.
2707. (D, Q5/4, stage I) (plate
i
18) Fragment
with handle.
Orange clay
with some
mica;
surface
smoothed,
and
decorated in lustrous dark brown to black:
pair
of bands round
body
inside and out.
2708. (D, Q,?3, stage ?I) (plate 118)
Rim. Pale
orange clay;
surface
whitish,
well
smoothed,
and decorated in
lustrous black:
pair
of bands round
body
inside and
out;
rim solid.
2709. (F,
D 1
(B 2), stage 7)
Rim. Pale buff
clay;
decorated in black: band round
outside;
inside solid.
3.
Small
deep
rounded bowls with
horizontal handles 2
7 10-2736 (figs. 262-264)
These
may
have been used as
drinking cups
like the conical
type
2 bowls. But
they
were also
perhaps employed
in a more
general way
as food vessels. Our
type 3 corresponds
to Furumark's
types 284-6.
Bowls of
type 3
were
considerably
more common at
Emporio
than those of
type
2.
Similarly
at Perate over
seventy
bowls akin to this
type
were recovered as
opposed
to
only
five of
Class of rim Area F Area D Total
A 22
(7)
22
(6) 44 (13)
B 28
(3)
12
(6) 40 (9)
C 10 6 16
Numbers in
parentheses
are those of rims with a
reserved band round the inside
(c.
16 out of c.
100).
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fig.
263. Mycenaean type 3:
small
deep bowls,
from Area F. Scale
1/3.
586 III. EMPORIO
our
type
2
[Per
ate ii 2
19 ff.)
.
Only
two
profiles
could be
reconstructed, however,
at
Emporio:
one
(2729)
from the earlier
stage
I in Area
D,
the other
(2728) apparently
from the later
stage
II.
There was a
great
deal of variation in the fabric of
type 3 bowls;
the
coarser,
more thick- walled
examples merge
into bowls of
type 4,
which are in effect
crude,
and
usually
somewhat
large
varieties of
type 3. Type 3
bowl rims fell into three classes:
(A)
Rims with a dark wash inside and
out,
as Perate classes
1-3 (Perate
ii 220
f.).
The wash
covers the whole of the inside and
outside,
or a wide area below the
rim,
and
ranges
in colour
from red
through
brown to black. Small
scraps
of rim with an overall wash were hard to
assign
as
between
type 3
bowls and
kylikes (type 8),
but it looks as if between one in three and one in four
bowls of
type 3
at
Emporio
had a wash
covering
most of the inside and outside. At Lefkandi rims
of
type 3
bowls were
mostly
as class
(A)
in the earliest Phase I of
Myc.
Ill C there
{Lefkandi
16
fig.
27).
A number of class
(A)
rims from
Emporio
have a reserved band
just
below the
top
inside
(e.g. 271 1-13, 2727).
At Lefkandi reserved lines inside the rim
began
to come into fashion in
Phase
II,
and were
general
there it seems
by
Phase III
{Lefkandi 19,
22. BSA lxvi
(1971) 340).
The
complete profile 2729
has a reserved band inside the
rim,
and a reserved circle in the bottom
of the base as well. A reserved circle in the bottom of the base
may
have been not unusual at
Emporio (e.g. 2921);
but a number of bases of
type 3
bowls seem to have been covered with a
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3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 587
solid wash inside. Some at
any
rate of the bowls with an overall wash and reserved band round
the inside of the rim also had a
stripe
reserved around the lower
part
of the
body outside,
like
2727.
One
fragment (Area D, QJevel 2, stage II),
which
might
have come from a
type 3 bowl,
had a
poor
lustrous wash of
purple-brown
colour with traces of horizontal bands in thick red
paint
over it inside and out.
(B)
Rims with an overall wash
inside,
but a
light ground
outside,
as Perate classes
4
and
5
(Perate
ii
221).
Most of these rims had a band of
paint
round the
top (or
in one case at least
just
below the
top)
on the outside. The
body
of the bowl below this band
might
be decorated with
horizontal
bands,
or
wavy
bands or
stripes
of
varying degrees
of thickness
(e.g. 2716, 2722-4,
2729-31);
but sometimes the decoration on the outside was more elaborate in character
(e.g.
2715, 2717-21).
Some class
(B) rims,
like a number of those of class
(A),
had a reserved band
below the
top
inside
(e.g. 2716, 2722, 2729-30, 2732).
(C)
Rims without an overall wash inside or out. Bowls with rims of this class
might
be
decorated with a
wavy
band on the outside like
2724.
Bowls from Area F are described first
(2710-2724),
followed
by
ones from Area D
(2725-2736).
(1)
From Area F
(fig. 263)
Class A
2710. (B ?5, stage 6B) (plate
i
18) Large fragment
of rim with one handle.
Gritty orange clay,
some
mica;
thick
lustrous red
shading
to
streaky
brown and black wash inside and out.
Cf.
Lejkandi
16
fig. 27 (Phase I)
271
1.
(D ?4) (plate
1
18) Large fragment
of rim with one handle.
Orange clay;
surface
paler,
smoothed. Lustrous
wash,
shades of red
through
dark red-brown to black. Reserved bands inside rim and below handle outside.
Cf. Perate i
40 pl.
10 no.
1240; 34 pl. 9
no.
1243.
2712. (B 8/7, stage 6A) (plate 118) Large fragment
of rim with
part
of one handle.
Orange clay;
surface
paler,
smoothed. Lustrous
wash,
shades of
light
reddish and dark brown. Reserved bands inside rim and below handle
outside.
2713. (D 1)
Rim.
Orange clay.
Lustrous dark brown to black
wash,
worn. Reserved band inside.
2714. (B 7, stage 6A) (plate
i
18)
Rim.
Orange clay. Purple-brown
lustrous wash. Reserved band inside.
Class B
2715. (D
2 below wall
41) (plate
i
18)
Rim.
Orange clay,
some
mica;
surface with a buff
slip,
smoothed but worn.
Decorated in red
through
shades of dark and
light
brown:
spiral
with solid
centre, evidently part
of some
variety
of antithetic
spiral pattern (FMP
Mot.
50).
Inside once
solid,
but now much worn.
2716. (Unstratified) (plate 118)
Rim. Whitish
clay.
Decorated in lustrous red:
wavy
line
(FMP
Mot.
53)
below
band,
cf.
2742
of
type 5.
Reserved band inside.
271 7. (D 1) (plate
1
18)
Rim.
Orange clay
and surface. Decorated in dark brown to black: chevrons
(FMP
Mot.
58
no.
33)
in a
panelled pattern
cf. FMP Mot.
75
nos.
9,
20:
Myc.
Ill
B,
III C 1
early.
Inside solid black.
Similar decoration occurs on
deep
bowls from Tarsus: AS xxv
(1975)
60
fig.
10 no.
1257, 73 fig.
20. Cf.
Enkomi ii
pls. 307 fig. 202, 308 fig. 207, assigned
to
Myc.
Ill C: 1 b or 1 c.
2718. (D2) (plate 118)
Rim.
Orange clay;
surface
buff,
smoothed. Decorated in dark brown to black:
lozenge (FMP
Mot.
73,
x:
Myc.
Ill C
1).
Inside solid.
2719. (D ?4) (plate
1
18) Fragment, possibly
from same vase as
2718.
Decorated in dark brown: vertical
straight
and
wavy lines, evidently part
of a
panelled pattern.
Cf. FMP Mot.
75
no.
31: Myc.
Ill C 1 late. Inside solid reddish
brown.
2720. (B 1, stage 8) (plate
i
18)
Rim.
Orange clay
and surface. Decorated in red to dark red-brown. Inside solid.
2721. (D 2/1) (plate
1
18)
Rim with
pair
of rivet-holes for
mending. Orange clay
with
buffslip,
smoothed. Decorated
in shades of
light
and dark brown to black. Inside solid.
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588 III. EMPORIO
2722. (D
i
(B 2), stage 7) (plate
i
18)
Rim.
Orange clay,
some
mica;
outside surface with buff
slip.
Decorated in red:
thick
wavy
band.
2723. (F ?i, stage ?7) (plate
i
18) Fragment,
as
2722.
Class C
2724. (D
2 below wall
41) (plate
i
18) Large fragment.
Fine
orange clay;
surface
buff,
well smoothed or burnished.
Inside decorated in red-brown: band below rim and another near
base;
outside in shades of dark and
light
brown: three
stripes
with a bold
wavy
band above them.
(2)
From Area D
(fig. 264)
Class A
2725. (Q,5/4, stage I)
Rim with
stump
of handle.
Orange clay.
Overall
wash,
red to shades of dark and
light brown,
inside and out.
2726. (Q2, stage II) Large fragment
of rim with one handle.
Orange clay.
Overall lustrous black wash inside and out.
2727. (O7> 5/4? stage I) (plate 117) Broken,
but
complete except
for base.
Irregular
in
shape.
Well
fired, dusky
orange clay;
much
grit,
which shows in surface. Whitish
slip
covered with a
streaky
dark brown to black
lustrous
wash, except
for reserved bands inside rim and on lower
part
of
body
outside.
Cf.
Hesperia
xlviii
(1979) 362
f. no. 1 1
, 376 fig. 5,
from a
deposit
at Corinth
assigned by
Rutter to his Phase
4
contemporary
with Lefkandi Phase II b.
Broneer, Hesperia
viii
(1939) 366, 370 fig. 49: b,
for reserved bands
below the handles on the outside as a
relatively
late feature.
Class B
2728. (Q,7, 5/4' 2, stage ?I) Non-joining fragments, including parts
of
rim,
one
handle,
and base.
Very
soft
fabric;
sandy orange clay,
fine
silvery mica;
surface a
paler
shade of
orange.
Decorated in red.
2729. (O2> stage II) (plate
1
17)
Base and
part
of
body
with one
handle,
and
non-joining scrap
of rim.
Grey clay,
orange
at
surface,
which smoothed and decorated in red. Inside
solid, except
for reserved band below rim and
circle in centre of base.
2730. (Q,?5, stage ?I) (plate
i
19)
Surface
buff,
smoothed. Decorated in lustrous red. Reserved band inside rim.
For the decoration of a
wavy
line between two
straight
ones cf. Cos
355 figs. 347-8.
2731. ( 0,5/4, 2, stage ?I) (plate 119) Large fragment
of rim with handle.
Orange clay;
thick buff
slip,
well smoothed.
Decorated in lustrous red to red-brown: four horizontal
stripes
below a double
wavy
band cf. FMP Mot.
53
no.
24.
Rim and handle solid.
At Perate double
wavy
bands of this kind were
exceptional,
and
only appeared
on vases
belonging
with the
latest burials in the tombs where
they
were found
(Perate
ii
105).
But double
wavy
bands occur on vases from
House G at Asine
assigned by
Furumark to
Myc.
Ill C: 1 b transitional to c
[Op
Arch iii
(1944) 206, 209 fig. 3: 10,
1 2. Cf. ibid.
248:
characteristic of III C: 1
c);
and
they
are in evidence on kraters
(comparable
in
shape
to
2731
but
larger)
from the
Myc.
Ill C
Temple deposit
at
Ayia
Irini on Kea
(Hesperia
xli
(1972) 400
f.
pl. 98,
M
15
and
16).
2732. (O5/45 Stage I) (plate 119)
Rim.
Orange clay,
some mica. Decorated in lustrous red to darkish brown:
apparently part
of some form of antithetic
spiral pattern (FMP
Mot.
50).
Reserved band inside rim.
2733. (Unstratified) (plate
i
19) Fragment. Orange clay;
surface
orange-buff,
well burnished. Decorated in lustrous
red brown: sea-anemone
(FMP
Mot.
27 esp.
no.
4).
Inside solid red.
An
exactly
similar sea-anemone
appears
as fill-ornament on a
Myc.
Ill C
'octopus stirrup-jar'
from
Ialysos
(Annuario
xiii-xiv
(
1
930-3
1
)
288
fig. 3
1
)
. Others occur on
fragments
of vases from Enkomi in
Cyprus assigned
to
Myc.
Ill C
(Enkomi
ii
599 pl. 308 fig. 254 (Enkomi
iiia
pl.
81:
9 (1360)).
Cf. Enkomi iiia
pl. 74: 35 (2857/2)).
Class C
2734. (Osurface) (plate
i
19)
Rim.
Orange clay,
some
mica;
surface
pale greenish.
Decorated in lustrous dark brown
to black
outside,
red-brown inside.
2735. (Osurface)
Rim.
Grey ware, indistinguishable
from
Minyan,
with some
mica;
surface burnished inside and
out. Traces of a line in red
paint
on outside.
2736. (Unstratified) (plate
i
19, showing inside)
Two rims from same vase.
Orange clay,
some mica. Decorated in
dark to
light
red-brown. Rim
solid,
with vertical
stripes descending
from it on inside.
4.
Thick-walled
deep
rounded bowls with
horizontal
handles
2737-2741 (fig. 265)
This
type appears
to be
essentially pre-Mycenaean.
The
large fragments 2737
and
2738
and the
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fig.
264. Mycenaean type 3:
small
deep bowls,
from Area D. Scale
1/3.
base
2741 (the
latter two from
pre-stage
I
deposits
in Area
D)
seem to
correspond
in a
general
way
to
Troy shape
A
57
which was at home in the
early
and middle
phases
of
Troy
VI
( Troy
iii
45).
But a two-handled krater-bowl with
ring
base of a somewhat
comparable type
occurs at
Pylos (PNestor
i
397
ff.
pl. 376, type 60),
and rims like
2739
and
2740 may
come from
Mycenaean
vases akin to this. Such vases would have been in effect crude and somewhat
large
versions of
type 4
bowls
merging
into ones of
type 5.
Some rims have
only
a
slight S-curve,
and others are
virtually straight.
In some cases the
swelling
has a
slight
carination. Bases were
evidently
of the
ring type
like
2471.
The bowls were
coated inside and out with a dark
wash,
which was
normally
rather thin and
only slightly
lustrous,
shades of
red,
or less
commonly purple-brown
or black in colour.
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590 III. EMPORIO
2737. (D, Q,?7, 5/4, stage ?I) (plate
i
19)
Two
non-joining fragments
of rim with
stumps
of handles.
Orange clay;
surface with an overall red
wash,
well smoothed or burnished.
Cf.
Troy
iii
45 fig. 426
no.
2, shape
A
57.
2738. (D, Q,9/85 7, pre-stage I) (plate
i
19)
Part of
body
with one handle. Rather coarse
orange clay;
surface with an
orange shading
to red
wash,
well smoothed.
2739. 2740. (Z), unstratified)
Rims.
2741. (i), Q,7, pre-stage I) (plate 119)
Base.
Fabric,
cf.
2738.
Red wash inside.
5. Large deep
rounded bowls with
horizontal
handles 2
742-2 744 (fig. 265)
These
correspond
to Furumark's
type
282. Several
large fragments together
with a number of
scraps
from bowls of this kind were recovered. All it seems were
light surfaced,
and several were
elaborately
decorated. There was
evidently
a
good
deal of variation both in fabric and in
rim-shape:
the rim of
2742
is
simple,
that of
2743 flat-topped,
and that of
2744
everted.
2742. (F,
B
5/2, apparently stage 7) (plate
i
20) Many non-joining fragments.
Base not identified. Diam. of rim c.
30.
Very
soft
fabric;
coarse
orange clay
with abundant
grit,
some
large, showing
in
surface,
which smoothed but
much worn. Traces of decoration in lustrous red to
light
brown:
wavy
line
(FMP
Mot.
53)
below band round
outside of
rim; running spirals
with
hatching
in
upper angles
round
body.
For
spirals
with
hatching
in the
angles compare
the inside of a conical bowl from
Kalymnos (BMA 1017)
assigned by
Furumark
(FMP
Mot.
46
no.
37)
to
Myc.
Ill C 1. Cf. Tarsus ii
225 fig. 334
no.
131
1.
2743. (F,
B
5/2
with D
3/2/1, apparently stage 7) (plate
i
19) Large fragment.
Diam. of rim
27.
Coarse
gritty orange
clay
with
mica;
outside surface with a thin
slip
of
slightly paler colour,
smoothed. Decorated in lustrous red
shading
to dark red-brown and black: elaborate antithetic
spiral pattern
with central
triglyph (FMP
Mot.
50)
.
This
type
of
design
was much in favour in
Myc.
Ill C. For the central
panel
cf. FMP Mot.
75
no.
29,
assigned
to the late
phase
of
Myc.
Ill C 1 . The
flanking spiral
motifs
incorporate parallel
chevrons
(FMP
Mot.
58)
and
lozenges
with
hatching
in the
angles
as FMP Mot.
73,
t:
Myc.
Ill C 1
,
cf. ASxxv
(1975) 59 fig.
6:
3,
from
Tarsus.
2744. (D, Q5/4, stage I) (plate 120)
Rim and
non-joining fragments, including
one handle. Diam. c.
32. Orange
clay,
with fine mica
showing
in
surface;
outside with a thick
pale
buff
slip,
burnished
(marks
of
burnishing
implement clearly visible)
. Decorated in crackled lustrous red
paint:
what
may
be a
disintegrated
version of
tricurved arch
(FMP
Mot.
62)
as
commonly
found in
Myc.
Ill
C, incorporating
isolated semi-circles as FMP
Mot.
43, Myc
III C:
1,
d.
6.
Deep
kraters with two vertical handles
Four
large rims,
two everted as
2744
and two flat-
topped
as
2743, appeared
to
preserve
the
stumps
of vertical
strap
handles,
and
may
have come from vessels of this
type (FMP
form
3,
shapes 6-10),
commoner in
Myc.
Ill
A-B,
but still current in III C.
Rims
of large deep bowls, cf. types 5
and
2745-2752 (fig. 265)
2745. (Temple
site
by harbour) (plate
i i
9)
Three
fragments
of
large
bowl.
Dusky orange clay;
outside surface with a
rather dark buff
slip.
Decorated in
slightly
lustrous dark red-brown to
black;
wide bands round inside and
outside of
rim,
of which
top
hatched in
places; joining semi-circles,
as FMP Mot.
42
no.
4,
below band
outside;
neck of
animal, apparently
a
goat,
like those on a
large Myc.
Ill C
jar
from
Kalymnos
and on a krater from Kos
with the necks hatched in a similar manner
(FMP
Mot. 6 nos.
9,
10. BMA 1022. Cos 188 ff.
fig. 73
no. 1
190,
and
361
ff.
figs. 359-61
for other
goats
which are less
comparable).
2746. (Z), Q,?2, stage ?II) (plate 120) Rim,
and two
non-joining fragments.
Diam. of rim c. 28. Soft fabric.
Gritty,
rather
dusky orange clay, greyish
in
places
at
core;
outside surface
paler orange, smoothed;
inside
deep orange,
rather
rough.
Decorated in
thin, slightly lustrous, streaky
brown to red: bands inside and outside and on
top
of
rim,
as on Asine
300
no.
5 fig. 207; running spirals
with
open centres,
as FMP Mot.
46
no.
58: Myc.
Ill C 1 late.
2747. (Z), Q, surface)
Rim. Rather
gritty orange clay;
surface
paler,
smoothed. Decorated in
thin, slightly lustrous,
streaky
dark to reddish brown and red: bands inside and outside
rim,
of which
top
hatched.
2748. (F,
B
?8/7, stage ?6A) (plate 121) Rim,
and
fragment.
Hard
gritty
reddish
orange clay;
thick white
slip
inside
and out. Decorated in
very
lustrous black: wide horizontal bands. Rim solid.
2749. (F,
D
2)
Rim. Soft
sandy orange clay;
surface worn.
Top
of rim
painted red;
traces of wide red band on outside.
2750. (F,
D 1
(B 2), stage 7)
Rim.
Orange clay.
Solid lustrous red.
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fig.
265.
Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean types 4-6: deep
bowls and kraters. Scale
1/4.
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fig. 266.
Mycenaean type 7: deep
conical bowls
(kalathoi).
Scale
1/3.
592 III. EMPORIO
2751
.
(D, Q,7, pre-stage I)
Rim.
Orange clay;
outside surface with a thick whitish
slip,
worn. Decorated in lustrous
red. Rim solid.
2752. (Area A,
G
surface)
Rim. Greenish
orange clay; greenish
buff
slip.
Decorated in dark lustrous red: wide bands.
Fragments, apparently from large
bowls akin to
types 5
and 6
2753-2756 (fig. 265)
2753. (F,
B
5/2/1
and D
3, apparently stage 7) (plate 120) Fragments. Dusky orange clay;
outside surface
dusky,
and
decorated in lustrous red-brown to black:
running spirals (FMP
Mot.
46) apparently
in two
registers.
Inside
solid black.
For
running spirals
in two
registers assignable
to
Myc.
Ill
C, e.g.
BSA xvii
(1910-1 1) 19 pl.
xiv no.
39,
from
Phylakopl.
2754. (F,
D
?i) (plate 120) Fragment. Orange clay;
outside surface with a thick
greenish
white
slip.
Decorated in
lustrous black: broad horizontal band
inside;
outside with
panelled pattern
as FMP Mot.
75
no. 16: III C 1
early.
For the decoration cf. Perate ii
135 fig.
18:
4,
and
Schachermeyr,
Die
myk. %eit pl. 69: b,
on a
fragment
of an
imported
krater from Idalion in
Cyprus.
2755. (F,
F 2 or
1, stages
6 or
7) (plate 120) Fragment. Orange clay;
outside surface with a
greenish
white
slip,
decorated in
black,
worn. Inside
solid;
outside with
panelled pattern,
cf. FMP Mot.
75
no.
23,
but flanked
by
vertical
wavy
lines.
2756. (F, J (B 4), stage 7) (plate
i
19) Fragment. Dusky orange clay;
surface
dusky.
Decorated in lustrous black.
Panelled
pattern
cf. FMP Mot.
75
no.
20,
and
Lefkandi 19 fig. 36 (Phase II).
Even more
closely comparable
are
Schachermeyr,
Die
myk. eit pl.
68:
a,
on a
deep
bowl from Kition in
Cyprus,
and Tarsus ii
fig. 330
no.
1257.
7. Deep
conical bowls
(kalathoi) 2757-2759 (fig. 266)
Bowls of this
type
do not seem to have been common at
Emporio. Similarly
at Lefkandi such
bowls
(kalathoi)
occurred in Phase II of
Myc.
Ill
C,
but were not
common, although they
often
had
interesting
decoration on the inside
(BSA
lxvi
(1971) 342
f.
fig.
6:
3)
. A
good many, however,
were recovered from the Perate
cemetery
of more or less
contemporary
date
(Perate
ii
252 ff.).
The few
examples
from
Emporio
all
appear
to
correspond
to Furumark's latest
variety (type
291) assigned
to
Myc.
Ill C 1
(e.g.
BSA xxv
(1921-23) 53 pl.
xi:
1,
from
Mycenae).
One of the
handles of
2757
and the
stump
of a handle on
2759
are associated with imitations of the rivets
by
which the handles of metal bowls of this
shape
were fastened.
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3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 59e?
2757. (F,
D
2/1) (plate 121)
Parts
missing.
Ht.
13.2.
Diam. 28. Fine
orange clay;
surface with a
paler slip.
Decorated
in lustrous red:
straight
and
wavy
lines inside and
out;
rim hatched. The
wavy
line inside is divided
by
the
handles so as to form a
pair
of
snakes,
whose heads coincide with a
pair
of conical imitation rivets
opposite
the
point
of
junction
of one of the
handles;
but the other handle has no similar rivets.
The best
parallels
for this bowl are in the Dodecanese
according
to
Desborough,
LMS
159.
For snakes
pictorialised
from
wavy bands,
FMP
374
Mot.
53,
no. 26: III C 1
early.
Rivets inside bowls of this
type, e.g.
BMA
1016-7,
both from
Kalymnos,
and
assigned by
Furumark to
Myc.
Ill C 1 late.
2758. (F, J (B 4), stage 7) (plate 121) Rim,
and two
non-joining fragments,
one with
stump
of handle. Hard
orange
clay;
surface with a buff
slip,
well smoothed or burnished. Decorated in black to shades of dark and
light
brown:
thin horizontal
stripes outside;
inside with some elaborate
design, perhaps part
offish or
bird, incorporating
isolated semicircles with solid centres as FMP Mot.
43, Myc.
Ill C:
1, c,
and a
fringe.
Parts of rim hatched.
For a somewhat
comparable fringed
motif cf. AS xxv
(1975) 59 fig.
6 no.
1295
from Tarsus.
2759. (F, unstratified) (plate 121, showing inside) Fragment, apparently
from bowl of
type 7;
imitation rivet
inside,
cf.
2757.
Surface
orange-buff.
Decorated in lustrous red: inside with
diagonal
linked
quirk
as FMP Mot.
48
no.
5;
rivet
painted
solid.
Miscellaneous rims
of large
bowls akin to
type 7
2
760-2 765 (fig. 266)
2760. (Z), Q,2, stage II) (plate 121) Gritty greenish clay.
Decorated in lustrous black to dark brown: reserved
isolated semi-circles on
top
of rim cf. FMP Mot.
43
no.
40:
III C 1 late.
2761. (F,
D
3) (plate 121)
Reddish
orange clay;
thick
greenish
white
slip
inside and out. Bands in thick lustrous
black.
2762. (Area A,
G
surface) Gritty orange clay
with mica. Rim solid red.
2763. (D, Q ?5/4, Stage ?I) (plate 121)
Hard
orange clay;
white
slip.
Decorated with bands in
slightly
lustrous
brown; top
of rim hatched.
2764. (F,
D 2 below wall
41 ) Orange clay;
surface
dusky orange,
smoothed. Decorated with bands in lustrous black to
dark brown.
2765. (F,
B
2/1, stages 7
or
8) (plate 121) Orange clay;
surface
orange-buff,
well smoothed or burnished. Decorated
with bands in lustrous red-brown.
8A.
Kylikes (
stemmed
cups ),
with
pair of
low
strap
handles
2766-2793 (figs. 267, 268)
This distinctive
type
of
drinking cup appears
to have been
quite
common at
Emporio,
but the
kylix
with
high-swung
handles
(type 8B)
was
hardly represented.
Three main varieties of
type
8A could be
distinguished: (1) Small,
rather
squat,
as
Pylos shape 29a; (2)
Tall with shallow
bowl and
high stem,
as Furumark
type 259; (3) Straight-sides
with
deep bowl,
as Furumark
type
274.
On the
analogy
of
Pylos
it was assumed that
kylikes
of
variety (
1
)
at
Emporio
were
two-handled. But in the tholos tomb at
Tragana
one-handled
kylikes
of
comparable shape,
mostly
with an overall black
wash,
are said to have been common
(AE 19 14,
1 10 f.
fig. 20, left).
Common,
but less in evidence at
Tragana
were
kylikes
as
variety (3)
of
Emporio type 8A,
while
only
four
fragments
had
high-swung
handles as
Emporio type
8 B
(ibid.
1 1 1
fig. 20, right).
(
1
) Small,
rather
squat kylix,
as
Pylos shape 2ga.
The
only complete kylix profile
recovered at
Emporio (2766) belonged
to this
variety.
In this the
rim diameter is less than 1
5,
and the
height
is rather less than the diameter. But
some,
if not
most,
of the rims
grouped
under this
variety may
have
belonged
to taller
kylikes
of more standard
types
recorded
by
Furumark
(e.g.
FMP
type 266)
. These rims are all more or less
upright;
most have a
lip,
but some
lipless
rims
(as 2783-4) may
have come from
kylikes.
The
kylikes grouped here,
whether
they
were of this
squat variety
like
2766
or of more
standard
types,
were
usually
of rather coarse
fabric,
and not
very
well made or
regular
in
shape.
The
clay
was
tempered
with
grit,
which often showed in the surface. This was
normally
smoothed or burnished after the
application
of an
overall,
rather
poor
lustrous
wash,
most
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594 III. EMPORIO
commonly
reddish in
colour,
but often shades of
purple-brown
to
black;
the wash
usually,
though
not
always,
covered the underneath of the foot as well as the outside and inside of the
vase. Some
fragments, however,
which
appeared
to come from
kylikes,
had a
light orange
or buff
slip
instead of a dark overall wash.
Cf. PJVestor i
368 shape 29a.
One of the two
types
of
kylix
from the destruction level at
Koukounaries on Paros
similarly
dated to late
Myc.
Ill B
appears comparable (Davis
and
Cherry
1
60,
1
73 fig.
1
9)
. A
kylix
from Khasambali in
Thessaly
with an overall red wash
assigned
by
M. Theochares to FMP
type 264 (Myc.
Ill
A)
looks similar
(Thessalika
iv
(1962) 46, 44 fig.
10).
Some of the
kylikes grouped
under
shapes
A
84
and A
85
as found in the Middle and Late
Subphase
of
Troy
VI
may
also be akin to this
variety.
Tall
kylikes (diameter
of bowl less than
height)
with an overall wash occur in Lesbos
(e.g.
BSA xxxi
(
1
930-3
1
)
1
70 pl.
xxviii: 2 from
Antissa,
as FMP
type 266)
. A
fragment
of a
kylix
with
an overall wash from Kazanli in Cilicia in the Ashmolean
Museum, Oxford,
was shown to me
by
Mr. T. Burton Brown.
A number of
upright
rims as
2769 evidently belonged
to
larger kylikes
of this or other
shapes.
Some of these rims were
plain,
with a
slip
or an overall dark
wash;
but a few had
painted
decoration
(e.g. 2770-3).
(2)
Tall
kylix
with shallow bowl and
high stem,
as Furumark
type 25g.
A
very
few
fragments
were
assignable
to
kylikes
of this
shape.
Such
kylikes appear
to have been at
home in the eastern
Aegean,
and there are
good parallels
from Rhodes for the
system
of
decoration on
2774
as well as for its
shape
as reconstructed.
The fabric of the few
fragments
classifiable under varieties
(2)
and
(3)
was
markedly superior
to that of the bulk of the material
assigned
to
variety (1). Possibly
therefore the
kylikes
represented by
these varieties were
imported
from elsewhere.
(3) Straight-sided kylix
with
deep bowl,
as Furumark
types 274, 273.
This standard
Myc.
Ill C
shape
was
only represented
for certain
by
one
large fragment (2776)
and a
couple
of rims; but three other rims with more or less distinct carinations
(2779-81) may
come from
kylikes
akin to this.
This
corresponds
to Broneer's
variety
b from the
Mycenaean spring deposit
at Athens
(Hesperia
viii
(1939) 375
ff.
pl. 58: a).
Two
kylikes
of this
type
with
simple
banded decoration on
bowl and stem were recovered from the
Myc.
Ill C
Temple deposit
at
Ayia
Irini on Kea
(Hesperia
xli
(1972) 400 pl. 98,
M 1 and
2).
The
kylikes
from
Myc.
Ill C levels at Lefkandi
correspond
to this
type;
rare in Phase
I, they
occur in Phase
II,
but have been
entirely replaced
by cups
of our
type
2 in Phase III
(Leflcandi
16
fig. 27; 19 figs. 49, 50; 22).
Kylikes
were not common at Lefkandi in
any phase
of the
Myc.
Ill C
occupation there,
and
only
three were recovered from the extensive
Myc.
Ill C
cemetery
at Perate
[Per
ate ii
224 f.)
. The
relative abundance of the
kylikes grouped
under
variety (
1
)
therefore
suggests
the
possibility
that
they
are of an
earlier, Myc.
Ill B
date,
like the closest
parallels
for them from
Pylos
and
elsewhere. A number of
fragments
of
kylikes
attributable to
variety (
1
)
were
reported
from
pre-stage
I
deposits
in Area D. The
comparative rarity
of the
obviously Myc.
Ill C
kylikes
of
variety (3),
and the absence of
bulged
or
ridged
stems at
Emporio, suggest
that the
kylix may
have
gone
out of use as a form of
drinking cup
before the end of the
Mycenaean occupation
there
as at Lefkandi.
The stems of
kylikes
of
type
8 A
ranged
from medium to tall like that of
2774
of
variety (2).
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fig.
267. Mycenaean type
8:
kylikes.
3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 595
The taller stems tended to have a noticeable
taper, becoming
thinner towards the foot. One
fragment
of stem
(plate
122
(a)
no. 1
)
had a hole
running through
its
length
-
a feature common
in
kylix
stems found in
Crete,
but unusual in those of the Greek
mainland, although
it occurs in a
stem from Marmariane in
Thessaly
in the Sherd Collection of the British School at Athens
(plate
122
(a)
no.
2).
Feet were
mostly
varieties of
2795;
but about one third of the total number recovered were as
2796.
One
foot, however, apparently
from a
kylix,
was
altogether
flat
(2797).
In some cases it was clear that the
kylix
had not been made in a
single operation,
the bowl
and the stem
having
been thrown on the wheel
separately,
and
joined together
afterwards while
the
clay
was still wet. A conical
projection
left at the foot of the bowl was then fitted into a
depression
at the
top
of the stem. The conical
projection might
be scored with
gashes
to
give
a
better
purchase
for the
clay cement,
as visible on
2769.
Some
kylikes
from Karfi in Crete were
fitted
together
in a
comparable
manner
(BSA
lv
(i960) 25 pl.
12
()).
A number of
kylikes
of
comparatively
fine fabric were
light-surfaced
and had
painted
decoration. Some nine or ten rims and
body fragments
of such decorated
kylikes
were recovered
from Area
F,
and
eight
or nine from Area D. In addition there were four
kylix
stems from Area F
with
stripes
round them
(e.g. 2772
of
variety (2)),
and four others from Area D. At a
rough
estimate it would seem that about one in
every
ten
kylikes
in use at
Emporio
had
painted
decoration. Some if not all of these
painted kylikes may
have been
imports.
(
1
) Small,
rather
squat kylix,
as
Pylos shape 2ga
2766. (/), Q5/4, stage I) Fragments
and
profile;
both handles
missing.
Ht. 1 1 . Diam. c.
13.
Rather coarse
orange clay;
surface with an overall thick red
shading
to dark and
purplish
brown lustrous
wash,
well smoothed or
burnished.
Cf.
Pylos shape 29a,
which has no exact
counterpart
in FMP. But there are
many
similar from
Prosymna,
listed in PNestor i
368.
Cf. Asine
369
no.
47 fig. 235; 414
no.
40 fig. 271:
6.
2767. (D, Q,7, pre-stage I) Fragments, including stump
of handle. Rather coarse
orange clay;
surface with an overall
reddish
shading
to
purple-brown wash,
smoothed. Several other similar rims.
2768. (D, Q7, pre-stage I)
Rim.
Orange clay;
surface with a
deep orange
to reddish
wash,
smoothed. Some 1
5
similar
rims.
Area F Area D Total
(A) Type
8 A. Rims
Variety (i)
Overall dark wash
27 1
Plain
27
7}
1
SO 64
Decorated
4
1
5
Variety (2)
Overall dark wash
Plain 1 1
Decorated 1 1
Variety (3)
Overall dark wash 1 1
Plain 1 1
Decorated 1 1
(B) Types
8
A, B,
C. Stems and feet
Overall dark wash
44
1
Plain 6
32
82
Decorated with
stripes 448
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596 III. EMPORIO
Rims akin to those
of variety ( i) ,
but
larger
in diameter
2769. (D, Q7, 5/4, stage ?I) (plate
i
22) Fragments, including part
of rim and
stem;
stem made
separately
from bowl
and afterwards
joined
to it. Rather coarse
orange clay;
surface with an overall red
shading
to red-brown
wash,
well smoothed or burnished.
2770. (Z), Q,?2, stage ?II) (plate 122) Very
fine
greenish
white
clay;
surface much
worn;
traces of decoration in
lustrous red. The ladder-like
design
looks as if it
might
have been
part
of a
building,
with a column
(?)
to the
right.
Thr inward lean of the rim seems unusual for
Myc.
Ill
C,
but is found on some
kylikes
at
Pylos assignable
to
the end of III B
(PNestor
i
370 shape 39e, esp. fig. 362
no.
339)
. But the
exceptional
fabric and worn condition of
this
fragment suggest
that it is earlier than the
Myc.
Ill C horizon of the bulk of the material.
Alternatively
it
may
be an
import.
2771. (F,Di) (plate
1
22)
With
stump
of handle.
Orange clay;
surface
buff,
well smoothed. Decorated in lustrous red
to red-brown: curved swathe with ladder-like
hatching.
For the
decoration,
cf. Tarsus: AS xxv
(1975) 63 fig.
12: 2.
2772. (F,
D wall
41) (plate 122) Orange clay;
surface smoothed. Inside
plain;
outside decorated in dark
purple-brown.
2773. (F,
B
2, stage 7) (plate 122)
Fine white
clay;
surface well smoothed. Decorated in red-brown: band around
inside of rim.
(2)
Tall
kylix
with shallow bowl and
high stem,
as Furumark
type 25g
2774. (D, Q,7, 5/4, pre-stage I?) (plate 122)
Various
fragments,
which
may
not all come from the same
vase,
but the
handle
2774A (plate 122)
seems to
belong
to it. Fine
orange clay,
fired
hard;
surface with a
pale buffslip, very
well smoothed. Decorated in black to dark
purple-brown paint,
somewhat crackled.
The
shape corresponds
to PNestor ii
369, shape 29c, very
common at
Pylos
at the end of
Myc.
Ill B. But for
this
shape
with a
comparable
scheme of decoration cf. BMA
866, 867, assigned by
Furumark
(FMP 629 type
259)
to
Myc.
Ill B or end of III A.
Fragments
which
certainly belonged
came from
Hevel 7, pre-stage
I. The vase
may
therefore be
assignable
to this
early deposit,
and date from
Myc.
Ill B.
2775. (Z), Q,?5, stage ?I)
Rim.
Very
fine
orange clay;
surface
orange-buff,
well smoothed or burnished.
(3) Straight-sided kylix
with
deep bowl,
as Furumark
type 274.
2776. (F,
D
2/1) Body
with
stem;
rim and foot
missing. Orange clay;
surface
buff,
well smoothed or burnished.
2777. (F,
D
1)
Rim with
stump
of handle. Soft
sandy orange clay,
worn. Possible traces of dark overall wash.
2778. (F,
D
1)
Rim with
stump
of handle.
Orange clay;
surface well smoothed or burnished. Band inside rim in
lustrous dark red-brown.
Rims with a distinct
carination,
which
might
come
from kylikes
as
variety (3)
2779. (Z), Q, surface) Very
fine
pale greenish clay;
surface well smoothed or burnished.
2780. (F,
D 2 below wall
41)
With
stump
of handle.
Deep orange clay;
surface much worn.
2781. (F,
D
?2) Orange clay;
surface well smoothed or burnished.
Rims without
lips, possibly from kylikes
Some
eight
bowl rims from Area F and a few from Area
D,
without a
lip
and coated with a rather
poor,
lustrous,
red or
pale purple-brown
wash,
in fabric and finish resembled
kylix
rims with a
lip
assigned
to
variety (
1
)
. Since there were no flat or
ring
bases which
obviously belonged
with
these
rims,
it seems
likely
that
they
came from stemmed
kylikes.
2782. (F,
D 2 below wall
41) Orange clay;
surface with thin overall
light purple
red-brown
wash,
smoothed or
burnished.
2783. (F,
D
3) Orange clay;
surface with thin overall wash as
2782.
2784. (D, Q7, 5/4, stage ?I) Orange clay;
surface with lustrous red-brown wash.
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3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 597
Fragments of kylikes
with
painted
decoration
(
plate
122)
2785. (F,
D
3)
Two
fragments
of
body
and
top
of stem.
Orange clay;
surface
buff,
well smoothed or burnished.
Decorated in lustrous dark brown:
neatly
drawn
whorl-shells,
as FMP Mot.
23,
varieties
assigned
to
Myc.
Ill
B. Cf.
Kylikes
from
Mycenae,
BSA lxi
(1966)
2
19
ff.
fig. 13: 13, 20, assigned
to III B 1 . But the
design
still occurs
at the end of III
B, e.g.
PNestor i
401 fig. 387
no. 826.
2786. (F,
D
?5) Fragment
of bowl.
Orange clay;
surface smoothed and decorated in
red-brown;
inside solid.
2787. [F,
A
(B ?2), stage ?j)
Bottom of bowl with stem. Coarse
orange clay
with
grit;
inside
burnished,
and decorated
with solid
spot
in
centre;
outside with a
dusky
buff
slip,
and
stripes
in lustrous black.
2788. (D, Q,?3, stage ?I) Body fragment, apparently
from small
kylix,
with
stump
of handle. Coarse fabric cf.
kylikes
of
variety (1).
Overall red-brown wash
inside,
and outside as far as base of handle.
2789. (/),
trial NW of
Q, unstratified)
Bowl
fragment.
Surface
buff,
smoothed or burnished. Decorated in dark brown
to black:
open curving
band filled with line of
dots, perhaps
from a
degenerate octopus design
like
^jgouries 146
fig. 137: 8,
which is FMP Mot. 18 no.
44: Myc.
Ill B.
2790. (Z>, Q,?5, stage I)
Bowl
fragment.
Outside surface
dusky buff,
well smoothed or
burnished;
decorated in dark
brown: thick vertical
wavy
line. Inside solid.
2791. (Z>,
trial S of
Q, surface)
Handle. Fine
pale
buff
clay;
surface
burnished;
decorated in black.
2792. (D, Q,?2, stage II)
Stem. Surface
buff, burnished;
decorated in
red-brown;
horizontal bands below vertical
lines,
which
might
be tails of whorl-shells as on
^jgouries 145 fig. 135.
2793. (D,
trial NW of
Q, surface) Stem,
as
2792,
but decorated in black.
8B.
Kylix (stemmed cup),
with
high-swung
handles
Two
long
handles of oval section with an overall red
shading
to black lustrous wash
may
come
from
kylikes
of this
type,
more at home in
Myc.
Ill B than in III C. But the
fragment 2794 might
belong
to a
kylix
like FMP
type 277
from Thebes
assigned
to
Myc.
Ill C 1 .
Alternatively
it could
be from a two-handled
cup
akin to PNestor i
363 shape 19.
2794. (Fy unstratified) (fig.
268. plate
123)
Soft
orange clay,
fired an even colour
throughout;
surface
orange,
smoothed or
burnished,
but worn.
8C. Small one-handled
kylix (stemmed cup)
The
fragment 2798
with a marked carination
might
come from a
kylix
akin to FMP
type 267.
Cf.
PNestor i
366 f., shape 27.
One of the two versions of
kylix
from the late
Myc.
Ill B destruction
level at Koukounaries on Paros is of this
type (Davis
and
Cherry 160, 173 fig. 19).
But the
type
continues into
Myc.
Ill C.
Examples
were recovered from the
Mycenaean spring deposit
at
Athens
(Broneer, Hesperia
viii
(1939) 376
f.
fig. 58: b, c, shape 7 c).
2798. (F, B, stages 5-7) (fig. 268)
Rim with
stump
of handle.
Orange clay;
surface smoothed.
9. Semi-globular cups
Some of the rims classified as
belonging
to
kylikes may
in fact come from
cups
of this
type
which
corresponds
to FMP
type 215 assigned
to
Myc.
Ill C 1
early. Many examples
of this and allied
types, including plain
ones like
2799,
were recovered from the Perate
cemetery [Per
ate ii 2 1
3 ff.)
.
In
shape 2799 corresponds
to
variety
Bat Pera te
(ibid. 216).
Cf. 2?&4xxv
(1921-23) pl. xi, j,
from
Mycenae: Granary
Class.
Cups
of this
type,
but with
simple decoration,
were the normal
drinking
vessel in Phase I of
Myc.
Ill C at
Lefkandi, being
less in evidence in Phases II- III
(Lefkandi 16, 19,
22
fig. 25).
A
plain example,
and one with
simple decoration,
are illustrated
from the
Myc.
Ill C
Temple deposit
at
Ayia
Irini on Kea
[Hesperia
xli
(1972) 400 pl. 98,
M
3
and
4).
2799. (F,
D 2 below wall
41) (fig. 268) Fragment
of rim with handle.
Gritty orange clay;
surface
badly
flaked. The
base
(F,
D
3) may
not
belong
with it.
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fig. 268.
Mycenaean types
8 and
9: kylikes
etc. Scale
1/3.
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fig.
269.
Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean types
1 1 and 12:
plain cups.
Scale
1/3.
3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 599
1 1. Plain
cups
with
S-shaped
rims and
strap
handles
2800-2803 (fig. 269)
Rims of this
type
are
characteristically S-shaped,
but more or less
straight
rims occur on cruder
versions like 2802. The thin
strap
handles
normally
rise
high
above the line of the rim. Bases are
more or less
splayed,
and flat
underneath;
their flat under sides show concentric marks left when
the vases were cut
away
with
string
from the
turning
wheel. The
clay
is
orange
or
buff,
occasionally
with a
greenish tinge.
Surfaces are
plain,
unsmoothed or
merely wet-smoothed,
without
any
kind of decoration.
Cups
of this
type
were
extremely
common in the Late Bronze
Age
levels at
Emporio.
Fragments
of them were recovered from above the earliest Late Bronze
Age
floor
(stage 6A)
in
trench B of Area
F,
and
they
were well
represented
in later
deposits
of
stage
6.
This distinctive
type appears
to be a
non-Mycenaean
one that was current at
Emporio
in
association with
matt-painted
ware before
any Mycenaean occupation began
there. Some
plain
handled
cups assigned
to Phase F
(end
of the Middle Bronze
Age)
at
Ayia
Irini on Kea are
reminiscent of
type
11 in
shape,
but are heavier and clumsier
{Hesperia
xli
(1972) 391, 389 fig. 11,
F
46).
Handled
cups
from
Thermi, interpreted
as imitations of Late Helladic II ones from the
Greek
mainland,
are somewhat
comparable {Thermi 140
ff.
pl.
xviii no.
645).
Even more
closely
comparable perhaps
is a
cup
with thin
strap
handle found in the walled bothros at
Tigani
on
Samos
along
with some
Mycenaean painted ware;
it was
thought
to be an
import ( Tigani
1 1
7 f.,
192 pl. 67).
N)__L2800
) '~M 2801
' -J I
r^#
U-- _J 2803
-T2804 '
~-^r
' ~~lr '
-
y
V_tr 2805 V 1^^2807 V"
~
^J
I

J 2 808
1 ^"
2809
A ^^
2806 2811
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600 III. EMPORIO
2800.
(F,
B
5, stage 6B) Large parts including
most of rim
missing.
Ht. to rim c.
9.
Diam. e. io. Pale
orange clay.
Concentric
string
marks under base.
2801.
(F,
F
2, stage 6) (plate 123)
Parts
including
two-thirds of rim
missing.
Ht. to rim
8.5.
Diam.
10.5.
Fine
orange
clay.
Concentric
string
marks under base.
2802.
(Area B,
B
surface) Fragments, including
handle.
Orange clay.
2803. (F,
F
2, stage 6)
Rim.
Very
fine
orange clay.
12. Plain handleless
cups 2804-281
1
(fig. 269)
Like handled
cups
of
type
1 1 these were
extremely
common and seemed to occur in about the
same numbers. Three main varieties could be
distinguished: (
1
)
Tall with
straight
sides as
2804;
(2)
Tall with
curving
sides
(2805-10); (3)
Low with
curving
sides
(281 1). Variety (1)
seems to
have been
exceptional,
and
only
a
single example
of it was noted. Tall
cups
of
variety (2) appear
to be somewhat more in evidence than those of
(3)
in the
proportion
of about
4:3.
While
variety
(3) corresponds
to the standard
type
of
Myc.
Ill handleless
cup (e.g.
FMP
type 242.
PNestor i
359 f., shape
1
1), variety (2)
is much closer in
shape
to a
type
that was current in Crete in Late
Minoan I.
The tall
cups
of
variety (2)
are
comparatively
thin- walled and in fabric
indistinguishable
from
cups
of
type
1 1 . But the low
cups
of
variety (3)
tend to be thick-walled and coarser in
fabric,
the
clay being
more
sandy.
No
type
1 2
cups, however, appear
to have had a
slip
or
wash;
the
surfaces were
invariably
it seems
untreated,
without
any
kind of decoration. One or two rims of
variety (3)
were
blackened, suggesting
that the
cups
had been used as
lamps,
as was often the
case with
comparable
handleless
cups
in Crete.
In trench B of Area F at
Emporio
handleless
cups
were most numerous above the earlier Late
Bronze
Age
floor
(stage 6A),
and the few
virtually complete examples (2805, 2807,
281
1)
are all
assignable
to this horizon. But
profiles
were recovered from
deposits
of
stage 6B,
and a number of
fragments
from those of
stage 7.
In trench
Q,of
Area D
many fragments
of handleless
cups
were
reported
from levels of
stages
I and
II, although they
also occurred in
pre-stage
I
deposits
there.
Parallels for
2804
of
variety (
1
)
and for 28 1 1 of
variety (3)
are to hand at
Ayia
Irini on Kea in
Phases
F,
G and
H, covering
the end of the Middle and the
early part
of the Late Bronze
Age.
At
Tigani
on Samos
plain
handleless
cups
of all three
Emporio
varieties were recovered from the
walled bothros
along
with some
Mycenaean painted
ware
{Tigani
1
17 f., 191
f.
fig. 5: 3, 4).
Handleless
cups
of all kinds were in abundant use in Crete for
many
different
purposes
in
Late Minoan I and
earlier,
and the
types
and their
prolific
use
eventually spread
to mainland
centres like
Mycenae.
But at
Mycenae
handleless
cups
become less common after the end of Late
Helladic
II,
as
they
do in Crete after Late Minoan I
(BSA
xxv
(1921-23) 151);
while at
Pylos
it
appeared probable
that such
cups
were not in
general
use at the time of the destruction of the
palace
there towards the end of
Myc.
Ill B
(PNestor
i
360).
2804. (F,
B
?7, stage ?6A)
Rim.
Orange clay.
Cf.
Hesperia
xli
(1972) 386 pl. 89,
E
47; 389 fig.
1
1,
F
36; 394 fig. 13,
H
24: Ayia
Irini
(Kea).
2805. (F,
B
7, stage 6A) (plate 123) Complete, except
for
chips
from rim. Ht. c. 8. Diam. c.
10.5.
Fine
orange clay.
Concentric
string
marks under base.
2806.
(F,
B
7, stage 6A)
Profile.
Orange clay.
2807. (F,
B west section ?
7, stage ?6A) (plate 123) Complete, except
for
chips
from rim. Ht. c. 8. Diam. c.
10.5. Sandy
orange clay.
2808.
(F,
B
8/7, stage 6A)
Rim. Dark
orange clay.
2809. (Z>, Q,?2, stage ?II)
Rim.
Orange clay.
2810.
(F,
F
?5, stage ?j)
Rim.
Orange clay.
281 1.
(F,
B west section
?7, stage ?6A) Complete. Gritty
dark
orange clay.
Cf.
Hesperia
xli
(1972) 394 fig. 13,
G
75
and
76,
H
23
and
25: Ayia
Irini
(Kea).
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fig.
270. Mycenaean types 13-14:
bowls with horizontal
strap
handles etc. Scale
1/3.
3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 601
13.
Bowls with
horizontal
strap
handles
2812-2814 (fig. 270)
A number of
fragments evidently
came from bowls akin to
Pylos shapes
1
, 4
and
5 (PNestor
i
355
ff.),
and
comparable
with FMP
types 294-5.
But tne
Emporio
bowls of
type 13 may
have been
closer to the
Trojan variety {Troy
iii
44, shape
A
53)
which
appears
to be of
Mycenaean origin,
related to FMP
type 295;
it occurs in late
deposits
of
Troy
VI.
2812.
(D, Q2, stage II) (plate 123)
Rim with handle.
Orange clay;
surface untreated.
2813. (F,
D
1) (plate 123)
Rim with handle.
Gritty orange-red clay;
outside surface smoothed.
2814. (F,
B west
?7, stage ?6A)
Rim with
part
of handle.
Orange clay.
14.
Miscellaneous bowls with everted rims
2815-2825 (fig. 270)
Most of the rims described below come from
Mycenaean
levels. But
large
rims like 281 6-1
7 may
have
belonged
to bowls of
types
found in the later
phases
of
Troy
VI and in
Troy
VIIA
alongside
pottery assignable
to
Myc.
Ill B. The fabric of 281
7
in
particular
seems to be akin to
Trojan
Tan
Ware,
which is characteristic of late
Troy
VI and occurs in
Troy
VII A. The rim
2823 may
be a
stray
of the Archaic
period.
2815. (D, Q,?5, stage ?I) Gritty orange clay.
Surface
paler,
untreated.
2816.
(F,
F 2 or
1, stages
6 or
7) Orange clay
with some
mica;
surface with an overall red
shading
to dark
purple-brown wash,
much worn.
2817. (D, Q5/4, stage I) Orange clay;
surface with a thin overall red to
light
brown
wash,
smoothed or
burnished,
cf.
Trojan
Tan Ware
(Troy
iii
37).
Cf.
Troy VI-VIIA, shapes
A
48-51 (e.g. Troy
iii
43, 310 fig. 439
nos.
5, 6,
from late
Troy VI; Troy
iv 26
fig.
250
no.
12,
from
Troy VIIA).
2818.
(Z), Q,?3, stage I) Orange clay;
surface with an overall dark brown to black
slightly
lustrous wash.
2819. (F,
D
1) Orange clay;
surface well burnished.
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602 III. EMPORIO
2820.
(F,
B
5, stage 6B) Orange clay;
outside surface
orange, smoothed;
inside with a white
slip,
decorated with
stripes
in lustrous
red;
rim solid black.
2821.
(F,
B
2/1, stages 7
or
8)
With marked carination. Surface with an overall red to
purplish
lustrous wash. Two
other similar rims.
2822.
(F,
D 1
(B 2), stage 7)
Fine
orange clay;
surface with an overall
wash,
lustrous red-brown
inside, light brown,
worn,
outside.
2823. (F,
B
2/1, stages 7
or
8)
With
stump
of small horizontal handle which
may
have been circular in section. Fine
orange clay;
inside with a lustrous
streaky
dark brown to black
wash, continuing
as band round outside of rim.
2824. (F,
B
?8/7, stage ?6A)
With
spout. Orange clay;
outside surface with
greenish slip,
untreated.
2825. (F,
F
1, stage 7) (plate 123)
With
spout
as
2824,
and of similar fabric.
15. Large jugs
with
trefoil
mouths
2826-2827 (fig. 271)
One
complete jug
of this
type
was
recovered,
and
fragments
of others. The
complete example
(2826)
was
very
well
stratified,
as it was found
standing
in the
pithos
hearth L associated with the
second Late Bronze
Age
floor
(stage 6B)
in trench B of Area F.
The bases of these
jugs appear
to have been
flat,
or
slightly
rounded as in the case of 2826.
The fabric tends to be somewhat
coarse,
the
clay gritty,
and
orange
in
colour;
the surface
orange
to
buff,
or with a
greenish slip.
One trefoil
jug
mouth was of
cooking pot
ware.
Several
fragments
of
comparable
fabric,
which
might
have come from
jugs
of this
type
or of
the
following type 16,
had traces of
simple
decoration
consisting
of horizontal
stripes
round the
base, body
and
neck,
in red almost matt
paint.
But 2826 is
plain
and
undecorated,
and this
may
have been normal.
Type
16 seems to
correspond
to the
Trojan shape
B
35,
abundant
throughout Troy VI,
and
still found in
Troy
VII A and B
(Troy
in
58 f., esp. fig. 321: 37.1058 (late Troy VI); Troyiv 33 f.,
167).
2826.
(F, pithos
hearth L in B
6, stage 6B) (plate 123) Broken,
but
complete.
Ht.
31.5. Possibly
made
by
hand.
Thick-walled and somewhat
irregular,
with
slightly
rounded base. Hard
fabric; orange clay,
fired an even
colour
throughout;
surface buff
shading
to
deep orange.
2827. (F,
F
2, stage 6)
Trefoil mouth.
Orange clay.
16.
Large jugs
with
flat
circular mouths 2828
(fig. 271)
Jugs
of this
type
were
only represented by fragments.
In fabric
they
were
indistinguishable
from
jugs
of
type 15.
One
fragment
from a
jug
of this or similar
type
had
part
of a
sign
of some kind
engraved
while the
clay
was still soft before the
greenish slip
was
applied.
The base of the handle
on 2828 was
perforated,
either for
string,
or to
help
the
firing
of the thick mass of
clay
in this
part
of the vase. Other
fragments
of handles that
may
have come from
jugs
of this or similar
types
were
perforated
at the
top
at the
point
of
junction
with the rim.
2828.
(Z), Q7, pre-stage I) (plate 123)
Rim with vertical handle to
it; large
hole
through
base of handle.
Gritty
orange clay.
Cf. PJVestor i
fig. 368
no. 608
(shape 37),
with similar
ridge
at base of neck.
Miscellaneous
jug
rims
2829-2832 (fig. 271)
Various rims of similar fabric
may
have
belonged
to
jugs
of
type
16 or allied
types.
Some of these
were
squared
on the outside
(2830) ,
others rolled
(283
1
) ;
while several were
distinctly
hollow on
the inside like
2829.
One
fragment
of similar fabric to
jugs
of
types 15
and
16,
and with a thin
green wash,
evidently
came from a
large jug
with
cutaway
neck. Two small
cutaway spouts
from smaller
jugs
were also of
plain
fabric like the
large jugs
of
types
1
5
and 1 6. The rim
2832 appears
to
belong
to a
small
jug
with a flat circular mouth.
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fig.
271.
Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean types 15-17: jugs
and
hydrias.
Scale
1/4, except 2833
and
2836 (1/8).
2829. (Z), Qy, pre-stage I) Orange clay.
One or two other similar rims.
2830. (F,
D
1) Orange clay.
Other similar rims.
2831. (Z), Q,?2, stage ?II) Orange clay.
Other similar rims.
2832. (Z), (surface)
Soft
orange clay;
traces of a red-brown lustrous wash.
17. Hydrias 2833-2837 (fig. 271)
Hydrias (FMP type
128. Perate ii
237 f.)
are in effect
jugs
with flat mouths and a
pair
of side
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604 III. EMPORIO
handles on the
belly.
One restorable
hydria (2833)
and
fragments
of others were recovered at
Emporio.
A
large
number of rims from
hydrias,
or from
jugs
or
amphoras
of
basically
similar
shape,
were hollow in the inside like the rim of
2833.
Rims with hollow
lips
of this kind are said
by
Furumark to be characteristic of the Mainland
pottery assignable
to the later
part
of
Myc.
Ill C
1
(FMP 82).
But at Lefkandi hollow
lips
are found as
early
as Phase I a of
Myc.
Ill
C, although
they
become more marked in Phase 1 b and still occur in Phase III
(BSA
lxvi
(1971) 333, 336,
335 fig.
1 no.
7, 345 fig. 7
no.
2).
The decoration on
2833
consists of a bold double
spiral
on the
swelling
of the
body,
with a
tassel
(derived
from a bud or
spray) hanging
from a band round the base of the neck. Such
tassels/sprays
are characteristic of the
Myc.
Ill C 1
Granary Style
at
Mycenae (FMP 409
Mot.
72
no.
7).
While
2833
has a
single
tassel
opposite
the vertical
handle,
other vases of this
shape
from
Emporio (whether hydrias
or
jugs)
were decorated with several
tassels,
like a
hydria
from
Mycenae (BSA
xxv
(1921-23) pl.
x:
f),
and one from Phase 1 b of
Myc.
Ill C at Lefkandi
(BSA
lxvi
(
1
971) 335 fig.
1 no.
7).
2833. (F, J (B 4) , stage 7) (plate
i
24) Broken; large parts including
one of side handles
missing.
Ht.
48.
Diam. of
body
40,
of rim
15.5.
Hollow
lip;
vertical handle to
rim; pair
of circular-sectioned side handles on
body.
Rather soft
fabric; orange clay.
Decorated in lustrous red
shading
to dark red-brown: tassel
(FMP
Mot.
72
no.
7)
on
shoulder,
above double
spiral (FMP
Mot.
48
no.
3), opposite
vertical
handle,
which has a
wavy
band
running
down it.
For tassels in this
position
on
hydrias, e.g.
Perate i
74
no.
564 pl.
21: b. Cf. ibid.
151
no.
691 pl. 44:
d
(on
a
jug).
Lefkandi: BSA lxvi
( 197
1
) 335 fig.
1 no.
7,
Phase I b. Iolkos: PAE
1961, 51 pl. 23: c, assigned by
Theochares to
Myc.
Ill C 1. Enkomi iiia
pl. 109: 13 (6315/4).
The motif is still found in this
position
at the
very
end of the
period (e.g.
Kerameikos i
pl.
26 no.
421,
an
amphora
from
Submycenaean
Grave
67).
Double
spiral
(scroll)
and tassel
appear together,
but in a reversed
position
with the tassel
below,
on another
hydria
from
Lefkandi Phase I b
{Lefkandi 17 fig. 29 (BSA
lxvi
( 197
1
) pl. 51
no.
6),
cf. an
amphora
from
Mycenae (Wace,
Chamber Tombs
7
no.
5 pl. xii)).
2834. (D, Q,?5, 2, stages
I or
II) (plate 124) Fragments. Gritty orange clay;
outside surface with a
streaky greenish
white
slip,
decorated in lustrous black
shading
to dark and
light
brown and reddish: three bold
spray-like
tassels
(FMP
Mot.
72
no.
7)
on
shoulder,
one
opposite
the vertical handle and one above each side handle.
2835. (Z), Q5/4, 2, stages
I or
II) Fragments. Orange clay;
outside surface with a thick warm buff
slip,
decorated in
lustrous red to dark red-brown: tassel on shoulder cf.
2833.
2836. (Z), Q5/4, stage I)
Base. W. of
body 33. Gritty orange clay;
outside surface
buff,
well
smoothed;
decorated in
lustrous red to dark brown.
2837. (F,
B
7/5/2, apparently stage 7) (plate 124) Fragments,
with
stump
of side
handle,
from small thin-walled
vase,
which
may
have been a
hydria.
Two small rivet-holes
(diam.
c.
3 mm.)
made after
firing
for
repairs. Gritty
clay;
inside surface
pink,
outside with a white
slip, smoothed;
decorated in lustrous red
shading
to black:
wavy
line flanked
by straight
ones cf. FMP Mot.
53
no.
29.
Perate ii 102
fig. 7:
6a. For other
examples
of
Myc.
Ill C
hydrias
with
mending holes, e.g. Hesperia
xli
(1972) 400,
M
13,
from
Ayia
Irini
(Kea).
18.
Amphoras 2828-2840 (fig. 272)
These vessels resemble
hydrias (type
1
7)
in
shape,
but have a
pair
of vertical handles in
place
of
one vertical and two side handles.
Amphoras appear
to have been less in evidence than
hydrias
at
Emporio,
and
2838,
the most
complete
of the
fragmentary examples recovered,
had been
mended in
antiquity,
which
suggests
that it was considered to be of some value. This fine vase
and the few other
fragments certainly
attributable to
type
18 have the handles with their
tops
set
below the rim as FMP
type 70.
This
type
is
assigned by
Furumark to the later
part
of
Myc.
Ill C
1 . But at least one
amphora
with handles set below the rim in this manner was recovered at
Pylos,
destroyed
at the end of
Myc.
Ill
B, alongside
others with handles to the rim like FMP
type 69
(PNestor
i
381
f.
type 45, pl. 371
no.
675).
2838. (F,J (B 4), stage 7) (plate 124) Broken, large parts including
base
missing.
Ht.
preserved 54.
Diam. of
body 41,
of rim 16. Handle
perforated
at
top
and bottom while
clay
still
wet,
either for
string,
or more
likely
for
help
in
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fig.
272. Mycenaean types
18 and
19,
with rims
assignable
to
types
16-18. Scale
1/4, except 2838 (1/8).
firing
these
unusually
thick
parts
of the vase
(cf. 2839 below).
Ten rivet-holes
(diam. 3-4 mm.), eight
of them in
pairs,
made after
firing.
Rather
gritty orange clay;
surface
orange buff,
decorated in lustrous red: two
elegant
double
spirals (FMP
Mot.
48
no.
3)
on shoulder between
handles,
which have snake-like
wavy
lines
ending
in blobs at
top
and thin
tails at bottom.
There is a similar
amphora
with
comparable
decoration from the
Myc.
Ill C
Temple deposit
at
Ayia
Irini
on Kea
[Hesperia
xli
(1972) 400 pl. 98,
M
12).
For snakes
pictorialized
from
wavy
lines in
Myc.
Ill
C,
see under
2757
of
type
6.
For the
mending
holes
compare 2837
and Perate ii
64
f.
fig. 5.
2839. (F,
B
5/2
and D 1
(B 2), apparently stage 7)
Neck and
fragments.
Diam. of rim
16.5
Perforations at
top
and
bottom of each handle as on
2838:
one of the bottom
perforations
is sealed at one
end,
which
suggests
that
they
were not made for
string,
but for
help
in
firing
of the vase. Soft
sandy orange clay;
outside surface with a
green
wash,
decorated in black to dark brown and shades of red-brown and red.
2840. (F9
B
2, stage 7) (plate
i
25) Fragments,
with
stumps
of a
pair
of vertical handles. Pale
greenish clay;
decorated
in lustrous brown. An
hour-glass (double axe) sign
incised after
firing
below the base of one handle. This
fragment
was stolen from Chios Museum before it was studied and drawn.
The
hour-glass sign appears
incised on vases of different
periods
in
widely separated
areas:
e.g.
Poliochni ii
280
pl.
ccxxi:
d,
Yellow
period;
Tarsus ii 2 1 1 no. 1
149 fig. 319, among signs
on L.B. II bowls. A
fragment
from
Thermi
assigned
to the Middle or Late Bronze
Age
has a double axe with handle cut on it
(
Thermi
140 pl.
xxiii:
32. 6).
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606 III. EMPORIO
Rims
probably from jugs , hydrias,
or
amphoras (types z^/c?,) 2841-2843 (fig. 272)
All of these rims are
painted solid,
and have the
lip
more or less hollow on the inside.
2841. (F,
D wall
41) Gritty orange clay
with a
creamy
white
slip,
decorated in dark red
shading
to black.
2842. (F,
D
1) Orange clay
with a
creamy
white
slip,
decorated in lustrous red.
2843. (F,
B
2/1, stages 7
or
8) Orange clay
with a
greyish
white
slip,
decorated in black.
19. Amphoriskos 2844 (fig. 272)
One
rim,
with a reserved band round the inside of the
lip, may
come from an
amphoriskos (FMP
type 59)
of the kind at home in
Myc.
Ill C and well
represented
at
Ialysos
in Rhodes. The
shape
may
have
originated
in the Dodecanese
according
to
Desborough,
LMS
8, 13.
But
amphoriskoi
were
evidently
common at Lefkandi in Phase I of
Myc.
Ill
C, although
still found there in Phase
II
(BSA
lxvi
(1971) 336, 343 fig.
6 no.
2).
The reserved line inside the rim of
2844 suggests
a
mature
phase
of
Myc.
Ill C: at Lefkandi the reserved line was introduced on the inside of the rim
of
deep
bowls in Phase II
(BSA
lxvi
(1971) 340).
There are
comparable amphoriskos
rims from
Tarsus
(E. French,
AS xxv
(1975) 56
f.
fig. 2).
2844. (F,
B
5 stage 6B) (plate
i
19)
Pink
clay;
outside surface with an
orange slip,
decorated in lustrous red to
deep
purple-brown
and black. Reserved band inside rim.
Cf. FMP
type 59, esp.
Annuario xiii-xiv
( 1930-31 ) 289
f.
fig. 34,
T.
lxxii,
with similar scheme of decoration.
Asine
366 figs. 237-8
nos.
28-9.
Cf.
Lefkandi 17 fig. 32:
Phase
I, 19 fig. 36:
Phase II. Perate ii
198
ff.
21.
Stirrup jars 2845-2851 (fig. 273)
A number of
fragments
of vases of this distinctive
type
were
recognised,
but
they
were
evidently
not common. The
rarity
of
stirrup jars
was noted as characteristic of the latest
Mycenaean
at
Phylakopi
in
Melos,
and also as a feature of the
Myc.
Ill C
pottery
of Lefkandi
(BSA
xvii
(1910-11) 19;
lxvi
(1971) 334).
In view of their
comparative rarity
it seems
possible
that the
stirrup jars
found at
Emporio
were
imported.
All the
fragments
of them
except 2851
were from small
vases,
some of them
evidently
with elaborate
painted
decoration. The air-hole at the base of the
spout 2847
is a late
feature,
and indicates that it comes from
ajar
of advanced
Myc.
Ill C date:
only
one
example
of
such an air-hole was detected in the material from the
Mycenaean spring deposit
at Athens
(Hesperia
viii
(
1
939) 389)
. But some of the other
Emporio stirrup jars may
have been earlier. The
neat even
stripes
and flower
design
on
2848
for instance are more reminiscent of
Myc.
Ill B than
of III C.
2845. (F,
A Roman
wall) (plate 126)
False
spout, rising
in cone.
Orange clay;
surface smoothed. Decorated in
lustrous dark red-brown to black: concentric circles on
top
of disc.
The false
spout rising
in a cone is characteristic of
Myc.
Ill
C,
but
already
occurs in III B
(FMP 85
f.
fig.
23).
Concentric circles are common on discs in
Myc.
Ill A-B
(FMP 336
Mot.
41
no.
14),
but are still found in
III
C,
as on
many examples
from Perate
(Perate
ii
156
f.
fig.
26:
3, 4).
2846. (F,
D
1) (plate 126) Spout, possibly
from same vase as
2845.
2847. (F,
D
?5) (plate 126) Spout,
with air-hole at base.
Orange-buff clay,
decorated in lustrous red to dark brown
and black.
2848. (F,
D
1) (plate 126)
Shoulder with
stump
of handle.
Orange clay;
surface
greenish buff, very
well smoothed.
Decorated with
fine, well-drawn,
horizontal
stripes
between wider bands. These and the flower above them
(cf.
FMP Mot.
18) suggest
a date in
Myc.
Ill B rather than later.
2849. (F,
B
2, stage 7) (plate 126) Fragments, apparently
from
body
of small
stirrup jar.
Fabric as
2848,
but
decorated in red to red-brown.
2850. (Z>, Q,2, stage II) (plate 126) Fragment
of
body
with
stumps
of false and true
spouts,
and small
strap
handle
which
may
come from same vase.
Very
fine
green clay;
surface
worn,
decorated in black:
spirals.
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fig.
273. Mycenaean types 21-23: stirrup jars
etc. Scale
1/2.
285
1 .
(D, Q,2, stage II) (plate
i
26) Large
false
spout. Gritty grey
to
orange clay;
outside surface with a white
wash,
decorated in more or less matt red.
22. Askos
2852 (fig. 273)
Only
one
example
of this distinctive
type
was
recognised,
but this was
largely complete,
and
came from a
comparatively
safe context of the
upper
level
(stage II)
above the burnt destruction
(stage I)
in trench
Q
of Area D.
2852. (Z>, Q2, stage II) (plate 125) Fragment,
with double
handle;
mouth and tail
missing. Probably baseless,
as
FMP
type
1
94.
Soft
fabric;
fine
orange clay;
outside surface with a whitish
slip,
and traces of linear decoration in
lustrous red
shading
to dark brown and black. The
design appears
to have been a
variety
of
zig-zag
as FMP
Mot. 61 no.
17: Myc.
Ill C 1 late.
Askoi like this are not
common,
but there are several from Attica
(BSA
xlii
(1947) 52 f.), although only
two
were recovered in the Perate
cemetery (Perate
1
392 pl.
1
15
no.
781, 412 pl.
122 no.
850;
ii
250 f.) They
are also
found in
Crete,
and the decoration on our
example
is reminiscent of that on askoi from the Subminoan
Spring-Chamber deposit
at Knossos
(PM
ii
136 fig. 69: N)
and from Karfi
(BSA
lv
(i960) 27 fig.
20
pl.
1
1, b).
23. Large flask 2853-2854 (figs. 273, 274)
Many fragments
were recovered in Area D
belonging
to a
large
closed
vase, apparently
a
flask,
which
may
have been lentoid in
shape (2853).
This had at least one
handle,
and the rim
2854
might
have
belonged
to it. Furumark
gives
lentoid flasks with rounded bases a
range
from
Myc.
Ill A 2 to the end of III C
(FMP 67,
616
type 186),
the few
examples
of
large globular
flasks
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fig.
274. Large
flask of
Mycenaean type 23.
608 HI. EMPORIO
0
2853
(FMP type 187) being assigned
to
Myc.
Ill A. But there are some
very large
flasks of
Myc.
Ill C
date from Naxos with one side
globular
and the other
projecting
outwards in an
exaggerated
manner.
Our
flask, however, might
date from before
Myc.
Ill C. The rock
pattern (cf.
FMP Mot.
32
no.
5)
on two of the
fragments
is hard to
parallel
after
Myc.
Ill
B; and,
while the
fragments
of the
vase were recovered over a wide
area, many
of them from surface
levels,
one at least was
reported
as
being
from a
pre-stage
I
deposit
in trench
Q,
of Area D. The
vase, unique
at
Emporio, may
have been an
import.
2853. (D, Q^7, 5/4, 2,
and surface from trials to N and S of
Q, pre-stage
I
?) (fig. 274,
with restored
drawing,
plate
125) Fragments, including stump
of vertical
strap
handle. Diam. of
body
estimated c.
30
or more. Rather soft
fabric; gritty orange clay;
fine
particles
of mica visible in
surface,
which has a
pale
buff
slip,
well smoothed.
Decorated in lustrous black
shading through
dark brown to red: concentric bands and
wavy lines, together
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3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 609
with rock
pattern
as FMP Mot.
32
no.
5,
which
may
have formed borders down the narrow
edges
of the vase as
suggested
in the restored
drawing.
2854. (Z), Q,?2, stage ?II) (fig. 273) Rim, possibly
from
2853. Orange clay;
fine
particles
of mica
showing
in
surface,
which has a lustrous red wash.
Miscellaneous
jar
rims
2855-2898 (fig. 275)
These were divisible into two main classes:
(A)
with tall and more or less narrow
necks; (B)
with
short,
wide necks. A number of rims were
evidently
of
pre-Mycenaean
date. Some like
2879-2883
decorated with horizontal
grooves
are
comparable
with
jar
rims of
Troy
VI-VII A.
(A)
Rims with tall and more or less narrow necks
2855. (Z), Q2, stage II) Orange clay
with a lustrous red wash inside and out.
2856. (F,
B
5, stage 6B)
Soft
orange clay;
outside with traces of a lustrous red to
purple-brown wash,
worn.
2857. (F,
B
5, stage 6B) Gritty orange clay, grey
at
core;
traces of a white
slip
and decoration in lustrous red
shading
to black.
2858. (F,
B
2/1, stages 7
or
8) Sandy orange clay,
much worn.
2859. (F,
F
?i, stage ?j)
Soft
dusky orange clay;
traces of a white
slip
and decoration in lustrous black.
2860.
(F,
A
(B ?2), stage ?j) Orange clay
with white
grit;
overall black lustrous
wash,
worn.
2861.
(F,
D 1
(B 2), stage 7) Orange clay;
traces of an overall lustrous red
wash,
worn.
2862.
(Z), Q,5/4, stage I)
Soft
orange clay;
overall lustrous red wash.
2863. (Z),
trial to NW of
Q, surface) Orange clay;
surface rather
irregular,
with a red to
light
brown
wash,
well
smoothed.
2864. (/), Q?2, stage ?II) Orange clay
with a
light
brown to reddish
wash,
smoothed or burnished.
2865. (F,
D
3)
Hard
orange clay
with an overall
streaky
dark brown to black lustrous wash.
2866.
(Z), Q2, stage II) Orange clay
with a dark brown
shading
to
light
brown lustrous wash.
2867. (D, Q?2, stage ?II)
Hard
orange clay;
surface smoothed or
burnished;
decorated in lustrous black.
2868.
(F,
D 2 below wall
41 ) (plate
i
26)
Fine
orange clay
with an overall black lustrous
wash,
worn. Reserved band
round outside of rim with traces of
hatching.
2869. (F,
F
2, stage 6)
Fine
orange clay;
surface smoothed.
(B)
Rims with
short,
wide necks
Group
1
2870. (F,
D
1) Sandy orange clay.
2871. (Z), Q surface)
Hard
orange clay;
traces of an overall lustrous red
shading
to
purplish
wash.
2872. (F,
F
1, stage 7) Sandy orange clay;
surface smoothed.
Group
2
2873. (F,
L
6-4) Very
hard
fabric; gritty
reddish
clay, grey-brown
at
surface,
which well smoothed.
2874. (F,
B 2 and F
1, stage 7) Dusky orange clay.
2875. (Z), Q?2, stage ?II) Orange clay, grey
at core. Several other similar rims.
2876. (Z>,
Trial S of
Q, surface) Orange clay;
traces of a white
slip,
much worn.
2877. (F,
F
2, stage 6) Dusky orange clay;
outside surface smoothed.
2878. (D, Q,7, pre-stage I) Orange clay
with a
purple-brown
to black
wash,
smoothed.
Group 3
2879. (Z), Q2, stage II) Sandy orange clay.
2880.
(F,
L
6-4) Orange clay
with some
mica;
surface with an overall red
shading
to
light
and dark brown
wash,
smoothed or burnished.
2881.
(Z), Q,2, stage II) Gritty orange clay.
2882.
(Z),
trial N of
Q, pocket
in
rock) (plate
i
23) Gritty
reddish
orange clay;
outside surface with a thin red-brown
wash. Several other similar
rims; orange clay,
sometimes with a buff or
greenish slip.
2883. (Z), Q7, pre-stage I) (plate 123) Orange clay.
Other similar rims.
Group 4
2884. (Z), Q surface) Gritty
reddish
orange clay,
much worn.
2885. (Z>, Q2, stage II) Gritty orange clay.
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fig.
275.
Miscellaneous
jar
rims. Scale
1/3.
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3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 611
Group 5
2886.
(F,
B
2, stage 7) Gritty orange clay
with an overall thin dark wash.
2887,
2888.
(Z), Q surface) Orange clay.
Other similar rims.
Group
6
2889. (F, L) Gritty orange clay
with
mica;
outside surface with traces of a buff
slip.
2890. (F,
F
?i, stage ?j) Orange clay
with a
paler slip,
well smoothed.
2891. (F,
D
1) Sandy orange clay;
outside surface with a buff
slip.
2892. (F,
F
1, stage 7)
Hard
gritty clay, grey
at
core,
red-brown at
surface,
with mica.
2893. (F,
D
3)
Hard
gritty
reddish
clay,
worn.
2894. (F,
D
3) Sandy orange clay
with
grit,
worn.
Group 7
2895. (F,
D 2 and
1) Orange clay
with an overall dark
purplish
brown lustrous
wash,
much worn.
2896. (F,
B
2, stage 7) Gritty orange clay
with a
greenish slip.
2897. (F,
F
?i, stage ?y)
Hard
sandy
reddish
clay
with a
greenish
buff
slip.
2898. (F,
D
1) Gritty orange clay
with a
paler slip; possible
traces of decoration in red.
24.
Pithoi
2899-2906 (fig. 276)
The bases of a number of
pithoi
were found sunk into the earth floors of
stage
6 in Area F. These
bases were
normally small,
between
14
and 16 in
diameter,
either
ring
bases
(2899, 2900),
or
more
commonly simple
bases with a rib
immediately
above like
290
1
;
this
type
of base
may
have
been made to sink into the floor as far as the rib.
Handles seem to have been confined to the shoulder area. One
pithos (2899)
had alternate
vertical and horizontal side handles on the
shoulder,
which was decorated with a
pair
of
horizontal
grooves
like the
jar
rims
2880-3.
But more
usually
these
pithoi
seem to have had two
or three side handles on the
shoulder,
and to have been adorned with a series of horizontal
channelled ribs
-
as a rule
double,
but often
single,
and once at least treble. There were
normally
finger-tip imprinted
hollows at the base of the handles. Two restorable
pithoi
of this
type
(2900-1)
were recovered and
many fragments
of others.
A
pithos
from Phase H
(L.M.
I B-L.H.
II)
at
Ayia
Irini on Kea is
vaguely comparable
in
shape
and in the
position
of the three handles on the shoulder with
pithoi
of this standard
type
of
stage
6 at
Emporio (Hesperia
xli
(1972) 397 pl. 94,
H
29).
A
pithos
used for a burial at Thorikos
(AE
1
895,
260 f.
pl.
1 1 :
3)
is similar in
shape
and has a small base encircled
by
a rib like
290
1
;
but
the handles on the shoulder are vertical instead of horizontal.
Pithos fabric was
hard,
the
clay gritty, usually grey
in the break and
orange
or reddish at the
surface. One
fragment
had a thick
yellow
wash on the
outside; another,
traces of a thick white
wash inside.
The two rims
(2904-5)
are of different fabric from the
norm; they
come from the
uppermost
Mycenaean
levels in Area
F,
but
may
be earlier
strays.
Some
fragments
from Area D
including 2906 evidently belonged
to a vase or vases
corresponding
in size to
pithoi,
but with
painted decoration,
like Palace
Style jars
of Late
Minoan II- III at
Knossos,
or some
large jars
from
Pylos destroyed
at the end of
Myc.
Ill B
(PNestor
i
390 ff., shapes 54a, b).
2899. (F,
F
3
or
2, stage 6) (plate 125) Fragments
of small
pithos;
rib below rim and
triple
horizontal
grooves
on
shoulder. Diam. of rim 28.
Ring
foot
(diam.
1
5.5.)
which
appears
to
belong
with it.
Gritty grey-brown clay
with
some
mica;
outside surface with a
light
brown
slip,
well smoothed or burnished.
2900. (F,
F
3, stage 6) (plate 125) Broken, parts missing.
Ht.
70.
Diam. of rim
30.
Three small handles on
shoulder;
horizontal channelled
ribs, single
or
double,
on
body. Handmade, apart perhaps
from rim. Somewhat
lopsided;
channelled ribs rather
irregular.
Hard brick-red
clay,
fired an even colour
throughout;
surface shades
of
light
brown to dark brown and
dusky.
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fig.
276.
Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean type 24: pithoi.
Scale
1/4, except 2899
and
2900 (1/8), 2901 (1/12).
612 III. EMPORIO
1 "i m 1 1 v
__L- l 2899 '
^^
>
T^T
fL
i "
^
I^M 2900
i^^=
^
"
2902 A
Y~
^^
/
^^
'
2903
' /

2902
'
^
/ '
295
/
X
^
Lm 2901 2904 1
2901
.
(F, K, stage ?6)
Three
non-joining fragments
of
large pithos.
Ht. estimated c.
96.
Diam. of rim c.
50,
of base
13.
Hard
grey clay
with abundant
grit;
surface with a
slip, orange
to reddish.
2902, 2902A, 2903. (F,
B
2/1, stages 7
or
8)
Rims of
pithoi
similar to
2901.
2904. (F,
B
?i, stage ?8)
Rim. Diam. c.
25. Gritty orange clay
fired an even colour
throughout;
outside surface with
traces of a red wash.
2905. (F,
A
(B ?2/
1
) , stages ?7/8)
Rim.
Gritty orange clay;
abundant straw
impressions showing
in
surface,
which has
a
paler slip,
smoothed but not burnished.
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fig.
277. Mycenaean types 25
and 26: lids etc. Scale
1/3.
3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 613
2906. (Z),
trial NW of
Q) (plate
i
19) Fragment
of neck with small
ridge
at base.
Gritty orange shading
to
purplish
clay,
with a
greenish
white
slip.
Decorated in black or shades of brown: wide horizontal bands.
25.
Pot stand
2907 (fig. 277)
One
fragment
was
assignable
to a stand with window-like
openings.
Furumark cites a stand with
windows
(FMP type 336 b)
from
Rhodes,
and
suggests
that the
type may
have been taken there
in
Myc.
Ill C 1 from
Crete,
where such stands are attested earlier
(FMP 70 f,).
Our
fragment,
however,
seems more
likely
to
belong
to a distinctive
Trojan type
found
throughout Troy
VI
and in
Troy
VIIA
[Troy
iii
75 shape
D
45, esp. 310 figs. 295
and
443
no. 22:
Troy
VI
late; Troy
iw
43 f.).
2907. (D, Q?2, stage ?II) (plate 127)
Part of
rectangular
window-like
opening preserved. Orange clay.
26. Zifr
2908-291
1
(fig. 277)
Lids seem to have been
rare,
but three
fragments
were
recognised
from lids of FMP
type 334,
with a hole in the
centre, apparently
for a
string loop.
Lids of this
type
were in evidence in the late
Myc.
Ill B destruction level at Koukounaries on Paros
(Davis
and
Cherry 160, 171 fig. 14).
But
they
continue to be at home in
Myc.
Ill C. One from Athens is
assigned by
Furumark to
Myc.
Ill C 2
(Kerameikos
i 20
pl. 21,
Grave
33).
The decoration on
2909
is
comparable
with that on
a lid from Asine
(Asine 414
no.
34 fig. 270: 14) assigned by
Furumark to
Myc.
Ill C 1. One or
two other
scraps may
come from lids of this
type,
or from
squat jars
with
angular profiles (FMP
form
19).
2908. (D, Q?2, stage ?II) (plate 127)
Hard
gritty
reddish
clay, greyish
at
core;
outside surface with a lustrous black
shading
to
purple-red wash,
decorated with concentric
rings
in thin white
paint.
2909. (F,
A
(B ?2/i), stages ?7/8) (plate 126) Orange clay;
outside surface with a buff
slip,
well smoothed or
burnished;
decorated with concentric circles in lustrous red.
2910. (F,
F
?i, stage ?7) (plate 126)
Fine
orange clay,
with a white
slip, smoothed;
decorated in lustrous red.
29
1 1 .
(F,
D 1
) (plate
1
26)
Fine
orange clay
with some
mica;
outside surface with a buff
slip, smoothed;
decorated in
red.
Handles and
lugs 2912 (fig. 277)
A number of
large
vertical handles with
painted
decoration were recovered
(plate
i
29)
. Most of
these
appear
to have
belonged
to
hydrias
and
amphoras (types 17
and
18). They
were
usually
flattish oval or thin oval in
section, occasionally circular,
and once at least
ridged (cf.
FMP
91
fig. 24).
Four
fragments
of twisted handles from mixed or unstratified
deposits
seemed to be
Mycenaean;
one of these had a hole
through
the base. Such holes
commonly
occurred at the
tops
and bottoms of other
large
vertical handles
(e.g. 2838-9),
and also at the ends of horizontal side
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fig.
278.
Small
Mycenaean
bases. Scale
1/2.
614 III. EMPORIO
handles. It seems
unlikely
that these holes were meant for
string,
since in one or two cases
(e.g.
2839)
the
openings
had become blocked with
clay
before the vase was fired.
Probably they
were
made to
help
the
firing
where the handle
joined
the vase and the
clay
was
exceptionally
thick.
Vertical handles
might
be decorated with
straight
or
wavy bands, occasionally
with
crossing
diagonals (fig. 272: a-e).
One twisted handle with a hole
through
the base had a
wavy
band
flanked
by straight
bands like fig.
272:
e.
Side handles were more or less circular in section. Both side handles and vertical handles
often had
finger tip impressions
at the
points
where
they joined
the
body
of the vase.
Lugs
were
evidently
rare
(cf.
FMP
95);
but one
horizontally perforated lug (2912)
that
might
be
Mycenaean
was recovered from a surface level in Area
C.3.
2912. (Area C.j,
trench
JJ, surface) (plate 129) Sandy orange clay;
outside surface with a buff
slip;
traces of
decoration in lustrous dark
brown; lug painted
solid.
Cf. Annuario v-vi
(1923-24) 183 fig. 107,
on a
Mycenaean jar
from
Ialysos.
Spouts
Jugs
of the Late bronze
age type 15
had trefoil
mouths,
and some other
contemporary jugs
were
evidently provided
with
cutaway spouts.
One small
open spout
on a rim of
cooking pot
ware
might
have
belonged
to a
tripod cooking pot (cf.
PNestor i
413 fig. 395, shape 69
no.
275).
Bases
2913-2946 (figs 278, 279)
Vases of
plain
ware or
cooking pot
ware
normally
had more or less
simple
flat bases. Rounded
bases seemed to come for the most
part
from
jugs
of the Late Bronze
Age types 15
or
16,
but one
(2945) apparently belonged
to an
open
vase. Most of the
Mycenaean
vases with
painted
decoration, however,
had
ring
bases of one kind or
another, including
some which
approximate
to Furumark's
disc,
or
torus,
or torus-disc
(FMP 91 fig. 24).
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fig.
279. Large Mycenaean
bases. Scale
1/3.
The bases
2913-2943
described below are from decorated
vases,
and are divided between
(A)
Small and
(B) Large.
Most of the small bases
(2913-25) appear
to be
Mycenaean
and to
come from bowls of
types
2 and
3. Many
of the
large
ones
(2926-35)
on the other hand are
evidently pre-Mycenaean,
and most of them
may
come from
jars, although
some
(2936-43)
could be from bowls of
types 5
and 6.
(A)
Small
bases,
all from
bowls, mostly
at
any
rate of
types
2 and
3
One raised base
(2913)
came from a small decorated
bowl;
but the other small decorated bases
were
ring bases, mostly
as
2914-5
in section. In a few cases
(7
out of
40,
or less than 1 in
5,
in Area
F)
the
space
below the base was
distinctly
conical
(e.g. 2923-4);
and bases with a conical
space
like
2923-4 may
have been characteristic of the latest
Mycenaean occupation
of the site. Small
ring
bases were often decorated on the inside with concentric circles
(e.g. 2918-19, 2925),
and
once at least
(2920)
with a solid blob in the centre. When the whole of the inside of the vase was
painted
solid,
a circle was
usually
left reserved in the centre
(2916, 292
1
, 2924)
. One or two bases
had
spirals
inside like
2922.
29*3- (s
D
0
2914. (F,
D
3)
2915. (D, Q2, stage II) Possibly
from bowl of
type 3.
2916. (D, Q,5/4, stage I) Orange clay
with
greenish tinge;
solid red-brown to black lustrous wash inside and
out,
except
on base which reserved.
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616 III. EMPORIO
2917. (F,
F no
level) Probably
from bowl of
type 3.
2918. (F,
D
?4) (plate 128) Gritty greenish clay;
decorated in lustrous black: bands inside and out.
2919. (D, Q surface) (plate 128) Possibly
from bowl of
type 3. Orange clay
with some
mica;
decorated in black:
finely
drawn concentric circles
inside,
band round neck of base outside.
2920. (Area A,
G
surface) Orange clay
with some
mica;
decorated in lustrous red.
292
1 .
(Z), 0,5/4, stage I) (plate
i
28) Possibly
from bowl of
type 3. Orange clay;
decorated in lustrous red: solid inside
except
for reserved circle in
centre,
band round neck of base outside.
2922. (D, Q7, pre-stage I) (plate
i
28) Orange clay;
outside surface well smoothed or
burnished,
decorated with thin
horizontal bands in lustrous dark brown to
black;
inside with a buff
wash,
decorated in lustrous red-brown:
thick
band,
and
spiral
in centre.
Cf. Tarsus ii 222
pl. 332
no.
1272
for
spirals
inside
bases, apparently
from bowls of our
type
2.
2923. (F,
D
3)
2924. (F,
B
5, stage 6B) (plate 128) Orange clay;
outside
plain;
inside solid lustrous red
except
for reserved circle
in centre.
2925. (F, unstratified) (plate 128) Orange clay;
decorated in lustrous red-brown to dark brown and black: bands
inside and out.
(B) Large bases, mostly
from
jars,
but some from bowls
(e.g. 2929, 2932-3, 2936-43)
2926. (F,
B
2/1, stages 7
or
8)
Raised base.
Orange clay,
with a dull dark brown to black wash
outside,
and under
base.
2927. (F,
D
?i) Splaying
base.
Orange clay,
with a lustrous red to dark red-brown wash outside and under base.
2928. (F,
D
1) Splaying
base.
Orange clay;
outside surface with a buff
wash, smoothed;
decorated in lustrous dark
brown to black.
2929. (Z), Q7, pre-stage I) High splaying
base.
Possibly
from
deep
bowl of
type 5.
Soft
orange clay;
traces of a lustrous
red wash inside and
out,
but not under base.
2930. (F,
D
1) Ring
foot.
Orange clay.
Other similar bases.
2931. (F,
A
(B 2/1 ?), stages 7
or 8
(?)) Ring
foot.
Gritty orange clay;
inside surface smoothed. Other similar bases.
2932. (D, O 7, pre-stage I) Ring foot,
with hole made before
firing through edge.
Rather coarse
orange clay,
with an
overall lustrous
wash,
dark brown to black
inside,
shades of dark and
light
brown
outside, light
brown to red
under base.
2933. (F,
F
?i, stage ?j)
Small
ring
foot.
Possibly
from bowl of
type 5. Orange clay.
2934. (F, unstratified)
Disc base.
Orange clay;
surface worn.
2935. (D,
trial NW of
Q, surface)
Disc base.
Orange clay
with abundant
mica;
outside surface with traces of a lustrous
red wash.
The
following
bases
(2936-43) may
come from
large
bowls of
types 5
and 6.
2936. (F,
B
?7, stage ?6A) Orange clay,
decorated in lustrous black.
2937. (F,
D 2 below wall
41) Orange clay,
with a lustrous red wash inside and out.
2938. (F, unstratified) Orange clay,
with a lustrous red-brown wash outside and under base.
2939. (Z>,
Trial NW of
Q, surface) Orange clay,
with a lustrous
streaky purple-brown
wash inside and out.
2940. (/), Q7, pre-stage I) (plate
i
29) Gritty orange clay,
with an overall
wash, dominantly orange-brown inside,
dark
purple-brown mottling
to
light
brown and red outside
including
under
base;
surface smoothed inside
and out.
2941. (/), Q5/4, stage I)
Soft
orange clay;
surface
smoothed,
with a red-brown wash
outside, plain
inside.
2942. (F,
D 2 below wall
41)
Fabric as
2743,
but not from same vase.
2943. (F,
D
1) Orange clay,
with a red lustrous wash inside and
out,
but not under base.
There were two
examples
of solid
pedestal
feet of coarse ware from Area
D,
one
(2944)
from a
possible pre-stage
I
context,
the other from a surface level.
2944. (/), Q,?7, pre-stage
I
?) (plate
i
23) Wheelmade,
with concentric
string-marks
underneath.
Gritty orange clay.
Another similar
(Z),
trial S of
Q, surface)
of
gritty
reddish
clay
with an
orange slip
inside and out.
The
fragment 2945 may
have
belonged
to a rounded base from a
bowl,
unless it came from a lid
of
type
26.
2945. (F,
A
(B ?2), stage ?y) Orange clay,
with a lustrous
purple-brown
to black wash inside and out.
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3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 617
The flat base
2946
had a hole
(diam.
6
mm.)
made
through
it before
firing.
2946. (D,
trial S of
Q, surface) (plate 123) Orange clay.
Cooking pot
ware
2947-2968 (fig. 280)
This was
clearly
differentiated from other varieties of coarse
ware,
and was
virtually
confined to
vases that
might
have been used in
cooking, although
a
large
trefoil mouth from trench F in Area
F
clearly belonged
to a
jug
of
type 15.
The fabric of
cooking pot
ware is
hard,
the
clay
well
fired,
very gritty,
and shades of
grey,
dark and
light
brown and red. Mica is sometimes visible in the
clay.
27. Cooking jug 2947-2952 (fig. 280)
This
type
of one-handled
jug appears
to have been the standard
Mycenaean shape
in
cooking
pot
ware. Most such
jugs
were
evidently
made on the fast
wheel,
but some like
2948
were
handmade. The handmade
jugs usually
had their surfaces smoothed or burnished
by
contrast
with those made on the wheel. Rims were
normally simple outward-curving
or
everted;
handles
were circular or oval in
section,
and sometimes had
finger-impressed
hollows at the
point
of
junction
with the
body
of the vase. Bases were
usually differentiated,
the wheelmade
jugs
like
2947 having ring bases,
the coarse handmade versions raised or hollow bases.
Some of the vases
grouped
under FMP
type 65 correspond
to
jugs
of this
type, notably
Asine
370 fig. 240
no.
65. Although
the
type
occurs before
Myc.
Ill C
according
to
Furumark,
it
appears
to have no exact
parallels
in the
array
of
Myc.
Ill B domestic ware from
Pylos.
On the
other hand such
jugs
occur in the
Myc.
Ill C settlement at Lefkandi
{Lefkandi
18
fig. 3i.2?&41xvi
( 197
1
) 336
f.
fig.
2 nos.
5, 6);
and there are two from the Perate
cemetery (Perate
i
138 pl. 41
no.
1056;
208
pl.
62 no.
720;
ii
227
f.
fig. 91).
A
jug
which
appears
to be handmade from a
Mycenaean
context at Iolkos in
Thessaly
is
comparable, although
rather
elegant,
with the handle
rising
above the rim
(PAE
1
961, 51
f.
fig.
3).
A handmade
jug
from Kerameikos
Submycenaean grave
10 is not
altogether
unlike
2948
(Kerameikos
i
pl. 25
no.
427). Rutter, Hesperia
xlviii
(1979) 371, 390 f.,
notes the
presence
of both
wheelmade with smoothed surfaces and handmade burnished
cooking pot
ware in
Myc.
Ill C
deposits
at Corinth
assigned
to Phase
4
which is
equated
with Lefkandi Phase II b.
2947. (D, Q5, stage I) (plate 127) Broken,
but
virtually complete.
Ht.
17.5.
Diam. of rim 12. Well made on fast
wheel; evenly fired, gritty orange
to red and black
clay;
surface shades of
orange
to red and
dusky
with a little
mica
showing
in it.
This vase and
2948
were both
lying
on the
stage
I floor in trench
Q.
2948. (Z), 0,5/4, stage I) (plate 127) Broken,
but
complete.
Ht.
13.5.
Diam. of rim
10.5. Roughly
made
by
hand and
irregular
in
shape. Clay
with abundant
grit, including grey
and
red;
surface reddish to shades of
light
and dark
brown and
dusky,
with
poor
burnish.
2949. (Z), O?2, stage ?II) Large parts missing.
Surface shades of red and brown to
dusky.
2950. (F,
B
5/2/1, stages 6B, 7
or
8) (plate 129)
Surface red to
dusky
with mica
showing
in it.
2951. (D, O 5/4? stage I)
Outside surface shades of
light
brown to
dusky,
inside
purple-brown.
2952. (F,
D below wall
41)
Red
clay
with
mica;
outside surface with a white
slip continuing
round inside of rim.
Rims
of cooking pot
ware
2953-2963 (fig. 280)
No other
shape
of vase in
cooking pot
ware from Late Bronze
Age
or
Mycenaean
levels could be
wholly
reconstituted
apart
from
jugs
of
type 27.
The
large jar 2964
was
nearly complete,
but the
base of it was
missing.
Rims of
cooking pot
ware were
mostly simple, outward-curving
or
everted,
like those of
type 27;
but some were
squared (2957-9)
or rolled as
2960,
and a number were
sharply
differentiated on the inside
(2961-3).
Some of the rims described below
may
come from
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fio. 280.
Mycenaean cooking pot
ware
including type 27.
Scale
1/4, except 2964 (1/8).
618 III. EMPORIO
(
!
S
/ 'Y'
'
i
/ 'J
A

'
2951
i
'* '*
I 'ilW!
^
2950 *
W
/ ml /
N
N
/
1/
2957 2958
'
M c23 c20 C.I4 cl4
2949
-
1 1
*
2956
X
^ >
I
J It
2955
^
f
>
I
^^'
J
/
2954
,^
2959 2960 L
^^^J
E
J ^^B
C.25 C.22 C.26
'^
^2953
^
^^

=^^^^
T
I ^
2965
1 '
2963 /

^
/
2962
( ) ' i uj
~
i
pi
r

"
/ V
/
'
'
-
-9M&
~
{ '
1

"
X2961
x
X'
^ ^
2967 2968
2964 2966
jugs
of
type 27,
but others
clearly belonged
to vases of other
types including tripod cooking pots.
A number are
evidently pre-Mycenaean.
2953. (F,
B
6, stage 6B)
Handmade and
very irregular.
Coarse
grey-brown clay;
inside surface shades of
brown,
outside
dusky
due to use over fire.
2954. (F,
D
1)
Handmade and
very irregular.
Coarse
grey-brown clay;
surface shades of
dusky grey-brown.
2955. (D, Q7, pre-stage I)
Hard
gritty
reddish to brown
clay.
2956-8. (F,
F 2 and
?3, stage 6)
Other similar rims.
2959. (D, 0,5/4, stage I)
Hard
gritty
brown
clay
with a white
slip.
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3.
L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 619
2960. (D, Q2, stage II)
Hard
gritty
red
clay;
black around rim.
2961. (F,
D
?4) (plate 129).
2962. (F,
F
?2, stage 6).
2963. (F,
S
?7, stage ?6).
Jar 2964 (fig. 280)
The
jar 2964
which contained an infant burial is
unusually
wide in
proportion
to its
height
and
appears
to have had no handles. The everted rim is differentiated on the inside.
2964. (F,
D
?5,
with infant
burial) (plate 129)
Parts
including
base
missing.
Diam. of rim
27. Probably
made
by
hand.
Sandy cooking pot type
ware with some
large grit;
outside surface shades of red and brown to
dusky,
smoothed;
inside
black,
as if a fire had been lit in the vase.
Bases
2965 (fig. 280)
Bases of
cooking pot
ware
normally
seem to have been differentiated in some
way,
like those of
type 27 jugs.
Some four or five
high ring
feet
resembling 2938
and
2943
were of
cooking pot ware;
the
majority
of these came from wheelmade
vases,
but one or two seemed to be handmade.
2965. (D, Q7, pre-stage I)
Hard
gritty orange clay.
Another similar base from the same
pre-stage
I
deposit appears
to be
handmade;
coarse
gritty clay,
grey-brown
at
core;
surface reddish to
dusky
with
poor
burnish.
Tripod feet 2966-2968 (fig.
280. plate
129)
Tripod
feet were not much in
evidence,
but some nine were recovered from Late Bronze
Age
or
Mycenaean
levels in Area D and four others from those in Area F. These late
tripod
feet at
Emporio appear
to have been
wide,
more or less oval in
section,
and
straight (2968)
or rounded
(2966)
at the bottom. Two of those from Area D were somewhat
triangular
in section
(2967-8).
All of these
tripod
feet
may pre-date Myc.
Ill C.
Tripod cooking pots
had
apparently gone
out of
use at Lefkandi
by
Phase III of
Myc.
Ill C
there,
and no certain
fragments
of them were found in
late
Myc.
Ill C
deposits
at Corinth
(BSA
lxvi
( 197
1
) 344. Hesperia
xlviii
(1979) 370).
2966. (F,
D 1
(B 2), stage 7) Gritty
reddish
cooking pot
ware with a
pale slip.
2967-8. (D, Q, surface,
and
5/4, stage I)
28.
Lamp
Two
fragments
and a handle from the same area
may
all come from one
lamp
of Furumark's
type
321a (FMP78, 641).
2969. (F,
F
3
and
1, stages
6 and
7) (fig.
281. plate
123)
Soft
orange clay, dusky through
use.
Cf.
Tigani 117 pl. 53: 1, 2,
for
comparable lamps
from Samos.
Decoration
Paint
A considerable amount of the
Mycenaean pottery
carried decoration in
red,
shades of
brown,
or
black lustrous
paint
on a
light ground.
On the whole the motifs were characteristic of
Myc.
Ill
C,
but in a few cases
(e.g.
the
kylix 2785
with whorl shell
decoration) they
seemed to reflect an
earlier tradition.
Wavy
lines
(FMP
Mot.
53),
often
crudely
drawn and
irregular,
were
very
much in evidence.
They might
be set
vertically
or
horizontally,
and
appear
either
single (alone,
or flanked
by
-
or
alternating
with
-
straight lines) ,
or
double,
or even
triple (e.g.
plate i
29 (e) , right)
. Horizontal
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fig. 281.
Lamp (type 28)
and
Mycenaean
decoration. Scale
1/2.
wavy
lines
appear
to have been
especially
common on
deep
bowls of
types 3-6.
In some instances
wavy
lines have been transformed into snakes in a
way
that seems
peculiar
to
Myc.
Ill C. The
heads of the snakes round the inside of the
type 7
bowl
2757
are formed
by
the imitation
clay
rivets;
but
wavy
bands
running
down the vertical handles of
amphoras
and
hydrias (types
18
and
17)
can also be converted into snakes
(e.g. 2838).
Panelled
patterns (FMP
Mot.
75)
were well
represented.
In
some,
if not in most
cases, they
formed the central
triglyphs
of antithetic
spiral patterns (FMP
Mot.
50)
as seen on
2743.
Tassel
patterns (FMP
Mot.
72) commonly hang
from bands round the bases of the necks of
hydrias
and
amphoras (types 17
and
18).
Such tassel decoration is
regularly
found on vases
of these
types
in
Mycenaean
III C
(e.g.
Lefkandi: BSA lxvi
(1971) 333, 336).
At
Emporio
the
shoulders or
swellings
of
hydrias
and
amphoras
were
often,
it
seems,
decorated with bold double
spirals (scrolls)
or
quirks (FMP
Mots.
47
and
48) (e.g.
plate
129 (e), left).
Other characteristic
Myc.
Ill C motifs well
represented
at
Emporio
are
joining
semicircles
(FMP
Mot.
42),
and isolated semicircles
(FMP
Mot.
43),
which include several with solid
centres
(e.g. 2975-6).
What seems to be a
goat (FMP
Mot.
6)
is
preserved
on the bowl
fragment 2745.
The
design
on the inside of the
type 7
bowl
2758 may
include
part
of a fish or bird.
It is curious that no remains of the
Myc.
Ill C
octopus stirrup jars, developed
in the
Cyclades
and
abundantly represented
at Perate
(Perate
ii
142 ff.,
181
ff.),
were
recognised
at
Emporio;
unless the
fragment 2973
comes from
one,
but the
design
looks more like some kind of
Mycenaean
flower
hybrid.
A
papyrus
or
lily
derivative
(FMP
Mot.
18)
is
depicted
on
2972,
and
2848 may
have the
tip
of some other
variety
of
Mycenaean
flower.
Running spirals occur,
and in one instance
(2753) they appear
to have been in two
registers.
A few
Mycenaean
vases seem to have been dark-surfaced with decoration in white
(e.g.
2987-8).
2970. (F,
A Roman
level) (fig.
281. plate
121) Fragment
of bowl. Surface
buff, smoothed,
and decorated in dark
red-brown: crude
wavy
band
inside;
outside with a linked line
type quirk (FMP
Mot.
48), apparently abutting
on a vertical row of
joining
semicircles
(FMP
Mot.
42).
297
1 .
(Z), Q,2, stage II) (plate
i
26) Fragment, apparently
from closed vase.
Sandy orange clay;
outside surface with
a white
slip,
decorated in lustrous dark
red,
with what
may
be a linked line
type quirk (FMP
Mot.
48)
2972. (D, Q2, stage II) (plate
i
19) Fragment
of
large
closed vase. Fine
orange clay;
outside surface with a
greenish
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3. L. B. A. & MYCENAEAN. AREAS D & F 621
buffslip,
decorated in
slightly
lustrous red-brown:
lily
or
papyrus
derivative cf. FMP Mot. 1
8,
varieties
assigned
to
Myc.
Ill C
i, although nothing exactly similar;
but the flower on a bowl rim from Tarsus in the Ashmolean
Museum, Oxford,
is somewhat
comparable (LAAA
xxi
(1934) 51
ff.
pl.
viii:
4.
I am
grateful
to Mr. T. Burton
Brown for information about the
provenance).
2973. (F,
D
1) (fig.
281. plate
126) Fragment
from
body
of small closed vase with thick walls.
Orange clay;
outside
surface
orange-buff, smoothed,
and decorated in lustrous black to brown: some
hybrid
form of
Mycenaean
flower
(cf.
FMP 288 ff. Mot.
18),
or
part
of
octopus (?).
2974. (D, Q5/4, stage I) (plate 125) Fragment
of closed vase.
Orange-buff clay;
outside surface
buff, very
well
smoothed or
burnished,
and decorated in lustrous black:
fringe
of
joining
semicircles
(FMP
Mot.
42
no.
4)
above a thick band
(cf.
Perate ii
247 fig. 105
no.
1033);
what
appears
to be a rock
pattern (FMP
Mot.
32)
below.
For the
joined
semicircles cf. Enkomi ii
pl. 306 fig. 107
from Level III A
assigned
to
Myc.
Ill B.
2975. (Z), Q5/4, stage I) (fig.
281. plate
126)
Flat
fragment, perhaps
from
lid,
cf.
type
26. Fine
orange clay;
outside
surface
buff,
well
smoothed,
and decorated in lustrous black:
triangular patch
of
joining
semicircles
(FMP
Mot.
42
no.
22),
flanked
by
isolated semicircles with solid centres as FMP Mot.
43,
III C:
1,
c.
For the semicircles with solid centres cf. Enkomi ii
pl. 307 fig. 155, assigned
to
Myc.
Ill c: 1
b,
and the
shoulder of a
Myc.
Ill C
stirrup jar
from Beth-Shan
(V. Hankey,
BSA lxii
(1967)
128
pl. 29 (b)).
2976. (F,
B
2, stage 7) (plate 126) Virtually
flat
fragment, perhaps
from
lid,
cf.
type
26. Fine
fabric;
inside surface
pink;
outside
buff,
well smoothed or
burnished,
and decorated in lustrous red-brown: isolated semicircles as
FMP Mot.
43,
III C:
1, c,
but with
fringe
of
joining
semicircles
(FMP
Mot.
42).
2977. (/), Q,2, stage II) (plate
i
19) Fragments
of
jug
or
jar
with
pair
of neat conical warts on shoulder.
Orange clay;
outside surface well smoothed or
burnished,
and decorated in lustrous red-brown to dark brown and black:
rather crude vertical
wavy
lines
(FMP
Mot.
53).
2978. (F,
S
7, stage ?6) (plate 126) Fragment
of closed vase.
Sandy orange clay;
outside surface with a white
slip,
smoothed and decorated in lustrous red: alternate
straight
and crude
wavy
lines
(FMP
Mot.
53).
2979. (F,
D
?4) (plate 126) Fragment
of small closed vase.
Orange clay;
outside surface
buff, smoothed,
and
decorated in lustrous red: alternate
groups
of three thin and one thick line.
2980. (F,
B
2, stage 7) (plate 126) Fragment
from shoulder of small closed vase.
Orange clay;
outside surface
orange-buff, smoothed,
and decorated in lustrous black:
carelessly
drawn
spiral (FMP
Mot.
46).
2981. (Z>, O2> stage II) (plate
i
19) Fragment, apparently
from closed vase.
Orange clay;
outside surface with a
paler slip,
smoothed,
and decorated in lustrous red-brown:
open spiral (?).
2982. (F,
D
3) (plate
1
19) Fragment
from shoulder of
large
closed vase. Coarse
orange clay;
outside surface with
rough burnish,
decorated in lustrous red:
spirals (?).
2983. (F,
B
2, stage 7) (plate 119) Fragment
from shoulder of small closed vase.
Sandy orange clay
with
mica;
decorated in lustrous red:
spiraliform design.
2984. (F,
D 1
) (plate
1 1
9) Fragment
from shoulder of closed vase. Coarse
orange clay
with
mica;
outside surface with
an
orange-buff slip, smoothed,
and decorated in lustrous red.
2985. (D, O2> stage II) (fig
281. plate
126) Fragment
of closed vase.
Sandy orange clay;
decorated in lustrous red:
apparently parts
of small solid circles with surrounds of dots as FMP Mot.
27
'Sea Anemone' no.
14: Myc.
II
B-III A 1
;
but
comparable
elements are
incorporated
in the flower motif on the shoulder of a
Myc.
Ill C
stirrup
jar (Perate
ii
163 fig. 34
no.
51).
2986. (D, O surface) (plate 126) Fragment
of closed vase. Fine
orange clay;
outside surface well
smoothed,
and
decorated in lustrous red-brown.
2987. (Z), surface) (plate 127) Fragment
of closed vase. Decorated in white.
2988. (D,
N
surface) (plate 127) Fragment
of closed vase. Decorated in thick
creamy
white.
Incision
Incised decoration
appears
to have been
virtually
confined to horizontal
grooves
round
large
jars
of
plain
ware with
open
mouths and everted rims
(2879-82, 2991-3).
One or two
fragments
which
might
have come from similar
jars
had
wavy
lines
impressed
in the
clay
while it was still
wet
(2989-90)
. This
type
of incised decoration was
very
much at home at
Troy
in the horizon of
Troy VI,
VII
A,
and VII B
(Troy
iii
77;
iv 21
f., 177).
2989. (D, O?2> stage ?H) (plate 128) Fragment
of
large
vase.
Orange clay;
surface
plain,
decorated with
boldly
grooved wavy
line.
Cf.
Troy
iii
240 fig. 387
no. 1 .
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622 III. EMPORIO
2990. (F,
B
2/1, stage 7
or
8) (plate 128) Fragment
from shoulder of small closed vase. Soft
greyish orange clay;
decorated with thin
grooved wavy
line.
2991-2993. (F, unstratified) (plate 128) Fragments
from closed
vases,
decorated with
grooved
lines.
String-impressed
ware
(plate
128
(),
bottom
row)
Six
fragments
from Area F were unusual in
having
bold horizontal
string impressions
on the
outside. These came from
large
thick-walled
vases,
which seemed to be
wheelmade;
their
surfaces were shades of red and buffin colour. Rather similar
string impressions
occur on
pottery
classified as Knobbed Ware from
Troy
VII
B,
which
might
have
overlapped
in time with the
Myc.
Ill C
occupation
at
Emporio (e.g. Troyiv 195, 234 fig.
282 nos.
10-12; 197 fig. 285
no.
8).
But two of the
fragments
came from level 2 in trench F of Area F
assignable
to
stage 6,
and all six
may belong
to this
pre-Mycenaean
horizon as their fabric also
suggests.
Relief
Horizontal ribs in relief were found on
pithoi
and
large jars
like
2906.
The ribs
decorating pithoi
were
characteristically
sunk in the
middle,
and
they
were often combined in
groups
of two or
even three. Two
fragments
had wide
flat-topped
ribs as
2994.
Warts occurred on small vases of various
kinds,
but were
extremely
rare on true
Mycenaean
ware,
where
they
were
normally
it seems conical in
shape.
The conical warts on the insides of
bowls of
type 7 (e.g. 2757, 2759)
were
evidently
meant to imitate the rivets which fastened the
handles of
comparable
metal vases. But there is a
pair
of conical warts on the
fragment 2977
from
a
Mycenaean jug
or
jar
decorated with a series of crude vertical
wavy
lines.
Warts also occurred on vases of
plain
ware
(2998-3000)
which seem to be
pre-Mycenaean,
includingjars
with incised decoration
(e.g. 2998) comparable
with that on
Trojan
vases from the
horizon of
Troy
VI and VII. Similar warts were not uncommon on the
pottery
of
Troy
VI and
continued to occur on that of
Troy
VII A and VII B
(Troy
iii
79;
iv
46, 178 f.).
Two
fragments
of
plain
ware
(2996-7)
had
oblong warts;
these are not
easily
matched in
Troy
VI or VII
A,
but
comparable
'ovoid or
elongated
horizontal
lugs'
are
frequent
on the
Coarse Ware of
Troy
VII B
(cf. Troy
iv 1
78 fig.
286 nos.
1-7),
and
they
also
appear
on the related
handmade ware from
Myc.
Ill C contexts on the Greek mainland
(e.g. J.B. Rutter,
'Ceramic
Evidence for Northern Intruders in Southern Greece at the
beginning
of the Late Helladic III C
Period', AJA
lxxix
(1975) 17-32 esp.
21 ill. 8
pl.
2
fig. 9).
The fabric of the
Emporio fragments,
however,
does not seem to resemble
Trojan
Coarse Ware or its Greek
relatives,
and one of them
(2997)
was from an
early
and
apparently pre-Mycenaean
context.
The same cannot be said of
2995
which
appears
to come from a handmade vase in fabric not
unlike
Trojan
Coarse Ware. This
fragment
is
unique
at
Emporio
in
being
decorated with a row
of
finger-tip marks, comparable
with those on the Coarse Ware of
Troy
VII B and the related
wares from
Myc.
Ill C contexts on the Greek mainland.
Perhaps
the vase to which it
belonged
was an
import,
whether from the
Trojan area,
or from the north or west.
2994. (F,
F
?2, stage 6) (plate 127) Fragment
of
pithos
with wide
flat-topped
rib. Coarse
gritty clay;
inside surface
orange,
outside
dusky.
2995. (D, Q?2, stage ?II) (plate 127) Fragment
from
belly
of small
jar. Apparently
handmade. Soft
gritty clay
like
cooking pot ware;
surface
dusky.
Row of
finger-tip
marks on
swelling,
cf.
Troy
iv 1
78 fig. 284 esp.
nos.
1,3,
1
5
on
Coarse Ware of
Troy
VII B.
2996. (Z), Q,2, stage II) (plate 128) Fragment
of
plain
ware with horizontal oval wart.
2997. (D, Q7, pre-stage I) (plate 128) Fragment
as
2996
with
stump
of similar wart.
2998. (/), Q7, pre-stage I) (plate 128) Fragment
of
plain
ware with circular wart and
curving
incision.
2999. (Z), Q5/4, stage I) (plate 128) Fragment
of
plain
wr.re with circular wart.
3000. (D, unstratified) (plate 128) Fragment
of
plain
ware with circular wart.
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fig. 282.
Clay objects.
4. CLAY
(SPOONS)
623
4.
OTHER FINDS
(1) Clay Objects
CLAY
1-41 (figs. 282-5.
plates
130-2)
Period X IX Vili VII VI V IV
"j
I MBA MYC PBA US Total
Spoons 3
1
2-3-3
12 1 1
17
Seals i i 2~~
Sealing (?)
1 i~~
Crucibles 2 2
Figurines
and Calculi
(?)
1
51
2 6
15
Knob 1
i_
Ball
ziz
1
Arrow-shaft 1 1
straightener (?)
Spool
1 1
Loomweights
Class A 1 1
Class B 6 6
Class C 1 1
Class D 1 1
Sherds used as 1
3 4 3 3
S
3
c. 20?
rubbers
Roundels:
A.
Unperforated
2 -1
4-6-2-
11 1 1
19
B. Perforated
3- 1-5-2-3-
1-6
25
1
3 5
S
=
Several
Spoons 1-4 (fig. 283.
plate
130)
Seventeen
fragments
of
clay spoons
were
recovered, mostly
from
deposits
of Periods
IX-II;
the
two
scraps
from levels of II and one from a
Mycenaean
level
may
be earlier
strays.
The
spoons
evidently
varied in
size,
with bowls between
5.3 (1)
and 2.6
(2)
in width. The
largest example (1)
was
unfortunately
not from a stratified
deposit.
A
spoon (3)
of Period V had the handle in the
same
plane
as the
bowl,
while in the case of
(2)
from a
deposit
of IX the handle was
raised;
but
this difference
may
not have
any chronological significance,
to
judge
from
Thermi,
where both
types
were
represented.
At least two
spoon
handles were
perforated
at the end
(e.g. 3)
like some
of those from Thermi.
All these
spoons
from
Emporio appear
to have been
irregular
in
shape
and
crudely made,
of
coarse
fabric;
the surfaces shades of
grey-brown, light
and dark
brown,
red-brown or
reddish,
normally
with a
poor burnish,
but sometimes
unburnished, especially
it seems in the case of the
earlier
examples.
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624 III. EMPORIO
1 .
(A, unstratified) (plate
i
30)
Handle
missing.
L. as
preserved 7.5.
W. of bowl
5.3.
Shades of
light
and dark brown
to
dusky,
unburnished.
2.
(A,
G
141,
Period
VIII) (plate 130) Tip
of handle
missing.
L.
preserved 5.2.
W. of bowl 2.6.
Light
reddish brown
to darker
brown, rough
and unburnished.
3. (A,
R
?73,
Period
V) (plate 130)
Part of bowl
missing.
Perforation
through
handle. L.
preserved 7.7.
Shades
of
light
brown to
greyish
brown and
dusky
with little or no burnish.
4. (A,
R hearth in
26,
Period
IV) (plate 130)
Handle. L.
preserved 5.85. Light
brown to
reddish,
burnished.
Many clay spoons resembling
those from
Emporio
were recovered from so-called Neolithic
levels in the
Aspripetra
cave on Cos
(Aspripetra 287 fig. 73).
Similar
spoons
occurred in all
Early
Bronze
Age
levels at
Thermi,
and three are illustrated from Samos
(
Thermi
159 fig. 45.
Sarrios i
51
pls. 23: 2, 17; 34: 7; 36: 1; 39: 41).
But there
only
seems to be one from Poliochni
(Poliochnii 589 pl.
lxxxiii:
q,
Blue
period).
Such
spoons
are
similarly
not much in
evidence, although attested,
at
Troy (SS
nos.
8836-43).
Schliemann
assigned
some to his
Third,
Burnt
City, corresponding
to
the end of
Troy II,
but noted that
they
were
'very
rare'
(Ilios 410
nos.
474-5);
he
thought
that
they might
have been used in
metallurgy
like the crucibles which he recovered
(Ilios 408 f.).
Rough clay spoons,
or ladles as
they
are often
called,
had a wide distribution in
early
times.
They
are found in Iran
(e.g.
Hissar
184 pl.
xliv: H
3026,
Hissar
III);
in
Mesopotamia
in the Uruk
and
Jemdet
Nasr
horizons,
in the Chalcolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age
of Palestine and
Syria,
and
in
Predynastic
times in
Egypt (Amiran,
APHL
25
f.
pl. 2:19.
Teleilat Ghassul i
104 fig. 55 pl. 44.
Megiddo
ii
pl. 255: 3, 4,
Level
XVlll.Judeideh
181
fig. 142: 44,
Phase E.
Childe,
New
Light 38
f.
fig.
14)
. A stone
spoon
of similar
shape
from
Egypt
is dated to
Dynasty
I
(Emery,
Archaic
Egypt pl. 39
(a)).
Some
early
Oriental
clay spoons,
like those common in Gawra
VIII,
are
quite elegant
in
shape (Gawra
i
44 pls.
xxxi
b,
lxxv:
211).
Anatolian
clay spoons, apart
from those
already
noted at
Troy,
include some from Hacilar II
(AS
viii
(1958) 149 pl. 32,
c. Hacilar
293 pl.
cxxi:
c, fig. 70
no.
8,
Hacilar II B. Cf. ibid. 261
fig. 55:
19-21,
from Hacilar
VI,
described as
'scoops'
and more
elaborate).
There are
examples
from
Late Chalcolithic
deposits
at
Byk Gllcek, Aphrodisias,
and
Beycesultan (Belleten
xii
(1948)
483 pl. 90 fig.
18: 8.
AJA
lxxv
(1971) 129, 140,
from 'Pekmez' level VII e at
Aphrodisias.
Beycesultan
i
269 fig.
F. 2:
14,
level
XXX).
A
fragmentary spoon
from
Beycesultan
level VI is
reminiscent of the
long-handled spoons
of the
Early
Helladic
period
in southern
Greece,
and
those of the
Cucuteni-Tripolye
and related cultures in the Balkans
(Beycesultan
i
25
1
fig.
P.
7
1 :
7)
.
A
golden spoon
with a
long
thin handle was recovered from Tomb L at Alaca
(Alaca 1937-39 pl.
cxcvii
fig. 1).
A
clay spoon
was
apparently
found in a Hittite level at Alishar
(Alishar 1930-32
ii
2
73 fig- 36-
c.
501).
One was recovered from Mersin level XVI and another from an E.B. I
context at Tarsus
(Mersin 138
no.
1367, fig.
86. Tarsus ii
103
no.
136, pl. 243).
Clay spoons
are attested in the Cretan Neolithic
(S^xlviii (1953) 133 fig. 5^ 7,8;lix (1964)
220
fig. 57: 15-18,
Knossos Neolithic Levels
VII, VI, II).
A number of
clay spoons
was found at
Mochlos in a
deposit assigned
to
Early
Minoan I
(Mochlos 93 fig. 48: 29, 30, 41, 42);
but such
spoons
do not seem to be a feature of later
phases
of the Bronze
Age
in Crete.
There are
clay spoons
from various Neolithic contexts on the Greek mainland. One comes
from
Prosymna (Prosymna 370 fig.
622:
1208);
and
fragments
of what seem to have been rather
elegant spoons (described
as
long-handled scoops
or
ladles)
are
reported
from the Franchthi
Cave
(Hesperia
xxxviii
(1969) 365
f.
pl. 97, b).
Some
clay spoons
from Asea were classified as
Neolithic
(Asea 114 fig.
in:
2-4).
One or two were recovered from
Choirospilia
on Levkas
(Drpfeld,
Alt-Ithaka
334 pl. 83: a).
Ones from
Elateia,
the wells in the Athenian
agora,
and
Kefala on Kea are
assigned
to the Late Neolithic
(Elateia 199 pl. 66,
c:
7.
Athenian
Agora
xiii 1
3
no.
127. Kephala 9
no.
168).
In
Thessaly clay spoons
occur as
early
as the Protosesklo and Presesklo
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fig.
283. Clay objects (CLAY 1-7, 9).
Scale
1/2.
4. CLAY
(SPOONS)
625
*
'
I d / X. ' rf*
'
'
^*^ * C ft { ff * tm
TOP VIEW
INSIDE VIEW
A
A -A
A
I I
A 7
A
phases (E.N.
II-
III)
of the
Early
Neolithic
(Otzaki-magula
i
60;
ii
Katalog
I nos.
95, 152, 204,
264; pls.
C:
4;
D:
19;
x:
32;
xvi:
25;
xxiv:
12).
At the same time
they
are
attested, although rare,
from mature Dhimini
(L.N.)
contexts in
Thessaly,
and from
Early
Bronze
Age
ones there and in
Macedonia
[Ayia Sofia Magua
1 1
pl.
18:
1,
8. DS
347
f.
fig. 285.
PMac
184
no.
259,
from
Saratse).
Clay spoons
in dark
grey-brown
burnished ware which sound like ones from
Emporio
are
reported
from Eutresis
Group
V
(end
of
Early
Helladic I or
beginning
of E.H.
II) [Hesperia
xxix
(i960) 146).
But in
general clay spoons
from
Early
Helladic contexts in southern Greece tend to
be more
elegant,
often with
long shapely
handles
(e.g.
Asine
224. fig. 164: 3,4. Hesperia
xxiv
(1955)
45 pl. 23,
c
(Lerna:
E.H.
II)
.
^jgouries 107
f.
fig. 94.
PAE
1953,
1
15 fig.
1 1
(Rafina:
end of
E.H.)).
A fine stone
spoon
from
Amorgos
is attributed to the
Cycladic Early
Bronze
Age [AM
xvi
(
1
89
1
)
50
f. Cf.
tj,4
lxxi
(1967) 6).
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626 III. EMPORIO
Plain
clay spoons
like ones from
Emporio appear
to have been at home in the
early
Neolithic
Krs
(Starcevo)
Culture of
Hungary,
and in the later Mound Culture
(Gumelnij;a horizon)
in
Bulgaria (Kutzian,
Kords- Kultur a
pls.
i:
7,
xlvii:
13-16. Gaul,
Neolithic
Bulgaria 98, 133, 165, 178
pl.
xxxvi:
3-5). They
are also found in the
Boian-Gumelnij;a
horizon of Romania
(Childe,
Dawn
96
f.
Berciu,
Contributii
figs. 85: 19, 121:5, Saluta
I and IV: the latter has a hole
through
the
top
of the
handle). Clay spoons
occur in the
Cucuteni-Tripolye
Culture further east
(e.g.
Materiale
Arheologicei (1953) 270 fig. 45: 1, 2,
from
Poieneti);
but the most characteristic
Cucuteni-Tripo-
lye spoons
have
painted decoration,
and are
elegant
in
shape
with
long handles,
like
Early
Helladic ones in southern Greece
(e.g. Hbsejti pls.
cvi-cviii.
Izvoare
195
ff.
figs. 199-206).
Plain
clay
ladles were still current
during
later
periods
in the Balkans and in
Europe
further north
(e.g.
Homolka
80, 323, 422 pls.
xl:
9;
lv:
17, 22;
lviii:
4, 13. Gimbutas, Prehistory 159 fig. 94: 3, 4); they
occur in the Bronze
Age
in Romania
(D. Popescu,
Die Frhe und Mittlere
Bronzezeit
in
Siebenbrgen
(Bucharest, 1944) 57 fig.
16: 2. Mat. si Cercetari ii
(1956) 59 fig. 19: 9,
122
fig. 75: 1-4).
Clay spoons
are also
widely
distributed in the western
parts
of
Europe. They appear
in
early
levels in
Liguria,
and on Western Neolithic
sites,
as well as in the Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age
of the British Isles
{Arene
Candide i
141, 234 fig. 62, pls.
xv: 2
D, E;
i: i
(Levels 28, 26, 14, 12).
Cf.
ibid.
pl.
xlix:
3,
from lower levels at Pollera.
Piggott,
Neolithic Cultures
75, 144.
Dchelette i
554
fig.
202 nos.
1-5:
the handle of no. 1 has a hole
through
the
top.
Prhistoire
franaise
ii
258 fig. 2:15,
16. Ilios
410).
Seals
5-7 (fig. 283.
plate
130)
One
stamp
seal
(6)
and
part
of what
may
have been another
(5)
were recovered from levels of V
and II. The seal 6 of Period II
belongs
to a well-known
type
with a wide distribution. The
fragment 5
is less
easy
to
parallel.
The
lump 7
from a level of VIII
may
be
part
of a
sealing.
5. (A,
H
?5O,
Period
V) (plate 130)
Broken. L.
preserved 4.
Pinkish red
clay.
This seems to be a
fragment
of a seal.
The holes
might suggest
that it was a brush handle like those from
Troy II-IV,
but these are
normally
of unbaked
clay,
and the surfaces with holes for the bristles are
regular
in
shape (e.g. Troy
i
219, 283
f.
fig. 369).
Elongated clay
seals are found in the Neolithic of Macedonia
(e.g.
Nea Nikomedeia: ILN 1 1
April 1964, 607
fig.
20. AA 1
97 1, 376 fig. 65.
Servia: PMac
165 fig. 35: r, s, pl.
x:
r,
s: s has serrated
edges
somewhat reminiscent of
5).
A
clay stamp
of
comparable shape
from Gremnos in
Thessaly
is
assigned
to Protosesklo
(AA 1956, 146 fig. 4).
Cf. An
irregularly shaped clay
seal from Sesklo
(CMS
i no.
4) ,
and some
early
Cretan
ivory
seals such as CMS ii. 1
no.
290
from Pltanos. Other Cretan
ivory
seals have a handle to one side like
5 (e.g.
CMS ii. 1 nos.
3
1
7-20
from
Pltanos tholos
B,
and
424
from the
early palace
at
Phaistos).
For the
design
on
5
cf. CMS i no. 1
(Zervos,
Nais i
pls. 296-7),
a
clay stamp
seal from
Sesklo,
and some
early
Cretan seals like CMS ii. 1 no.
496
and no.
335
from Pltanos tholos B. The same
type
of
design
also occurs on some
early
Near Eastern seals
(e.g.
Gawra ii 182
pl.
clxii:
74, 75 (Levels XII, IX)
.
Judeideh 130 fig.
101: 6
(First
Mixed
Range), 387 fig. 297:
1
(Phase H)).
6.
(F,
B
13/12, stage iAor2,
Periods IV
(?)
or II:
early phase (?)) (plate 130)
Handle broken. Diam. of face
3.5.
Ht.
preserved 3.
Brown
clay;
surface reddish brown. Face
boldly
incised with
opposing groups
of chevrons.
The
design appears
to be a devolved version of the filled
cross,
which is found on
stamp
seals in
early Elam,
and
on ones of the Ubaid horizon and later in
Mesopotamia;
it also occurs on seals in
Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, Greece,
Crete,
and the Balkans.
A
clay stamp
seal of similar
shape
to 6 and with a
very comparable degenerate
version of the filled cross motif
comes from a level of Lerna IV
(Early
Helladic
III) (Hesperia
xxxviii
(1969) 509
no.
197 pl. 130).
For the
design,
E.
J. Baumgartel,
The Cultures
of
Prehistoric
Egypt (Oxford, 1955)
66 f. V.E.G.
Kenna,
'Two
Ancient Trade
Routes',
AAA i
(1968) 278-80.
P.M.
Warren,
Kadmos ix
(1970) 36
note 22. Childe New
Light
120
f.,
140
f.
fig. 77: 2, 209 f., 219,
221. Hissar
pls. xv,
xxviii
(Hissar
I and
IIA).
Gawra ii
191 pls.
clix:
20, 21;
lxxxviii:
4
(Stratum XI). Byblos
v
125 fig. 126,
on two
clay
seals
assigned
to the Middle Neolithic. E.R.
Ayrton,
C.T.
Currelly,
A.E.P.
Weigall, Abydos
iii
(London, 1904) pl.
xi:
3, assigned
to
Dyn.
VII.
Judeideh 253 fig. 191: 4 (Phase
F); 329 fig. 253:4,5 (Phase G).
Tarsus ii
238 fig. 393
no.
27 (Middle
Bronze
Age),
made of
clay
like 6. Ibid.
237 fig.
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4. CLAY
(FIGURINES)
627
392
no.
7 (Early
Bronze
II)
for the
design
in a neat
early
form on a stone seal. Cf. the
impression
on a vase
fragment,
Mersin
fig. 54:
1
1, probably
from Level XVI.
The
design
is
extremely
common on
stamp
seals in
Anatolia,
and continued late
there,
if the evidence from
Alishar is to be trusted
(e.g.
Alishar
1927
ii
44 fig. 35: 3094; ig28-2g
ii
64 fig. 87:
a
184; 1930-32
i 81 f.
fig. 87; 1930-32
iii
91 fig. 90, 347 fig. 272).
But
only
evolved and derivative forms of the filled cross seem to be attested on seal
impressions
from
Karahyk, contemporary
with the
Assyrian trading
colonies in the
early part
of the 2nd
millennium
(S. Alp. Cylinder-
und
Stempelsiegel
aus
Karahyk
bei
Konya (Ankara, 1968)
208 f. nos
169-75). Many
Anatolian
stamp
seals with this
design
are made of
clay (e.g. Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 30 fig.
12:
19 (Kusura B),
but the face of this is
rectangular;
others from
Karatas-Semayiik:
A
J^41xix (1965) 250 pls. 64 fig. 33, 65 fig. 37;lxx
(1966) 249;
lxxi
(1967) 264 pl. 84 figs. 54-6, 59, Early
Bronze
II,
which seems to
overlap
with
Troy I).
A vase from
Troy
has a row of circular
impressions
that
appear
to show a
design
of this
type (Ilios 412
nos.
482-3,
from Schliemann's Third or Burnt
City,
which should
correspond
to the end of
Troy II)
.
Closely
similar to
our seal are a
clay
one from Poliochni
assigned
to the Blue
period (Poliochni
i
232, 587, 653
f.
pl.
clxviii no.
9),
and
another from Sesklo
(CMS
i no.
3. Zervos,
Mais i
pls. 296-7).
An
elegant
version of the
design
was
impressed
on a
jar
handle of E.H. II date found at Lerna
(Hesperia
xxv
(1956) 169 pl. 44,
d. Cf. ibid, xxxviii
(1969) 508
no.
192 pl.
1
29).
A cruder version adorns the rim of a
contemporary
hearth at
Ayia
Irini on Kea
(Hesperia
xxxiii
(1964) 319
pl. 48, k).
The
design
also
appears
on the bottom of the stone
cylinder
seal from
Amorgos assigned
to E.C. II
(B.
Buchanan, Catalogue of
Ancient Mear Eastern Seals in the Ashmolean Museum i
Cylinder
Seals
(Oxford,
1
966)
1
35
no.
741
.
C.
Renfrew, AJA
lxxi
(1967) 7,
18
pl. 4
no.
19).
A conical seal with this
design
was recovered from a
very
late
Mycenaean deposit
on
Naxos,
but
may
have been out of context
(PAE 1951, 217. Desborough,
LMS
150).
The
design
is found on
early
seals in Crete
(e.g.
CMS ii. 1 nos.
96, 435, 463.
BSA xxxvi
(1935-36) 96
f.
fig.
21:
5, 7).
Many
derivative versions of it were
eventually
current on Cretan as
they
were on Anatolian seals.
The filled cross does not
appear
to be as common as the
spiral
on
clay stamps
in the
Balkans;
but it is attested in
Romania in Cucuteni B
(Childe,
Dawn 1
42) ,
and one
stamp
with this
design
has been dated to the end of the
Early
Neolithic
(Berciu,
Contributii
31 fig. 3: 2,
from Verbi
fa, assigned
to
Milojcic's
Period III of
Starcevo-Cris).
7. (A, Q 145,
Period
VIII)
Coarse
clay, grey-black
at
core, light
brown at
edges;
inside surface
light brown,
and
rough,
with the
impression
of a
very
thick cord in
it;
outside
rough,
with remains of a dark brown to black wash
and
possible
traces of crimson red
paint
over this.
Possibly part
of a
clay sealing applied
to the lid of a
jar
or box.
Alternatively
a
lug, probably
from a dish akin to
type 3.
What seem to be
clay sealings
with
string impressions
are recorded from the Protosesklo
(E.N. II)
horizon in
Thessaly (Otzaki-magula
60
pl.
x:
30, 3
1
),
and from the
perhaps contemporary
'shrine' at Nea Nikomedeia
(ILM
18
April 1964,
606
fig. 12). Compare
the
clay jar stopper
from Mersin level XXI
(Mersin 76 fig. 51).
Crucibles
8-9 (figs. 283, 284.
plate
130)
Two
fragments,
both from levels of Period
II, may
have
belonged
to crucibles. For crucibles from
Troy,
see SS 268 f. nos. 681
7-51
. Ilios
408
f. nos.
469-70,
from Schliemann's Third
(Burnt) City,
which should
correspond
to the end of
Troy
II. Schliemann records evidence for the use of no.
469
for 'some
operation
connected with the
metallurgy
of
gold.'
8.
(B, C/D9, stage 7,
Period II:
early phase) (fig. 284.
plate
130)
Broken at one end. L.
preserved
16. W. 12. Th.
7.
Flat on one
side,
with a shallow basin on the
other;
bold channels down the
edges, ending just
short of a wide
perforation.
Coarse
clay, grey-brown
at
core;
surface red
shading
to
light
and dark brown and
dusky,
with
poor
burnish.
A
fragment
from
Korucutepe,
like this in
shape
but without the
perforation
on
top,
is described as an andiron
(Korucutepe
ii
pl.
1
36: A,
E.B. II-
III)
. But a rather similar
fragment
from Thermi
appeared
to be a
crucible;
it had
remains of
slag
in it
(
Thermi
157 fig. 44: 31.72. Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
203,
C
7)
. The
perforation through
the
end
might
be for
help
in
binding
the crucible to a cleft stick which fitted into the channels
along
the
edges.
9. (A, Q14,
Period
II) (fig. 283.
plate
130) Fragment, perhaps
from a crucible like 8. L.
preserved 7. Grey-brown
clay;
surface burnished.
Figurines
10-21
(fig. 285.
plates
130, 131, 132)
Very
few
clay figurines
were recovered.
Six little
strips
of
clay (
1 1
-
1
4)
moulded into
irregular shapes may
have been meant for female
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fig.
284. Clay objects (CLAY 8, 27).
Scale
1/4.
628 HI. EMPORIO
figurines,
but are more
likely perhaps
to have been
calculi,
as noted below. All
except
one came
from levels of Period
VII,
but
only
two
(12, 13) appeared
to be
complete.
Three of the
fragmentary examples
had
possible
traces of a white
slip (e.g. 11).
Some
clay
rods of unknown
purpose
from
Saliagos
look
comparable, although
more
regular
in
shape
with smoother surfaces
{Saliagos 79 fig. 84 pl. 1).
Similar
objects
from the Stratum XIII
well at
Tepe
Gawra were
interpreted
as
perhaps
votive
offerings
rather than
sling pellets (Gawra
ii 1
73
f.
pl.
lxxxvi:
b).
Another rather similar
object (5.3 long)
was found next to a cluster of
clay
sling
bullets on a Period 1
(Early Neolithic)
floor level at Elateia
(Elateia
202
pl. 68,
c:
2)
. A series
of flat
clay
bars of about the same size as 1 1-
14
was recovered from Hacilar VI
(Hacilar
ii
pl.
clix:
e, fig. 234).
Some
irregular clay objects
from Alishar
assigned
to the Chalcolithic are also
comparable (Alishar 1930-32
i
fig.
101: c
1707-8,
c
1587,
c
271).
Some or all of these
objects, including
the
strips
from
Emporio, may
be
examples
of the
'calculi' of various
shapes
which
appear
to have had a wide distribution in
Mesopotamia
and
elsewhere in the Near East
including
Anatolia from
very early
times until the
4th
millennium
B.C. and later
(Denise Schmandt-Besserat,
AS xxvii
(1977) 139 ff., 150).
A
particularly
interesting group
of
roughly
made
cylinders
of
clay, usually 2-3 long
and 1-2
wide, together
with
fragments
of others and
clay
cones and
balls,
has been recovered at the
early
site of Suberde in
south-west
Turkey (J. Bordaz,
TAD xvii no. 2
(1968) 43 ff., 51).
This
suggests
the
possibility
that
the
clay
ball
23 assigned
to Period VIII
may
be another
example
of such an
object.
The art of
writing appears
to have
developed
as an extension of the use of such 'calculi'
(P. Amiet, Glyptique
Susienne
(Paris, 1972)
i
69 f.,
and
Archeologia 1966
No.
12,
20 ff. Cf. Denise
Schmandt-Besserat,
AJA
lxxxiii
(1979) 19-48,
and
Syro-Mesopotamian
Studies i. 2
(Malibu, 1977).
I am
grateful
to
Professor Maurice
Pope
for these
references).
The
fragment
10 of Period IX with
pattern
burnish on one side
may
be
part
of a vase handle.
But 1
5 belongs
to a class of schematic female
figurines
which occur in stone as well as
clay
at
Troy
and elsewhere in the
Aegean
area in Late Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age
contexts.
The female
figurine
16 with breasts and
upraised
arms was
virtually
unstratified. It is
reminiscent of
Mycenaean figurines
of the Psi
type,
and is
probably
to be
assigned
to
Myc.
Ill
C;
although
the fabric
might suggest
an
Early
or Middle Bronze
Age date,
and
comparable
figurines
occurred in Thermi III-IV. The base 18 is
certainly
from a
Mycenaean
female
figurine.
The
only
animal from a
pre-Mycenaean
context was the fine ox
protome
1
7
which
appears
to have been the handle of a vase.
Two
Mycenaean
bovine
figurines (19, 20)
were
recovered, together
with the horn of a third.
The
dappling
on the
body
of
19
is unusual. Some
fragments
of wheelmade
figures
from the area
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4. CLAY
(FIGURINES)
629
of the Greek
sanctuary (2
1
A-D)
have been claimed as
Myc.
Ill
C,
but
appear
to be later Greek
(8th century).
10.
(A,
G
154,
Period
IX) (plate 130) Fragment
of female
figurine,
or
part
of vase handle. L.
preserved
6.
Grey clay
with some mica
showing
in
surface,
which is
light greyish brown,
burnished. Decorated with
pattern
burnish on
one side. The
presence
of mica
suggests
an
import.
11.
(A,
G 1
12,
Period
VII) (plate 131) Fragment
of
possible figurine
or
calculus,
as
12-14.
L.
preserved 5.
Brown
clay
with traces of a
pinkish
white
slip.
Two
scraps
of similar
objects
with traces of a white
slip
recovered from the
same area.
12. 13. (A,
G
122,
Period
VII) (plate 131)
As
11,
but
apparently complete.
L.
5.4, 4.5.
Moulded into
irregular,
roughly cylindrical shapes.
Yellowish brown
clay.
14. (A, Qstone
fill behind Wall
53,
Period
III) (plate 131) Fragment
of
object
as 1 1
-
1
3.
L.
preserved 4.7.
15. (A, G/H
1
13,
Period
VII) (plate 131)
Schematic female
figurine. Broken, part missing.
L.
10.5.
Dark
grey clay;
surface
light brown,
unburnished. Traces of wear round
edges.
Similar
figurines
of
clay
or stone are found in
neighbouring regions:
at
Troy
in
Troy
I-I V
( Troy
i
fig.
2 1
6, 360;
ii
pl. 48,
1
47) ,
in the
Cyclades
in the
Early
Bronze
Age (A JA
lxxiii
(
1
969) 3 ff.) ,
and in Macedonia in the local Late
Neolithic
(Olynthus
i
54, 56 figs. 72: b, 73:
c
(stone)).
16.
(F,
T Roman
level) (plate 131) Body
of female
figurine
with breasts and raised arms. Ht.
preserved 5.9. Light
grey clay, orange
at
surface,
which is smoothed.
Cf.
Mycenaean
Psi
figurines,
and
probably Myc.
Ill
C, although
the fabric
might suggest
it was
earlier,
like
some from Thermi
(e.g.
Thermi
152
nos.
29. 2, 31. 16, pl.
xxii
(Thermi III, IV); 155
no.
30. 15, pl.
xxi
(Thermi
V)).
For the Cretan
goddess
with raised
arms,
S.
Alexiou,
KKh
1958, 179-299.
17. (Ci,
LL
?9, stages
2 or
3,
Period
II) (plate 131)
Ox
protome,
with horizontal
perforation. Probably
handle from
a vase. L.
5.5.
Red to black
clay;
surface brown
shading
to
black,
well burnished. Bold incised decoration.
1 8.
(F,
E
surface) (plate 131)
Base of female
figurine
in
long
skirt. Ht.
preserved 3.6. Orange-buffclay.
Decorated in
dark brown to black with vertical
wavy stripes.
The
stripes stop
at a horizontal
band,
instead of
continuing
to the
bottom of the skirt as
appears
to be the normal rule
(see
E.
French,
'The
Development
of
Mycenaean
Terracotta
Figurines',
BSA lxvi
( 197
1
)
101 ff.
passim).
This
may
be a late feature for which
parallels
can be found on some Psi
figurines
from the Greek mainland
assignable
to
Myc.
Ill C or the end of III B
(e.g. French, op.
cit.
139
f.
pl.
22
(c-d) 30,
from
Amyklai)
. At
Prosymna
at
any
rate
wavy stripes appear
to have been commoner on the skirts of Psi
type figurines
than on those of Phi
type
ones where
they
were
usually straight (Prosymna 357, 359).
1
9. (F,
D
?2, Mycenaean) (plate
i
32) Figurine
of bovine. One
leg,
one horn and tail
missing.
L.
8.5.
Fine
pinkish
buff
clay;
surface
smoothed,
and decorated in lustrous
orange-red: body dappled
with
irregular
dots above bands. The
dappling
of the
body
in this manner is unusual
(cf.
E.
French,
BSA lxvi
(1971) 159).
20.
(plate 132) Figurine
of
bovine,
found with
19.
Horns and
part
of one
leg missing.
L.
7.5.
Fine buff
clay;
decorated
in lustrous dark brown: band down
top
of
back,
and
body
with vertical
stripes forming
a ladder
pattern (cf.
E.
French,
BSA lxvi
( 197
1
) 157 ff.).
Similar zebra-like
stripes
were the
regular system
of decoration on animal
figurines
of the latest
type (c)
at
Prosymna;
but these had
upturned
tails. The
hanging
tails of
19
and 20 are more
characteristic of animals of the earlier
Prosymna type (b) ,
which were
normally
decorated with horizontal
stripes,
and in
only
one instance with vertical ones like 20
(Prosymna 362 f., figs. 457
no.
132 (type (b)), 491
and
615 (type
(c))).
21 A-D. Wheelmade
figures
from area of Greek
sanctuary (Greek Emporio
188
f., 195 f.,
nos.
48, 25-28, pls. 73-4).
These
fragments
of wheelmade
figures
of a female
votary
and horses were
assigned
to the
I3th-i2th
centuries
by
R.V.
Nicholls,
'Greek Votive Statuettes and
Religious Continuity
c.
1200-700 B.C.',
in Auckland Classical
Essays
Presented to E.M. Blaiklock
(Auckland, 1970) 7, 14
f. If this
dating
is correct it would
strongly suggest
the
previous
existence of a
Mycenaean sanctuary
on the site of the later Greek one
by
the harbour. But there does not
appear
to
be
any
other evidence for
Mycenaean occupation
in this
area,
and the best
preserved
horse
(Greek Emporio
188
f.,
195
no.
26)
was
evidently standing
on
top
of a lid in a Geometric manner. The
8th-century
date for the
figures
proposed by J.
Boardman in Greek
Emporio
therefore seems
preferable.
Miscellaneous
22-25 (FIG- 2^5-
plate
131)
22.
(A, Q?i45,
Period
?VIII)
Knob.
Circular,
with oval stem. Broken. Diam.
3.4.
Black
clay;
surface black
mottling
to
light brown,
burnished.
Perhaps
from the handle of a vase. A similar knob with oval-sectioned stem
exactly
like 22 was recovered from
a level of Cretan
Early
Neolithic II at Knossos
(BSA
lix
(1964)
228
fig.
61:
4,
from Level
IV).
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fig.
285. Clay objects (CLAY 10-29).
Scale
1/2.
630 III. EMPORIO
16 '*
f
?
'
I
17
o
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4. CLAY
(MISC.)
631
23. (A,
H
?i49,
Period
?VIII)
Ball. Diam. 2.2.
Orange-brown clay
with
mica;
surface
rough.
The mica in the
clay
suggests
an
import.
Stone balls and some
clay
ones of this size have been
interpreted
as
sling
bolts. In
Egypt
and elsewhere in the
Near
East, however,
little
clay
balls were used as
marbles,
and
they appear
as votives
during
the Bronze
Age
in
Crete. But our
example may
have
belonged
to the class of
clay objects
of various
shapes
that
appear
to have been
used as calculi in
early
times in Anatolia and the Near
East,
as
suggested
for 1
1-14
above.
Aegean
area:
Troy
ii
15 fig. 54: 34.302, 34.414,
and others with incised
decoration,
all from
Troy
III. Cf. Ilios
564 figs.
1
225-9.
One witn
punctuated
decoration from Poliochni
(Poliochni
i 1
73, 590 pl.
xcviii. 1
(Blue period) )
.
Eutresis:
Hesperia
xxix
(i960) 157 pl. 53:
VIII.
63 (E.H. II).
Crete: BSA ix
(1902-03) 379 pl. xiii, 66, very large
numbers of
plain clay
balls
(diam. 1.5-2.5)
from the Petsofa
sanctuary,
illustrated PM'
153 fig.
1 1
1, s,
t.
Saliagos
73,
one small
clay
ball which
might
have been a
sling pellet.
Thera ii
45
f.
fig. 31.
Anatolia:
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 30 fig.
12.
9,
with
punctuated decoration,
from Kusura C.
AJA
lxxiii
(1969) 55
f.
pl. 24 fig. 6,
of some hard white
substance,
from
Aphrodisias Complex II,
like one of
clay
with incised
decoration
(ibid. 56 f., 64,
62 ill. 1 1:
D, pl. 25 fig. 9).
Alishar
ig2j
ii
109, clay
balls
(diam. 2.2-3.5) chiefly
from
Strata I-
III, many
with incised or
punctuated
decoration. Cf. Alishar
ig28-2g
i
47 fig. 56 (Stratum I), 123 fig. 150:
b
1527,
b 1
91 9; igjo-32
i
207 fig. 204,
2nd and
3rd
rows. Some of the decorated
clay
balls from
Bogazky assigned
to the end of the
Early
Bronze
Age
were
evidently
rattles with little stones inside
(W. Schirmer,
Die
Bebauung
am
unteren
B'y'kkale-Nordwesthang
in
Bogazky (Berlin, 1969) pl. 47
nos.
262-4).
Near East: Gawra ii
171, 205, clay
balls from Stratum XI
alongside
stone ones which
may
have been
gaming
pieces.
Romania:
Hbcesti 465 fig. 48: 5-9 (diam. 1.4-2.3).
24. (A9 Q, 14,
Period
II) (plate 131)
Arrow-shaft
straightener (?)
or mould for bronze
pins.
Broken at both ends. L.
preserved 5.3.
W.
4.6.
Groove
0.4
wide.
Clay
dark
grey
at
core,
buff at
surface,
with much
mica, suggestive
of an
import.
This seems to
belong
to a class of
objects,
small
enough
to hold in the
hand,
and
characteristically
semi-circular in
section,
with a
groove
down the
length
of the flat side. Most are made of
stone,
but a few are of
clay
like
24.
Those of stone at
any
rate
appear
to have been used in
pairs
for
shaping
sticks and in
particular
the shafts of
arrows which were drawn
up
and down between them
(A.M. Tallgren,
ESA ii
(1926)
1
18, 57 fig. 40: 3-6).
Stone
arrow-shaft
straighteners
of this kind have been found across
Europe
from South Russia to the British Isles.
Buchholz has listed
examples
from the Greek
mainland,
where
they
seem to be first attested in E.H. Ill
( JdIXxxw'
(1962) 4
ff.
fig. 1). If,
as he
suggests, they
were
developed
in South
Russia, they
could have been introduced into
Greece from the North
during
that
period.
Buchholz stresses that none have been found in the eastern
Aegean,
but
there is one from the
Aspripetra
cave on Cos
(Aspripetra 284, 277 fig. 62, D).
It is said to come from the Neolithic
levels,
but some of the
pottery published
looks Bronze
Age.
Two from
Troy (
Tul
378 fig. 340, 388 fig. 368.
SS no.
8683)
are noted
by Buchholz,
who
argues
that
they
must date from after the
period
of
Troy
II. Grooved stones
which
may
have been
employed
for a
comparable purpose
are
reported
from
atal Hyk
and
Hacilar,
but these
do not conform in
shape (Hacilar
i
158;
ii
170 pl.
cxvi and
455 fig. 173: 3).
The few
clay objects
of this
shape
like
24, although indistinguishable
in
appearance
from stone arrow-shaft
straighteners, may
have had a different
function, serving
as moulds for bronze
pins
or
wire,
as
suggested
for Thermi
159 fig. 44: 30.20,
from Thermi I. Cf.
Buchholz, Jdlixxv' (1962) 5
note
23.
A
clay object
of this kind of
grey
burnished ware
('Proto-Minyan')
from Corinth is
assigned by
Walker
Kosmopoulos,
Corinth
46 pl.
iii:
f,
to her
Period II
(Middle Neolithic).
25. (D, Q,2, stage II) (plate 131) Mycenaean spool. Solid, unperforated.
L. 6. 1 . Max. diam.
4.3.
Coarse
clay,
shades
of
light
and dark brown to
reddish,
with
rough
unburnished surface.
Solid
clay spools
were in use in the Neolithic and at the
beginning
of the
Early
Bronze
Age
on the Greek
mainland
(e.g. Otzaki-magula
i 26
f., 31, 36, 40;
ii
pls.
x:
25-27,
xvi:
20,
xix:
22,
xxiv:
8, 9).
But rather
elegant
perforated clay spools resembling
modern cotton reels were more characteristic of later
phases
of the Bronze
Age
there and at
Troy. Clumsy unperforated clay spools, however,
like
25 appear
to be at home in the latest
Mycenaean
of the
Aegean area,
and have
analogies
in
Europe
to the north
(e.g. Gimbutas, Prehistory 132 fig. 73,
c). 'Many enigmatic
unbaked
clay spools'
of this kind are
reported
from the earliest Phase I of
Myc.
Ill C
occupation
at Lefkandi
(Leflcandi
1
3 fig.
1
6)
. A
spool
from
Troy
VII b is
closely
similar to
25 ( Troy
iv 1
5
1 f.
fig. 256:
37.172). Spools
of this kind are also found in the Late Bronze
Age
in Macedonia [PMac
101, 231 fig. 104: v, w,
from
Boubousti). Unperforated clay spools
continued in use in Greece into later times
(e.g.
H.
Payne,
Perachora i
(Oxford, 1940) 248 pl.
1 1 1 no. 268. Cf. BCHxxx
(1906) 37 fig. 61,
from
Argos.
A.
Furtwngler, Olympia
iv
(Berlin,
1890)
206
pl.
lxx nos.
1327-8, 1330).
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632 III. EMPORIO
Loomweights 26-29 (figs. 284, 285.
plate
132)
Objects
of
clay
that
might
have been used as
loomweights
were
curiously
rare in all
periods
at
Emporio.
Four
types
were
represented,
all
by single examples, except
in the case of
type (B).
These were:
(A) Subrectangular (?)
with at least two vertical
perforations; (B) Large
oval with
thick
cross-section,
and
single perforation
at the
top running parallel
to the
longer
horizontal
axis; (C) Oval,
small in size than
(B),
with thin
cross-section,
and
single perforation
at the
top
through
the shorter horizontal
axis; (D) Circular,
with
groove
for a stick
along
the
top,
and
large
horizontal
perforation.
The
loomweights
of
type (B)
were all found close
together
in House IV of Area A
destroyed
by
fire at the end of Period IV. The
solitary fragment
of
type (A)
came from a context of Period
VI in Area
A,
the
example
of
type (C)
from one of Period II there. The
type (D) loomweight
was
from a
dominantly Mycenaean
level in Area F.
(A) Subrectangular (?)
with at least two vertical
perforations
The
completed shape
of the
fragment
26 is
uncertain,
and the
object may
not have been a
loomweight
at all. But
rectangular loomweights, normally
with four
perforations,
are found in
Crete from Neolithic times onwards
(BSA
lix
(1964) 235 (Knossos: Neolithic);
lx
(1965) 305
nos.
37-40 (Palaikastro:
Middle
Minoan),
cf. BSA xl
(1939-40) 47
f.
fig. 32.
tudes Cretoises iv
(1936)
37 pl.
xviii: k
(Mallia)).
One from Boubousti in Macedonia is
assignable
to the local Late Bronze
Age (PMac
10
1, 231 fig. 104, x);
and
they
are common in
Portugal. Cylindrical loomweights
with two vertical
perforations
are
reported
from
Early
Helladic and later contexts on the Greek
mainland
(Asine 25
1 . Korakou 1
04 fig.
1
29
nos.
4, 5. ^ygouries 191.
Eutresis 1
93 (Middle Helladic) )
.
26.
(A,
G
93,
Period
VI) (plate 132) Fragment.
L.
7.2. Gritty light
brown
clay;
surface
grey
with traces of burnish.
( B) Large
oval with thick
cross-section,
and
single perforation
at the
top running parallel
to the
longer
horizontal
axis
The few
loomweights
of this
type
were all found in trench H of Area A at the north end of House
IV
destroyed by
fire in Period IV.
They
were in and around the
storage
bin
(fig. 62)
in the
corner of the
house;
one was recovered from inside the smashed
jar
1
184
which was in the bin. It
is difficult to see how the corner with the
storage
bin could have been
occupied by
a loom like the
one of which traces were noted at
Troy (Troy
i
350
f.
figs. 333-4, 461:
late
Troy II). Possibly
the
weights
were
resting
on a wooden lid
covering
the
bin,
or on a shelf or
sleeping platform
above it.
Fragments
of six
loomweights,
or of seven at the
most,
were noted. All were
large, measuring
between
13
and
14
in
length,
and made of coarse
gritty clay. They
were
very fragile, perhaps
because the
clay
was
unbaked,
and
only
hardened to some
degree by
the fire which
destroyed
the
house.
Similar
loomweights
from
Troy appear
to have been made of unbaked
clay (Troy
i
338 fig.
369).
These are described as
being
of flattened
pear shape,
wider at the
top,
and with the
perforation running parallel
to the
longer
horizontal axis as in our
type (B) loomweights.
It was
observed that the
type
seemed to be
peculiar
to
Troy,
no
parallels
from other sites
having
been
noted. Such
loomweights
were attested in the
Early Subperiod
of
Troy I,
became
very
common
in
Troy II,
and remained the
prevailing type
in
Troy III; they
were less in evidence in
Troy IV,
when a
type
akin to our
type (C) began
to be more
common;
but the
only loomweight
from
Troy
V is of this
type (Troy
ii
15, 74, 115 f., 169, 233,
261
figs. 53, 55, 150: 37.87 (Troy IV), 236:
37.135).
The
examples
from
Troy
III-V seem to be somewhat
sharp-edged
with a
subrectangular
rather than rounded oval cross-section
(cf.
Ilios
559
f. no.
1203).
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4. CLAY
(LOOMWEIGHTS)
633
27. (A,
R
against
wall of house in bin in
26,
Period
IV) (plate 132) Complete.
L.
13.
Coarse
gritty orange-brown
clay.
(C) Oval,
with thin
cross-section,
and
single perforation
at the
top through
the shorter
horizontal
axis
The
only example
of this
type
from
Emporio
comes from a level of Period II. At
Troy
such
loomweights
occurred
alongside
ones of
type (B)
in
Troy
I- II and IV
{Troy
i
338, 104 fig.
221:
35.458;
ii
169 f., 172 fig. 150.
Cf. Thermi
163 fig. 43: 31.31,
the most common
type there,
but
circular instead of
oval).
Similar
loomweights
are found in Anatolia at the
beginning
of the
Bronze
Age
and
earlier,
and
they
continue into Middle and Late Helladic times on the Greek
mainland
(Troy
ii 1 16 with
references).
The
loomweights
from the Late Neolithic
(Gumelnija)
levels at Dikilitash in eastern Macedonia
appear
to be of this
type (BCH
xcii
(1968) 1072,
1068
fig. 5).
But in the Balkans this
type
of
loomweight
is
already
found in the Krs
(Starcevo)
horizon of
Early
Neolithic
(Kutzian,
K'fs- Kultur a
pl.
vii:
16, 17).
28.
(F,
B
io, stage 3,
Period
II) (plate 132)
L.
7.2. Light yellowish
brown
clay;
surface
rough.
(D) Circular,
with
groove for
a stick
along
the
top,
and
large
horizontal
perforation
The
only loomweight
of this
type
came from on or
immediately
below the lowest Late Bronze
Age
floor in trench B of Area F. No other
clay loomweights
were recovered from Late Bronze
Age
or
Mycenaean
levels at
Emporio apart
from this. Two similar
loomweights
from the Harbour
Sanctuary
were
assigned by
Boardman to the
early
Iron
Age [Greek
Emporio 234
f.
fig. 156: 515,
516).
If
they
are of this date and not Late Bronze
Age strays they
would
appear
to reflect the
survival in Chios of this distinctive Bronze
Age type making
it ancestral to the disc
weight
common later.
Loomweights
of similar
type
are characteristic of Late
Troy
VI
( Troy
iii
9, 31.
Cf. SS
295
no.
8147.
Tul
399 fig. 391).
The
type
was
probably
derived from
Crete,
where it was standard from
Early
Minoan times onwards
(e.g. Myrtos 212,
220
f., 243 fig. 96, assigned
to E.M. II. BSA xxx
(1928-30) 73 pl.
xiitf:
27 (PMiw 71 fig. 51: 27),fromaM.M.
I A house below the West Court at
Knossos).
The
loomweights
from the
Loomweight
Basement
assigned by
Evans to the end of
Middle Minoan II were
evidently
of this
type (PM'' 253);
but at Knossos at
any
rate it
appears
to
have been
superseded by
a
globular type
towards the close of the Middle Minoan
period.
At
other Cretan
sites, however,
such as
Palaikastro,
the earlier flat
type
of
loomweight persisted
in
use until the end of Late Minoan I if not into Late Minoan III times
(BSA
lx
(1965) 304 fig. 19
nos.
27-36.
Cf. BSA xl
(1939-40) 47
f.
fig. 34).
Other
examples,
some of which
may
date from
L.M.
I,
are
published
from Gournia
(Gournia 32 pl.
iii: C
9, 10),
Mallia
(tudes
Cretoises iv
(1936)
37 pl.
xviii:
g-j), andTylissos (Etudes
Cretoises ii
(1934) 105 pl.
xxx: 1
,
which shows how
they
were
attached to a
stick,
but this should be horizontal at the bottom of the
warp,
whose threads were
tied to
it).
Outside Crete
loomweights
of this
type
were still current in some areas in the Late Bronze
Age.
Such
loomweights
were
evidently
in
general
use at Kastri on
Kythera
in Middle Minoan
III B-Late Minoan
I,
and at Akrotiri on Thera at the time of the abandonment of the settlement
therein Late Minoean I A before the
eruption (Kythera
206
f., 217
f.
pls. 59:
1
1-16;
60:
17, 156 a,
b, 374
c. Thera i 21 f.
fig. 22;
ii
47 pl. 39).
There are also
loomweights
of this
type
from Cos
(Cos
279 fig. 240).
29. (F,
B
?7, stage ?6A) (plate 132) Complete.
Diam.
7.5. Light orange-brown clay.
Anchor ornaments
(?)
The
fragments
of
pottery 1709, 1710,
from levels of Period
II,
with a
single perforation
made
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634 III. EMPORIO
before
firing, might belong
to 'anchor ornaments' on the
analogy
of Poliochni i
657 pl.
clxvii:
3-5.
But no other bits attributable to these were
recognised
at
Emporio.
Sherds used as rubbers
A certain number of sherds from vases had worn
edges
and
appeared
to have been used as
rubbers like AG
4
and
78
from the earlier horizon of material at
Ayio
Gala
(cf. Kephala 9).
Some
worn
sherds, however,
had
evidently
been
brought along
with
pebbles
from the beaches or
stream beds in the area. This was the case with the
many
worn sherds recovered from the
pebble-filled
channels under the floor of the
presumed granary
of
stage
6 in Area B.
Discs cut from sherds
30-41 (plate 132)
There were two varieties of these:
(A) Unperforated, (B)
Perforated with a
single
hole
through
the centre. Out of more than
seventy
such discs
noted,
some
twenty
were as
(A) unperforated,
the
rest,
more than
fifty
in
number,
had a hole
through
the centre as
(B)
. The
unperforated
discs
were
mostly
between
4-5
in
diameter,
with an outside
range
of between 2.2 and
7.5.
Those with a
hole
through
the centre varied more in
diameter,
most
falling
between c.
2.5-7.5,
but one small
example being only
1.8
across,
and four
having
diameters of as much as
8, 10,
and 1 1.
Two
unperforated
discs were recovered from levels of Period
IX,
and others were
assignable
to
VII/VI, VI/V,
and
IV;
but
only
one was
recognised
from a
deposit
of II. In contrast to
this,
discs with a hole
through
them were most
abundantly represented
in Period
II, and,
while
relatively
common in levels of
VI-IV,
were not attested before VII.
Both
unperforated
discs and those with holes
through
them were cut from vases of all
fabrics,
including comparatively
thin-walled vessels of fine ware and thick-walled
jars
of coarse ware.
Sherds with incised
decoration, however,
seem to have been
avoided,
doubtless because the
incisions
might produce
lines of weakness
along
which the sherd would break when cut or bored.
The discs were sometimes true circles with
neatly
trimmed
edges;
but the
shapes
were often
irregular
and the
edges jagged
and uneven. In the case of at least two of the
unperforated
discs
the
edges
had been worn
by rubbing.
These discs
may
have been sherds of circular
shape
used as
rubbers;
but four or five of the discs with holes also had their
edges
rubbed smooth.
The considerable
range
in the size of the
discs, especially
of the more numerous class
(B)
with
holes, suggests
that
they
were
prepared
for a
variety
of uses. Some of the
unperforated
ones,
for
instance, may
have been
employed
as
counters,
some of those with holes as
spindle
whorls. The
larger
discs of both classes
(A)
and
(B) might
have served as
stoppers
or vase lids.
Discs cut from
sherds,
with or without
holes,
have a wide distribution in time and
place.
Discs
with and without holes were recovered from
Saliagos (Saliagos 70 figs. 84, 85).
On the Greek
mainland
perforated
discs are
assignable
to all
periods
of the Bronze
Age
and earlier
( Troy
i
49
f.
with
references).
Perforated discs cut from black burnished ware were recovered from Late
Neolithic contexts at Corinth
(Hesperia
xlviii
(1978) 426). Many
sherd discs are
reported
from
the
Early
Neolithic at Servia in western Macedonia
(Servia
1
95)
. Discs without holes occur in the
Protosesklo and Presesklo horizons of the
Early
Neolithic in
Thessaly (Otzaki-magula
i
59). They
were also noted from the earliest level
(Phase
I A 1
)
at Kum
Tepe
in the Troad
(Kum Tepe 323)
.
The
range
of
perforated
discs
(class B)
at
Troy
is
interesting. They
occurred in the
Early
and
Middle
Subperiods
of
Troy
I
(Troy
i
49 f., 96, 105, 114, 143 figs. 221, 237, 242).
Schliemann
reports large
numbers from Cities I-V
(Ilios 231, 422);
but none is illustrated or recorded
by
the
American excavators from
Troy
II-
III, although
there are several from
Troy
I V-V
( Troy
ii 1
50,
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4. WHORLS 635
171,
188
fig. 151; 269, 281, 285 fig. 236),
and some from
Early
VI
[Troy
iii
125, 173 fig. 352
no.
15).
(A) Unperforated
discs
30. {A, Q 156,
Period
IX) (plate 132)
Diam. c.
5.
Dark
grey clay;
surfaces red.
31. (A,
G
154,
Period
IX) (plate 132)
Diam. c. 6. Reddish brown
clay.
32. [A,
H
92,
Periods
VI/V) (plate 132)
Diam.
5.
Red
clay;
outer surface
light
brown.
33. [A,
R
59,
Period
V) (plate 132)
Diam.
2.5. Grey clay;
outer surface with an
orange-brown slip,
burnished.
34. [A,
H wall
26,
Period
V) (plate 132)
Diam. 6.8. Coarse black
clay;
surfaces
purplish
and
orange-brown.
35. [A, Qwall 53,
Period
III) (plate 132)
Diam.
5.
Coarse black
clay;
surfaces
light
brown.
(B)
Discs with holes
through
the centre
36. [A,
G
122,
Period
VII) (plate 132)
Diam. c.
4.5.
Black
clay;
surfaces dark
grey-brown,
burnished.
37. {A,
G 1
22,
Period
VII) (plate
i
32)
Inner side with hole
begun
but not
completed.
Diam.
4.
Black
clay
with white
grit;
outer surface
light brown,
inside red.
38. (A,
G
93,
Period
VI) (plate 132)
Diam. 6. Coarse black
clay;
surfaces red.
39. (A,
H
26,
Period
IV) (plate 132)
Diam. c.
3.5.
Dark brown
clay;
surfaces
brown,
burnished.
40. (A, Qstone
fill behind wall
53,
Period
III) (plate 132)
Hole
begun
but not
completed.
Diam.
4.5. Grey-brown
clay;
outside surface smoothed.
41. (B, C/D 9, stage 7,
Period II:
early phase) (plate 132)
Diam. 11. Coarse red
clay.
(2)
Whorls
WHORL
1-56 (figs. 286-9.
plate
133)
The
majority
of these were made of
clay,
but thirteen out of a total of one hundred and
fifty-one
were of stone. Most had diameters
ranging
between
2.5
and
5,
but a few were less than
2.5
and
one or two more than
5
in diameter. In several instances the hole
through
the centre
tapered,
as if
made
by
or
designed
to fit a
tapered stick;
and most of these
objects,
whether of stone or
clay,
were no doubt
employed
as
spindle
whorls. A
copper spindle
with
clay
whorl in
position
has been
found at
Karata^ Semayk
in
Lycia (AJAlxxiii (1969) pl. 74 fig. 23.
Cf.
Ptrie,
Tools and
Weapons
53 pl.
lxvi. Kish i
pl.
xviii:
2).
But some of the
smaller, notably
the stone whorls of
type 1, may
have been used as beads.
Whorls of
any
kind were
very
rare at
Emporio
before Period IV. One of stone
(11)
came from
a level of
IX,
but the earliest
clay
whorls from stratified contexts were one
(6)
from
VIII,
and
another
(41)
from VI. A similar situation has been noted elsewhere in Greece
according
to
Jacobsen,
who
reports
that in the Franchthi Cave
clay spindle
whorls are first attested in the
Middle
Neolithic,
but are rare before the later
stages
of the Late Neolithic and the Final
Neolithic which succeeds it
{Hesperia
xlii
(1973) 276 f.). Clay
whorls were
similarly
rare in the
Late Chalcolithic
(pre-Troy I)
levels at
Beycesultan {Beycesultan
i
277).
This does not
necessarily
mean that
spinning
was little
practised,
since
spindle
whorls could have been made of some
perishable
material like wood. Wooden
spindle
whorls in
shape
like our
type 4
are in use in Chios
today.
Some of the
clay
whorls from
Emporio
were of
fine,
others of coarse fabric. Most of them had
burnished
surfaces, except
in the case of those
assignable
to the
Mycenaean period,
when
surfaces were
normally
it seems unburnished.
Incised or
punctuated
decoration occurred on sixteen
whorls, nearly
10
per
cent of the total
recovered. One of these was the
Mycenaean
stone whorl
53
of
type
20.
Apart
from this and one
clay
whorl
(47)
of
type 15,
decoration was confined to
clay
whorls of the common
types 9
and
10;
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fig. 286. Whorls.
636 III. EMPORIO
Period X IX Vili VII VI V IV III II I MBA MYC PBA US Total
Group
A
Type
i
-i-(0 (0 3
i
5 (2)
2 1 1
3
1
1
4
1
2(1)
1
1(1) 5 (2)

5
1 1
Group
B
Type
6
(1) 1(1)
1 2
(2)
7
?i 1

8 ?i 1
Group
C
9 plain -2-1-1-8(1)2
18
9 4 3 5 53 (0
9
decorated -i-
41
1
4
11
io
plain
122 16
io decorated -1-1 1
3
11 ?i 1 1-1- 1 1 6
12 ?i
113
13
1 ?i 2 2 6
Group
D
Type 14 1326
15
i
4 4 5 14
16
325
12
i i
Group
E
Type
18 11
19 ?(i) i(3)
1
(0
2
(5)
20 1 1

21 1
1(1)
1
3 (0
Total i i
1-3-3-3-5
2
33-1-19
28
14 27 138 (13)
The numbers in brackets are of stone whorls.
one in six of those of
type 9,
one in three of
type 10,
were decorated. In several instances traces of
white fill were
preserved
in the decoration.
Two decorated whorls were recovered from levels of Periods V and
IV;
but decoration
appeared
to flourish most in Period
II, equated
with the end of
Troy
I or
early Troy
II. At
Troy
itself decorated whorls were
comparatively
rare in
Troy I,
became more common in
Troy
II-
III,
and
eventually
outnumbered
plain
ones in
Troy IV-V;
but
they suddenly grew
rare
again
in
Troy
VI.
Similarly
at Poliochni incised decoration was
virtually
unknown on whorls of
the Blue
period,
rare on those of the
Red,
but
very
common on ones of the Yellow
contemporary
with
Troy
II
(Poliochni
ii
280)
. At Thermi on the other hand most of the decorated whorls came
from Towns I-
III,
and while
they
occurred in Town
IV, they
had
virtually disappeared
in V.
On the Greek mainland whorls with incised decoration seem to be confined to the Middle
Helladic
period, Early
Helladic whorls
being plain
and undecorated
(Eutresis 192 fig. 265, 198
pl.
xix. The
plain
whorls are all classified as 'Loom
Weights',
but in size and
shape they
are
comparable
with
spindle
whorls from
Troy
and
Emporio etc.).
The
designs
on the
Emporio
whorls are
mostly simple.
Punctuated dots
appear
in horizontal
or vertical rows. Orice
(24) very
fine dots are used as a fill. Linear decoration includes
chevrons,
zigzags (combined
with rows of dots on
36),
and
irregular patterns (e.g. 25, 35).
The
cross-hatched
triangles
on
32
of
type 9
are
exceptional,
as is the rosette-like
design
on
top
of
47.
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4. WHORLS 637
Enormous
quantities
of
clay
whorls were recovered in the successive excavations at
Troy.
Those from the old excavations were
typed by Drpfeld
and later
by
Schmidt. The
system
of
classification
adopted
here is based
upon
that used
by Biegen
for the whorls from the later
excavations
(see esp. Troy
i
29, 49;
ii
305
Table
27).
While the
shapes
of the
Emporio
whorls
correspond
in a
general way
to those found at
Troy,
there
appear
to be certain local variations.
Thus whorls of
Group C,
with
countersinking
at the
top (as Troy type
1
7)
instead of at both
top
and
bottom,
were not
recognised
at
Emporio, although they
were not uncommon in the horizon
of
Troy
II-V.
The whorls have been classified under 21
types
divided between five
Groups (A-E).
The
corresponding Trojan types
on the
systems
of
Biegen, Schmidt,
and
Drpfeld,
are
given
where
they
can be
distinguished. Troy
refers to
Troy
i
29 fig.
1
28,
SS to SS
204-8,
Tulio Tul
4.24. fig. 455.
Stone whorls are marked with an asterisk
(*)
Group
A.
Spherical
and
hemispherical
Type
1.
Spherical
and flattened
spherical (Cf. Troy,
1.
SS,
B and F.
Tul,
h and
k.)
*i.
(A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 133)
Diam.
3.
Dark bluish
grey serpentine.
*2.
(A,
R
50,
Period
V) (plate 133)
Diam.
2.4.
Dark
grey serpentine
mottled with white.
3. (F,
D Roman
level) (plate 133)
Period uncertain. Diam.
2.7.
Dark
grey clay
with fine
grit;
surface brown
shading
to
black,
burnished.
Type
2.
Lengthened spherical (Cf. Troy,
2.
SS, B.)
4. (A,
H
76,
Period
V) (plate 133)
Diam. c.
3.5.
Black
clay;
surface dark
grey
to brown.
Type j.
As
type 2,
but with countersunk ends
(Cf. SS,
B
4.)
5. (F,
S
13, stage 1,
Period
?IV) (plate 133)
Diam.
3.5.
Dark
grey clay.
Type 4. Hemispherical
and flattened
hemispherical (Cf. Troy, 4. SS,
A.
Tul, o.)
6.
(A, Q148,
Period
VIII) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.4.
Dark brown
clay;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
Cf. AG
311,
from the Lower Cave at
Ayio Gala;
the
only spindle
whorl recovered there.
7. (F,
B
10, stage 3,
Period II:
classic) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.4.
Brown
clay;
surface burnished.
8.
(F,
D
?4, stages 6/8, Mycenaean) (plate 133)
Diam.
5.5.
Dark brown
clay;
surface
light
brown
shading
to
black,
burnished.
*g. (A, G/H cleaning
stones of
well) Probably
Periods IV-II. Diam.
3.7. Purplish
red micaceous stone.
Type 5.
As
type 4,
but with countersunk
top (Cf. SS,
A
2.)
10.
(A, unstratified) (plate 133)
Period uncertain. Diam.
3.5.
Reddish
clay;
surface
shading
to
grey,
worn.
Group
B.
Cylindrical
Type
6. Flat
(Cf. Troy, 3.)
*i 1.
(A,
G
153,
Period
IX) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.1. Light brown, very
micaceous stone.
*I2.
(F,
B
10, stage 3,
Period II:
classic)
Diam.
5.
Stone as 1 1.
13. (F,
B
10, stage 3,
Period II:
classic) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.2.
Black
clay;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
Type 7.
Thin
cylindrical (Cf. Troy, 8.)
14. (F,
D
(West) 6, stage 4,
Period
I) (plate 133)
Diam.
5.5.
Dark brown
clay;
surface
light brown,
burnished.
Type
8. Thick
cylindrical (Cf. Troy,
6.
SS,
G b.
Tul,
i.
15. (F,
F
4/5 Deposit A,
?room
V, stage 4,
Period
I) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.7.
Coarse dark brown
clay;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
Group
C.
Biconical,
with
ridge
at centre
Type g
. With
straight
sides
(Cf. Troy, 15. SS,
D a and D
2,
a.
Tul, m.)
16.
{A,
R
26,
Period
IV)
Diam.
4.3.
Dark brown
clay;
surface burnished.
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fig.
287. Types
of whorls. Scale
1/2.
The small numbers refer to the
Catalogue
638 III. EMPORIO
1 2 3 4
9
6 7 8
5
x////> <<///A
i(///A Y///A f//' Y//X *%ffiwd
^^^13
14
Wi5
9 10 11 12
14 15 16 17
^_^41
VI P7 A3 'd f^4R
21
18 19 20 ,_^,
VSS
,_^,
r/si
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fig. 288. Decorated
clay
whorls. Scale
1/2.
4. WHORLS
639
17. (A,
X
60/40/25,
Periods
V/IV)
Diam.
2.5. Light
brown to black
clay;
surface burnished.
18.
(A,
G
25,
Period
IV) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.8.
Black
clay;
surface brown to
black,
burnished.
19. (A,
X
5,
Period
II) (plate 133)
Diam.
3.4.
Brown
clay;
surface
red-brown,
with fine burnish.
20.
(C. /,
AA
1, stage 4,
Period II and
later) Probably
Period II. Diam.
3.1. Gritty grey clay;
no
sign
of burnish.
21.
(F,
B under wall
22, stage 4,
Period
I) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.
Surface
greyish brown,
burnished.
Decorated whorls
of type g
22.
(C. /,
FF
13, stage 1,
Period
IV)
Diam.
4.3. Gritty
black
clay;
surface brown to
black,
burnished. Pair of incised
horizontal
zigzags,
cf.
36, 37;
traces of white fill.
23. (F,
B
12, stage 2,
Period II:
early phase (?)) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.6.
Black
clay;
surface
brown,
burnished. Pair of
horizontal rows of
exceptionally large punctuations.
Cf. Mer sin
103 fig. 60, assigned
to Level XIX or XVIII. Gawra ii 168
pl.
lxxxv: 10
(Stratum XII).
24. (A,
R
7a
and
1,
Period II
(?)) Fragment.
Diam. c.
3.4.
Dark brown
clay;
surface red to brown. The
top part
apparently quartered by
incised
lines,
alternate
quarters being
filled with
punctuations.
25. (C. /,
AA
?8, stage 3,
Period II:
classic)
Diam.
4.
Dark
grey clay.
The
top part
with an incised horizontal hatched
line.
26.
(A, Q7,
Period
II) (plate 133) Fragment.
Diam. c.
4.3. Light
brown to reddish
clay,
with
good
burnish. Four
sets of incised
multiple
chevrons
making
diamond
patterns;
traces of white fill.
Cf. Tul
424 pl. 47,
b
(SS
no.
4524).
27. (F,
B
8, stage 4,
Period
I) (plate 133)
Diam. 2.2. Black
clay;
surface
brown,
burnished. Vertical incised lines on
top
and
bottom; possible
traces of white fill.
28.
(D,
trial south of
Q, surface) (plate 133)
From a
dominantly Mycenaean deposit.
Diam.
2.5.
Surface
light
to
dark
brown,
without
any
trace of burnish. Two horizontal rows of
punctuations
on
top
and bottom.
Cf. DS
344 pl. 44: 14.
29. (F,
A
(B 2?), stage 7?) (plate 133)
From a
Mycenaean
level. Diam.
3.2.
Surface
black,
burnished. Three
horizontal rows of
punctuations,
two on
top
and one on bottom.
_
1 26
32
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640 III. EMPORIO
30. (F,
D i
, stages 7/8)
From a
Mycenaean level,
but of uncertain date.
Fragment.
Black
clay;
surface brown to
grey,
without
any
trace of burnish.
Row(s)
of vertical
punctuations.
Cf.
Troy
i
50, 85,
102
figs. 221,
222:
36.277 (Troy
I
a), 35.182 (Troy
I
c).
Tarsus ii
334
no.
87.
Gawran 168
pl.
lxxxv: 12
(Stratum XII). Byblosv pl.
cxvii
(Late Neolithic).
Annuario'-''
(1972-73) 91
f.
fig. 78: 15,
from Phaistos
(Neolithic).
31. {A, unstratified) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.8. Grey clay;
surface worn. Elaborate scheme of decoration
composed
of
short
jabs;
white fill
very
well
preserved.
32. (F,
A
surface) (plate 133)
Diam. 2.8. Surface dark
brown,
without
any
burnish.
Top
with four cross-hatched
triangles;
bottom with four horizontal
grooves;
traces of white fill.
Cf. Eutresis
199 pl.
xix no. 10
(M.H.):
similar in
shape,
with horizontal
grooves,
but
top plain.
Type
10. As
type 9,
but with countersunk ends
(Cf. SS,
D
5,
a.
Tul, c.)
33. (C. /,
LL wall
io,
Period
II)
Diam. c.
4.4.
Black
clay;
surface dark
grey,
burnished.
34. (F,
B
8, stage 4,
Period
I)
Diam. 2.6. Dark
grey-brown clay;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
Decorated whorls
of type
10
35. (A,
X
77,
Period
V) Fragment.
Surface
brown, apparently
burnished.
Irregular zigzag design
incised on
top
and
bottom.
36. (A,
H
26,
Period
IV) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.
Dark red-brown
clay;
surface
reddish,
burnished. Incised horizontal
zigzags
as on
22,
but flanked
by
rows of dots at
top
and
bottom;
white fill.
37. (A,
X
15-13, 7,
Period
II) (plate 133)
Diam. c.
4.5.
Black
clay;
surface black to
brown,
burnished. Incised
horizontal
zigzags
as on 22.
Cf. Thermi
163 fig. 47:
10.
Type
//.As
type 9,
but with
markedly
convex sides
(Cf. Troy, 16.)
38. (F,
S
13, stage 1,
Period
IV) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.3.
Surface dark
brown,
burnished.
39. (C. /,
GG Hellenistic or later
deposit)
Period uncertain. Diam.
3.5.
Surface shades of red and brown.
Type
12. As
type
1
1,
but with countersunk ends
40. (F, J
Roman
level) (plate 133)
Period uncertain. Diam.
3.9.
Brown
clay;
surface worn.
Type 13.
As
type 9,
but with concave sides
41. (A, Q,
1 1
1/108,
Period
VI) (plate 133)
Diam. c.
3.4.
Black
clay;
surface
grey-brown,
burnished.
42. (A,
H
?2O,
Period
?IV)
Diam.
4.5.
Black
clay;
surface black to
light brown,
burnished.
Group
D.
Biconical,
with
ridge
above centre
Type 14.
With
straight
sides
(Cf. Troy,
21.
SS,
D
c.)
43. [D, Q7, pre-stage I) (plate 133)
Middle or Late Bronze
Age (?).
Diam.
5.3.
Dark brown
clay;
surface reddish to
brown,
burnished.
44. (F, unstratified)
Period uncertain.
Possibly
later Greek cf. Greek
Emporio 234
f.
fig. 156: 509, 510,
of
comparable
fabric.
Grey clay
with
mica;
no
signs
of burnish.
Type 15.
As
type 14,
but with countersunk
top (Cf. Troy,
22 and
23. SS,
D
4, a.)
45. (F,
D
3) Probably Mycenaean.
Diam. 2.8. Red-brown
clay;
surface burnished.
46. (F,
F 1
, stage 7) (plate
i
33) Probably Mycenaean.
Diam.
3.4. Grey-brown clay;
surface
light brown,
burnished.
Decorated whorl
of type 15
47. (F,
D
1) (plate 133) Probably Mycenaean.
Diam.
2.4. Light orange-brown clay
with
mica;
no
signs
of burnish.
Incised rosette-like
design
on
top.
Type
16. As
type 14,
but with concave sides
(Cf. Troy, 24. SS,
D
3. Tul, d)
48. (A, unstratified) (plate 133)
Diam.
3. Grey clay;
surface
black,
burnished.
Type iy.
As
type 16,
but with countersunk
top
49. (D, Q5/4, stage I, Mycenaean)
Diam. 2.8. Brown
clay;
surface
rough,
with
finger impressions.
Group
E. Conical
Type
18. With
straight
sides and rounded
top (Cf. Troy,
12.
SS,
C
1, a.)
50. (D,
trial south of
Q, surface) (plate 133)
From a
dominantly Mycenaean deposit.
Diam.
3.2.
Coarse reddish
clay;
no
signs
of burnish.
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4. WHORLS
641
Type ig.
With
straight
sides and flat
top (Cf. Troy, 9. SS,
C a.
Tul, n.)
51. (F,
D 2 below wall
41) (plate 133) Probably Mycenaean.
Diam.
2.7. Greyish
brown
serpentine
flecked with
white.
52. (F, J
Roman
level) (plate
i
33) Apparently Mycenaean.
Diam.
3.
1 . Dark
grey-brown clay;
surface
light brown,
unburnished.
Type
20. As
type 19,
but with convex sides
53. (D, Q,4, stage I, Mycenaean)
Diam.
3.4.
Reddish brown
clay;
surface
rough.
Type
21. As
type 19,
but with concave sides
54. (F,
B
8, stage 4,
Period
I) (plate 133)
Diam.
4.5.
Dark brown
clay;
surface red
shading
to
black,
burnished.
55. (F,
B Roman
level) Apparently Mycenaean.
Diam.
3.5.
Dark brown
clay;
surface
rough.
56. (F,
B
2, stage 7) (plate 133) Mycenaean.
Diam.
3. Grey
chlorite schist.
Top
and sides with scratched lines and
fine
pecks, deliberately
made but not
forming
a coherent
pattern.
Cf.
Hesperia
xliv
(
1
975)
1 20
pl. 32: f, right,
of
clay
from a Dark
Age (Myc.
Ill
C-PG)
context at Nichoria with
comparable
decoration.
The flat stone whorl 1 1 of Period IX is
interesting
for its
early
connections. Pierced stone discs of
spindle
whorl size occurred at
Jarmo
in
Mesopotamia (Jarmo 44).
A
fragment
of a flat stone
spindle
whorl was found in a late level of the Neolithic at Sukas on the
Syrian
coast
(Sukas
iii
44
f.
fig. 108).
But flat
clay
whorls occurred in the Aceramic Neolithic of
Syria
at Tell Ramad I
(Archaeology
xxiv
(1971) 280),
and some from later Neolithic levels there and at
Bougras
had
incised decoration
(AASyrxiv (1964) pl.
I A:
100pp. 122;
xiii
(1963)
206 f.
fig.
xiii:
6).
Perforated
stone discs were recovered in
large
numbers
along
with
clay
ones from Late Neolithic
deposits
at
Byblos (Byblos
v 1
64)
. Such discs were
interpreted
as
spindle
whorls at Neolithic Sotira in
Cyprus
(Sotira
202. Cf. Khirokitia
285
nos.
393, 836,
but these seem
large
for
spindle whorls)
. The earliest
spindle
whorls at Mersin were made of stone and were of a
comparable shape,
which was
eventually reproduced
there in
clay (Mersin 32 f., 52, 7
1
, 75
f.
figs.
1
8, 3
1
, 40, 47)
.
Similarly
in the
Neolithic at Knossos two
perforated
stone discs from Levels VI and V
anticipate
the first
appearance
of
clay
whorls
(some
of similar
shapes
to our
types
6 and
7)
in Levels IV and III there
(AM
lix
(1964) 233).
Tsountas noted that flat
clay
whorls were characteristic of the Thessalian
Neolithic,
but
occurred in Bronze
Age
levels
(DS 343 pl. 44:
1-1 1. Cf.
Ayia Sofia Magua pl.
18:
16, 18,
Late
Neolithic).
At Kusura in Anatolia flat
clay
whorls were characteristic of the earliest
period
(Kusura A) (Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 30 fig. 13: 1).
There are flat varieties of our
type 4 among
the
clay
whorls from the Knossos Neolithic
(BSA
lix
(1964) 233 fig. 56: 10).
But flat
hemispherical
whorls continue into the Bronze
Age
in
Crete;
some of this
shape,
made of
clay, stone,
and
ivory,
were found in the
Early
Minoan circular tomb
at Krasi
(ADelt
xii
(1929)
121 ff.
figs. 15-6
nos.
45, 48, 53).
Rather flat whorls with bevelled
edges
like 8 and
9
of
type 4
from the Kitsos cave in Attica are
made of bone and
clay
and
assignable
to the Late Neolithic
(BCH
xcviii
(1974) 744
f. Tableau 1 :
II, III).
Both flat and standard varieties of
type 4
occur in Late Neolithic contexts in
Thessaly
(e.g. Ayia Sofia Magua pl.
18:
15, 20),
and in
Early
Bronze
Age
ones in the
Cyclades (Doumas,
Burial Habits
pl.
xlvi:
f-h,
from Naxos:
Ayioi Anargyroi).
The standard
hemispherical shape
of
type 4 may
have
originated
in whorls made from the
rounded
joints
of
long
bones. There is a bone whorl of this
type
for instance from Chalcolithic
Mersin
(Mersin 159 fig. 96 right,
Level XV
B);
and
others,
apparently
made from human
bones,
from
early
levels at Alishar
(see
BONE
54)
.
Hemispherical
whorls are found in
Egypt
in the
Middle and New
Kingdoms (Ptrie,
Tools and
Weapons 53
nos.
138, 141-2).
On the Greek
mainland whorls of this
shape
are attested from the
beginning
of the
Early
Bronze
Age
if not
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642 III. EMPORIO
before
(e.g.
Eutresis:
Hesperiaxxix (i960) 142,
III.
23; 157,
VIII.
68, pl. 53.
Perachora: BSA lxiv
(1969)
68
fig. 8,
Phases Y and
Z,
called
loomweights.
Stone whorls like 1 and 2 of
type
1 have a
long history, occurring
for instance in the Neolithic
of
Cyprus {Khirokitia 284 f.).
The two whorls
14
and
15
of
types 7
and 8
apparently
came from
levels of Period
I, assignable
to the horizon of
Troy
II.
Cylindrical
whorls of this kind were at
home in the Twelfth
Dynasty
in
Egypt (Ptrie,
Tools and
Weapons 53
no.
140).
Well over half the whorls found at
Emporio (eighty-eight
out of a total of one hundred and
fifty-one) belonged
to
Group C,
and most of these were
assignable
to
type 9.
Biconical whorls
with a
ridge
at the centre like this were the commonest at
Troy throughout
the
Early
Bronze
Age
there
(Troy I-V). They
were also in evidence at Kum
Tepe
in Phase I C
contemporary
with
Troy
I
{Kum Tepe 342, 350, 354 f.).
Further east in Anatolia whorls like our
type 9
are
characteristic of E.B. 1 and
2, regarded
as
parallel
with
Troy
I- II. At
Beycesultan
such whorls
were
displaced by
other
types
at the
beginning
of E.B.
3 {Beycesultan
i
277)
. Biconical whorls akin
to
type 9
were
similarly peculiar
to Period A and the
early stages
of B at Kusura
{Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 34 fig. 13
no. 10. Cf. ibid, lxxxvii
(1937) 254).
One of
type
10 with countersunk
ends and incised decoration was found
alongside
whorls of
type 15
in
Complex
II at
Aphrodisias
{AJA
lxxiii
(1969) 58,
62 ill. 1 1
E, pl.
26
fig. 25).
Whorls of biconical
shape
occur much earlier than
this, however,
in Anatolia and elsewhere
in the Near East.
They
are
reported
from Hacilar VI
{Hacilar
i 1
64;
ii
pl. cxvii) ,
and are said to be
frequent
in the
'Early
Chalcolithic' at
Korucutepe
in the Keban dam area
{JNES
xxxii
(1973)
358). Similarly
at Mersin
they
first
appear
beside the earlier flat
types
in the
Early
Chalcolithic
Level XXII
{Mersin 75
f.
fig. 47).
Still further east at Gawra biconical
whorls, mostly
with
incised
decoration,
occur in Stratum XIII and are common in XII
contemporary
with the Uruk
period
of
Mesopotamia {Gawra
ii
168).
At
By
bios biconical
clay
whorls were at home
by
the Middle Neolithic
{By
bios v
123),
which
may correspond
to the earliest
Pottery
Neolithic of
Jericho
and to
Ugarit
V B
(ibid. 67, 89)
. The
biconical
shape
was still dominant at
Byblos
in the Late
Neolithic,
and several Late Neolithic
whorls had
simple
incised or
punctuated
decoration
(ibid. 163
f.
pl. cviii).
Biconical whorls with
incised or
punctuated
decoration are also attested at Mersin in the Middle Chalcolithic there
{Mersin 103 fig. 60; 178
f.
fig.
1 16:
5th row, left).
Mersin
103 fig.
60 with rows of
punctuation
is
reminiscent of one from
Matarrah,
where biconical whorls
vastly predominated {JNES
xi
(1952)
18
pl.
ix:
3).
On the Greek mainland
plain
biconical whorls are said to be at home in the last
stages
of the
Late Neolithic and in the
succeeding
Final Neolithic in the Franchthi Cave
{Hesperia
xlii
(1973)
276)
. But a
crudely
formed biconical whorl from Nemea is
assigned
to the
Early
Neolithic
{JVemea
272 pl. 69: 9).
Some whorls from Middle Neolithic contexts at Sesklo seem to be of biconical
shape (Theochares,
Neolithic Greece
pl. 121).
A biconical whorl is
reported
from the
Early
Neolithic at Servia
{Servia 195).
Other biconical whorls from Neolithic contexts in Greece
include one from the Skoteini Cave
(Tharounia)
in Euboia
{AAA
ix
(1976) 53
f.
fig. 11).
One
from
Doxat-Tepe
in eastern Macedonia is
assigned
to the Late Neolithic
{ADeltxxx (1975) 225,
216
fig.
6:
23).
Biconical whorls occur
alongside
ones of other
shapes
in the latest Neolithic of
Crete
(Phaistos:
Annuario 1
-
li
(1972-73) 91 fig. 78: 11, 15).
In
Macedonia, steeped
in influences from the
Trojan area,
whorls of this biconical
shape
seem to be first attested in the Late
Neolithic,
which
may overlap
with
Troy I,
but
they
were still
normal there at the end of the local Bronze
Age {PMac 78, 87, 93, 101, 108).
This is
interesting,
because biconical whorls of
primitive appearance
with burnished surfaces occur further south on
the Greek mainland
during Myc.
Ill C. Mrs. Helen
Hughes-Brock
tells me that
good parallels
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4. STONE
(VASES)
643
for the small biconical whorls 28 and
29
from
Mycenaean deposits
at
Emporio
come from
Myc.
Ill C contexts at Nichoria in the southern
Ploponnse.
There are also whorls of our
type
21
from Dark
Age (Myc.
Ill C-
Protogeometric)
contexts
there;
some of these have decoration
comparable
with that on the stone
example
of this
type (56) [Hesperia
xliv
(1975)
120
pl. 32: f,
right).
Whorls of the biconical
type
continued to be at home in later times in Greece. Several whorls
of this
type
were recovered from
deposits
of the Harbour
Sanctuary
at
Emporio [Greek Emporio
235 fig. 156: 511, 512).
Biconical
clay
whorls are also found in the Neolithic of the Balkans
(e.g.
Hbsesti
267
f.
fig.
27,
associated with others of
shapes
akin to our
types 2, 17
and 18
(ibid. fig. 28)).
Some of those
from
Anzabegovo
in
Jugoslav
Macedonia
assigned
to Anza IV
(early Vinca)
have
simple
incised
decoration
[Anza 148).
Apart
from a few
assignable
to Period I
(the
horizon of
Troy II)
all the stratified
examples
of
whorls of
Groups
D and E at
Emporio
came from Late Bronze
Age
or
Mycenaean
levels. But a
good many
of
Group D,
and some of
E,
were from mixed
deposits
in Area
F,
and some of these
may
have
belonged
to the horizon of
Troy
III-V.
Whorls of
type 14 (Troy type
2 1
)
were
very
common in
Troy VI,
and
although
some ofthat
shape
occurred earlier in
Troy II-V,
none were attested from levels of
Troy
I. Related
types
at
Beycesultan
were characteristic of E.B.
3
there.
Clay spindle
whorls of similar
shapes
are found in
early Mycenaean
contexts in the
Argolid (Wace,
Chamber Tombs 218.
Prosymna^i^);
butin
Myc.
Ill A-B
clay
whorls were
largely replaced by
stone ones of our
type
20 and other
shapes.
Whorls with a countersunk
top
like
type 15
were first attested at
Emporio
in Period I.
Conical whorls
(as
our
Group E)
with countersunk
tops
are found in
very early
contexts in the
Near East
(e.g. JJVES
xi
(1952)
18
fig. 17: 8,
from
Matarrah).
At
Troy
whorls with countersunk
tops
were characteristic of
Troy
II:
only
three whorls with
countersinking
at one end were
recovered from
Troy I,
one from the Middle
Subperiod
and two from the
Late;
but over 60 of
various
shapes
came from the horizon of
Troy
II
[Troy
i
49 types 10, 23; 217 types 10, 11, 17, 22,
23). Similarly
at Poliochni such whorls
(a
scodelletta
incavata)
are a new
type
which
suddenly
becomes
prevalent
in the Yellow
period contemporary
with
Troy
II
[Poliochni
ii
280).
At
Aphrodisias
further south in
Turkey
such whorls are described as
seeming peculiar
to
Complexes
E and I
assignable
to an advanced
phase
of E.B. Ill
[AJA
lxxv
( 197
1
) 135);
but some are
illustrated from the
preceding Complex II,
which
may
be
contemporary
with the end of
Troy
II
[AJA
lxxiii
(1969) 58,62
ill. 11:
A-C, pl.
26
figs. 24, 25, 27).
At
Bogazky
such whorls are dated
to the end of the
Early
Bronze
Age (
W.
Schirmer,
Die
Bebauung
am unteren
By'kkale- Nordwesthang
in
Bogazkqy (Berlin, 1969)) pl. 47).
At
Argissa
in
Thessaly
whorls of this
type
with countersunk
tops
do not
appear
to be attested until FThess III when some of the
pottery
is reminiscent of
Troy
II or later
[Argissa
iii
pl. 51: 22, 23).
One whorl of this
type
was recovered from an
Early
Helladic III context at Lerna
[Hesperia
xxiv
(1955) 37 pl.
22:
i).
There are some from a Middle Bronze
Age
tomb on Kea
[Hesperia
xli
(1972) 386 pl. 89,
E
42).
Such whorls are attested from
Phylakopi
on Melos
[Phylakopi 213 pl.
xxxviii:
15).
(3)
Stone
objects
STONE
1-54 (figs. 289-93.
plates
134-7)
Vases
1-5 (fig. 289.
plate
134)
Four
fragments
of white marble vases were recovered. One of these
(1)
came from a
deposit
of
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fig.
289.
WHORL
56 (scale i/i),
and stone
objects (STONE 2-6) (scale 1/2).
644 III. EMPORIO
spindle-whorl
se
L_J
^^
3
4
5
fig.
290.
Stone
objects.
Period X IX Vili VII VI V IV
JJj
I MBA MYC PBA US Total
Vases 1 1 -1- 2 5

Lamp
1
1
1
Mortars

1 2
3
6
Door sockets
4
1 5
Querns
2 -1-
172
2 10 25
Pounders:
1.
Spherical
1 121 1 1 2 9
2. Conical 1

3.
Waisted 1 1
3
2 7
Celts 1

2 1 4
Maceheads

1 ?i
2
Whetstones -i- ?i

2 1 5
Bracelets

1 1
2
"Beads


1 1
2
Pendants 1
I 1
2
Moulds -1- I 2
Discs 2 1
3
Weight
i 1
Idols 2 2 -1- -1- 22 1 1 12
Slingbolt (?)
i i
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4. STONE
(VASES)
645
Period
VIII,
another
(2)
from one of V. The marble seems to
vary
in character. The vases were
presumably imports.
The situation at
Emporio
seems to be
comparable
with that at
Tigani
in
neighbouring
Samos. Stone vases were not attested in the earliest
phase
of
occupation
revealed
by
the new
excavations
there;
but a
good many fragments
of marble vessels were recovered from later
deposits
which
may overlap
with
Emporio
VIII-VI
(Samos
xiv
130, 132
note
24, 133).
Six
fragments
of white marble
vases, apparently Cycladic imports,
were recovered at
Thermi,
five of them from
deposits
of Towns I- III
(Thermi 177).
The
only fragment
of a marble
vase from the latest excavations at
Troy
came from a level of the Middle
Subperiod
of
Troy
I
(Troy
i
46, 159 fig. 217: 38.99).
Two from Schliemann's excavations were
thought
to be
assignable
to
Troy
VI
(SS
nos.
7906-7).
But vases of white marble were in use
long
before the time of
Troy
I both in the Troad and
elsewhere in Anatolia. Thus a
fragmentary
marble bowl was found with the burial of a woman
belonging
to the earliest
phase (I
A 1
)
of
occupation
at Kum
Tepe (Kum Tepe 311,322
no. 1
39)
.
White marble bowls were recovered from Levels IV and VIA at
atal Hyk (AS
xiv
(1964)
84),
and two
pieces
of them from the aceramic settlement at Hacilar. No remains of them were
attested from Hacilar
IX-VII,
but
they
abounded in Hacilar VI and were found in levels of
V-II
although
not in those of I
(Hacilar
i
149 ff.;
ii
166-8, 439-46).
It does not seem to have been established where these
early
Anatolian stone vases were made.
In some of the
Cycladic
islands a
flourishing
manufacture of stone
vases, mostly
of white
marble,
is attested at the
beginning
of the local Bronze
Age.
This island
industry may
have
begun
in
Neolithic
times;
but the evidence for it is so far
curiously
thin.
Doumas,
Burial Habits
16,
indeed
says
that marble vases do not
appear
in the earliest
stage
of
Early Cycladic
I.
Only
two
fragments
of white marble vases were recovered from
Saliagos (Saliagos 65 fig.
22
pl.
xiv:
3).
In Crete there
appears
to be no evidence for the manufacture of stone vases of
any
kind before the
Early
Bronze
Age.
The few stone vases from
Early
Helladic contexts on the Greek mainland seem to be
imports, except perhaps
at
Ayios
Kosmas on the coast of Attica where marble
cups
and bowls of
Cycladic types may
have been manufactured for local use
(Ayios
Kosmas
187
s.v.
marble).
Fragments
of stone vases are not
uncommon, however,
on Neolithic sites on the
mainland,
and
they
seem to have been made at various centres there. Thus marble vases were much in
evidence at the
Early
Neolithic site I
by
Lake Nesson in
Thessaly;
some of these were made of the
local
green marble,
but others were of white marble
(
Thessalika iv
(1962) 80)
.
Fragments
of white
marble vases have been recovered from other Neolithic sites in
Thessaly
and elsewhere on the
mainland. Two from Gentiki were
assigned by
Theochares to the
Early Pottery (E.N. I) phase
immediately succeeding
the Preceramic
(Thessalika
iv
(1962) 75 pl.
viii:
1).
White marble bowls
were
abundantly represented
in the Protosesklo
(E.N. II)
horizon at
Argissa according
to
Milojcic, Ergebnisse 9.
One from a level
assignable
to Protosesklo at Sesklo was
unfinished,
as if it
were
being
made there
(Ergon 1963, 29
f.
fig. 35.
PAE
1963, 41 pl. 30).
White marble bowls were common in levels of the earlier Neolithic at Nea Makri on the east
coast of Attica
(PAE 1954,
120. Nea Makri
24 f., 26). Fragments
of vases that
appear
to be made
of white marble have been
reported
from Middle Neolithic levels in the Franchthi cave
(Hesperia
xxxviii
(
1
969) 37
1
pl. 98, c) ;
a miniature footed bowl of marble is said to have been found with an
Early
Neolithic infant burial there
(AR
1
973-74, 13).
There is a
fragment
of a marble bowl from
Late Neolithic
Akropotamos
in eastern Macedonia
(A JA
xiv
(
1
94
1
) 565)
. A white marble bowl
fragment
came from the
top
soil at Elateia
(Elateia 204 pl. 69, g: 1).
Vessels were
being
fashioned out of white stone of one kind or another from
very early
times
in the Near East. White stone bowls
appear
in the Aceramic Neolithic of
Syria
and
may
have
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646 III. EMPORIO
been imitated in the artificial white
plaster
ware which
preceded
the
making
of
pottery
in that
region (AASyr
xiii
(1963) 182,
206 f.
fig.
xiii:
2, 3;
xiv
(1964) 127. Archaeology
xxiv
(1971 )
280.
Mellaart,
Neolithic Near East 62
f.).
1.
[A, Q, 145,
Period
VIII) Fragment, roughly rectangular, measuring 4x2x0.2
thick.
Perhaps
from a
straight-sided cylindrical pyxis,
cf.
Warren,
MSV ^2 P
458, 459,
with references. White to brownish marble with
very
fine
crystals.
The ends are worn
smooth,
as if the
fragment
had been used as a rubber.
2.
(i4,
R
59,
Period
V) Fragment 5
x
3
x 0.8 thick. White marble with
large crystals.
3. (Z), Q,?7, pre-stage I?)
Rim of bowl. Veined white marble with
fairly large crystals.
4. (F,
D
1, Mycenaean) (plate 134)
Foot.
Greyish
white marble.
Many Cycladic
marble vases of the
Early
Bronze
Age
have feet like
4.
Two
fragments
of marble
pedestal
feet of
this kind were found at Corinth in levels
assigned
to the Late Neolithic
(Walker Kosmopoulos,
Corinth 62
fig. 46,
Periods III and
IV).
The
fragment 5
comes from a
compartmented
dish of some kind. It seems to be made of
stone,
not
clay, although
it is
very light
in
weight.
The
boat-shaped clay
dish from
Tsangli
offers a
vague
parallel (PThess
1
13 fig. 74:
c. N.I.
Giannopulos,
AM xxxv
(1910) 63,
60
fig. 3). Compare
also
some
Early Cycladic clay
boxes illustrated
by Doumas,
Burial Habits
pl.
xlvii:
a,
from Naxos:
Ayioi Anargyroi.
5. (A, Q21 by
wall
22,
Periods
IV/III) (plate 134) Soft, black, flaky
stone
(?),
with white inclusions.
Very light
in
weight.
Lamp
6
(fig. 289)
Part of a stone
lamp
was recovered from the area of the Greek
Temple.
It was
clearly
of Bronze
Age
date and
may
have been
imported
from
Crete,
where
plain
undecorated
lamps
of this
type
were made in Middle Minoan Ill-Late Minoan I times
(Warren,
MSV
52 f.). Lamps
of this
Cretan
type
have been recovered from
Mycenaean
contexts on the Greek mainland and in the
islands
(e.g.
Cos
273
f.
fig. 229).
A similar but more elaborate
type
of stone
lamp
was found at
Troy {Troy
iii
17, 230 fig. 298: 38.116. Warren,
MSV
55).
6.
{Temple Area,
trench
F) Fragment
of
lamp. Blue-grey
marble.
Mortars and door sockets
7-1
1
(fig. 291.
plate
135)
Mortars like saddle
querns (12, 13)
were
normally
made of
hard, coarse, gritty stone, perhaps
of
local volcanic
origin.
One
fragment (7)
came from a mortar of
rectangular shape;
both the
shape
and the material of this were
exceptional.
The other mortars noted were more or less
circular,
but often had one side
projecting
in a
rough triangle. Anyone kneeling
down to use the mortar
could have
clasped
this
triangular projection
between their knees to
steady
it. Most of the
mortars came from the
Acropolis (Area F) ,
but the
only
two from a datable context there were in
levels of Period
I, assignable
to the horizon of
Troy
II. One of these was found
upside
down.
Another mortar was
similarly
found
upside
down on the floor of the
fire-destroyed
Period IV
House IV in Area A. No doubt mortars were
placed
this
way
when not in use to
keep
dirt from
settling
in them. In some cases
(e.g. 9)
holes had been worn in the bottoms of mortars
(cf.
PThess
121).
Mortars have a
long history
in this
part
of the world.
They
were common in Periods II- III at
Neolithic Khirokitia in
Cyprus (Khirokitia 259 f.),
and are well
represented
in the Neolithic of
Knossos,
where
they appear
to be
mostly
oval in
shape (BSA
lix
(
1
964) 23
1
fig. 53)
.
They
are also
attested at
Saliagos (Saliagos 71)
and in
Thessaly
in the Neolithic there
(PThess 72, 121, 191, fig.
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fig.
291.
Stone
objects (STONE 7-10, 16).
Scale
1/4.
4. STONE
(MORTARS)
647
7

'
-
"
8 JL
^*****^^
g
70. Zervos,
JViaw ii
pl. 478).
Mortars seem to be common at Poliochni from the Blue
period
onwards,
but one
exceptionally regular
in
shape
is illustrated from the Black
period,
which
should be
contemporary
with
Emporio
VII-VI
(Poliochni
i
547, 610, 675, pls.
iii: c
(Black
period),
civ: 1-6
(Blue period),
clxxxviii:
1-7 (Green
and Red
periods).
A few mortars are
recorded from
Troy
I- III
(Troy
i 1 1
1, 114 fig.
218: I
1,13 (Troy I); 352 fig. 363:
E 6.
65 (Troy
II). Troy
ii
39, 70, 84 f., fig. 49 (Troy III).
Cf.
Phylakopi 199
f.
fig. 173. Aspripetra
282
figs. 65-8,
from the
Aspripetra
cave on
Cos)
.
Stones with circular hollows like those of mortars but
only
c. 8-10 across
might
have been
door sockets. These were common at Thermi
(Thermi
8 with
references),
and
throughout
the
Bronze
Age
at
Troy ( Troy
i-iii index s.v.
pivot
stone. Cf. SS
306
nos.
9267-8
1
)
.
They
occur in the
Bronze
Age
in Crete and on the Greek
mainland,
but on the mainland
they
are
already
attested
it seems in the
Early
Neolithic
(e.g.
Elateia 166. Cf. PThess
72)
. One hollowed stone from
Saliagos
may
have been a door socket rather than a mortar
(Saliagos 71 fig. 90: 4).
Five stones of this
type
were found at
Emporio.
None of them was noted in a clear association
with a
door,
but the small size of the hollows and the character of the stones of which
they
were
made
suggest
that
they
were not mortars.
7. {A, unstmified) (plate
i
35)
Period unknown. Corner of a
rectangular
mortar.
Gritty greenish stone,
rather
light
in
weight;
surface much
pitted.
Cf.
Phylakopi fig.
1
73,
bottom left.
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648 III. EMPORIO
8.
(F,
S
?7, stage ?6) (plate 135) Possibly
Period I rather than later. Mortar with
projection
for knees to
clasp.
Grinding
hollow
(diam.
1
7)
with hole worn
through
bottom. Hard
gritty purple
stone.
9. (F, unstratified) (plate 135)
Period unknown.
Mortar,
as 8.
10.
(F,
F
5,
floor of room
V, stage 4,
Period
I) (plate
i
35)
Found above floor in trench F
against
wall 20 near corner
with wall 2 1 . The hollow is
only
c.
8.5
in
diameter, suggestive
of a door
socket,
but no door was noted in the area.
Hard
greenish grey stone;
surface much
pitted.
11.
(F, unstratified) (plate
i
35)
Period unknown. Door socket
(?)
Hollow 8 in diameter.
Dirty
white to reddish stone.
Saddle
Querns 12-13 (plate 135)
These were flat or
saddle-shaped
on the
upper grinding
surface.
Querns
of this kind were
recovered from levels of all
periods
from VIII onwards. A wide
variety
of stones was used for
querns,
but most were made of hard
igneous rock, probably
of local volcanic
origin (cf. Troy
i
46)
. About
25 per
cent were of a distinctive hard
gritty stone,
much
pocked,
and
greyish green
or
purple
in
colour;
similar stone was used for the mortars
8-10,
and for some
pounders
like 16.
Querns
or
fragments
of them were sometimes
incorporated
in house walls
(e.g. 12).
12.
{A,
G wall
12,
Period
VIII) (plate 135) Length 34.
Whitish
conglomerate
with
pebbles
of all colours in it.
13. (F,
B
10, stage 3,
Period
II) (plate 135) Length 31.
Green stone with fine
grit dominantly
white and black
in colour.
Pounders and rubbers
14-21 (figs. 291-2.
plate
134)
Three varieties of these could be
distinguished: (1) Roughly spherical
or
cubical; (2)
Tall
conical; (3)
Waisted.
(1) Roughly spherical
or cubical
(P.M. Warren,
BSA lx
(1965) 310
f.:
Group I)
Pounders and
rubbers of this
shape
are common in
early
times
throughout
the
Aegean
area.
They
are small
enough (measuring
between
5-7 across)
to hold in the
hand; they
are
characteristically
made of
hard
stones,
and
usually
show clear traces of wear. One standard use for them was no doubt as
rubbers on
querns,
as shown in
Troy
i
pl. 363:
E
6.61, 86,
62. Cf. Rios
569
f. no.
1283.
For other
examples e.g.
Tarsus ''
271 fig. 414
no.
16,
E.B. 11. Asea
125 fig.
1
17,
E.H. and
M.H.,
described as
weights.
Eutresis
204. fig. 275: 1-2, E.H.; fig. 278: 1-3,
M.H.
^ygouries
200
g. 188,
E.H. PThess
53
fig.
28: u
(Rakhmani);
121
fig.
68: m
(Tsangli).
14. (A,
R
26,
Period
IV) (plate 134)
From area round
post-hole
at north end of House IV. C. 6 across.
Coarse-grained greyish
brown stone.
15. (F,
F
1, stage 7, Mycenaean) (plate 134) Light greyish
brown
igneous
rock.
Top
and bottom worn flat
by
use.
(2)
Tall conical. Pounders or rubbers of this
type
would have been suitable for use in mortars.
Only
one
(16)
was recorded from
Emporio,
but
they
were common in
early
times
throughout
the
Aegean
area and elsewhere.
E.g. Poliochni'1609 pl.
civ:
27-9 (Blue period)
with
references; 675 pl.
clxxxix:
1-5 (Green
and Red
periods).
Elateia
205 pl. 70: b, Early
and Middle Neolithic.
16.
(A, unstratified) (fig. 291.
plate
135)
Period uncertain.
Grey igneous
rock.
(3)
Waisted. These distinctive
objects, measuring
when
complete
between
6-9.5 lng> might
be
interpreted
as
weights;
but
they
are made of hard
igneous
rock of the kind used for mortars
and
querns,
and have traces of wear on their ends.
They
are therefore
likely
to have been
pounders
or rubbers of some kind.
Waisted
grinders
of
comparable shape
are found in
Egypt
as
early
as
Dynasty
I
(Abydos
i
25
f.
pl.
liii:
29, 32);
and
they
also occur in Palestine
(Megiddo
i
pl.
106: 2
(Stratum II)).
One like our
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4. STONE
(MACEHEADS)
649
examples
is illustrated from
Troy (Ilios 570
f. no. 1286.
Schliemann, Troy
and its Remains
97
no.
64);
a number similar to this were recovered from levels of
City
II at
Troy
in the 1882
campaign
according
to
Schliemann, Troja 173.
There is one from Level I
(contemporary
with
Troy I)
of the Mound of Protesilaos
(Protesilaos
22
fig.
22:
4).
A number of similar
tools,
described as
hammers,
were found in levels of the
Green, Red,
and Yellow
periods
at Poliochni
{Poliochni
i
67 4.
pl.
clxxxix:
9-13, 15-18;
ii
309
ff.
pl.
cclxii:
1-4).
Pounders
resembling
the ones from
Emporio
also occur in the
Cyclades (e.g.
AE
1899, 123
fig. 33.
Cf. AE
1898, 175 pl.
8: 8
(broken)).
What
may
be waisted
pounders
of this
type
are
illustrated from Malthi on the Greek mainland
(Valmin,
SME
352 pl.
xxvi: L.
4-6).
I have seen
one made of coarse white limestone
(L. 10)
in
Tanagra
museum.
Related but less
comparable
tools with narrow
waists, making
them
easy
to haft as double
hammers,
have been recovered from Poliochni
{Poliochni
ii
pl.
cclxii:
5, 8, 9 (Yellow period),
and
pl.
cclxiii: 6 for
possible
method of
hafting).
There are similar tools from the
Cyclades {AE 1898,
175 pl.
8:
14.
Cf.
Phylakopi
200
fig. 173, top left);
and Crete
(e.g.
FTM
50 pl.
xxxiii: 10
18,
from
the shrine at
Koumasa).
The
perforated
stone double hammers of Middle Minoan Ill-Late
Minoan I times in Crete
(e.g. Zervos,
ACr
356 pl. 522) may
be
sophisticated
versions of this
type.
Double hammers of this narrow-waisted kind occur eastwards in Anatolia
(e.g.
Alishar
I93~32
i 1
85 fig- 187:6410,
said to be
'relatively frequent'
in the
Copper Age.
Cf. Alishar
ig28-2g
i 62
fig. 7
1 : b
488,
b 1
557,
from Stratum
I)
. But one from the
Early
Bronze
Age
horizon at Alishar
has a wider waist and
closely
resembles our
type (3) {Alishar 1930-32
i
267 fig. 270:
e
2314.
Cf.
ibid. ii
423 fig. 481
: e
692, assigned
to the
post-Hittite Phrygian period,
and ibid, iii
93 fig. 91
: d
1
197,
of the first half of the first
millennium).
Hammers or
pounders
akin to our
type (3)
also
come in the horizon of the
Gumelnija
culture of Romania
(e.g.
Dacia ii
(1925) 193 fig. 47: 4,
from
Cscioarele).
17. (A,
H
92,
Periods
VI/V) Broken;
one
spherical
end
preserved.
L.
6.5.
Max. W. 6. Oval section.
Purple igneous
rock mottled with white.
18.
(A,
H
26,
Period
IV) (plate 134)
L.
9.5.
Whitish stone.
19. (A,
R
7 A,
Period
II) (plate 134)
Broken. L.
preserved 7.5.
Hard
gritty igneous
rock.
20.
(A, Q,5
and
1,
Period
II) (plate 134)
L. 6. Hard
gritty greyish
brown
igneous
rock.
21.
(F,
B
?9, stage ?4,
Period
?I) (plate 134)
L. 8.
Greyish igneous
rock mottled with white.
Maceheads
22-23 (FIG- 292)
Clubs or maces with stone heads were
employed
as
weapons
in
early
times in
many parts
of the
Near
East, including Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria
and
Anatolia,
as well as
throughout Europe.
They
were still in use in some areas of the civilised world
during
the Bronze
Age,
and
(although
only perhaps
for ceremonial
purposes)
until the
very
end of it
(e.g. J.
du Plat
Taylor
in
Cape
Gelidonya
i26ff. Cf. PMac
107, 240 fig.
112:
a,
from
Vardaroftsa, assigned
to the
Early
Iron
Age).
Stone maceheads were current
during
the Neolithic in Crete
{BSA
lxiii
(1968) 270;
lix
(1964)
229
f.
fig. 52 pl. 55 (4):
Levels
VI-I),
and a few have been recovered from Bronze
Age
contexts
there
(e.g. Archaeologia
lxv
(1914) 15 fig. 25).
A considerable number have been
reported
from
Thessaly,
where
they mostly appear
to be of Bronze
Age
date
{PThess 42, 71, 165,
202. DS
322-4.
Cf.
Zervos,
Nais ii
pl. 488);
Tsountas commented
upon
the Bronze
Age
contexts. Maceheads
seem to have been less common in the Neolithic and Bronze
Age
of southern
Greece, although
they
are recorded from a number of sites there
(e.g. Ayios
Kosmas
30 fig. 169: 65 (E.H.
II
?).
Asine
246 (assigned
to E.H.
III).
Dendra NT
9 fig. 7: 1,
from the
Acropolis).
The
only
certain
fragment
of a stone macehead from
Emporio (22)
was in a level of Period
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fig.
292.
Stone
objects (STONE 19-37).
Scale
1/2.
650 III. EMPORIO
j Vi
^^
rs
V %-'''
''''
36
"f"
23
27
28 37
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4. STONE
(WHETSTONES)
651
VI. The head from which this came
may
have been
spherical
or
pear-shaped
with a
cylindrical
hole. Maceheads were
similarly
rare at
Poliochni,
where
only
two
fragments
of them were
recovered
{Poliochni
i
605
f.
pl.
c nos.
7,
8
(cii
nos.
5, 4),
both of the Blue
period,
with
references).
But there were a few from Thermi
(Thermi 182),
and
many
from the old excavations
(although
none it seems from the recent
ones!)
at
Troy (SS
nos.
7295-7342,
in a
large variety
of
shapes,
some
assignable
to
Troy I,
others later. Cf. Tul
323, 377).
The
object 23
with
hour-glass perforation
comes from a Roman
level,
and
may
be a
weight
of
that
period.
A somewhat similar
object, however, weight
or
macehead,
was found in Town I at
Thermi
(Thermi
182
fig. 59, 9: 30.52).
Some of the maceheads from Levels VI-I of the Neolithic
at Knossos have
hour-glass perforations,
but a stone with
hour-glass perforation
from the earlier
Level IX is
interpreted
as a
digging-stick weight (BSA
lix
(1964) 231, 146 pl. 58 (4)).
22.
(A,
G
103,
Period
VI) Fragment, apparently
from
globular
or
pear-shaped
macehead with
cylindrical
shaft-hole
(diam.
c.
1.8).
Hard
greyish
brown Plimestone.
23. (F,
D Roman
level) Only
half
preserved.
Diam.
8.3. Hour-glass perforation. Greyish
white limestone. Surface
evenly rounded,
but
rough.
Celts
24-27 (fig. 292.
plate
134)
Only
four
cutting
tools of
ground
or
polished
stone were recovered at
Emporio.
This
might
suggest
that metal was in
general
use there for tools from
relatively early
times. But
many
stone
celts were found at
Troy
in levels of all
periods
of the Bronze
Age ( Troy
i-iii indices s.v. Celt. SS
271
f. nos.
6930-7174);
and
they
were common at Thermi
(Thermi 185 ff.).
Five were recovered
from levels of the Blue
period
at
Poliochni,
and a substantial number from those of the
succeeding
Green and Red
periods (Poliochni
i 606
f., 674 pls. c, ci, clxxxvii).
Three of the
Emporio celts,
none of them
unfortunately
from stratified
contexts,
had axe-like
blades,
but the fourth
(24)
from a level of Period X was an adze.
24. (A,
G hearth in
163,
Period
X) (plate 134) Humped
section with adze-like blade.
Cutting edge chipped.
Surface
polished.
Hard black stone
resembling
slate.
Cf. Thermi
185
f.
fig. 55: 31.107,
from Town I: the
only
celt with a
humped
section like this found there. But
there were a
good many
from
Troy (SS 272
nos.
71 17-7174).
25. (F,
D Roman
level) (plate 134) Axe,
cf. Tsountas
type
A. Butt
squared flat;
oval section. Mottled black and
white
igneous
rock. Surface
finely polished.
26.
(A, unstratified) (plate 134) Axe,
cf. Tsountas
type
B. Thin oval section. Hard dark
grey close-grained
stone.
Butt
rough,
as if from
battering. Surface, especially
of
blade,
well smoothed.
27. (Temple Area,
Roman
level) (plate 134)
Blade of Pchisel.
Subrectangular
section. Fine
green
stone with
light
yellow veining.
Surface
polished.
Whetstones
28-32 (fig. 292.
plates
134, 136)
These are all made of some
variety
of dark
greyish
schist-like stone. Three of the
complete
examples
have a hole for
suspension through
the narrow
end;
once
(30)
this is combined with
notches near the wider end. Whetstones like these were in use in the
Aegean
area
throughout
the
Bronze
Age
and into much later times
(cf. Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 50 f,
for discussion and
references
apropos
of those from
Kusura).
Thus
32
from the Late Roman destruction level in
area F
may
be of that
period
rather than earlier.
28.
(A,
R
48
below floor of
clay
bin in NW corner of House
IV,
Period
V) (plate 136)
L.
4.2.
Neat
rectangular
section; hour-glass perforation. Purplish grey
stone.
Cf.
Troy
i
364 fig. 361: 35.256 (Troy
II
g).
Thermi
193 pl. xxvi, 30.43 (Town IV).
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652 III. EMPORIO
29. (F,
below floor of room inside main Roman
tower) (plate 134) Possibly
Period II. L.
7.2. Rectangular
section.
Perforation
only 0.3
in diameter.
Grey-green
stone.
Signs
of wear on sides and
edges.
30. (Z), (5/4, stage I) (plate 136) Probably Mycenaean.
L.
7.2. Grey
schist-like stone. Rather crude
hour-glass
perforation,
and nicks near the wider end.
Possibly
a
pendant (female idol?)
rather than a
whetstone,
as surfaces
show no
signs
of wear.
Cf. Thermi
192 f.,
for the
difficulty
of
distinguishing pendants
from whetstones. An
object
similar to
30
is
illustrated from an
early
level at Vardaroftsa
(BSA
xxvii
(1925-26) 33:
Period A
(Macedonian E.B.A.)).
But a
whetstone with a notch for
string
and no
perforation
was found in the
Cape Gelidonya
wreck
dating
from the end
of the L.B.A.
(Cape Gelidonya
128 St.
9 figs. 137-8).
31. (F,
B
?7, stage ?6A) (plate 136)
Broken at one end. L.
preserved 7.2. Grey-green
stone.
32. (F,
F Roman
level) (plate 134)
L.
7.8. Flaky greenish
blue micaceous schist.
Bracelets
33-34 (fig. 292.
plate
134)
Two
fragments
of stone circlets were recovered from levels of Periods VIII and VII. One of these
(33)
of which the diameter could be restored was
only
c.
4.5
across the
inside,
too small to be worn
as a bracelet even
by
a child
(cf.
BSA lix
(1964) 237, apropos
of similar
objects
from
early
Neolithic levels at
Knossos). Perhaps
these stone circlets were
pendants,
variants of the
ring-pendants
which have a
separate
hole for
suspension (see
METAL
17).
But a stone circlet
from the
Upper
Cave at
Ayio
Gala
(AG 333)
was
large enough
to serve as a
bracelet,
and AG
330
looks as if it was
part
of another
large example.
For a discussion with
references,
see above AG
33-3-
33. (A,
G
141 cleaning
wall
13,
Period
VIII) (plate 134) Fragment.
Diam. c.
7.5 outside,
c.
4.5
inside.
Grey-green
schist.
Neatly made; triangular
section. Marks on inside
edge
which
may
have been made
by
a
large
reed-drill
used to cut hole.
34. (A,
G
122,
Period
VII) Fragment.
L.
preserved
c.
3.
W.
1.3. Grey-brown
stone. Flattened oval section.
Cf. Tarsus ii
279
no.
189 (E.B. I).
Beads and
pendants 35-37 (fig. 292.
plate
136)
Very
few
prehistoric
beads were recovered from
Emporio.
Neither of the two stone
examples
described below is
certainly prehistoric.
The disc
35 apparently
came from a
Mycenaean level,
but the
parallels
for it
suggest
an Iron
Age date;
and it
may
have been a
spindle
whorl rather
than a bead. The bead
36
was recovered from a mixed
deposit
with both Roman and Bronze
Age
material. Pendants include the small
irregular perforated
stone
37
of Period
VIII,
and the
converted mould
39.
35. (F,
D 1
) (plate
1
36) Mycenaean
or later. Short
cylindrical
disc with concentric
grooves
round
string-hole
at
top
and bottom. Dark
green
Psteatite. Diam.
2.3.
Four similar discs from
Bogazky
are
Phrygian (R.M. Boehmer,
Die
Kleinfunde
von
Bogazky (Berlin, 1972)
228
pl.
xcvii:
2400-2403).
One
(2401)
is almost
exactly
similar in size to
35,
but the others are
larger.
There are
comparable large
discs from neo-Hittite levels at
Arslantepe (P.E. Pecorella, Malatya
iii
(Rome, 1975) 84 figs.
2:
1-3;
102
fig.
11:
1-6).
36. (F,
A Bronze
Age
and
Roman) (plate 136)
Bead.
Elongated,
with oval section.
Greyish
white Pmarble. L. 2.6.
37. (A, G/Q 146,
Period
VIII) (plate 136)
Pendant. Broken short at bottom. Soft white stone.
Moulds
38-39 (FIG. 293.
PLATE 1
37)
The
open
mould
38
for
casting
flat axes like METAL
13 belongs
to a
type
found
throughout
the
Near East in
early
times
(e.g. Iraq
iv
(1937) 100, 135, 153 pl. xviii,
B:
Chagar
Bazar Level
2,
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fig.
293.
Stone
objects (STONE 38-51).
Scale
1/2, except 38 (1/4), 39 (1/1)
and
42 (1/20).
4. STONE
(MOULDS)
653
38
39
42
^^^
/
>
J'
'
dated c.
2500
B.C. Gawra i
104 pl. xlvii,
Stratum VI.
Megiddo
i
pl. 105: 1, 2,
Strata
I,
V. Tarsus ii
305,
E.B. Ill and M.B. AS i
(1 951) pl.
iv:
d,
Polatli level
III, contemporary
with
Troy II).
Such
moulds were
normally
made of
stone,
but sometimes of
clay (e.g.
SS nos.
6758-6763
from
Troy:
some of these
Trojan
moulds are cut in
fragments
of
pithoi (Troy
i
283 fig. 369: 37.127. Tw/368
pl. 45, i))-
Several hollows for
casting
different
types
of tool or different varieties of the same
type might
be combined
together.
There is a
good
series of
multiple
moulds of this kind from the old
excavations at
Troy assigned
to the horizon of
Troy
II-V
(SS 265
ff. nos.
6723-7.
Tul
368 pl. 45,
V).
These are more elaborate than our
mould,
with hollows for
casting
a
variety
of
objects,
although
flat celts
predominate
as
being
the basic
type
of metal tool. Others from
Troy (SS 265
f.)
and one from Poliochni
(Poliochni
i
108, 658 pl.
clxxxvii:
13,
Green
period)
are more
comparable
with
38.
Early Aegean
moulds are listed
by Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork 201 f. Moulds of this kind
were still
being
used in the
Aegean
in the Late Bronze
Age
for
making
flat
chisels;
a
rectangular
mould with no less than 1
3 separate casting
hollows was recovered from the L.M. I B destruction
level of c.
1450
b.c. at Gournia in Crete
(Gournia 32 pl.
iii:
67).
Moulds for
making
flat axes have been found in Romania
(I. Nestor, P^xix (1928) 131 fig.
2:
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654 III. EMPORIO
i,
Glina
III),
and as far west as Ireland
(MJ. O'Kelly,
'A Stone Mould for Axeheads from
Doonour, Bantry,
Co.
Cork', Royal Society of Antiquaries of
Ireland xcix
(1969)
1
17-24).
38. (A,
X ?26 south of wall
49,
Period
IV) (plate 137) Wedge-shaped
stone with two hollows 1
5.3
and 1
3.3
in
length
for
casting
flat axes.
Greyish
brown stone.
The remarkable little mould
39
for
making
a
butterfly-shaped
ornament is
Mycenaean
or Late
Minoan. Stone moulds for beads and ornaments from the
Aegean
area are
assignable
to the Late
Bronze
Age,
and were used for
making objects
of
gold, glass
and faience
(Wace, Mycenae
1 10.
Higgins,
Greek and Roman
Jewellery 42 f.).
Such moulds are listed
by
E.
Vermeule,
Bulletin
of
the
Boston Museum
of
Fine Arts lxv
(1967) 31
note
4.
For others see Helen
Hughes-Brock,
in
J.N.
Coldstream,
Knossos: the
Sanctuary of
Demeter
(London,
1
973) 121,
and
Hesperia
xliv
(
1
975)
1 2 1
pl.
28: a. Insects
interpreted
as bees or
chrysalis-like objects appear
on moulds from
Mycenae
and
Nichoria
(Kadmos
v
(1966) 144
ff.
Hesperia
xliv
(1975)
121
pl.
28:
a).
Butterfly
ornaments have been considered
by
Evans
(PM
ii
787 ff.),
and more
recently by
Ch. Tzavella
(Acta of
the Second
Cretological Congress
i
(Athens, 1968) 263-7).
The creature of our
mould is close to some of the
gold butterfly
ornaments from
Mycenase
shaft
grave
III
assignable
to
L.M./L.H.
I
(Karo,
SG
51 pl.
xxvi no.
51).
But the rosette-decorated
wings
of the
pair
of
confronted butterflies in
profile
on the blade of a
type
A sword from
Mycenae
shaft
grave
circle B
are not serrated
(Mylonas,
Circle B 1 18
pl. 99, a).
Other
gold
ornaments from
early Mycenaean
contexts on the mainland show butterflies with
serrated
wings
of this
type
in
profile.
There is one from a chamber tomb at
Mycenae (JHS
xxiv
(1904) 323
f. no.
4902 fig. 1, c).
Several in the
shape
of
pairs
of confronted butterflies like this
come from a tholos tomb at Peristeria in Messenia
(Ergon 1965, 92 fig.
1
14.
ADelt xxi
(1966)
Chron. 1
67 pl.
1
70)
. Similar butterflies
appear
in
profile
on the
bowsprit
of one of the
ships
in the
miniature fresco from Akrotiri
(
Thera vi col.
pi 9,
bottom
left) ;
this is datable to Late Minoan I A
in Cretan terms.
The fine
butterfly
in relief on a bronze double axe from Phaistos
assignable
to Middle
Minoan III B- Late Minoan I A has
wings
of this kind
(A. Mosso,
The Dawn
of
Mediterranean
Civilization
(London, 19 10) 318
f.
fig.
180. O.
Montelius,
La Grce
prclassique (Stockholm, 1924)
pl. 5:
6. W.
Deonna,
BCHlxxviii
(1954) 253
n.
9,
for other references.
Evans,
PM ii
787 f.,
for the
date).
Representations
of butterflies like these also
appear
on seal
impressions
from Crete
(e.g.
PM
ii
789 fig. 515,
from the Little Palace at
Knossos).
The same kind of
wings
are found
adorning
a
sphinx
and in other contexts on seal
impressions
from the Late Minoan I B destruction level at
Zakro in eastern Crete
(JHS
xxii
(1902) 83
f.
fig. 19 (No. 74).
PMi
705 figs. 528-9).
A
butterfly
with
outspread wings comparable
to that on our mould occurs on a three-sided
prism
seal from
Thebes
(CMSv. 2, 551
No.
677, b).
Outspread wings
with serrated
edges
of a debased form are seen on butterflies on
gold
plaques
from the Tombe dei Nobili at Phaistos
assignable
to Late Minoan III A
(MA
xiv
(1904)
601
fig. 66).
But the
butterfly
on a
spear-head
from a warrior
grave
of Late Minoan II- III A 1 at
Knossos is
entirely
different and has
gone
far down the road of
degeneration (BSA
xlvii
(1952)
267,
II
(4), fig. 15, b).
The evidence above
suggests
that our mould was made at the
beginning
of the Late Bronze
Age,
before the end of Late Minoan
I/Late
Helladic II
A,
c.
1450
b.c. In that case it
may
be one
of the earliest moulds for
jewellery
known from the
Aegean
area. It was almost
certainly
not
made at
Emporio,
and the
material,
chlorite
schist, suggests
the
possibility
that it
originated
in
Crete,
where stone of this kind abounds and was much used for vases
(Warren,
MSV 1
29 f.)
. The
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4. STONE
(IDOLS)
655
conversion of the mould into a
pendant
or amulet
may
date from much
later, Myc.
Ill B or C
times,
before or after it reached Chios.
The choice of the mould for use in this
way may
have been
guided by
the
object
carved on it.
Butterflies
appear
to have had some
religious
or
magical importance
for the
peoples
of the
Aegean
area
during
the Bronze
Age.
Evans
argued
that in Minoan Crete
they
were
regarded
as
the souls of the
dead,
or emblems of their souls or
spirits,
as in later Greek and Roman times
(PM
ii
787 fiT.;
iii
153
f. Cf. S.
Alexiou,
Minoan
Civilization
(Heraklion, 1969)
1 20
f).
This
interpretation
is in
harmony
with the
appearance
of a
pair
of burterflies on the
Ring
of Nestor. The
authenticity
of the
Ring
is
disputed,
but a
pair
of butterflies is also manifest on a
gold signet ring engraved
with a cult scene from a tomb at Arkhanes south of Knossos
(I.A. Sakellarakis, Archaeology
xx
(
1
967)
280
fig.
1
3)
. In the
light
of this the excavator of the tomb has advanced
strong arguments
for
considering
the
Ring
of Nestor
genuine (J.A. Sakellarakis,
'ber die Echtheit des
sogenannten Nestorringes',
Acta
of
the Third
Cretological Congress
i
(Athens, 1973) 303-18).
39. (F,
B
2/1, stages 7/8, Mycenaean) (plate 137)
Mould for
making butterfly-shaped ornament;
later bored with
hour-glass perforation
for use as
pendant
or amulet. L.
4.5.
Green chlorite
schist, very
fine
grained (I
am
grateful
to Dr. Hans-Ude Nissen for identification of the
stone)
. Both ends sawn
smooth;
the
upper
and lower surfaces and
the
long
sides less smooth. The ends
may
have been sawn to reduce the mould in size when it was converted into a
pendant.
The
butterfly
itself is
2.5 long
and
3
across the
tips
of the
wings.
The nose is
joined
to a
deep cutting
for
moulding
a
perforated
bar
by
which the ornament could have been
suspended.
Pendants with
perforated
bars for
suspension
like this tend to be
relatively early according
to Mrs.
Hughes-Brock. Compare
a faience
pendant
from
the
Temple Repositories
at Knossos
(PM
i
498 fig. 356, top right).
DisCS
4O-4I (FIG. 293.
PLATE 1
36)
A
large
flat stone disc
38
in diameter from the fill of tomb 1 in Area E was
evidently
a
pithos
lid. It
had no doubt been used to close the mouth of a
pithos
used for a burial. But the two discs
40
and
41
seem rather small for lids. One
(41)
has
rough
incised decoration.
40. (Early
Christian basilica
church,
Section
9,
U
11,
Period II
(?))
Diam.
4.8. Greyish
brown stone.
Roughly chipped
into a circle.
41. (A, unstratified) (plate 136)
Period unknown. Diam.
5.5.
Soft white stone. Plano-convex cross-section.
Rough
scratched decoration: the rounded
'upper'
surface with
radii,
the flat 'lower' surface cross-hatched.
Weight 42 (fig. 293)
The
large
flat
violin-shaped
stone
42
from a level of Period II
may
have been a
weight. Weights
of similar waisted
shape,
but smaller in
size,
were found at
Saliagos (Saliagos 71 fig. 87 pl. li).
They
were made
by taking
a flattish stone and
cutting
notches for a cord in the sides. The
large
size of our stone would have rendered it suitable for use as an anchor. Idols of this
shape appear
to
have been at home in
Troy
II- III
(Troy
i
fig. 360: 34.1, 35.208, 35.40 (Troy II); Troy
ii
fig. 48:
34.429, 33.292 (Troy III); Troy
iii
124 fig. 298: 37.334 (Troy VI,
but almost
certainly
of an
earlier
period) ;
and
they
are also attested in the
Early
Neolithic of Macedonia
(PMac
1
38 fig.
6:
j,
k, pl. iv,
called
axes).
But these are much smaller than
42
and the
similarly shaped weights
from
Saliagos.
42. (C. /,
LL wall
10,
Period II:
early phase (?)).
L.
43.
Max. W.
129.
Th.
13.7.
One flat side smooth with
pock marks,
the other
rough.
Idols
43-5O (FIG. 293.
PLATE
136)
Objects
of soft white stone from levels of most
periods
between IX and I at
Emporio
were
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656 III. EMPORIO
probably
meant for
idols,
like the
amorphous 'pebble
idols' of
Troy
and the
Cyclades (Troy
i 28
Type 8; 46fig. 48: 33.178 (Troy III).
C.
Renfrew, AJA
lxxiii
(1969) 5 Type
1
D). Except
in the
case of the
largest (49)
the stone of these is white or
yellowish white,
and
probably
came from the
neighbouring
Mount
Prophtes Elias;
it is too soft for
making tools,
and the
objects
show no
signs
of wear.
They vary
in size and
shape,
but are all
elongated (measuring
between 6 and 22 in
length
when
complete)
and
usually
somewhat
triangular.
Two
(43, 48)
with bulbous ends and of
circular cross-section have marked traces of fire on them. While some
may
be natural stones
selected for their
shape,
others
appear
to have been worked. The surfaces are
normally
smooth.
43. (A,
G
141,
Period
VIII) (plate 136)
L.
6.5.
Circular cross-section. Surface cracked and calcined
by fire,
cf.
48
below.
44. (A, Q, 156,
Period
IX) (plate 136) Fragment,
broken at both ends. L.
preserved
11.
Roughly triangular
cross-section.
Very
smooth surface.
45. (A, G/Q146,
Period
VIII) (plate 136)
Broken. L.
preserved 5.5.
Flat oval cross-section.
46. (B,
B
5,
Periods IX-VII
(?)) (plate 136)
L. 10.8. Thin flat cross-section.
47. (A,
G
70,
Period
V) (plate 136)
L.
9.8.
Neat
rectangular
cross-section.
48. (C. /,
MM
13/12, stages 1/2,
Periods IV or II:
early phase) (plate 136)
L.
6.5.
Circular cross-section. Blackened
by fire,
cf.
43
above.
49. (F,
B
8, stage 4,
Period
I) (plate 136)
L. 22. Pale
greyish
brown stone.
Rectangular
cross-section.
50. (F,
F
5,
room
VI, stage 4,
Period
I)
Broken. L.
5.
Oval cross-section.
Miscellaneous
51-53 (fig. 293.
plates
134, 136)
51. {A,
X
5,
Period
II)
Ball. Diam. 1.8. Rather soft
yellow
stone. Cf. CLAY
23.
This small stone ball
may
have been used for a
game,
like some from Gawra
(Gawra
ii
84 f., 91 , 205 pl. xcvi,
a:
Strata XI and XI
A).
But stone
balls, usually
rather
larger
than
ours,
from Eutresis and elsewhere in the
Aegean
area have been
interpreted
as
sling
bolts
(Eutresis
206
fig. 276: 1,
2
(E.H.).
Poliochni i 611 with references for
others). They
were
very
numerous in the Blue
period
at Poliochni
(Poliochni
i 610
pl.
civ:
7-25).
The Poliochni
balls were
nearly
all made of
sandstone,
and were somewhat
larger
than
ours,
between
2.3-5.1 (mostly
c.
3.5)
in
diameter. A few
comparable
stone balls are
published
from
Troy (Troy
i
37, 87 fig. 217: 35.120,
of
light
brown
stone
(Troy I); Troy
ii
149 fig. 148: 33.
122
(Troy IV)).
But small
oval-shaped
stones which occur in
Troy
II-IV
also
appear
to have been used as
sling
bolts
(Troy
i-ii s.v.
Pellet).
Similar
elongated
stone bolts have been
recognised
from the Late Neolithic of Macedonia
(PMac 164 fig. 34, d,
e:
Olynthus);
and from
Cyprus (Sotira
202).
These are reminiscent of the
glandular
form of
clay sling
bolt which was at home in
early
times in the Near
East,
and in
Thessaly
and
Bulgaria (V.G. Childe,
'The
Significance
of the
Sling
for Greek
Prehistory',
in Studies
Presented to D.M. Robinson i
(
1
95
1
) 1-5).
At
Troy, however, clay
bolts of this kind are
only
attested in the Late
Subperiod
of
Troy
VI
( Troy
iii
3
1
, 232 f., fig. 305)
. Lead bolts of
glandular shape
were standard in later Greek and
Roman times.
52. (A, Qwall 25,
Periods
V/IV) (plate 136)
Block of limestone
(L. 25)
built into north side of wall
25
in trench
Q
of Area A. One face with a
group
of
14 deep cuts,
each
measuring
c. 10 in
length.
53. (F,
B
2, stage 7, Mycenaean) (plate 134) Roughly shaped
disc. Diam. c.
2.5.
Max. th.
2.3. Greyish green
serpentine. Perhaps
a
rough-out
for a
spindle
whorl.
Stalactite
54 (plate 136)
Two sections of stalactite were
recovered,
the
larger (54) apparently
from a level of Period
IX,
the other from one of V.
They may
have been
brought
from some
distance,
as no caves with
stalactites
appear
to be known in the area of
Emporio today. Possibly they
were
acquired
for
religious
or
magical
reasons. A stalactite from
Ayio
Gala
(AG 3
1
7)
had been
painted
with a
pair
of
spiralling
bands in black and red.
54. (A,
G
?I56,
Period IX
(?)) (plate 136)
Broken at both ends. L.
5.5. Light yellowish
brown
stalactite,
hollow
down the centre.
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fig.
294.
Metal
objects.
4. METAL
(PINS)
657
Pumice
Two small
lumps
of
pumice
stone were noted in levels of Periods V and IV. An abundant
deposit
of
pumice
was revealed in a trial
sounding
at the head of the
bay
of
Emporio.
It
lay just
below the
modern
ground level,
and the
pumice
had
evidently
been washed there
by
the sea.
Coral
A
lump
of
pink
coral
(measuring 3.8 across)
was recovered in a
deposit, apparently assignable
to
Period
I,
in trench F of Area F.
Chipped
stone and obsidian
The
chipped
stone and obsidian
industry
is discussed
by Perry
G. Bialor in Part IV.
(4)
Metal
objects
METAL 1-
19 (figs. 294-5.
plates
138-9)
All the metal
objects
from
prehistoric
levels at
Emporio
were made of
copper
or bronze. None of
them has
yet
been
subjected
to
analysis.
The
interesting object 17
which
appears
to be from a
ring-pendant
came from a level of Period IX. The
tip
of a blade
(14)
and a small
lump
of
copper
or bronze were found in one of VIII. The
recovery
of these small
objects
and
scraps
of metal from
levels of Periods IX and VIII makes a welcome addition to the list of metal from
early
contexts in
the
Aegean.
Small
lumps
of
copper
or bronze from levels of Periods II and I
appear
to be waste from metal
Period X IX Vili VII VI V IV
JJj
I MBA MYC PBA US Total
Pins:
Type
1 1 1
Type
2 1 1
Type 32
2
Type 4
1 1
Type 5
-i- 1
Fragments 3
1 l
5
Needle ?i
Awls 2 1 1
4
Fish-hooks -1- 1 2
Celt 1 ;
Knives 1 ?i 1
3
Ring-pendant
1 1
Ingot fragment
1 1
Miscellaneous 1 -1-22 1
7
Total i 2 -1-8 -1-2
5 4 ~I~5
1
31
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658 III. EMPORIO
working. Fragments
of what
may
be crucibles
(CLAY
8 and
9)
were recovered from levels of
Period II. But the mould
(STONE 38)
for flat axes
assignable
to Period IV shows that metal
working
was
already practised
at
Emporio by
that time.
There is an
interesting
series of
pins (1-4)
from the horizon of Periods VI-IV. The needle
(7),
fish hook
(11),
and flat celt
(13),
are all characteristic artefacts of the
Early
Bronze
Age
in this
part
of the
Aegean.
The
fragment
of a Late Bronze
Age ingot (18)
is an unusual relic.
Pins 1-6
(fig. 295.
plate
138)
Six
complete pins
were recovered and
fragments
of others. Four of the
complete examples
and
several
fragments
came from levels of Periods VI- IV. Two of these from levels of Periods IV and
V are of standard
Aegean Early
Bronze
Age types;
but the other two
(3, 4)
found close
together
in a level of V
belong
to an unusual
type
which
appears
to have few
parallels.
The roll-headed
pin 5
of Period II is a common
type
with a wide distribution in time and
place,
while the
pomegranate pin
6 of
Mycenaean
or
perhaps
earlier date is
interesting
for its
relationship
to a
group
with a
long history
and extensive connections.
Type
1
Round,
domed
head,
differentiated
by
a
sharp angle
from the shaft. This is a standard
type
in the
Trojan area,
with ancestors and relatives in the Near East. It
appears
to be
very
well
represented
in
Troy
II and in the Yellow
period
at
Poliochni;
but it is attested in the horizon of
Troy
I both at
Poliochni and at Thermi. Pins of this
type
also occur on the Greek mainland where
they
are
found in Middle Helladic contexts. Cf.
Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
35 Type
V.
1.
(A,R 35,
Period
IV) (plate 138) Bent,
but
complete.
L.
9.
Diam. of head 0.8.
Troy, type 3 (Troy
i 26 f.
fig. 125).
Not
represented among
the
5 copper pins
from
Troy I,
but common
(10
out
of 20
pins)
in
Troy II; 3
out of 22 from
Troy III,
2 out of
3
from
Troy V,
and one from the Late
Subperiod
of
Troy
VI
(Troy
i
42, 214 fig. 358;
ii 1
1, 231 fig. 47;
iii
22).
Cf. SS
252
nos.
6285-6292.
Thermi 166
fig. 48
a:
31.53, three,
from Towns
I, II,
IV. Poliochni i
265, 593
f.
fig. 322: g, pl.
lxxxvii:
8,
one of the Blue
period;
ibid.
664 pl.
clxxvi:
4, 5,
1
1,
of the Red and Green
periods
look similar. Poliochni ii
294
f.
pl. ccxxxvii,
of the Yellow
period.
Cyclades: Zervos, ACycl pl. 260,
from
Syros.
Cf.
Higgins.
Greek and Roman
Jewellery 52.
Greek mainland: DS
137 pl. 5: 2, Sesklo,
M.B.A. Tomb
25.
Corinth xiii 8
pl. 3: 5,
M.H. Grave 2. ADelt xix
(1964)
Chron.
146 pl. 148,
a:
large pin
with elaborate version of this
type
of head found at back of skull of M.H. burial at
Ayios
Stefanos.
Anatolia:
Beycesultan
i
289 fig.
F.
11:3, pl.
xxxv:
3,
from Level XII
(Troy III).
At Alishar in levels of all
periods
from the
Copper Age (Stratum I)
onwards
(Alishar ig28sg
i
figs. 67, 69 (Stratum I); 1930-32
i
198 fig. 195;
ii
253
figs. 281, 491;
iii
figs. 103, 104.
For ancestors further
east, e.g. Maxwell-Hyslop,
Western Asiatic
Jewellery 32 fig. 24:
c,
from
Brak; 13 fig. 10,
from Ur.
Type
2
As
Type
1
,
but with
square, pyramidal
head. This is also a standard
type
in the
Trojan
area and
elsewhere in
Anatolia,
with ancestors and relatives in the Near East. Like
Type
1 it is well
represented
in
Troy
II and in the Yellow
period
at
Poliochni;
but it is attested from the horizon of
Troy
I both at Poliochni and at Thermi. Cf.
Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
36 Type
VI.
2.
(A,
H
49,
Period
V) (plate 138) Tip missing.
L.
preserved 10.7.
Head 1.1. across.
Troy, type 4 (Troy
i 26 f.
fig. 125): 7
out of 20
copper pins
from
Troy II, 9
out of 22 from
Troy III,
1 out of
7
from
Troy
IV
(Troy
i
214;
ii 1
1,
1
12).
Cf.
Tw/355 fig. 291: a,
b. SS
253
nos.
6321-42.
Thermi 166
fig. 48
a:
30.19,
30.35, 5
from Towns I- IV and Mixed
Deposit.
Poliochni i
593 pl.
lxxxvii:
6,
and 2 or
3 others,
of the Blue
period;
ibid.
664 pl.
clxxvi:
2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, mostly
of the Red
period
and
perhaps
also of the Green. Poliochni ii
294
f.
pl.
ccxxxvii,
of the Yellow
period.
Samos i
53 pl. 50: 2, 3,
E.B.A.
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4. METAL
(PINS)
659
Cyclades:
AE
1899, 113 pl.
io:
19, Syros:
Chalandriani Tomb
361.
Cf.
Higgins,
Greek and Roman
Jewellery 52 fig.
5:e'
Anatolia:
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 39 fig.
18:
9,
Kusura Periods B and C: described as 'a common Anatolian
type'. Beycesultan
i
289 fig.
F. 11:
1,
from Level XVI
equated
with
early Troy
II. Alaca
1936, 146
f.
pl.
cix no.
316.
Alishar
1928-29
i 61
fig. 69,
the most
frequent
form of
pin
in Stratum
I, occurring
in Stratum II but less
frequent
there.
Bogazky:
R.M.
Boehmer,
Die
Kleinfunde
von
Bogazky (Berlin, 1972) 79
ff. and
83,
Chart:
type c,
with
examples
from all
periods
between V and III.
For
examples
further
east, e.g.
Hissar
pl.
xvi: H
4704 (Hissar I); pl.
xxix: H
2876 (Hissar II).
Type 3
Bulbous
head, separated
from the shaft
by
a
ring.
There seem to be no exact
parallels
for this
distinctive
type;
but four
pins
from Thermi and one from
Troy
are
comparable.
Included in
Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
35 Type
IV.
3. (A,
H
49,
Period
V) (plate 138)
Found close to 2.
Tip missing.
L.
preserved 16.7.
Diam. of head
0.9,
of
ring 1.3.
4. (A,
H
92,
Period
VI) (plate 138)
L. 16. Diam. of head
0.9,
of
ring
1.
Thermi
167 fig. 48
b:
30.47, 31.58,
and 2
others,
all from Town I. Cf. BSA xxx
(1928-30) 36
f.
fig.
12:
4,
with
better
drawing
of
30.47.
With
31.58 compare Troy
i
136 fig. 215: 34.502,
from the Middle
Subperiod
of
Troy
I. A
pin fromjudeideh
in
Syria
has a domed head and double
ring
below it
(Judeideh 376 fig. 292: 13 pl. 53: 13,
Phase
H).
Type 4
Roll
pin.
Cf.
Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
35 Type
III.
Only
one
example
of this common
type
was recovered from a Bronze
Age deposit
at
Emporio,
but several were found in Iron
Age (8-7
centuries
b.c.)
contexts
(Greek Emporio 223 f.,
with references for others from
Early
Iron
Age
contexts in Greece. Cf.
Jacobsthal,
Greek Pins 122 ff.
Hesperia
xliv
(1975)
118
pl. 27: b,
from
Mycenaean
and Dark
Age
contexts at
Nichoria)
. The
type
has a wide
range
in time and
space,
being
found from
Mesopotamia
to Central
Europe.
5. (A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 138)
Head flattened into a
strip.
Bent. L.
9.
Troy, type 5 (Troy
i 26 f.
fig. 125).
One from the Late
Subperiod
of
Troy I; 3
out of 22
copper pins
from
Troy
111,2
out of
7
from
Troy IV,
1 out of
3
from
Troy V,
and
3
from the Middle and Late
Subperiods
of
Troy
VI
( Troy
i
42;
ii 1
1,
1
12, 231;
iii
22).
Cf. SS
253
f. nos.
6380-98: very common, occurring
in
Troy
I-
II,
and
perhaps
later.
Thermi 166 f.
fig. 48
b:
32.15,
and six others from Towns I-V and Mixed
Deposit.
Poliochni i
664 pls.
clxxv:
1,
clxxvi: 1
7, two,
both of the Green
period.
Poliochni ii
294 pl.
ccxxxvi:
m, n,
two of the Yellow
period.
Samos i
53 pl.
50: 6,
E.B.A.
Greek mainland: AE
1888, 173 pl. 9: 25,
from L.H. tomb at
Mycenae.
Anatolia: Kusura:
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 39 fig.
18:
12, 13.
Cf. ibid, lxxxvii
(1937) 258:
all
periods including
Kusura A.
Beycesultan
i
290 fig.
F. 1 1:
4, 5, pl.
xxxv
(a)
No.
2,
from Levels XIV
(Troy II)
and VI-II
(Troy
V
onwards).
Cf. AS v
(1955) 91
f.
fig.
21:
22, 23.
Alishar: one from the
Chalcolithic,
and others from levels of
every
period
until Roman or later
(Alishar 1928-29
i
58 fig. 67 (Stratum I); 267 fig. 355 (Stratum IV); 1930-32
i
93 fig. 96
(Chalcolithic
Level
13), 145 fig. 145, 198 fig. 196 (Copper Age); 1930-32
ii
fig. 284 (Hittite Empire); 435 fig. 490
(Phrygian); 1930-32
iii
figs. 105, 200). Arslantepe:
P.E.
Pecorella, Malatya
iii
(Rome, 1975)
106
fig. 13: 17-20,
from the neo-Hittite level III. Mersin 1
39 fig. 85 pl. xxi,
several from Level
XVI;
ibid.
fig. 149: 8,
from Level
X; fig.
158: 11,
from Level VIII. Tarsus ii
295
nos. 18
1-2, pls. 430-1,
with a
range
from E.B. II to L.B.
II,
but most
common in E.B. Ill and M.B.A. Alalakh 280
pl.
lxxiii: P. 1
1,
26
examples
from levels between XV and I.
Judeideh
298 fig. 239: 11, pl. 53: 4,
Phase
G; 453 fig. 351: 1, 2, pl. 53: 1, 2,
Phase
J. Catling, Cypriot
Bronzework
238,
notes
several from Late
Cypriot
and one from a
Cypriot
Geometric context.
Near East:
Megiddoi pl. 84:
1 1- 1
3,
Strata
I, V;
ii
pl. 219: 1-9 (Levels XIV, X, IX, VI). Chagar
Bazar:
Iraqix
(1947)
188
pl.
xli:
5, probably
from Level 2 c. 2100 b.c. Brak: ibid. 168 f.
pl.
xxxi:
6, probably
end of
Early
Dynastic,
with references for others of
Early Dynastic
to
Sargonid date;
but
they
also occur later in this area as in
Syria
and the
Aegean, e.g. Iraq
iv
(1937) 133 fig.
12:
8,
from
Chagar Bazar,
dated c. 1600 b.c.
Pins of this
type
are found in the Kura-Araxes culture
(Sulimirski,
Prehistoric Russia
78 fig. 19: 7, 9);
and in the
Cucuteni-Tripolye
culture area
(e.g.
Izvoare
263 f., 380 fig. 273: 1, 2,
Izvoare
II),
as well as further west
(N.
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660 III. EMPORIO
Vlassa, Symposium
ber den
Lengyel- Komplex (Nitra, 1969) 534 fig. 14: i,
2: two fine
examples
from the Petresti
culture settlement at Noslac in
Romania).
For later
examples
from Central
Europe
see
Gimbutas, Bronze
Age
Cultures
115 fig. 75: 10,
16.
Types
Pomegranate pin.
The
only pin
of this
type
comes from a
relatively
late
deposit.
The
shape
of the
head and the cross on the flat
top suggest
that it is meant to
represent
a
pomegranate.
6.
(F,
F
?2, stage ?6,
Late Bronze
Age
or
Mycenaean) (plate 138)
Broken into four
joining fragments;
much
corroded. L. 6. Diam. of head
0.53.
Head
flat-topped
with an incised cross on it.
Pins with
pomegranate
heads abound in
Cyprus
from Middle
Cypriot
times onwards. Some were made of
ivory,
others of
copper
or
bronze,
and
perhaps
of
gold (Jacobs thai,
Greek Pins
38 f., 185 ff.).
Bronze
examples
cited
by Jacobsthal
from
Lapithos
Tomb
406
are from a context of
Cypriot
Geometric I
(SCE
i
pl. 46:
1
,
nos.
15 b, 17 b,
1
01; pl. 153: 11).
But two fine
gold pins
with
pomegranate
heads
may
be of Bronze
Age
date
(Jacobsthal,
Greek
Pins, 39, citing J.L. Myres,
Handbook
of
the Cesnola Collection
(1914) 392
nos.
2522-3). Pomegranate
heads
merge
into and are difficult to
distinguish
from the more common
vase-shaped heads,
and the
Lapithos pins
are classified
as vase-headed
by Catling, Cypriot
Bronzework
239.
The
pin
from Kaloriziki Tomb 26
(Late Cypriot
III
B) may
also
belong
with this
group (Catling,
ibid.
239 pl. 41
:
j).
Vase-headed
pins (Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
37 Type
XI I
la)
have a
long range
in time and
space
(Jacobsthal,
Greek Pins 160
ff.). During
the Bronze
Age
at
any
rate
pins
with heads of this
shape,
like ones with
pomegranate heads,
seem to be more common in bone or
ivory
than in metal. The heads were not
necessarily
and
in
every
case meant to
represent vases;
the earlier
pin
heads of this
group
are more
elongated,
less
vase-like,
than
the later ones
(e.g.
Tarsus ii
314 pl. 438
nos.
50-1:
E.B.
II,
both of
bone).
Gold
pins
with elaborate vase heads and
spirals
have been recovered at
Troy
in
deposits
of the final
destruction of
Troy
II
(Maxwell-Hyslop,
Western Asiatic
Jewellery 55. 7W355 fig. 292: b,
c.
7/^488, 490
nos.
849,
850. Troy
i
367 pls. 356, 357: 37.709). Simple
vase-headed
pins
of
copper
or bronze include one from
Troy (
Tul
355 fig- 292:
a- SS
258
no.
6486, possibly
of
Troy II-V,
but
assigned by Jacobsthal,
Greek Pins 161
,
to
Troy
VII
B);
and one
assignable
to the E.B.A. from
Syros (AE 1899,
IO1
pi-
I0:
J4
found in Tomb
343
with a silver
jug-headed
pin,
ibid.
101, 108, pl.
10:
10).
There are two silver vase-headed
pins
from
Early Cycladic
cemeteries on Naxos
(Doumas,
Burial Habits
pls.
xlix:
h,
1:
d).
Needle
7 (fig. 295.
plate
138)
The
only
needle recovered came from a
deposit assignable
to Period
I,
but with some intrusive
later material. Its date is not therefore certain.
7. (F,
D
(west side) ?5 B,
Period I
(?)) (plate 138)
L.
14.3.
Circular section.
Aegean
needles
during
the earlier
part
of the Bronze
Age
were of three
types (cf. Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
30)
:
(
1
)
with the shaft
split
to form the
eye
some
way
below the
head; (2)
with the
eye
at the
top
made
by bending
the wire of the shaft back into a
loop;
and
(3)
with the
eye
in a flattened
piece
at the
top (e.g.
AE
1899 pl.
10: 22.
Zervos, ACycl pl. 261, top
left:
Syros, Chalandriani).
Our needle is of
type (
1
),
which is a
good
deal less common than
type (2)
in this
part
of the
Aegean
area. Thus
the seven needles listed from Thermi are all of
type (2) (
Thermi
167
f.
fig. 48 b);
while at Poliochni
type (2)
needles
occurred in the Blue
period,
and
throughout
the Red and Green
periods,
those of
type (1) being
attested for the
first time in the Yellow
period (Poliochni
i
595, 665;
ii
297 pl.
ccxxxviii:
25).
But a
type (1)
needle was recovered
from the
Early Subperiod
of
Troy I, although
other
Trojan
needles of this
type
came from later contexts
( Troy
i
42 f.,
86
fig. 215: 36.417 (Early Subperiod
of
Troy I);
ii 1 1
f, 94 fig. 47: 37-758 (2 (?)
from
Troy III).
Cf. Tul
407
fig. 412, apparently
from
Troy
VII. SS
257
nos.
6465-73).
Needles of
type (1)
occur on the Greek mainland
(Dendra
NT

f.
fig.
6:
2,
from the
Acropolis
of Midea.
Athenian
Agora
xiii
196 pl. 42,
Grave XI no.
6). They
are also found in Crete
alongside
ones of
type (2) (Gournia 34
pl.
iv:
38, 39,
both from Hill House
7.
Cf.
J. Boardman,
The Cretan Collection in
Oxford (Oxford,
1
961) 35
no.
153).
None of the
many
needles from Alishar seems to be of
type (
1
),
but there are three of the
type
from Kusura B
(Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(
1
936) 39 fig. 18:3);
and two from
Aphrodisias (Complexes
II and
IX) (AJA
lxxiii
(
1
969) 59,
62, 65 pl. 27 fig. 29).
Needles in
Egypt
from
Predynastic
times onwards
appear
to
correspond
to
type (
1
) (Ptrie,
Tools and
Weapons
53 pl. lxv).
A
variety
of
toggle-pin
current in
Syria, Palestine,
and
Cilicia,
somewhat resembles a
type (
1
)
needle
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fig.
295.
Metal
objects (METAL
1-
17).
Scale
1/2, except 14 (2/1).
4. METAL
(AWLS)
661
''
h i ~* I-
''
t
i
7
9
n 1 I
?
3
Pi I
?
3
F'
Pi I
3 i
-SB
?"*W
III
*
1 I
2x
V/14
I(<J
M.'m.'/j''^ I
13 U 15 V 16
17 10
(e.g. Catling, Cypriot
Bronzework
237 fig.
22:
20, 21).
A few
objects
from Tarsus and
Megiddo
classified as
toggle-pins (?)
look as if
they
were
really
needles of
type (1) {Tarsus
ii
285, 296 fig. 431
no. 212
(E.B. II),
no.
229
(E.B. III). Megiddo
ii
pl.
186 nos.
8,
10: Strata
X, IX).
A
type (
1
) needle,
if it is not a
toggle-pin,
comes from the
cemetery
of Sv. Peter in western Slovakia
assigned
to
the Koszider horizon of the local M.B.A.
(Gimbutas,
Bronze
Age
Cultures
73 fig. 33: 5.
For
type (2)
needles from the
Balkans, e.g.
Hbsesti
270 fig. 29: 7).
Awls 8-IO
(FIG. 295.
PLATE
138)
Three of the four
copper
or bronze awls recovered at
Emporio
came from levels of Periods V-I V.
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662 III. EMPORIO
All four were
rectangular
in section and
appeared
to
correspond
to
Deshayes type
A 2
(Deshayes,
Les Outils i
39
ff. Cf.
Ptrie,
Tools and
Weapons 52. Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
26).
8.
(A,
H
76,
Period
V) (plate 138)
Bent. L. 6.2. Thin
rectangular
section.
Cf.
Deshayes,
Les Outils ii
2,
Awlno. 22
(type
A
2)
fromThermi.
Troyi 121, 177 fig. 215: 37.748, 37.749, 37-743
(Early
and Late
Subperiods
of
Troy I).
Eutresis
219 fig.
288:
3 (M.H.), fig. 289: 5 (L.H.).
VTM
29 pl. xxiv,
b:
1207,
1208
(Koumasa);
no
pl.
Ivi:
1924 (Pltanos).
9. (A,
R wall
37,
Period
V) (plate 138).
L.
6.5. Rough
and
irregular. Top
blunt. Thick
rectangular
section.
Cf.
Deshayes,
Les Outils n
3,
Awlno.
45 (type
A
2)
from Mersin. AE
1899p!.
10:
9,
12
( Sy
ros
).
Samos i
54 pl. 50:
13.
PThess
43 fig. 27,
b
(Rakhmani).
10.
[A,
R
26,
Period
IV) (plate 138)
The middle much
corroded; tip
of
point missing.
L. 1
1.5. Top
with a rather
chisel-like end.
Rectangular
section.
Awls are
probably
the most ancient metal tools. While
they may
have been
primarily designed
for
working
skins and
leather, they
were
evidently put
to
many
other uses. Awls of
copper
or
bronze were current in most
parts
of the Near East
throughout
all
periods
of the Bronze
Age,
and
are attested in South Russia and the Balkans
(Lists
in
Deshayes,
Les Outils i
39 ff.;
ii 1 ff.
pis
i-ii.
See
especially
Tarsus ii 282
f., 289 f.,
with a
range
from E.B. I-L.B. II.
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936)
41 fig.
18:
21-27;
lxxxvii
(1937) 258 fig.
21: 2-6:
very
numerous in Kusura B and C.
Catling,
Cypriot
Bronzework
65, 97
f.
Emery,
Archaic
Egypt
221
fig. 129: Dynasty I,
with wooden
handle).
Not
many
are recorded from
Troy ( Troy
i-iv index s.v. awl or brad. Cf.
251).
But awls with a
rectangular
section like 8-10 were abundant at Poliochni in levels of the Blue
period
and later
(Poliochni
i
593
f.
fig. 322 (with many references), 665 pls.
lxxxviii, clxxvi).
Two awls of the Blue
period
retained their
original
bone handles
(ibid. pl.
lxxxvi:
b, c);
and other bone handles
might
have
belonged
to awls
(ibid. pl.
clxxiv:
a-c).
Cf.
Troy
iii
29,
186
pl. 301: 37.425 (Middle Troy
VI);
iv 1
99 pl. 254: 37.494 (Troy
VII
B).
A bronze awl with bone handle from Akrotiri on Thera
must date from the
early part
of the Late Bronze
Age (Thera
vi
(1974) 34 pl. 84, c).
But awl
handles
may
have
normally
been made of
wood,
as found in
Egypt.
Traces of a wooden handle
survived with an awl in a Late Helladic tomb at
Mycenae (Wace,
Chamber Tombs
92)
. Awls with
silver handles were recovered from the
royal
tombs at Alaca
(Alaca iga,
61
pl.
ccvii:
647-50;
^57-5^ 170 p1- cxcvii).
The awls of the Blue
period
at Poliochni varied a
good
deal in
size, ranging
in
length
from c. 2
to
14.
Some were circular in section at the
working
end
(Poliochni
i
595),
and such awls
appear
to
have been much in evidence at Thermi
(Thermi
168
fig. 49,
called 'bits and
drills').
But the
circular sections
may
be the effect of wear and successive
sharpenings
of awls which were
originally rectangular
in section.
Fish-hooks 11-12
(fig. 295.
plate
138)
There were two
possible
fish-hooks of the
simple type
without a
barb,
cf.
Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
29 Type
I. But one of these
(12) may
be a bent awl.
11.
(i4,
R
?83,
Periods
VI/V) (plate 138)
The shank
flat-rectangular
in
section,
the
tip
more or less circular.
12.
(F,
D
1, Mycenaean) (plate 138)
L.
5.3.
The shank
square
in
section,
the
tip
circular.
Simple copper
fish-hooks of this
type
are found as
early
as the
beginning
of the Aeneolithic at
Byblos (Byblos
v
207
f.
fig.
1
35),
and the
Protodynastic period
in
Egypt (Childe,
New
Light 53 fig.
20:
9.
Cf.
Ptrie,
Tools and
Weapons 37).
But there is a barbed metal fish-hook from
Predynastic
Jemdet
Nasr in
Mesopotamia (Childe,
New
Light 135 fig. 67),
and some barbed
examples
occur
in
Egypt during
the Old
Kingdom, although
most
Egyptian
fish-hooks are still barbless
(ibid.
90)-
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4. METAL
(KNIVES)
663
Numbers of
simple
barbless metal fish-hooks have been recorded from
Greece, Anatolia,
and
Syria, dating,
it
seems,
from
every period
in the Bronze
Age. E.g. Troy
i
43,
1 1 1
fig. 215: 34.464
(Early Subperiod
of
Troy I),
which is thick and
heavy,
unlike our
examples.
Thermi 1
76 pl.
xlvii:
32.59,
from the
dump,
but
assigned
to
E.B.A.;
ibid.
205 pls. xxv,
xlvii:
32.64, 32.65, probably
M.B.A. Poliochni i
665
f. with
references, pl.
clxxvii:
16-19 (Red
and Green
periods).
Eutresis:
Hesperia
xxix
(i960) 156 pl. 53:
VIII. 60
(E.H. II).
Eutresis 218
fig.
286: 6
(E.H.)
from the
description
sounds
very
similar to ours. Rafina: PAE
1952, 149
f.
fig. 14 (E.H. II). Mylonas,
Circle B 1
27 pl. 106, b,
from
Mycenae
shaft
grave
M is made of silver. Levkas:
Drpfeld,
Altlthaka
236 pl.
62:
12,
in the earth of the mound of Grave R. 16. AE
1899, 104 pl.
10:
38, 39 (Zervos,
ACycl pl. 260),
from
Syros:
Chalandriani Tomb
453,
with traces of line attached to them.
Phylakopi 16, 190 pl.
xxxviii: 10. Samosi
54 pl. 50: 15,
16
(E.B. A).
Cf. ibid.
pl. 50: 8, ?g,
for others
with barbs. Palaikastro 120
pl. xxv, S,
T: two as S without
barbs,
one as T barbed. Mallia: Etudes
Cretoises ix
(1953)
60
pl.
xxix: two
objects
with no.
2258 might
be barbless fish-hooks.
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 43 fig. 19: 10,
12: Kusura Period C. Tarsus ii
293 fig. 429
nos. 1
18-125 (E.B.
II and
L.B.
III).
Copper
fish-hooks of the
simple type
without barbs have been found in settlements of the
Gumelnij:a
and Cucuteni cultures in Romania
{Dacia
ii
(1925) 99 fig. 74,
from
Gumelni^a.
Mat.
siCercetariii
(1956) 523 fig. 34: 6,fromPietrele.
PPSxli
(1975) 155 fig.
1:
io,fromTraian. Childe,
Danube 102
fig.
66:
34).
A
copper
fish-hook is
reported
from Vinca
(Childe,
Danube
69). Many
of
the bone or antler fish-hooks from that site are barbed
(Vinca
iv
pl.
lxxvii
fig. 240).
Axe
13 (fig. 295.
plate
138)
The
only example
of an axe of
copper
or bronze came from a context of Period II. It
corresponds
most
closely
to
Deshayes
class
63 a,
with a wide distribution
including India, Mesopotamia,
Syria-Palestine, Cyprus,
Anatolia,
and
Greece,
and a
range
in date from the third
quarter
of the
third millennium until late in the second millennium B.C.
(Deshayes,
Les Outils i
51
ff. with
references. Cf.
Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork
24
f.: Flat Axe
Type
III and Chisel
Type
III.
13. (F,
A
(B 11),
Period
II) (plate 138)
L.
13.
1. W. of blade
4,
of butt 2.2.
Incipient flanges
round the butt and sides
formed
by hammering.
The blade has also been
splayed by hammering
of which the traces are
clearly
visible.
Cf.
Troy:
SS nos.
5831-41, 6046-9 (Troy II): mostly
with rounded
butts,
but one at least
(no. 6049)
1S n^e
I3-
Poliochni i
381 pl.
clxxv:
16; 352, 663, pl.
clxii:
d,
both of the Red
period,
with their
straight butts,
resemble
13;
the
second is one of five celts from the hoard of bronzes in Vano
829;
the other celts are of similar
shape
but have
adze-like blades. lasos i
565 fig. 98.
Other
examples
listed
by Branigan, Aegean
Metalwork 166. Add several from
Naxos in
Apeiranthos Museum,
and C.
Doumas,
TheN.P. Goulandris Collection
of Early Cycladic
Art
(Athens, 1968)
161 no.
224,
which is
closely
similar to our
13.
There is also one
very
similar from
Aphrodisias Complex
II
{AJA
lxxiii
(1969) 57 pl. 24 fig. 10).
Vrokastro 120
fig. 70 D,
from the
town,
described as a 'bronze
wedge',
looks much
like 1
3,
and
might
be Middle Minoan or earlier rather than Geometric.
Catling, Cypriot
Bronzework
63 f., 85 f., 290
(Late Cypriot
hoards
!).
Our axe seems to
correspond
to
Catling's
class
(c)
with a
range
from
Early
into Late
Cypriot.
Adze-like blades
appear
to be
considerably
less common than axe blades in
Cyprus (ibid. 64,
86
f.).
This
type
of thin flat celt had a wide distribution in the Near East from
Early Dynastic
to
Sargonid
times
(e.g.
Chagar
Bazar:
Iraq'w (1937) 135 fig. 13-
1. Brak:
Iraq
ix
(1947) 169 pl.
xxxi:
9.
Gawra i 108
pl.
xlviii: 8
(Level VI)
closely
resembles
13).
It is also found in the
Balkans;
some of the
many
flat axes from
Bulgaria appear
to be of this
type (e.g. Gaul,
Neolithic
Bulgaria 82, 123, 139, 154, 175 pl.
xxxiv:
11; 151 pl.
xxxiv:
10; 193).
Knives
14-16 (fig. 295.
plates
138, 139)
The
tip
of a knife or
dagger
blade
(14)
was recovered from a level of Period VIII. The
complete
single-edged
knife 16 comes from a
Mycenaean deposit.
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664 III. EMPORIO
14. (A,
G
141,
Period
VIII) (plate 138) Tip
of blade. L.
preserved 0.7.
W.
0.4.
Thin flat section.
15. (F,
F
?2, stage ?6) (plate 138) Strip, perhaps tip
of blade. Broken
straight
across at one
end; vaguely pointed
at
the other. L.
preserved 3.3.
W.
0.5.
Thin flat section.
16.
(F,Di) (plate 139) Probably Mycenaean. Single-edged
knife.
Tip
of blade and one of the two rivets
missing.
L.
14.
Max. W. 1.8.
Slight flange along top edge
as far as the
surviving
rivet.
This
corresponds
to Sandar's basic
type
1
a,
with a
range
in Crete from Middle Minoan times until the end of
the Bronze
Age
or later
(PPS
xxi
(1955) 174 ff.).
But
Deshayes,
Les Outils i
313 ff.,
thinks that knives like 16
(his
type K)
do not in fact occur in Crete as
early
as the Middle Minoan
period,
and
suggests
that the
type originated
in the
Argolid
on the Greek mainland. Our 1 6 seems to
belong
to his
subtype
K 1
a,
with
flanges
on the
hilt,
which
is
very
common in the
Aegean, being
attested in the
Mycenae
shaft
graves,
and
occurring
in Crete at least as
early
as Late Minoan I B. It was current until the end of the Bronze
Age
or later. Our knife resembles one from Punta
del Tonno
(Tarentum) (Deshayes,
Les Outils i
314;
ii
130 pl.
xlii: 6.
Notizie
degli
Scavi
1900, 464 fig. 22).
Miscellaneous
17-19 (fig. 295.
plates
138, 139)
The small
ring
1
7
which
appears
to be
part
of a
ring-pendant
is of
great interest, coming
as it does
from a level of Period IX. The
fragment
18 from a
Mycenaean
level is from an
ingot, probably
of
'ox-hide'
shape.
17. (A, Q,
1
56,
Period
IX) (plate
i
39) Ring pendant (?)
. The
ring
had an attachment of some
kind,
doubtless a
loop
for
suspension,
which has broken
away.
Diam.
2.4.
Th.
0.5. Presumably copper. Roughly formed;
uncertain
whether
shaped by hammering
or
cast;
the hole somewhat
rectangular.
Ring-pendants
have a
long history
in the Near East.
They
are also found in Anatolia and the
Aegean,
and
across
Europe
as far as the British Isles. The
objects
classifiable as
ring-pendants
in the
early
Near East
may
not all
have had the same intention. Some in Anatolia at
any
rate
appear
to have been used as belt
hooks,
while others are
found
incorporated
in necklaces or bracelets as
beads;
some
may
derive from
pendants representing stylised 'Eye
Goddesses' as found at
Byblos (Byblos
v
323
f.
fig. 197 pl. clxii,
Late
Aeneolithic;
but these have a
very
small central
hole and a
pair
of
'eyes'
in
place
of a
single string-hole above). Large ring-pendants
are worn as the central
ornaments in necklaces
by figures
in the Mari
frescoes;
this
suggests
that
they
were talismans or charms of some
kind.
Mesopotamia:
one of stone from
Arpachiyah
is
assignable
to the Halaf
period (Iraq
ii
(1935) pl.
vii
(b): 889).
It
was
compared by
Dikaios with
primitive
varieties of
ring-pendants
from Khirokitia in
Cyprus (Khirokitia 303 type
XIII
pls. c, cxli)
. A small
copper ring
from Stratum XVII of the Ubaid
period
at Gawra looks
remarkably
similar
in size and
appearance
to our 1
7;
but it does not
appear
to be a broken
ring-pendant,
and
any
resemblance
may
be
fortuitous
(Gawra
ii
213 pl. xcviii,
a:
5).
But
ring-pendants
of various materials
-
paste, mother-of-pearl,
and
gold
-
come from Gawra Strata XII-X
(Gawra
ii
195 pl.
clxxiii:
41, 42 (Strata
XII and
XI); 89 pl.
cvii:
49
(Stratum
X
?).
Cf.
Childe,
New
Light 121, 209):
the
ninety gold
ones found with a burial had
evidently
formed
part
of a bracelet
(Gawra
ii
89)
. Gold
ring-pendants incorporated
in a neck lace from Brak are dated to the end of
Sargonid
or
beginning
of Ur III times
(Iraq
ix
(1947)
1
77
f.
pl.
xxxv.
Maxwell-Hyslop,
Western Asiatic
Jewellery 29
pl. 27).
A stone
ring-pendant
from
Judeideh
is
assigned
to Phase
F,
which
appears
to
overlap
with a late
phase
of
Uruk in southern
Mesopotamia (Judeideh 252 fig. 190: 9).
Anatolia: a. bone
object
of somewhat
comparable shape
from
atal Hyk
is
thought
to have been a
belt-fastener used in
conjunction
with bone hooks
(Mellaart, atal Hyk 156 pl. xv).
A similar but cruder
object
from Hacilar is
interpreted
in the same
way (Hacilar
i 1
63;
ii
467 fig.
1
85: 4,
from Hacilar
VI)
.
Objects
with several
rings,
all of the same
size,
from
atal Hyk
are also called belt-fasteners
(Mellaart, atal Hyk fig. 102).
A bone
object
with a
couple
of
equal-sized rings
was recovered from the E.B. II horizon at Tarsus
(
Tarsus ii
31 7 pl. 440:
107, 108).
There are some elaborate
pendants
with knobbed
rings
from the
royal
tombs at Alaca
(Alaca 1937-39
pls. ccvi, ccvii).
A
simple ivory ring-pendant
from Alishar
assigned
to the
Early
Bronze
Age
is described as an
'implement
suitable in form but
scarcely strong enough
for
drawing
a
bowstring' (Alishar 1930-32
i
270 fig. 272:
c.
2
141).
A lead
object
from the Late Chalcolithic level VII e of the Pekmez site at
Aphrodisias
is
grouped
with
ring-pendants by
K.
Branigan,
Antichita Cretesi: studi in onore di Doro Levi i
(Catania, 1977) 98
no.
9 (wrongly
assigned
to E.B.
2);
but this seems to have no
suspension hole,
and it is described in the
report
as 'a small broken
lead
figurine (?)' (AJA
lxxv
( 1971) 127, 131
ill. 8:
1550. 1).
The lead
object
from Poliochni
similarly grouped
with
ring-pendants by Branigan,
ibid.
98
no.
10, may
be a
spindle
whorl
(Poliochni
i
659 pl.
clxxvii:
28).
Aegean:
a
typical
stone
ring-pendant
was found at
Troy,
and was
assigned by
Schliemann to his
'Third,
Burnt
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4. BONE 665
City',
which should be the end of
Troy
II
(Ilios 430
no.
557.
SS no.
7800. Ghilde,
Dawn
44).
More
interesting
for
comparison
with 1
7
are a
couple
of
ring-pendants
from
Poliochni,
one of silver and the other of
bronze,
both
apparently
of the Red
period (Poliochni
i
376, 659 pls.
clxx no.
3,
clxxvii no.
25; 434, 663 pl.
clxxvii no.
28).
Thermi
pl.
xvii: a shows what looks
very
much like a deliberate
representation
of a
ring-pendant
in relief on a
fragment
of a
clay
vase.
There is a stone
ring-pendant
from what
appears
to be a Late Neolithic context in the Kitsos cave on the Greek
mainland
(AAA
vii
(1974) 9 fig. 3.
BCH xcviii
(1974) 744, 746 fig. 19: a).
A fine silver
example
from the
Alepotrypa (Diros)
cave in the Mani
may
also date from the Late Neolithic
(AA 1971, 352, 359 fig. 53).
Ring-pendants
are
similarly
attested in the Late Neolithic of
Thessaly;
one of
light green
schist from Dhimini was
thought by
Tsountas to be a stone version of the
gold object
from Sesklo
assigned
to the Dhimini horizon there
(DS
337 pl. 43: 8, 350
f.
fig. 291 );
Tsountas noted that this
gold ring-pendant
was the
only
metal
object
which he found
certainly dating
from the Neolithic. There is also a
clay ring-pendant
from the Rakhmani horizon at Pevkakia
(BCH
xcvi
(1972) 718 fig. 305)
. Much later in date and of
quite
a different
type
are the amber
ring-pendants
from
Kakovatos Tholos A
(AM
xxxiv
(1909) 279
f.
pl.
xv:
22).
Four
ring-pendants
of bronze
plated
with
gold
and one of stone were recovered from the
Ayios Onouphrios
deposit
near Phaistos in
Crete,
and are
assignable
to
Early
Minoan or the
beginning
of Middle Minoan times
(K.
Branigan,
Antichit Cretesi: studi in onore di Doro Levi i
(Catania, 1977) 98
f. Cf.
Aegean
Metalwork
194
Nos.
3141-4.
AJ. Evans,
Cretan
Pictographs
and Prae-Phoenician
Script (London, 1895) 109
f.
figs. 95, 96, 96
bis. O.
Montelius,
La
Grece
prclassique (Stockholm, 1924)
22 f.
figs. 81, 87).
To the same
early
horizon
belongs
a remarkable silver
pendant
from a burial cave
opposite
the Cave of
Eileithyia
near Amnisos
(S. Marinatos,
PAE 1
930, 98 fig. 9)
. This
has a
very
small hole in the
centre,
and 'breasts' in
repouss;
it has been
compared
with the series of
gold
ring-pendants
from
Hungary
and
Romania, assignable
it seems to the
Bodrogkeresztur
and Cucuteni A-B
horizon,
and
evidently
versions of female idols
(V. Milojcic,
Germania xxxi
(1953) 8).
In three instances these
Balkan 'idols' have been found in the
graves
of
women,
twice
being
worn in
pairs
on the head
(H. Dumitrescu,
Dacia v
(1961) 69-93).
For these and other
types
of
ring-pendants
see now
J. Makkay,
Acta
Archaeologica
xxviii
(1976) 251-300.
Bone
ring-pendants
have been found in
Bulgaria (Gaul,
Neolithic
Bulgaria 142 pl.
xxxv:
6, 7, 11,
from
Denev,
assigned
to the Mound Culture i.e. Maritsa or
Gumelnia horizon). Ring-pendants
from other
parts
of
Europe
have been collected
by
R.A.
Maier,
BRGKxiii
( 1961 )
260 ff.
fig. 4, 305 fig.
1 1:
Ringscheiben. Gimbutas, Bronze
Age
Cultures
35
ff.
figs. 5-9 pls. 5,
6. Cf.
Childe,
Dawn
44, 91 fig. 47, 98, 194, 198.
Some from South Russia are made
of
copper (e.g. Gimbutas, Prehistory
68
fig. 38: 5. Sulimirski,
Prehistoric Russia
235 fig. 58).
For
examples
from the
British Isles
assignable
to the
Early
Bronze
Age there, e.g. Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1935)
206
pl. 64: 5,
6. PPSiv
(1938)
83 f., 74 fig.
12:
3;
xxii
(1956) pl. 5: 14.
18.
(F,
B
2, stage 7, Mycenaean) (plate 139) Fragment
of
ingot, measuring
6 x 6 x
4-4.5
thick. The
edges irregular,
broken;
the
upper
and lower surfaces
roughly
flattened.
This
probably
comes from a
large copper ingot
of 'ox-hide'
shape.
For such
ingots
see
Cape Gelidonya 52-78;
J.D. Muhly,
'The
Copper
Ox-hide
Ingots
and the Bronze
Age
Metals
Trade', Iraqxxxix (1977) 73-82.
For similar
fragments, e.g.
BSA xlix
(1954) 295 f.;
xlvii
(1953) pl.
2
(a),
from
Mycenae. Hesperia
xl
(1971) 388 pl. 75: a,
from
Ayia
Irini
(Kea).
19. (A, Q,7,
Period
II) (plate 138) Scrap
of thin
plate
with a small hole.
1.7
x 1. No
edge certainly original.
(5)
Tools and other
objects
of
bone, shell,
amber and faience
BONE
1-56,
SHELL
57-65,
AMBER
66,
FAIENCE
67-68 (figs. 296-9.
plates
140-2)
I. Bone
1-56 (figs. 296-8.
plates
140-2)
Bone tools were recovered from levels of all
periods
from X to
II,
but none were noted from
deposits
of Period I. This
may
be
fortuitous,
in view of the limited character of
pure deposits
of
I,
but it could reflect the
increasing
use of metal for tools at the time. Bone
objects
are divided into
(A)
End tools
(types 1-11),
and
(B) Awls, pins, needles,
and ?idols
(types 12-30).
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fig.
296.
Tools and other
objects
of bone.
666 IH. EMPORIO
X IX Vili VII VI V IV
jjj
I MBA MYC PBA US Total
Group
A
Type
1 XXX S
2-1-3 4
3
1 1 -1-
3
4
-1- 1 11
13
51
1 2
6 2 1 1
5
?2 11
7
-1-1 1
3
6
8 1 1
9
12
3
10 11
13
11 1 1
Group
B
Type
12 1 1
13 44
14
1 1
15
1 1
16 1 1
17
1 1 2
18 21
3
19
1 1
20 1 1
21 1 1
22 -1- 1
23
-1- 1
24
1 1
25
-1- 1 2
26 1 1
27
1 1
28 1 1
29
1 1
30
22
3^
1

1 1
3__
Total i i
3-3-42 -3-7-1-5- 39 4
i
3 77
X =
Occur. S =
Several.
(A)
End tools
(types i-n)
Type
1. Deer
antlers, apparently
used as
picks
Several of these were recovered from levels of Periods V-II. All
appear
to have
belonged
to
fallow deer
[Dama
dama
L)
. In her
study
of the animal bones from
Emporio, Juliet
Clutton-Brock
notes that antler
picks
were
probably
in fact the main
digging
tools used
by
the
people
of Chios
into the Bronze
Age.
1.
(F,
B
io, stage 3,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L. 10. Broken at the
top. Working tip rounded,
and surface in
general
smoothed
by
use.
Antler
points
of this kind have a wide distribution in time and
place. E.g. Troy:
Ilios
431
nos.
585-7.
Thermi
200
type 15 pl.
xxiv:
30.24.
DS
358 pl. 47: 4.
PThess
42, 72, 125.
Miamou
(Crete): AJA
i
(1897) 297.
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4. BONE 667
Type
2. Hollow
leg
bones of small
animals,
with or without
heads;
the shafts cut
diagonally
to
form
pointed tips
2.
(A, Q,i45,
Period
VIII) (plate 140)
L.
7.
3. (C. /,
CC
?8, stage 3,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L.
8.5.
4. (A, Q6/5,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L.
7.7.
Included in
Troy type
2
( Troy
i 28
fig.
1
26)
which is common in
Troy
I and occurs in
every period
from
Troy
II-VII B. Thermi
197
ff.
type
2 with references. Poliochnii 601
pl.
xcvii:
19-25 (Blue period), 670 pl.
clxxxi:
1, 3-7
(Green
and Red
periods);
ibid, ii
302 pl.
cclv:
3 (Yellow period).
PThess
119 fig.
68:
p, q, s;
120
fig. 69: f, g
(Tsangli); 148 fig. 92: h,j,
k
(Tsani). Ergon 1973, 19 fig.
1
3, top
centre and
right, Early
Neolithic from Sesklo. PPS
xxviii
(1962)
280
fig.
8: B
1, Early
Neolithic from Nea Nikomedeia. Knossos
(Neolithic):
BSA lix
(1964) 236 p!.
61
(3).
Miamou:
AJA
i
(1897) 297 fig.
8. Alishar
1930-32
i
fig. 93:
c.
2399 (Chalcolithic).
Kusura:
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 52 fig. 24:
1
7, only
2
examples,
neither with
joints
as
handles,
both from Period C. Mersin
41 fig. 23
Level
XXIV
(on right).
Khirokitia
293, 295, type
I
(Period
II or
later).
Type 3.
As
type 2,
but with rounded
gouge-like tips
5. {A, 0,146,
Period
VIII) (plate 140)
L. 10.
6.
(A,
G no
level,
Period
VI) (plate 140)
L.
12.5.
7. (A,
R
?83,
Periods
VI/V) (plate 140)
L.
9.7.
Like our
type
2 this
type
is included in
Troy type 2,
but
nothing very
similar is illustrated in
Troy
i-iv. Thermi
197 type
1. Poliochni i
114, 547 pl.
iii: i
(Black period);
601
pl.
xcvii:
12-18,
108
pl.
clxxxi: 2
(all
Blue
period).
Saliagos 67 fig.
80:
5-7.
DS
355 pl. 45: 8-12,
in use from the earliest
period
of Neolithic until the Bronze
Age.
PThess
125 fig.
68: r
(Tsangli); 149 fig. 92: a, b, 1,
m
(Tsangli
and
Tsani). Ayia Sofia Magua pl.
20:
2,
late Dhimini.
Ergon
1973, 19 fig. 13, top
left and second from
right, Early
Neolithic from Sesklo. Eutresis:
Hesperia
xxix
(i960) 156 pl.
53:
VIII. 62
(E.H. II).
Knossos
(Neolithic):
BSA lix
(1964) 236 pl.
61
(4).
Cf. Phaistos i 88
fig. 29 (Neolithic).
Miamou:
AJA
i
(1897) 297 fig.
8.
Type 4.
Hollow
leg
or other
bones, split
so as to leave a
U-shaped section;
one end cut to a
point
These were
very
well
represented
in levels of Period II from which all the
examples
illustrated
come.
8-10.
(Z?, C/D 9, stage 7,
Period II:
early phase) (plate 140)
L.
9.7, 5.8, 5.6.
11.
(A, Q7,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L.
7.2.
12.
(A, Q
walls
55
and
56) (plate 140)
L.
7.
13. (F,
B
10, stage 3,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L. 6.8.
14. (A,
X
13,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L. 6.
Troy types 3
and 6
( Troy
i 28
fig.
1
26)
:
type
6 was
rare,
but
type 3 (leg
bone
tools)
was the commonest
type
of
bone tool in all
phases
of
Troy
I-VIII B. Thermi
199 type 4: very
common in all levels. Poliochni ii
302 pl.
cclvi
esp.
no. 1 1
(Yellow period). PMac2i^g. 83: j (Vardaroftsa, M.B.A).
PThess
53 fig.
28: r
(Rakhmani III); 125 fig. 92:
f
(Tsangli).
Mersin
41 fig. 23 (Levels XX, XXIV-V).
Khirokitia
293, 295, type
IV:
mostly
of Period II.
Type 5.
As
type 4,
but with rounded
tips
15. (A,
G
164,
Period
X) (plate 140)
L.
5.5.
This
type
has
very early parallels
in the Levant
(e.g. Judeideh
66 f.
fig. 38: 5).
One similar comes from the
earliest level
(Phase
I A
1)
at Kum
Tepe (Kum Tepe 323 pl. 71
no.
141).
Type
6. Pointed
tools,
made from bones
carefully split lengthwise
The bones used are
usually
ribs with the inner surface left
rough.
Two
exceptionally large
bones
including
2 1
grouped
here
appear
to come from
Mycenaean
levels. For similar tools from a
Mycenaean context, e.g. Ergon 1976, 151 fig. 129:
Koukounaries
(Paros),
here
regarded
as
Myc.
Ill
C,
but late
Myc.
Ill B
according
to Schilardi in Davis and
Cherry 158
ff.
16.
[A,
H
76,
Period
V) (plate 140)
L. 6.1. The inside left
rough.
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fig.
297.
Bone tools
(BONE 1-36).
Scale
1/2.
668 III. EMPORIO
'J 1 If
'
'| 8
^_,
,t
**tazzz0
/I n h r1
f
''I
i
!
-
%a
-
-
I
- - -
-
*****
#;
' ~
^^ /.i
''
U
/
^

ry
f-
V
15 W
v-y
'.
21
^
/
Ui6
18
Vi9
5:
w
1
' ff*^ /X
:-7
24
V
25
i?
il
;i
Ir
1
-
-^
Ir*
r^
'J 31
32 ^33 II
35 36
I
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4. BONE 669
17. (A,
X
5,
Period
II) (plate 140)
Broken at
top.
L.
6.4.
Surface
highly polished.
18.
(A,
X
5,
Period
II) (plate 140)
Broken at
top.
L.
5.5.
Inside surface smoothed.
Cf. Eutresis:
Hesperia
xxix
(i960) 135, 145 pl. 53:
II.
46,
IV. 22.
19. (A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L. 6.8.
Cf. Eutresis:
Hesperia
xxix
(i960) 157 pl. 53:
VIII. 66.
20.
(F,
B
10, stage 3,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L. 6.6.
21.
(/), Q5/4, stage I, Mycenaean) (plate 140)
L.
13.5.
Included in
Troy type 5 (Troy
i 28
fig. 126).
Thermi
199 type
6. Tarsus ii
316 pl. 439:
86
(E.B. III).
Type 7.
As
type 6,
but with
markedly ogival point
The six
examples
of this
type
all came from levels of Periods
VI/V-II.
22.
(A,
R
59,
Period
V) (plate 140)
L.
7.
Inside left
rough.
23. (A, H/R 26,
Period
IV) (plate 140)
L. 11. Inside left
rough.
24. (B, C/D 9, stage 7,
Period II:
early phase) (plate 140)
L.
10.5.
Cf. Kum
Tepe 338, 344, 349
f.
pl. 71
nos.
562, 664, 727,
Phases I B
3
and
4,
and I C. Included in
Troy type 5.
Troy
i
pl. 219, many
from
Early Troy
I. A few less
typical examples
are illustrated from
Troy
II-V
( Troy
i
pl. 364;
ii
pls. 52, 149, 235).
Thermi
199 type 5,
common in Towns I- III A. Poliochni i
597 pl.
xciv:
1-25, very
common in
the Blue
period; 669 pl.
clxxx: 1-
15,
still
common, although
less
so,
in the Red and Green
periods;
ibid, ii
302 pl.
cclv:
14.
Kusura:
Archaeologia
lxxxvii
(1937) 270 fig. 27: 2,
one of Period C. Alishar
1930-32
i
87 fig. 92,
several of the
Chalcolithic.
Mersin'' fig. 23 (Levels
XXIV and
XXV).
Tarsus ii
312 pl. 437:
10
(E.B.
IIJ);
3i6pl. 439: 87 (L.B.).
Bone
implements
of this
shape
were also in use in the Bronze
Age
in Crete
(e.g.
Mallia: Etudes Cretoises xi
pl.
li:
6;
ibid xxii
pl.
xxix:
129, 6).
Type
8. As
type 6,
but with sides indented
The
single fragmentary example assigned
to this
type (25) might
be taken to come from the
head of a
harpoon.
But
harpoons
of bone or antler do not
appear
to be attested in the
Aegean
area. Miss
Olga Krzyszkowska
has
suggested
that
25 may
in fact be
part
of an 'idol' akin to
type
20
(BONE 44).
25. (A, Q14,
Period
II) (plate 141)
Broken short at both ends. L.
preserved 5.2. Flat;
outside surface
polished,
inside
left
rough.
Compare
Poliochni ii
302 pl.
cclvi:
4,
of the Yellow
period. Judeideh 391 fig. 299:
8
pl. 75: 9 (Phase H)
looks
similar.
Type g.
As
type 6,
but with a rounded end
26.
(A,
X
?i3O,
Periods
VI/V) (plate 140)
L.
8.4.
Inside left
rough.
27. (A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L.
5.
Troy
i
48, 192 pl.
220:
36.412, 36.420 (Late Subperiod
of
Troy I);
it is
suggested
that
they might
have been
potters' burnishing
tools.
Troy
iii
29, 283 pl. 301: 37.379,
made of horn
(Troy VI).
Thermi
199 type 6a,
one from
Town IV. PThess
53 fig.
28:
q (Rakhmani III); 125 fig. 67:
r
(Tsangli).
Alishar
ig28-2g
i
69 fig.
82
(Stratum I).
Type
10.
Scraps
of
large
bones used as rubbers
28.
(A,
G
122,
Period
VII) (plate 141)
L.
5.5.
29. (A,
G
?i9,
Periods
III/II (?)) (plate 141)
L.
6.4.
30. (C. 3,
HH
8-6,
Period
II) (plate 141)
L. 8.2.
Type
11.
Bone,
with a blunt
point
at each
end, evidently
used as a
polisher
or rubber of some kind
This was the
only
certain
example
of a double-ended bone tool
recognised
at
Emporio.
31. [A,
R
?73,
Period
V) (plate 140)
L. 6. Both the ends and the
edges
worn smooth
by
use.
Cf. Thermi
199 type 3.
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670
III. EMPORIO
(B) Awls, pins, needles,
?idols etc.
(types 12-31)
Type
12. Small bone
awl,
with a
sharp point
at each end
Bone awls of this
type appear
to have been
cheap
substitutes for metal ones like METAL
8-10. One doubtful
example (32)
was recovered at
Emporio,
and such awls were never
really
popular
at
Thermi,
while
only
two are recorded from the latest excavations at
Troy.
But bone
instruments of this
shape
seem to have been
relatively
common at Poliochni. It must be
remembered, however,
that arrowheads
consisting
of a bone
pointed
at each end were in use
during
the Bronze
Age
and later in
parts
of the Near East
(e.g.
Alishar
1930-32
ii
fig. 270,
Hittite
period).
32. {A,
R
26,
Period
IV)
Broken short at one end. L. 2.8.
Troy:
included in the rare
type 7,
with
only
2
examples,
from
Troy
I and IV. That from
Troy
I resembles ours
( Troy
i 1
04 fig.
2 1
9: 35. 70,
from
Troy
I
c)
. Thermi 1
99 type 8, pl.
xxvii: 1 8. Poliochni i
600, 670 pl.
xc: 1
2-35 (some) ,
Blue
period; pl.
clxxxii
(some, esp. 9),
Green and red
periods;
ibid, ii
302 pl.
cclv: 1
2,
Yellow
period.
PThess
42 fig.
27:
b-e
(Rakhmani).
Knossos
(Neolithic):
BSA lix
(1964) 236 pl.
61
(2) (at bottom).
Kusura:
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 52 type 13, fig. 24: 26, 27, 30 (Periods
B and
C);
ibid, lxxxvii
(1937) 271 fig. 27:
18. Cf. The
'augerlike
points'
characteristic of Alishar Stratum II
{Alishar ig28-2g
i
176
f.
fig. 229).
Type 13. Leg
bones of small animals with the
joints
used as the
heads;
rounded shafts and
single
points
The four
examples
of this
type
all came from levels of Period II.
33. (A, Q,6/5,
Period
II) (plate 140)
L. 8.2.
34. (B, C/D 9, stage 7,
Period II:
early phase) (plate 140)
Troy type
1
( Troy
i 28
fig. 126).
Thermi
199 type 9.
Poliochni i
599
f.
pl.
xci:
8-12, 14-17, large
numbers of the
Blue
period.
PThess 1
25 fig.
68: o
(Tsangli)
. Eutresis 2 1 1
fig. 283: 9 (various levels)
. Miamou
(Crete)
:
AJA
i
(
1
897)
297 fig.
8. Kusura:
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 52 type 7, fig. 24:
21
(Periods
A and
B).
Type 14.
Pin with circular shaft and
plain
flattened head
The
only example (35)
of this
type
came from a level of Period II.
35. (A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 141) Broken; top
of head
missing.
L. 12.8.
Included in
Troy type
8
(e.g. Troy
i
163 fig.
220:
36.44 (Troy I); 291 fig. 364: 37.420 (Troy II)).
Thermi
199
type 10, pl.
xxvii:
19-23.
Poliochni i
599
f.
pl.
xcii
(large
number of the Blue
period). Judeideh 256 fig. 193: 3 (Phase
F).
Type 15.
Pin with small ribbed head
The
only example (36)
came from a
relatively
late
deposit, assignable perhaps
to the
beginning
of the Late Bronze
Age.
36. (F,
B
?7, stage ?6A) (plate 141) Broken,
but
complete.
L.
7.6. Very finely polished.
Pins with ribbed or
grooved
heads are included in
Troy type
8
( Troy
i
29 fig.
1
26).
While
pins assigned
to
type
8 are common in
Troy I,
none of those illustrated has a ribbed head
(but
see Ilios 261 f. no.
140);
and
only
two
rib-headed
pins
are illustrated from
Troy
II
{Troy
i
291, 368 pl. 364: 37.368, 36.632 (Troy
II
d, g).
Our
pin 36
is
more
comparable
with ones from
Troy III, VI,
and VII B
{Troy
ii
pl. 51: 34.517 (Troy III);
iii
pl. 303: 36.199,
37.292 (Troy VI);
iv
pl. 255: 35.372, 37.383 (Troy
VII
B).
For others see SS nos.
7845-7866;
Ilios
430
f. nos.
562-4, 572)
. An
embryo pin
of this
type
was found in a level of Town I at
Thermi;
but in
general
such
pins
do not
appear
to be common there before the horizon of Towns IV-V
{Thermi
201
pl.
xxvii:
11; 199
f.
type 11).
Rib-headed bone
pins
are attested in
Thessaly {PThess 191 fig. 139: p (Lianokladhi II)).
In southern Greece
they
are standard
during
the Middle Helladic
period
and continue into
Mycenaean
times
{Asine 255 fig.
180: 12
(M.H.).
Eutresis
213 fig. 284: 9,
io
(M.H.). Karo,
SG
155 pl.
lxxi no.
898 (Grave V). Mylonas,
Circle B
157 pl. 136,
b.
Valmin,
SME
362 pl.
xxix: A 6
(L.H.).
Athenian
Agora
xiii 21
7 pls. 50, 77,
Tomb xxi no.
15 (L.H.). Prosymna 285
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4. BONE
671
pl. 107,
Tomb xvii no.
5 (L.H.)).
Some bone
pins
of this
type
have also been found in Crete
(e.g.
Etudes Cretoises ix
(1953)
60
pl.
xvi no.
255,
cf. 18
pl. xlvi,
b
(bronze).
Ibid, xvi
(1970) pl.
xxvii:
5,
a
(bone)).
Eastwards rib-headed
pins
seem to
appear
earlier. A number were recovered from levels of Periods G and H at
Judeideh {Judeideh 338 fig. 256: 8, 9; pl. 74: 13, 14; 391 fig. 299: 4 pl. 74: 4).
There are two
atypical
heads from
Early
Bronze II levels at
Tarsus,
but one of orthodox
type
comes from a Late Bronze
Age deposit
there
(
Tarsus ii
314 fig. 438
nos.
54, 55 (E.B. II),
no.
63 (L.B.)).
Bone
pins
with
segmented
heads are found in the earliest Bronze
Age
of Central
Europe (e.g. Gimbutas, Bronze
Age
Cultures
39 fig.
10:
20, 23,
from an
early
Unitice
cemetery
near Nitra in
Slovakia, along
with 'needles' of
type
16 and
segmented
and other faience
beads).
Type
16.
'Needle',
with wide flat
perforated
head
These
objects, resembling pins
of
type 14,
but with a
perforation through
the
head,
were
classified at
Troy
and Thermi as
needles,
and
may
have been used as such.
They
were
probably
the bone
equivalents of,
if not the
prototypes for,
metal needles of
type 3 (see
under METAL
7,
e.g. Zervos, ACyclpl. 261, top left).
The one
example
of this distinctive
type
from
Emporio
came
from a level of Period II.
37. (A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 141)
Broken. L.
9.4.
Surface
polished.
Troy
i
29 hg.
1 26
Needles,
that on
left;
ibid.
180, 197 fig.
220:
37.38, 37.577 (Late Subperiod
of
Troy I). Troy
ii
fig- J49: 33-95> 37462 (Troy IV);
iii
fig. 301: 35.468 (Late Troy VI);
iv
16, 57 fig. 219: 37.226 (Troy VIIA)
(small).
Cf. SS nos.
9042-9.
Ilios
430
nos.
566, 570.
Thermi 200
type 12, pl.
xxvii:
25, 26,
28
(Towns
I and
IV). Very
numerous at Poliochni
during
the Blue
period,
but much less numerous and less fine it seems
during
the Green and
Red
{Poliochni
i
599, 669 pls.
lxxxix:
16-40,
clxxix:
7, 9, 10).
The
type
is also attested from the Macedonian Late Neolithic
{PMac 165 fig. 35: b, pl. x,
from
Servia),
and
occurs in
Thessaly {PThess 125 fig.
68:
n,
from
Tsangli).
One from Corinth was
assigned
to the Neolithic there
(Walker Kosmopoulos,
Corinth
45 fig.
1
7 (Period II)).
There are others from Neolithic Khirokitia and from
Early
Bronze
Age
Tarsus
{Khirokitia 294 pls. xciii,
cxl:
41 1, 413, 1029.
Tarsus ''
315 pl. 438: 69-71 (E.B. II)).
Afew were
found at
Judeideh
in
deposits
of the Second Mixed
Range
and Phase G
{Judeideh 328 fig. 256: 12, pl. 74: 10, 16).
There are some from levels of all
periods
at Alishar
{Alishar ig28-2g
ii
83 fig. 129:
a 1
134 (broken) (Stratum V);
I93-32i9I % 94 (three) (Chalcolithic); 193 fig. 194:
d
2148 (Copper Age); 270 fig. 272:
e 2200
(E.B. A); 1930-32
ii
237 figs. 265,
268
(several
from Hittite
levels); 427 fig. 488 (several
from
Phrygian levels)).
One from Kusura is
assigned
to Period C
{Archaeologia
lxxxvii
(1937) 271 fig. 27: 9).
The
type
occurs in Central
Europe
from the Neolithic into the Bronze
Age (e.g. Berciu,
Contributii
figs. 167: 15,
198:
1
(Gumelnija
I
a). Gimbutas, Bronze
Age
Cultures
40 fig.
10:
18, 19 (Nitra, E.B.A.)).
Type iy. Leg
bone of small animal with the
joint
used as a head and
perforated
There were
only
two bone
objects
that could be
assigned
to this
type.
The hole
through
the
joint
seemed to have been
deliberately
made in each case. But
only
the
perforated joint
has
survived in the case of
38
from a level of Period IX. Thus it could have been when
complete,
not
an
implement,
but an
object
like the small bones from
Troy
I which
appear
to have formed
part
of a necklace or some other ornament
{Troy
i 102
fig. 215: 35.80 etc.).
38. {A,
G
154,
Period
IX) (plate 141)
Broken. L.
preserved 3.4.
39. [A,
G
25,
Period
IV) (plate 141)
L.
only 3.
The bone is
hollow,
and
sharpened
to a
point by
a
diagonal
cut like
tools of
type
2.
Type
18.
Wide, flat, pointed instrument,
similar to
type 6,
but with a hole
through
the
top
end
This
may
have been a
variety
of needle. Two
examples
were recovered from levels of Period
V,
and one from those of II.
40. 41. {A,
H
49,
Period
V) (plate 141) Tips missing.
L.
5.7, 5.2.
Both sides of
41 polished.
42. {A,
X
5,
Period
II) Scrap
of
top
with
perforation.
L.
preserved 3.6.
Inner side
rough,
outer
polished. Comparable
objects
from Thermi are included in
type 7
there
(
Thermi
199 pl.
xxvii:
34, 35, 37 (Towns
I-
III)).
Some needles
from Khirokitia resemble
40 (e.g.
Khirokitia
294 pls. xciii, cxl,
no.
50),
while others are wider like
41 , 42.
There is a
bone of this
type
from the Neolithic at Knossos
{BSA
lix
(
1
964) pl.
60
(
1
)
:
5)
. A needle like
40
comes from a level of
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fig.
298.
Tools and other
objects
of bone
(BONE 37-54),
shell
(57-61)
and faience
(67
and
68).
Scale
1/2, except 59-61, 67
and 68
(1/1).
672 III. EMPORIO
fil fi fi H -il- fi
In
OO
-'
I / ?
I
I
**
1 1/
'

J W
I
'
_ |M
1
_ t/ I
-
' 42
-
44
40
41
ff
44

/ 48
I
nOS.
59,60,61,67,
68 :
J~
Q^^
60 61
68
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4. BONE 673
early
Period B at Kusura
(Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 52 type
1
1, fig. 24: 11).
An
object
reminiscent of
41
from
Tarsus is classified as a needle
(Tarsus
ii
315 pl. 438
no.
71 (E.B. II)). Long
needles of this
type
from Sotira
(Cyprus)
are described as instruments for
threading (Sotira 203 pls. 104-5: 657, 810).
Type ig.
As
type 18,
but with an
ogival point
like
type 7;
the
edges
of the
point
serrated
43. (B, C/D 9, stage 7,
Period II:
early phase) (plate 141) Tip
of
point missing.
L.
5.7. Very thin,
flat section. One
side well
polished.
Cf. Socodor
(Romania):
Mat. si Cercetari ii
(1956) 59 fig. 19: 15,
Bronze
Age.
Type
20. As
type 18,
but with indented
head,
and with serrated
edges
like the
point
of
type 19
44. (A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 141) Tip missing.
L.
5.
Smoothed and
polished
on both sides.
Similar
objects,
but without serrated
edges,
are known from
Troy, Thermi,
and
Poliochni,
and elsewhere in
the
Aegean
area.
They may
be idols or amulets of some kind rather than tools.
E.g. Troy
i
48,
161
fig.
220:
37.781, 'dagger-shaped object, perhaps
an idol'. Cf. ibid. 282
fig. 365: 36.372 (Troy
II
d); Troy
ii 1
15,
182
fig. 149: 37.79 (Troy IV).
Ilios
430
no.
580.
Thermi
199,
202
pl.
xxvii no.
36 (Town IV),
included in
type 7.
The
following
are more
obviously
like idols: Poliochni i
598 pl.
xciii:
1-2, 12-14 (Blue period):
ibid, ii
303 pl.
cclv:
1, 2,
with
unperforated
heads
(Yellow period).
Asine
255 fig.
181:1
(E.H.
Ill
bothros). PMacSy,
202
fig.
66:
c,/,
from Kritsana
(E.B. A.):
c has serrated
edges
like those of
44,
but
they
are said to be much worn as if
by
use of
the
object
as a tool.
Type
21. As
type
20 with an indented
head,
but
unperforated
and the
edges
not serrated
Possibly
a
simple
form of
stylised idol,
as found in the earlier 'cities' at
Troy
and at Poliochni
in the Blue
period.
The
only example
from
Emporio
came from a level of Period II.
45. (B, C/D 9, stage 7,
Period II:
early phase) (plate 141)
Broken at
top
and
tip missing.
L.
6.5.
Troyi^S,
1
58 fig.
220:
37.626 (Middle Subperiod
of
Troy I). Troy
ii 168 f.
fig. 149: 36.406 (Troy
IV
b).
Cf. Ilios
261 f. no.
136.
Poliochni i
598 pl.
xciii
esp. 8,
18
(Blue period).
Type
22. Wide
fragment
of bone with
large perforation
to one side
46. (A, Q 145,
Period
VIII) (plate 141)
Broken at lower end and around hole. L.
4.2.
Smoothed on both sides.
Type 23.
Chisel
(?)
with narrow curved blade
47. (A,
R
59,
Period
V) (plate 141)
Broken short at one end. L.
5.4.
Surface
highly polished.
Cf. Eutresis
213 fig. 283:
8
(E.H.).
Type 24. Celt-shaped implement,
with adze-like blade
48. (F,B 12, stage 2,
Period II:
early phase (?)) (plate 141)
L.
6.7.
W. of blade
5.6,
of narrow end 1.8. Made from a
large
flat
piece
of bone. Surface smoothed to a fine
working edge
from both sides.
This
may
have been used as a
scraper
rather than as an adze or chisel. Cf.
Troy
ii
115, 169, 179, fig. 149:37.41,
37.62 (Troy
IV
b); 232, 254, 256 fig. 235: 37.85, 36.1 17 (Troy V).
More
closely comparable, Troy
iv
16, 52 fig.
2I9: 37-337 (Troy
VII
A), 'perhaps
for
polishing,
or some other
purpose'.
PThess
191 fig.
1
39: 0,
from Lianokladhi
III,
called a
scraper.
BRGK xliii-xliv
(1962-63)
8
pl. 11:3e (L. 12.5),
from Tecic in
Yugoslavia.
Type 25. Spoon
or
spatula
49. (B, C/D 26/13, stages 3/5,
Periods
V/IV (?)) (plate 140)
L.
11.5.
50. (A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 140)
Broken. L.
3.7.
Flat
spoon-like objects
or
spatulas
of one kind or another have a
very
wide distribution both in time and
place
in the
Aegean area, ranging
from the earliest Neolithic at Knossos
(BSA
lxiii
(
1
968)
2
7
1
)
to the Late Bronze
Age
at
Troy ( Troy
i
48, 123 fig.
220:
37.375 (Early Subperiod
of
Troy I); Troy
in
29, 264, 272 fig. 301: 36.138, 36.41 (Late
Troy VI)).
The two
examples
from
Emporio
are most
closely comparable
with some of those from
Troy
and ones from
neighbouring
Thermi
(Thermi
200
type 13, pl.
xxvii:
14, 15,
from Towns
III-IV).
There is what looks like a
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674 III. EMPORIO
similar
spatula
from Vardaroftsa
assigned
to the Macedonian
Early
Bronze
Age (PMac
202
fig.
66:
i).
Miss
Olga
Krzyszkowska
has
pointed
out that these
spatulas
are in fact
scapulae
from
pigs
which
required
little or no
modification to
adapt
them for use as
spoons
or
scrapers. They
are therefore
very
different from the
spatulas
described below which are
elaborately
worked with well-differentiated flat or
spoon-like
heads.
The
spatulas
of this kind from Neolithic Knossos are
virtually
flat with broad
heads,
like one from the Late
Neolithic at Sesklo in
Thessaly (BSA
lix
(1964) 236 fig. 55 pl.
60
(3).
Cf. DS
357 pl. 46: 8).
At Knossos at
any rate,
and in the Balkans
(Childe,
Dawn
85),
it seems
possible
that such bone
spatulas
were used for
scraping
flour from
querns
after it had been
ground.
But some of the
examples
from
Thessaly
are
distinctly spoon-like (e.g.
PThess
42
fig. 271g,
from
Rakhmani;
this
appears
to have an animal's head on the handle like some from Hacilar VI
(Hacilar
ii
fig. 180)).
For bone
spatulas
from
Anatolia, e.g.
Kusura:
Archaeologia
lxxxvi
(1936) 54 type 18, fig. 24: 31 (Period A).
Aphrodisias: AJA
lxxv
(1971) 140 (Late Chalcolithic).
Hacilar ' 162
f.;
ii
pls. cxx, cxxi, figs. 180-3,
m an*
periods
from IX-I.
For the
Balkans, e.g.
Childe Danube
41,
10
1, 104, 107,
and Dawn
85, 108,
1
10,
266. Karanovo I-I I:
L'Europe
a
la
fin
de
l'ge
de
pierre (Prague, 1961) pl.
iv:
7,
8. Starcevo:
Zervos,
Nais ii
pl. 700.
Tecic: Z?/?G7f xliii-xliv
(
1
962-63)
8
pl. 11:3 c,
Starcevo Culture.
Anzabegovo:
Anza
189, 195
f.
figs. 130-3 pl. 11,
from Anza I
(?),
III and
IV, being
abundant in IV. M.
Grbic,
Plotnik
(Belgrade, 1929)
16
figs. 126, 128, 130,
for later
examples.
Type
26. Tube
51. (A,
G
141,
Period
VIII) (plate 141)
Cracked and
chipped,
but
apparently complete.
L.
5.2.
Diam.
1.4.
Surface
and
edges
smoothed.
Possibly
a handle for some
implement,
or a holder for
paint.
Type 2j.
Tube with
H-shaped perforation
52. (A, Q6/5,
Period
II) (plate 141) Split,
and broken short at the
top
end. The other end cut
diagonally.
L.
7.
Diam. c. 1.6.
Perhaps
the
mouthpiece
of a flute.
Type
28.
Phalange
with
large perforation, perhaps
a whistle
53. (A,
H wall
40,
Period
V) (plate 140)
L. 6.
Perforated
phalanges
like
53
had a wide distribution in
early
times over most of
Europe
into Russia and the
northern
part
of Anatolia
(see
R.A.
Maier,
BRGK xiii
(1961) 183 ff., 273 ff., 300 fig.
6
pls. 38, 39.
Homolka
pl.
1:
n).
Ones with
large perforations very
similar in
appearance
to
53
from Middle Neolithic levels at Knossos are
thought
to have been used as whistles
(BSA
lix
(1964) 236 pl.
60
(4): 2, 3).
For these and
early
bone whistles in
general
see
J.V.S. Megaw, 'Penny
Whistles and
Prehistory', Antiquity
xxxiv
(i960) 6-13 pl.
ii:
9.
Type 2g. Spindle
whorl
54. (A,
G
140,
Period
VIII) (plate 141) Flat,
truncated cone. Diam. c.
4.3. Apparently
cut from the head of a
long
bone.
Similar
objects
were found at
Poliochni,
where
they
were
interpreted
as
pommels
on the
ground
that
they
were too
light
for use as whorls.
They
occurred there
alongside
bone whorls of
hemispherical shape.
Bone whorls of
both the truncated conical and the
hemispherical shape
were also found
together
at Sesklo in
Thessaly
and at
Zygouries.
Hemispherical
whorls made from femur
heads, apparently
of
humans,
were recovered in
early
levels at
Alishar and were
thought
to have been used as charms
(Alishar ig28-2g
i
179 fig. 232:
b
722 (Stratum
II
?).
Cf.
ibid.
1930-32
i
91 fig. 94,
and one from
Aphrodisias [AJA
lxxv
(1971) 128, 125
ill.
4),
which are Chalcolithic.
Three bone
spindle-whorls
made from the heads of femurs of
large
herbivores from the Kitsos cave in Attica are
presumably
Late Neolithic
(BCH
xcviii
(1974) 744).
One made from the
caput
of the femur of a bovid and
interpreted
as a
loomweight
was recovered from
Anzabegovo
in
Jugoslav
Macedonia
(Anza 190
f.
fig. 123,
Anza
IV).
For truncated conical whorls of
bone, e.g.
Poliochni i
597 pl.
xci:
1, 3, 5,
6
(Blue period); 669 pl.
clxxxi: 16
(unperforated), 17 (Red period);
ibid, ii
302 pl.
cclv: 8
(Yellow period).
DS
357 pl. 46: 16,
from Sesklo
(B.A.
level). Zygouries 192 fig.
181:
4 (E.H.). They
also occur in the
Gumelnij;a
culture of
Romania, e.g. Gumelnij:a:
Dacia i
(1924) 340 fig.
10:
1;
ii
(1925) 97 fig.
66: 16. Sultana: Dacia i
(1924) 74 pl.
vii:
23.
Cascioarele: Dacia ii
(1925) 193 fig. 44: 28, 29.
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4. SHELL
(PESTLE)
675
Type jo.
Bones or teeth
pierced
as amulets
A tooth
(55)
and what
appears
to be a
fragment
of bone
(56) pierced
for use as amulets were
recovered from the site of the Archaic
temple,
but
may
be
prehistoric
rather than later Greek.
55. (Temple Area) (plate 142)
Tooth. L.
3.
56. (Temple Area) (plate 142) Bone,
rubbed to a rounded
shape.
L.
3.
Teeth and claws of animals
perforated
for use as beads or
pendants
or amulets have a
very
wide distribution in
time and
place.
E.g. Troy
i
95 fig. 215: 36.308, 36.309 (Early Subperiod
of
Troy I), fangs
o canis. Thermi 200
type 17, pl.
xxvii:
40 (Thermi IV),
claws. Poliochni i 602
pl.
xc:
9-1
1
(Blue period).
DS
357 pl. 46: 12, 13,
wolfs and boar's teeth from
Sesklo and
Pirgos (Neolithic
or Bronze
Age).
PMac
165 fig. 35: j, dog's
or boar's tooth from
Olynthus (Late
Neolithic);
202
fig. 66,
necklace from
Ayios
Mamas
incorporating dog's
or wolfs teeth and claws
(E.B.A.)
Type 31.
Fish vertebrae
Two
large
vertebrae
(diam. 2, 2.8)
were recovered from levels of Period IV and of
Mycenaean.
These were
unworked,
but
may
have been used as beads. A smaller vertebra
(diam.
1.7)
came from a Roman
deposit
in Area F.
II. Shell
57-65 (figs. 298-9.
plate
142)
The
pestle 57
and the
winged
or
phallic pendant 58
made from
Spondylus
are the most
interesting
of the few shell
objects
recovered at
Emporio. Spondylus
shell with
conveniently
thick
patches
was
used as an alternative to fine stone or
ivory
in
early
times in the
Aegean.
Besides
beads,
amulets
and
pestles, objects
made from it included
inlays
and seals
(e.g.
Poliochni i 602
pl.
lxxxvi:
g (Blue
period)).
/. Pestle
57. (F,
B
12, stage 2,
Period II:
early phase (?)) (plate 142) Spondylus.
L.
3.2.
Max. diam. 2.
Little
pestles
of this
type,
made of
Spondylus
shell like
57,
or more
commonly
of fine decorative
stones, appear
to
have been used for
grinding
face and
eye paints. They
are
very
well
represented
in
deposits
of the
Early
Bronze
Age
on the Greek mainland and are found in contexts of that
period
in the
Cyclades
and other islands of the
Aegean,
but are
curiously
rare in Crete.
One, however,
from the
Trapeza
burial cave in Crete
appears
to be made
of
Spondylus
shell like
57.
While these
pestles
are most at home in the
Early
Bronze
Age,
some have been recovered
from Late Neolithic and others from Middle and Late Helladic contexts on the mainland.
Trojan region: Troy
i 21
1, 349 fig. 363: 35.518 (Troy
II
g).
SS nos.
8432-4,
two of them made of shell like
57.
Thermi
195 pl.
xxiii:
30.56 (Town IV).
Poliochni i 1
12, 268, 607 pl.
ciii:
14, 15 (Blue period); 354, 659 pl.
clxxvii:
29
(Red period), very
small and made of lead! Ibid.
674, 376 pls.
clxxxvii:
16,
clxxviii: 2
(Green
and Red
periods),
three of
very
fine
workmanship
which sound as if
they might
be made of shell. Poliochni ii
307 pl.
cclviii:
2,
10-12
(Yellow period).
Athens:
Hesperia
viii
(1939) 41
1
fig. 96
a. H.
Schliemann, Tiryns (London, 1886) 79.
Cf.
Phylakopi iggf.
Attica:
Ayios
Kosmas
33, 99, 142
f.
fig. 166,
one of them with traces of
blue,
two with traces of red
paint;
one
(no. 2)
looks as
if it
might
be made of shell. Rafina:
Phylakopi
200. Kitsos cave: BCHxc
(1969) 962 fig. 11:3.
Bulletin de la Socit
prhistorique franaise
lxvii
(1970) 63,
61
fig. 3,
two
(Late Neolithic).
Ploponnse:
Walker
Kosmopoulos,
Corinth
47 fig. 23: k, assigned
to Neolithic Period II! Corinth:
Hesperia
xxxvi
(1967) 26, 41 pl.
1 1: d
(E.H. II),
where it is
suggested
that these
objects
cannot be
pestles,
and
may
be
aniconic
representations
of a
deity.
Korakou
104.
Gonia:
Zjgouries 198.
Yiriza: ibid.
198 fig.
186.
Zjgouries 197
f.
pl.
xxii:
14-21. Mycenae: Drpfeld,
Alt-Ithaka
297. Tiryns:
H.
Schliemann, Tiryns (London, 1886) 79 figs. 13, 14.
Drpfeld,
Alt-Ithaka
297
f.
Prosymna 460 figs. 728, 575: 8,
two from L.H. tombs. Lerna:
Hesperia
xxvi
(1957) 149,
from M.H.
grave.
Asine
243
f.
fig. 175: 5,
nine
assigned
to E.H. III. Asea 121 f.
fig.
1
14: 13,
16. Malthi:
Valmin,
SME
356 pl.
xxv:
63 (E.H.),
62
(L.H.).
Central and northern Greece: Eutresis 201
fig. 27
1 :
2, 3:
no. 2 is
very
small and sounds as if it
might
be made of
shell.
Hesperia
xxix
(i960) 157, marble,
in
Group
VIII
(E.H. II).
Orchomenos:
Drpfeld,
Alt-Ithaka
298.
Leukas:
ibid.
297
f.
pl. 61,
b: 6.
Olynthus
i
79 fig. 87,
from the second Neolithic
village.
Cycladic
islands:
Phylakopi 199
f.
pl.
xl:
38. Syros,
Chalandriani
(1)
Tombs: AE
1899,
100
pl.
10:
35, 36,
both
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fig.
299. Objects
of
shell,
amber and faience.
676 III. EMPORIO
Period X IX Vili VII VI V IV
"j
I MBA MYC PBA US Total
Shell
Pestle 1 1
Winged pendant
1 1
Pendant 1 1
Buttons
4-1- 5
Shell beads:
Limpets
28 1 1
3 33
Oyster
-1- 1
Cardium -1- 1
Amber
Fragments 3 3
Faience
Square
bead 1 1
Cylindrical
bead ?i 1
from Tomb
338; (2)
Kastri:^4Z)^/xxii
(1967)
61 f.
fig.
1:
13, 15-19,
six in
all,
one
(13) being
made of metal. Delosxi
30 fig. 28,
two from the Mt.
Kynthos
settlement. Naxos:
many
in
Apeiranthos
Museum.
Kea, Ayia
Irini:
Archaeology
xxiii
(1970) 340 f.,
one
giant example
and
many
of normal
size,
two
being
made of
Spondylus
shell.
Crete:
Trapeza
Cave: BSA xxxvi
(1935-36) 124
f.
pl. 19: r, apparently
of
Spondylus
shell.
Anatolia: Kusura:
Archaeologia
lxxxvii
(1937) 269 fig.
26:
4,
two
(both damaged)
from transition between
B/C
and
early
C. Tarsus ii
275 fig. 420:
108-1
11,
four
assigned
to E.B. II.
2. Pendant
of winged
or
phallic shape
58. (B, C/D 8/7, stage 8,
Period
II) (plate 142) Apparently
made of
Spondylus
shell like
57.
Ht.
2.5.
W.
2.5.
Thickness
0.6.
Possibly
once
perforated
for
suspension;
the
top appears
to have been
broken,
but the break is worn.
Beads or
pendants
of this
winged
or
phallic type
have a wide distribution
(e.g. Childe,
Dawn
54,
1
56, 254, 297)
.
There are several from
Cycladic
tombs
assigned
to the
Early
Bronze
Age (Renfrew, Emergence
161. AE
1898,
161
pl.
8:
37, 38 (Antiparos,
Tomb 1
15); 165 pl.
8: 28
(Despotikon,
Tomb
135);
cf.
159 pl.
8:
44, 45 (Paros,
Tomb
102).
These are made of
stone,
but shell ornaments occur in the same horizon
(e.g.
AE 1
898,
1 60
pl.
8:
18, 19).
One from
the Kitsos cave
appears
to come from a Late Neolithic context
(AAA
vii
(1974)
1
1, 9 fig. 3.
BCH xcviii
(1974) 746
fig. 19: c).
A stone
object resembling 58
was found at Gawra
(Gawra
ii
pl.
xcii:
6,
of
grey marble,
from the
dump,
unstratified).
Winged
or
phallic pendants
in South Russia are
thought
to have been
copied
from
Early Cycladic ones,
but
are made of
copper
or amber
(Gimbutas, Prehistory 89 fig. 50)
.
Similarly shaped objects
occur westwards in
Malta,
Liguria,
and the south of France
(Arene
Candide i
236, 241 fig. 69, assigned
to the horizon of the
Lagozza
Culture.
Childe,
Dawn
297 fig. 143: j,
n. Prhistoire
franaise
ii 262
fig. 4: 19-20; 272 fig. 3: 7; 285 fig. 3: 27; 287 fig. 4: 22).
Little bone and
ivory
amulets of
Upper
Palaeolithic date in
stylized
female
shapes might
be remote ancestors
of
European
versions of these
pendants (Archeocivilisation
v
(1968) 14,
16
fig. 7).
The twin bone
pendants
found
with Natufian burials in Palestine could also be related to them
(PBA
xliii
(
1
957)
22 1
pls. iv, vi)
. But a
lapis
lazuli
pendant
from an
Early Dynastic grave
at Ur looks
distinctly phallic (Ur
ii
pl. 219:
U.
8904).
3.
Pendant
59. (A, Q6/5,
Period
II) (plate 142)
Shell. L. 2.2.
Single suspension
hole.
Cf. Poliochni i 22 1
, 268,
602
pl.
xcviii:
2,
8
(Blue period). Judeideh 258 fig. 194 pl. 78:
8
(Phase F),
but with a
pair
of
suspension
holes.
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4. FAIENCE 677
4.
Buttons
There were five shell
buttons,
circular or oval in
shape,
with twin
perforations.
A
group
of four
(60)
was recovered from a
deposit
of Period V. The isolated
example
61 is from a level of II.
60.
(A,
H
84/79/78,
Period
V) (plate 142)
Two of a
group
of four. The
larger
measures 1 x
0.7.
61.
(A,
R
7a,
Period
II) (plate 142)
This is
larger
than those of
60, measuring 1.5
x
1.3.
Cf. Franchthi Cave:
Hesperia
xlii
(1973) 258 pl. 48, d,
bottom
row;
but this has serrated
edges
like one from
Judeideh 135 fig. 104 pl. 78: 9. Judeideh 342 fig. 258:
2
pl. 78: 3 (Phase G),
of
faience,
resembles ours in
shape.
5.
Shells with a
single perforation for suspension
as
weights , pendants
or beads
The
single heavy oyster
shell
64 might
have been used as a
loomweight
rather than a
pendant.
But a number of
limpets (62, 63), mostly
from levels of
IX-VIII,
were
evidently
beads. Felsch
notes bored shell
pendants
as characteristic of the earliest
phase
of
occupation
revealed
by
the
new excavations at
Tigani (Samos
xiv
130).
An isolated Cardium shell
perforated
as a bead
(65)
came from a level that
appeared
to be
assignable
to IV.
62.
(A,
G
154,
Period
IX) (plate 142) Limpet
shells
(Patellae),
about
30
in
number, varying
in size from
1.2-4.
1
across,
with the
tops perforated
for use as beads.
Cf.
Phylakopi
201
pl.
xxxix:
10,
but the
perforation
here is
larger.
63. (A,
H
26,
Period
IV) (plate 142) Limpet
shell bead as
62,
but
perforated through
the side instead of the
top.
64. (A, Q?i44,
Period VIII
(?)) (plate 142)
Found in
cleaning. Probably
Period
VIII,
but
possibly
VI
/VI. Oyster
shell
(Ostraea edulis)
. L.
8.4.
Surface much worn.
Perforated, apparently
for use as a
weight, perhaps
a
loomweight.
Clay loomweights
are not attested before Period VI at
Emporio,
and then
only by
a
single example (CLAY
26).
But
clay weights
which first
appear
in the Middle Neolithic
(Stratum III)
at Knossos are
likely
to have been
loomweights
like some from the Middle Neolithic horizon in the Franchthi Cave
(BSA
lix
(
1
964) 233. Hesperia
xlii
(1973) 277).
The existence of an
upright
loom
requiring weights
for the
warp
threads
by
Periods
VII/VI
or even
VIII at
Emporio
is therefore not
impossible.
65. (2?,
C
11, stage 6,
Period IV
(?)) (plate 142)
Cardium shell
perforated
at
top
as bead.
Cf. Arkheion Euboikon Meleton
1959, 320, 322 fig. 40,
for
similarly perforated
shells from
Skyros:
Kastro
assigned
by
Theochares to
Early
Neolithic.
III. Amber 66
(figs 299, 306, 307.
plate
142)
Three
fragments
of amber were recovered from the same
Mycenaean deposit.
Professor Curt W.
Beck and
Christopher
A. Shustak
kindly
examined
these,
and their
report appears
as
Appendix
A at the end of this volume.
They
have established that the
fragments (a)
and
(b)
come from two
different
objects,
and have
suggested
the
possibility
that
(a)
with traces of a
perforation might
have been one end of a
rectangular spacer,
while
(b)
could have been
part
of a
large
disc bead.
The amber is
certainly
Baltic.
66.
(F,
D 1
(B 2), stage 7, Mycenaean) (Plate 142)
Three
fragments: (a) 1.3
x 1
,
flat on one
side, humped
on the
other;
(b) 1.5
x
1; (c) scrap.
IV. Faience
67-68 (figs. 298-9.
plate
142)
The
only objects
of faience were a
couple
of
beads,
one
(67)
from a level of Period
I,
the other
(68)
apparently Mycenaean;
both seem to be
imports.
67. (F,
B
8, stage 4,
Period
I) (plate 142) Cube-shaped bead, 1.4
x
1.4
x
1.4.
Dark
grey-brown core;
the
glazed
surface
perished.
Pierced
by
three holes at
right angles
to each other. All six faces of the bead are
identical,
the six
holes
being
surrounded
by
three concentric
rings
made
by
incision and once filled with white
paste
of which some
traces
remain;
the
rings
are
clumsy
and
appear
to have been incised without the
help
of a
compass.
An
object exactly
like
this,
but somewhat
larger
in size and made of
clay,
was recovered from the Yellow
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678 III. EMPORIO
period
at Poliochni
overlapping
with
Troy
II and
probably
with
Emporio
I
(Poliochni
ii
281, 283 pls.
ccxxx:
f,
ccxxxii:
d);
Brea classified it as a
spindle
whorl and
compared Troy
ii
39 figs. 54, 56: 33.289 (Troy III),
but this is
globular,
and it has
only
two instead of three
perforations.
There is a
gold
bead with two
perforations
from the
Thyreatis
treasure which
may
be of this
general
date
(A. Greifenhagen,
Schmuckarbeiten in Edelmetall i
(Berlin,
1
970)
1
7
f.
pl.
2:
6)
. A
clay
ball from Kusura has a scheme of decoration similar to that of
67 together
with six
deep
perforations,
but these are not carried
right through (Archaeologia
lxxxvii
(1937) 252
f.
fig. 19: 9, assigned
to
early
Period
C).
68.
(F,
D
?2) (plate 142) Cylindrical
bead. L.
1.7.
Diam. 0.8. Dark
grey-brown
core like
67.
Shallow
grooved
decoration
consisting
of crude lattice between two lines.
Comparable
faience beads seem to have been at home in
Egypt
in the Middle and New
Kingdoms (e.g.
R.
Englebach, Harageh (London, 1923) pls.
li:
41 L;
lv:
41 F). They
are found in Crete as
early
as the Middle Minoan
period (BSA
xxviii
(1926-27) 279,
XVII P.
4,
from the
pit
in
Mavrospelio
tomb
XVII);
and
appear
later on the
Greek mainland
(e.g.
A.W.
Persson,
The
Royal
Tombs at Dendra near Midea
(Lund etc., 1931 ) 30
no.
23).
Several beads like 68 were recovered from
Alishar,
where
they
seemed to
belong
to the
period
of the Hittite
Empire {Alishar ig28-2g
i 181
fig. 233:
b
2699,
from a
layer
of Stratum II with an inscribed
clay tablet,
but
identical with one from the bottom
layer
of Period V. Alishar
1930-32
ii
284 fig. 309:
c
63
1
,
d
2239; 1930-32
iii
fig.
268
opp. p. 346,
Chart: Hittite
Empire
and
post-Hittite/Phrygian).
5.
THE ANIMAL BONES
(Juliet Clutton-Brock)
(figs. 300-1.
plates
143-4)
The work for this
report
was carried out under the
supervision
of the late Professor F. E.
Zeuner,
and it was included as
part
of a thesis submitted for the
degree
of Ph.D.
(Clutton-Brock, 1962).
The
present
account was
prepared
for
publication
in
1966.
My
thanks are due to the Committee of the British School of
Archaeology
at Athens who
arranged
for the
transport
and loan of the animal remains from
Emporio
to the Institute of
Archaeology
of the
University
of London. The bones were
subsequently
returned to Chios.
Reference is made in this section to the
following
works:
Bate,
D.M. A.
(1937).
In:
Garrod,
D.A.E. &
Bate,
D.M. A. The Stone
Age of
Mount
Carmel,
Excavations at the
Wady
El-Mughara,
I.
Oxford, 157-253.
Brown,
G.T.
(1949)
Dentition as Indicative
of
the
Age of
Farm Animals.
Roy. Agrie.
Soc.
Eng.
Clutton-Brock, J. (1962).
An
analysis of
mammalian
faunas from prehistoric
sites in India and western Asia. Ph.D.
thesis,
University
of
London, 236 pp.
Dalimier,
P.
(1954).
La
morphologie
de la chvre sous l'influence de la domestication. Bull. Inst.
Roy.
Sci. nat.
Belg. 30,
13,
1-12.
Ellerman, J.R.
&
Morrison-Scott,
T.C.S.
(
1
95
1
)
. Checklist
of
Palaearctic and Indian Mammals
1758-1946.
London: British
Museum
(Natural History).
Haltenorth,
Von T.
(
1
96
1
)
.
Lebensraum,
Lebensweise und Vorkommen des
Mesopotamischen
Damhirsches,
Cervus
mesopotamicus Brooke, 1875. Sugetierkundliche Mitteilungen. 9, (1), 15-39.
Hildebrand,
M.
(1955).
Skeletal differences between
deer, sheep,
and
goats. Calif.
Fish &
Game, XLI, 327-346.
Jewell,
P.A.
(
1
96
1
)
. An
experiment
in field
archaeology.
Advancement
of Science, XVIII,
No.
71, 106-109.
Keller,
C.
(1900).
Die
Abstammung
des Bundnerschafes und Torfschafes. Act. Soc. Helvet.
82, 86-98.
King, J.E. (1954).
Mammal bones from Khirokitia and Erimi. In:
Dikaios,
P. Khirokitia.
Appendix
III. Oxford Univ.
Press, 431-437.
McMeekan,
C.P.
(1940).
Growth and
development
in the
pig
with
special
reference to carcase
quality
characters. III.
J. agrie.
Sci.
30, p. 409, pl.
10.
Miller,
G.S.
(1912) Catalogue of
the Mammals
of
Western Asia. London: British Museum
(Natural History). 952-962.
Reed,
C.A.
(1959).
Animal domestication in the
prehistoric
Near East.
Science, 130,
No.
3389, 1629-1639.
Reed,
CA.
(1961).
In: Braid
wood, J.
&
Howe,
B. Prehistoric
investigations
in
Iraqi
Kurdistan. Studies in Ancient
Oriental
Civilization,
Univ.
Chicago,
No.
31,
1
19-147.
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
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679
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
680 III. EMPORIO
Sisson,
S.
(1930).
The
Anatomy of
Domestic Animals.
Philadelphia.
2nd ed.
Zeuner,
F.E.
(1955).
The
goats
of
Early Jericho.
Palestine
Exploration Quarterly, Jan.-June 1957, 17-54.
Zeuner,
F.E.
(1957).
Animal Remains. In: Du Plat
Taylor, J. Myrtou-Pigadhes.
Ashmolean
Museum, Oxford, 97-100.
Zeuner,
F.E.
(1963).
A
History of
Domesticated Animals. Hutchinson of
London, 129-152.
The Neolithic and Bronze
Age
site of
Emporio
on the island of Chios was
continuously occupied
for several thousand
years
and a
complex sequence
of
deposits
was built
up during
this time. The
animal remains have been studied in relation to this
sequence
of levels.
The main
part
of the
prehistoric
excavations took
place
in a
large
series of trenches which
were labelled Area A. The
pottery
from here reflected
occupation
from an
apparently early
phase
of the
Aegean
Neolithic until a horizon in the
Early
Bronze
Age
around 2000 b.c. Other
trenches which were less extensive and which
produced
fewer animal bones were in Areas
B,
C
and D. The material from Area B was
Early
Bronze
Age ranging
from c.
3000-2000
b.c. Area D
contained Late Bronze
Age material, mostly assignable
to
Mycenaean
III
C,
datable c. 1 200 b.c.
The Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age
series was divided into ten
periods,
the
dating being
based on the
pottery sequence
and correlated with the
change
in levels. These ten
periods
are
shown on the chart
(fig. 300)
under Area A. Each animal bone was labelled
according
to the
trench and
period
from which it came.
Approximately
one-third of the animal remains were excavated from levels of Period II in
Area
A;
this consisted of
piles
of rubbish that had been
dumped
as a fill behind a terrace wall.
The absolute numbers of the animal remains increase
greatly
in the later
levels,
but the overall
pattern
of the faunal
assemblage
remained the same
throughout
all
periods
of the Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age.
This is to be
expected
as the
way
of life of the
people
did not
change;
in
fact,
goats
are still the
principal
source of meat on the island at the
present day.
The almost
complete
absence of
donkey
from the
prehistoric
excavations is of interest. There is
only
one bone that can
be identified as
donkey;
this came from the last
phase
of the
Early
Bronze
Age period,
that is from
the well of Period I in Area A
assignable
to the time of
Troy
II c. 2000 b.c. There were
surprisingly
few fish bones recovered from the
excavations, considering
that the site is so near the
sea,
but
perhaps
this is because
they
had
disintegrated
in the soil.
The ten
species
of mammal identified from the
prehistoric
levels of the excavations at
Emporio
are listed below:
ORDER CARNIVORA ORDER ARTIODACTYLA
Vulpes vulpes
L. Domestic
pig
Domestic
dog
Dama dama L.
Ur sus arc tos L. Domestic cattle
Fe lis
sp.
Domestic
goats
ORDER PERISSODACTYLA
Domestic
sheep
Domestic
donkey
The remains of
goat
were the most
numerous, making up approximately 40 per
cent of the whole
collection. The remains of domesticated cattle were the next
numerous,
followed
by pig.
Fallow
deer
{Dama dama), presumed
to be
wild,
are
present
as
approximately
10
per
cent of all the
animal
remains,
and a few bones and horn cores of
sheep
have been identified. These five
species
comprise
the
principal
food
animals,
and their
percentage frequency
and actual numbers of
bones and teeth found in levels of each
period
are shown in the chart
(fig. 300).
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5. ANIMAL BONES 681
Order Carnivora
Vulpes vulpes
L.
One
fragment
of a
right
horizontal ramus has been identified as
belonging
to a fox. It is assumed
to be the common red fox of
Europe
and Asia. The three
premolars
and the first molar are
present
in the
jaw.
The teeth are worn. The mandible
fragment
comes from Area B. The remains
of foxes are
commonly
found in
prehistoric middens; presumably
the animals were killed when
found
scavenging
in or near the
village.
Domestic
dog
Twenty-two mandibles,
eleven
maxillae,
and some skull
fragments
and skeletal bones were
found
throughout
all levels of the Neolithic and Bronze
Age.
A total number of thirteen
individuals is
represented by
left mandibular rami. There are no
very
old
animals;
the
majority
of the
jaws being
from adult animals whose teeth were not
very
much
worn,
but there are also
three
puppies
that have no
permanent
teeth. The
dogs
were all small animals
comparable
in size
to a
present-day
terrier.
This collection of
dog
remains shows a feature that is
commonly
found in domestic
dogs,
namely
that there is a marked
variability
in the size of the teeth relative to the
length
of the
jaw.
Although showing
this
variability
the adult
dogs
are all
approximately
the same size.
Presumably breeding
was at random
amongst
such a
dog population,
and the size and
degree
of
crowding
of the teeth must be a natural variation that is
probably augmented by
the effects of
domestication. Measurements from two extreme variants are
given
below:
Length
of the tooth
row, together
with the actual
lengths
of each
tooth,
of two
mandibles,
to show the variation in size
and
degree
of
crowding
of the teeth
Type
I
Type
II
(mm.) (mm.)
Length
of tooth row from
the anterior
edge
of P2
58.50 62.05
to the
posterior edge
of
M3
Depth
of mandible below
P4
18
approx. 19.7 approx.
Length
of P2
7.8
est.
6.65
Length
of
P3
10. o est. 8.20
Length
of
P4 10.5
est.
9.85
Length
of M 1 21.0 est.
18.65
Length
of M2
8.4
est.
7.70
Length
of
M3 3.0
est.
4.0
est.
If the added
lengths
of the teeth P2
-
M3
are
expressed
as a
percentage
of the
directly
measured
length
of the tooth
row,
from the anterior
edge
of P2 to the
posterior edge
of
M3,
then this index
can be used to show the
degree
of
crowding
of the teeth. It was not
possible
to measure the entire
tooth row because none of the mandibles was
complete.
In the mandible of
Type I,
whose tooth
measurements are
given above,
where the tooth row is short and the teeth
large,
the index is
102.8
per cent,
whereas in the second
type,
where the tooth row is
absolutely longer,
and the
teeth
smaller,
this index is
72.6 per
cent.
In the material from
Emporio,
the second
type
of
jaw
-
that
is,
with
small, widely-spaced
teeth
-
is more common than the first
type, only
two mandibles from a total of nine
having large
compacted
teeth.
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682 III. EMPORIO
The
only
limb bones of
dogs
from
Emporio
that are well
preserved
are the humeri. The
medio-lateral widths of the distal
epiphyses
of these bones are
given
below:
Width
of
distal
Area Period
epiphyses (mm.)
A X Left humrus 26.20
A VIII Left humrus 26.20
A
V/IV
Left humrus
29.10
A II Left humrus
28.05
C. 1 V-II
Right
humrus
23.15
These measurements show that the
dogs represented
were rather
larger
than an
English
fox
terrier. The widths of the distal
epiphyses
of humeri of two fox terriers from the British Museum
(Natural History)
are
20.15
mm. and
20.50
mm.
Ursus arc tos L.
The
proximal
end of the left radius of a brown
bear,
Ursus arctos
(plate 144 (a)),
was found in
Area A in an
early
level of Period X. The break in the shaft of the bone is an old one and the
staining
of the bone is identical on the shaft and round the break. The bone is also
slightly
polished,
so it is conceivable that this
fragment
is
part
of some
imported
artifact or talisman.
Bears are not found at the
present day
on
Chios,
and the island is so small that this animal could
not have survived
long
once the island was
heavily populated by
man.
Felis
sp.
The few remains of cat from the Bronze
Age
levels have no
diagnostic
features that enable them
to be
distinguished
as wild or domesticated.
Only
three bones were
found,
one distal end of a
tibia,
the distal end of a
humrus,
and a radius. These bones are from different animals as
they
were all in
separate
levels. The tibia is charred and blackened. It was found in the debris of a
fortification wall.
The
European
wild cat is found in Greece
today (Ellerman
&
Morrison-Scott, 1951),
and it
is
probable
that this
species
was
living
on Chios in
prehistoric
times.
Order
Perissodactyla
Domestic
donkey
One
proximal
end of a
right metacarpal
bone of an ass was found
amongst
the animal remains
excavated from the well in Area A
assignable
to Period I
(the
horizon of
Troy II,
c. 2000
b.c.).
The
complete
absence of ass bones from all the earlier
deposits
is
surprising,
for it is to be
expected
that the ass was a common
draught
animal in Bronze
Age
Greece.
Probably
asses were
not
eaten, however,
and therefore when an animal died its carcass was no doubt left on a
hillside,
so its bones would not be
incorporated
in the food remains of the
village.
Order
Artiodactyla
Domestic
pig
The bones and teeth of
pig
were found in
nearly
all
levels,
but
they
become more
frequent
in
Area A after Period
VI,
that is in the time of
Troy
I. A total number of six bones and one tooth
came from levels earlier than Period
VI,
and in levels of Periods VI-I in Area A there was a total
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5. ANIMAL BONES 683
number of
234
bones and
55
teeth. Whether this
actually
reflects a
change
in the
economy
of the
people
such that
they depended
more on
pig
meat in the later
periods
is difficult to
decide,
because fewer animal bones of all
species
were found in the earlier levels
covering periods
X-VII
(see chart,
fig.
300).
The
majority
of
pig
remains consist of skull and
jaw fragments,
whereas in other
species
of
food animals the most
frequent
bones are foot
bones, metapodials,
and the
tough
ends of
long
bones such as the tibiae and humeri. This is
partly
accounted for
by
the fact that the cranium of
the
pig
is made
up
of
very
thick
bones, quite
different from the much thinner crania of
sheep,
goats,
and deer.
The
pig
skulls from
Emporio
have all been
chopped through
the
parietal bone, presumably
for extraction of the brain. The cuts are most often
through
the nuchal crest and
occipital
bone
and forwards
through
or near the
parietal suture,
so that the skull is bisected. Some of the skulls
have been cut
through
the
fronto-parietal
sutures.
Thirty-five occipital portions
of skulls were found. None of the cranial bones is from an adult
animal,
and some are from
very young pigs.
No measurements
are, therefore, given
of these
crania,
because
they give
no clear indication of the size of the animal when adult.
Eighteen
of
these
fragments
are from Period
V,
that is from house floors and
deposits
of rubbish
assignable
to
an
early phase
of
Troy
I.
A total number of
25
left and 28
right
maxillae of
pigs
were found. Three of these are from
animals of less than six months of
age;
2 1 are from animals of less than
twenty months,
and
19
are
from animals of two
years
or more. The
remaining
10 maxillae are too
fragmentary
to
age.
The
age
of animals at death was determined from the
eruption
of the teeth
(following Brown, 1949;
Sisson, 1930).
The mandible of the
pig
is a
heavy
bone and the two halves become
anchylosed
at the median
suture
very
soon after birth.
Forty
left mandibular
rami, 37 right
mandibular rami and 8
symphysal parts
were found in the Neolithic and Bronze
Age
levels.
Twenty-six
of these
mandibles are from animals of less than six
months,
22 from animals of less than
twenty months,
and
29
are from animals of more than two
years.
Three of the mandibles are too
fragmentary
to
assess their
age.
Three
pairs
of
complete
tusks from male animals were found in Area A
assignable
to Periods
V-IV
(Troy I);
two other tusks came from levels of this
horizon,
and 1 2 other
fragments
of tusk
from all other levels. The
complete
tusks from levels of IV
might represent
stores of tusks lost
when fire
destroyed
houses at the end ofthat
period.
None of the tusks or
fragments
shows
signs
of human
workmanship except
for one small
(recently broken) tip
of a small female tusk which is
very highly polished.
This could have come
from a necklace.
Altogether
a total of
79
isolated tusks and teeth have been recorded. The
lengths,
widths,
and
percentage
ratios of the
upper
and lower third molars are
given
in the table below. These
measurements
may
be
compared
with those of Miller
(
1
9
1
2, p. 96
1
)
for the
European
wild
boar,
Sus
scrofa scrofa.
It can be seen that the
pig
teeth from
Emporio
are
considerably
smaller than
those of the wild boar.
Skeletal bones
of pig
Large
numbers of the
pig
bones are from immature
animals,
and
they
have lost their
epiphyses.
The bones from adult
animals, however,
show that the
pigs
were
very
small. The bones that are
more or less
complete
are listed
below,
and of
these,
measurements for the humeri and tibae are
separately
tabulated.
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table i . Measurements of the third molars of
pigs
from
Emporio
684 III. EMPORIO
The total number
of pig
bones
from
the
Bronze
Age
levels:
i atlas 1 1 ulnae
4 fragments
of vertebrae
5
distal ends of femora
1
7 scapulae,
none
complete 4 proximal
ends of tibiae
6
fragments
of
pelvic girdle 14
distal ends of tibiae
22 distal ends of humeri
7
calcanei
8
proximal
ends of radii 6 tali
1 distal end of a radius
table 2. Width of the distal
epiphyses
of the
pig
humeri
Width to
Length
Width
length
ratio
Description
of tooth
(mm) (mm) (%)
U.L.
M3
somewhat worn 28.20
17.20
61.0
U.L.
M3
somewhat worn
25.50 16.75 69.6
U.R. M
3 slightly
worn
31.35 19.75 63.2
U.R.
M3 slightly
worn 28.80
17.20 59.1
U.R.
M3 just erupted 28.05
- -
U.R.
M3
somewhat worn
29.40 18.65 63.5
U.R. M
3
somewhat worn
30.70
18.10 60.0
Upper
molar
3 very
worn
32.90
- -
Lower molar
3 unerupted 34-oo 1570 46.1
Lower molar
3
much worn
32.20 14-35 44-8
Lower molar
3
somewhat worn
-
1500
-
Lower molar
3
somewhat worn
32.75 14-35 43-9
Lower molar
3 unerupted 35-45 !5-25 43-2
Lower molar
3 unerupted 31.00 1525 49-25
Lower molar
3 unerupted 28.70 13-55 47-3
Maximum medio-lateral width of
the distal
epiphyses
of humeri
Area Period
(mm)
A II
29.30
II
27.70
II
3165
II
40.00
III
31 approx.
III
3190
IV 26.20
V-IV
30.80
V-IV
28.65
V
26.35
V
3
1
approx.
V
29.30
B II
3-5
II
29.40
V-IV
30-25
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table
3.
Width of the distal
epiphyses
of the tibiae of
pigs
5. ANIMAL BONES 685
Maximum medio-lateral width of
the distal
epiphyses
of tibae
Area Period
(mm)
A II
32.00
II
27.25
II
3300
IV
28.15
V-IV
28.40
V-IV
26.15
V
25.65
V
36.05
B II
27.85
D
V/IV-II 28.30
V/IV-II 26.85
V/IV-II
26.00
v/rv-n 24.00
V/IV-II 24.80
The foot bones of the fore and hind limbs of
pigs
were not
distinguished.
A total number of
41
metapodials
were found
-
15
of these are without distal
epiphyses; 4 phalanges,
and 1 hoof core.
On the floor of House VIII in Area
A, destroyed by
fire at the end of Period
IV,
the bones of
three
pig
feet were
found,
under
fragments
of a
pithos. They lay
near a hearth and were
presumably
in a
cooking pot
when the house was burnt down. The bones are from a
young
adult
pig,
for the
epiphyses
of the
metapodials
are not fused with the shafts.
(The
trotters of this small
'unimproved'
breed of
pig
could
hardly
have been a
delicacy.)
The herds of
pigs kept by
the
prehistoric
inhabitants of Chios were
probably
half wild and
survived on
very
little food. This would
explain
the
very
small size of the bone remains.
McMeekan
(1940)
has shown that the food intake of
pigs
is
directly
related to their
growth
and
that
pigs
reared on insufficient food are
very
much smaller than control animals reared on a
properly
balanced diet.
Dama dama L.
The deer remains from
Emporio
have all been identified as fallow deer. There are two
living
species
within the
genus
Dama. These
are,
Dama dama L. and D.
mesopotamica Brooke, 1875.
It was
believed until
recently
that D.
mesopotamica
had become
extinct,
but it has now been rediscovered
in the Near East
(Haltenorth, 1961).
The two
species
can be identified from differences in the
shape
of
antlers,
but in all other
respects
their skeletons cannot be
distinguished
from each other.
In D.
dama,
whose
range
covers Western and Central
Europe
and the Mediterranean
countries at the
present day,
the antlers have the brow tine and the trez tine
separated by
a
long,
curved beam with a circular cross-section.
(There
is no bez tine in the fallow
deer.)
Above the
trez tine the beam is
palmated.
In D.
mesopotamica
the beam is flattened from
immediately
above
the brow
tine;
this
flattening
then
merging
with the
palmation
of the
extremity
of the antlers.
The
type locality
of this
species
is in Persia.
Antlers of D.
mesopotamica
have been identified from the Neolithic sites of Khirokitia and
Erimi in
Cyprus (King, 1954),
from the Bronze
Age
site of
Myrtou-Pigadhes
on
Cyprus
(Zeuner, 1957),
and from Mount Carmel
(Bate, 1937).
All the identifiable antler
fragments
from
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table
4. Description
of the antler
fragments
with measurements
686 III. EMPORIO
Emporio, however, belong
to D.
dama,
and as it is not
possible
to
distinguish
the
species except
from the
antlers,
all the deer remains have been ascribed to this
species.
Several of the antler
fragments
have been used as
picks
that were
apparently
discarded after
they
had broken
(plate 143 (a)).
A
description
of the antlers with measurements is
given
in
table
4.
Description
Area Period
(measurements
in
mm)
A II The most
complete piece
of
antler,
with the
pedicel,
brow
tine,
and
part
of the beam.
Medio-lateral width of burr
=
46 approx.
Anterior-posterior depth
of burr
=
49 approx.
This is not a shed antler but has been cut off the skull. It has been used as a
pick (plate 143 (a): A).
II A
piece
of cast antler which has been made into a
pick,
for the end of the brow tine is worn. The
burr,
brow
tine,
and
part
of the beam is
present (plate 143 (a): B).
Width of burr
=
47 approx.
Depth
of burr
=
50 approx.
II
Fragment
of antler.
II
5 fragments
of small tines.
II Part of a
pedicel
and burr. The burr has been cut round and this antler must have been intended for an
artifact.
IV Charred antler
fragments
that were found in the
clay-lined
bin in the north-western corner of House
IV, destroyed by
fire at the end of Period IV.
Presumably
this was a store of antler intended for
picks
and other artifacts.
Width of the burr of one antler
=
40 approx.
IV Part of the beam of an antler with a small tine. The beam has been cut off from the rest of the antler at its
lower end.
Possibly
this is the discarded
upper
end of an antler
pick.
V The
largest
antler.
Probably
used as a
pick.
The burr and the brow tine are
present.
Width of burr =
52 approx.
Depth
of burr
=
59 approx.
IX A
fragment
of a tine with a much worn
tip. Probably
this is a brow tine which broke off from the beam
after it had been used as a
pick.
B II The same as the
above,
but the
tip
has been
freshly
broken.
II The same as the above.
It is
probable
that antler
picks
were the main
digging
tools of the Bronze
Age people
on Chios
as
they
were for
prehistoric people
all over
Europe.
These
picks are,
in
fact, extraordinarily
efficient and
very tough,
as has been shown
by
their use in
digging part
of the
experimental
earthwork constructed on
Salisbury
Plain in Wiltshire
(Jewell, 1961).
The race of fallow deer that is
represented by
the teeth and bones from
Emporio comprised
rather small
animals,
and this means that their size
range overlaps
that of the bones of
goat
and
sheep
from the site. It is difficult to
distinguish fragments
of the bones of
goat, sheep,
and deer
when the
species overlap
in size.
Limb bones that can be
immediately recognized
as
belonging
to Dama
species
are the
metatarsals and the
proximal
ends of the
metacarpals.
Measurements of
metapodial
bones from
Emporio
that can be identified as
belonging
to D. dama are
given
in Tables 6 and
7, together
with
similar measurements from Recent
specimens
in the British Museum
(Natural History).
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table
5.
Teeth and skeletal remains of Dama dama
5. ANIMAL BONES 687
Area Period
Description
Maxillae and
upper
teeth
A II
7 upper
cheek
teeth,
all from
young
animals.
IV An
upper
molar from a
young
adult animal.
V An
upper
molar from a
young
adult animal.
VI One
upper
cheek tooth.
B II
Fragment
of left maxilla with Mi and M2. The teeth are
fairly
well worn.
V-IV One
upper
cheek tooth.
C.
3
II One
upper
cheek tooth.
Mandibles and lower teeth
A II Anterior end of left
mandible,
broken off at the socket of Mi.
P2,
and
P3
are
present
in the
jaw.
II
Fragment
of the left mandible of a
young deer,
broken off behind
P3.
Milk
premolars
2 and
3
are
present.
II Three
fragments
of lower molars.
II Mandible of a
young deer,
broken
off,
behind
P3.
Milk
premolars
2 and
3
are
present.
II
Fragment
of the left mandible of a
young
deer with
Pi, P2,
and
P3
of the milk dentition and the
permanent
ist molar.
II
Fragment
of a
right
mandible
(adult)
with P2 and
P3.
II A
right
mandible broken behind M2. The cheek teeth anterior to M2 are
present
and are somewhat
worn.
V A little-worn first or second lower molar.
VI-V Left mandible broken
through
the third molar. The cheek teeth anterior to this are
present. They
are
worn down.
B II An
unerupted
first or second lower molar.
Approximately
two-thirds of the
jaws
and teeth are from immature or
young
adult animals.
table 6. Width and
depth
measurements of the
proximal
ends of
metacarpal
bones of Dama dama from
Emporio
and from the collection of
the British Museum
(Natural History)
Medio-lateral Ant.
-post, depth
of
width of
proximal proximal epiphysis
Area Period
epiphysis (mm.) (mm.)
Metacarpal
bones
from Emporio
A I
(Well) 26.85 i8approx
II
23.45 17-3
II
28.95 2O-85
V
21.90
18.10
V
23.00 ll-&5
V
26.75 18.50
VI
24.20
18.00
B II
21.40 lbb
II
28.50 !9-55
II
28.25
l%
approx.
Metacarpal
bones
from
the British Museum
(Natural History)
Number Sex and
locality
1937.3.
10. 1 m- Dumfries
31
.60
21.35
1937.3.
10.2 f- Dumfries
26.50
-
1936.
11.
3.
1 m Sussex
27.85 21.45
1937.6.9.1
f. Sussex
25.35 18.40
1880.2. 16.2 m. Asia Minor 28.00
^-0
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table
7.
Width and
depth
measurements of the
proximal
and distal ends
of metatarsal bones oDama dama from
Emporio
and from the collection of
the British Museum
(Natural History)
688 III. EMPORIO
M.-L. width A.-P.
depth
M.-L. width
of
proximal
of
proximal
of
proximal
epiphysis epiphysis epiphysis
Area Period
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Metatarsal bones
from Emporio
A II
24.05 27.75
-
II
23.40 25.75
-
II
- -
27.75
11
- -
3155
C. 1
V/IV-II
- -
31.40
V/IV-II 26.25 29.60
-
V/IV-II 27.00 29.00
-
V/IV-II 31 approx.
- -
B V-IV
27.50 30.85
-
Metatarsal bones
from
the British Museum
(Natural History)
Number Sex and
locality
1937.3.
10. 1 m- Dumfries
28.50 31.60 3!-55
1937.3.
10.2 f- Dumfries
25.60 26.25 27.55
1936.
n.
3.
1 m. Sussex
27.50 27.60 29.40
1937.6.9.
1 f. Sussex
24.50 25.30 26.50
1880.2. 16.2 m. Asia Minor
21.40 27.55 29.30
It can be seen from these tables of measurements that the British race of D. dama has
larger
metapodial
bones than those from Chios. The one skeleton from Asia Minor contained in the
Museum collection
is, however, comparable
in size with the
Emporio material,
so that the small
size of the
Emporio
bones cannot in itself be taken as an
argument
that this deer was
domesticated or at least to some extent
dependent
on man for food.
The deer
may
have been herded
by man, however,
in much the same
way
as
pigs
were. This is
suggested by
the
very large proportion
of
young
animals that are
represented by
the mandibles
and
teeth,
for if
hunting
was the
only
means of
killing
the deer it is more
likely
that the bone
remains would
represent
a random selection of
age groups.
It is not believed that
young
ruminants are more
easy
to catch and kill than adult
animals,
for within a few
days
of birth
they
are as
agile
as the
parents.
There is no doubt that shed deer antlers were collected for
making picks
and
probably
other
artifacts.
Domestic cattle
The bones and teeth of domestic cattle were found in levels of all the Neolithic and Bronze
Age
periods but,
as with the other
species,
the number of
specimens
is much
greater
in the later
deposits
in Area
A,
that is in ones of Periods
VI-I,
and in the
deposits
of Areas B and C. i
assignable
to the horizon of Periods V-II. After those of
sheep
and
goat
the cattle remains are the
most
plentiful
at
Emporio. They
are all from small animals of the short-horned
type.
Cattle horn cores
Only
four horn cores of cattle were found in the
prehistoric
levels. One of these had been cut off
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5. ANIMAL BONES 689
from the frontal bone. Two of the horn cores are circular in
cross-section,
whilst the other two are
flattened on the anterior side and rounded on the
posterior
side of the core. The flattened cores
are most
likely
to have come from bulls. Three of the cores show
cutting marks,
and it is most
probable
that the horns of killed cattle were used as utensils and
perhaps
also for musical
instruments and decorative
objects.
Jaw fragments
and teeth
Maxillae.
Only
two
fragments
of maxillae were found. One is a
right
maxilla with three molar
teeth. These are well worn and the third molar has closed roots. The second maxilla has one
well-worn second
permanent premolar.
Mandibles. There are
eight right
mandibles and six left mandibles.
Eight
of the mandibles are
from old animals with well-worn teeth that have closed
roots,
three are from
young
adult
animals and three are from
juveniles
with milk teeth. Six of the mandibles have been
chopped
along
the base of the horizontal
ramus, presumably
for extraction of the marrow and
possibly
for
obtaining
bone for
making pins
and other artifacts.
Isolated Teeth.
Upper
series: from all the
levels, approximately 65 upper
cheek teeth have been
counted. There are no milk teeth
amongst
these. The teeth are
mostly
well worn
except
for
3
third molars that are
just erupted (from 2-year-old animals).
Lower series:
9 incisors, 24
premolars, 72
molars.
There are two left and two
right
milk
premolars
that are
possibly
from one individual
but,
apart
from
these,
the teeth are all from adult animals and
they
exhibit all
stages
of wear. There
are 18 lower third
molars,
all of which are
erupted.
Because of the close
similarity
in structure of the three
upper molars,
the
only
measurements
that have been recorded are from the
readily
identifiable lower third molars. These are
given
in
Table 8
(only complete
teeth have been measured and some of these are set in the mandible
fragments).
It can be seen from the crown
heights
that all
stages
of wear are
present.
A crown
height
of
50
mm. or over indicates for these Chios animals that the teeth are little worn and from
young
adults of
approximately
2
years
old. Out of 20 teeth in which the crown
height
is
measurable,
it can be seen that
5
exceed
50
mm.
Skeletal remains
(other
than
teeth) of
cattle
Some of the bones are charred and all the
long
bones have been
broken, presumably
for
extraction of the marrow.
They
are
mostly
from adult animals.
Measurements and lists of the bones are
given
below:
Scapulae: 7 fragments; only
one of these has
part
of the blade
present,
and it is charred.
Humeri:
4
left distal ends and
5 right
distal ends. These bones were broken
ofTjust
above the
epiphysis.
The medio-lateral widths of the lower articular surfaces
(where
these are
complete)
are
given
below:
Medio-lateral width
of
the lower
articular
surface of
the humeri
Area Period
(mm)
A II
76.15
II
67.15
V-IV 68
approx.
VI 82.60
VI
7500
B II
76 approx.
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table 8.
Lengths, widths,
and
heights
of lower third molar
teeth of cattle
690 III. EMPORIO
Height
Length
Width of crown
Area Period
(mm) (mm) (mm)
A II
38-45 16.70 32.30
II
37.80 14.60 34.20
II
35-85 1520 39.95
II
37.60 16.45 41.40
II
40 approx. 1750
21.80
II
33 approx. 14.40 27 approx.
II
36.50 14.90 53-8o
II
39-75 17.00
21.00
II
3740 15-10 35 approx.
II
41.70
18.80
17.60
II
37-3 l665 22.50
II
37 approx. 1560 1520
III
42.20 16.90 5580
IV?
38.25 !5-3o 47.20
V-IV
40.00 26.30 44.20
V
36.75 14.00 55.45
V
34 approx. 14.60 48.45
VI
3950 14.60 65 approx.
VI
36 approx. 16.95 37-4
B II
3790 7-5
-
V-IV
34.20
12.80
-
C. 1 V-II
32.60 15-90
-
not recorded
36.85 14.00 5545
Radii:
5 proximal
ends and 6 distal
ends,
one of which is from a
juvenile
animal. The widths of
the
proximal
ends are
given
below:
Medio-lateral width
of upper
articular
surface of
the radii
Area Period
(mm)
A II
85.45
V 80.00
B II
69.50
+ 2
fragments
Bones
of
the
carpus:
Area Period Bone
A II
Right trapezoid
and
magnum
II Left lunate
II Two
right
lunates
IV Left lunate
V Left
trapezoid
and
magnum
VI
Right trapezoid
and
magnum
VI Left lunate
C. 1 V-II
Right
unciform
C.
3 V/IV-II Right trapezoid
and
magnum
Bones
of
the
metacarpus: 17 metacarpal fragments,
two of which are from
juvenile
animals.
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5. ANIMAL BONES 691
Medio-lateral width
of
articular
surface
of
the
metacarpal
bones
Area Period
(mm)
Proximal ends
A II
53.70
II
54.00
II
56.40
II
38 approx.
Distal ends
II
58.50
II
5230
II
67.60
II 62.10
II
57.40
IV
62.15
VI 66.00
VII
5510
Pelvic bones'.
15 fragments
of
pelvis,
all with the acetabula
present.
Femori: 16 femur
heads, 4
of which are unattached
epiphyses
from
juvenile animals; 14
distal
articular surfaces with the trochlea and
condyles.
/ Patella
Tibiae: 1
proximal
end and 8 distal ends of
tibiae,
one of which is from a
young
calf. The widths of
the distal
epiphyses
are
given
below:
Medio-lateral width
of
distal
epiphysis of
the tibiae
Area Period
(mm)
A "
55-65
II
56.00
II
55 approx.
II
54.40
V
58.70
C 1 V-II
55.00
Bones
of
the tarsus:
7
left and
7 right tali;
6 left and
7 right calcanei;
6 left and
4 right scapho-cuboid
bones;
1 hind cuneiform bone. The dimensions of the
complete
tali are
given
below:
Medio-lateral width
of
the lower
articular
surface
Area Period
Height of
talus
(mm)
A II
65.75 41.70
II
68.35 4400
III
67.50
-
V
68.45 47-85
v
5440 35-30
V
63.30 41-90
V
62.05 47.25
V
68.75 43-6
VIII
54.80 34.30
B II 62.10
40.10
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692 III. EMPORIO
Bones
of
the metatarsus:
35
metatarsal
fragments, 3
of which are from
juvenile
animals. The
dimensions of the
complete
articular surfaces are
given
below:
Proximal ends of metatarsal bones:
Medio-lateral width
Depth of
of
articular
surface
articular
surface
Area Period
(mm) (mm)
A II
54.40
-
II
48.30 45.90
II
43-5 40.20
II
4490 41.60
II
49.80 45. 70
II
37-4 31 approx.
IV
51.00 48.85
V
53-00 5
1 .80
VI
45 approx. 46. 35
B II
5430 52.00
II
42.50 4380
C. 1 V-II
44.60 44.40
Distal ends of metatarsal bones:
Medio-lateral width
of
articular
condyles
Area Period
(mm)
A II
52.60
II
62.30
II
61.35
II
5145
II
54.30
II
52.00
II
50-35
II 61.00
V
47.20
Fore and hind limb
foot
bones'. There are
35
first
phalanges
and
13
hoof cores. Their dimensions are
given
below:
Phalanx I. Fore and hind limb.
Length
Width at centre
Length
Width at centre
Area Period
(mm) of shaft (mm)
Area Period
(mm) of shaft (mm)
A I
(Well) 56.15 20.65
A III
58.65
26.80
II
64.50 27.60
III
58.15 27.80
II
59-4
26.80 V-IV
58.30 23.95
II
5845 22.90
V
47.00 20.50
II
535
26.00 V
o-75 25.95
II 62.00
25.10
V
5950 27.20
II
57 25-25
V
54-5
21.20
II
55 approx. 22.30
VI 60
approx.
-
II
57-6o 20.25
VI
55.15
-
II
57-5 22.70
VI
5-85 22.05
II
56.30 23.20 b II
55.70 20.35

63'85
245
C.i V
61.55
55_
28.75
54.00 21.65
245
C.i V
v
61.55
55_
28.75
'l
11
^'8O
60
2t7
V
56.10 D 20.55 DD
II 60
approx. 28.50
D 20.55 DD
II
52.40 22.15
C-3 V/IV-II 62.15
28.00
II
52.00 20.45
D
Mycenaean
III C
-
22.10
III
59-
IO
24.05
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5. ANIMAL BONES 693
Hoof
cores: Fore and hind limb.
Area Period
Approximate
basal
length
(mm)
A I
(Well) 52
II
75
II 60
II
70
IV
71.4
V-IV
52.5
V
58
V
58
V
65.5
VI 68
VI
58
VI
71.4
X 62
Observations on the skeletal remains
of
cattle
Taking
the teeth and bones
together,
it can be estimated that
approximately
one-third to
one-quarter
of these
represent
immature animals. This
proportion
is the same as that for the
other
principal
food
animals; pig, deer,
and
goat/sheep.
It
is, however,
noticeable that whereas
in these other animals old individuals are rare
(this assumption being
based on the wear of the
third molar tooth which is the last tooth to
erupt),
old cattle are numerous. This
suggests
that
some calves were killed for food but that adult animals were used for
draught
and
threshing,
as
they
are at the
present day,
and were killed off for hides and food when
they
were old
(plate 144
Domestic Goats and
Sheep
At the time of
writing
this
report very
little evidence had been
published
that could be used to
support
identifications of
post-cranial
skeletal bones as
sheep
or
goat,
and there was not
enough
comparative
material available to the author to
justify original
research into
possible
distinctions.
The
goat
and
sheep
remains from
Emporio
were in a
very fragmentary
state and this added a
further
complexity
in that it was found that in
many
cases the bone
fragments
could also have
belonged
to fallow deer. The
goat/sheep bones,
with the
exception
of the horn
cores,
were
therefore considered as an
entity
and
they
were counted as such but not measured.
Domestic
goats
The
genus Capra
contains five
living species
that are found in the Palaearctic
region (Ellerman
&
Morrison-Scott, 1951):
C.
aegagrus Erxleben, 1777;
C.
falconeri Wagner, 1839;
C. ibex
L.;
C.
caucsica Gldenstaedt &
Pallas, 1783;
C.
pyrenaica Schinz, 1838.
Capra aegagrus
is found
today
in certain Greek
islands,
in Asia
Minor, Persia,
Western
Sind,
Baluchistan,
and Turkmenia.
The
presence
of a
sharp
anterior keel and the
general shape
of the
goat
horn cores from the
prehistoric
levels of
Emporio
indicate that the animal
represented
has affinities with C.
aegagrus
even if it is not a
pure
domesticated form of the
present-day
wild
type.
In the wild C.
aegagrus
both
sexes have horns.
Goats and
sheep
were the main food animals in
prehistoric
Chios as
they
are at the
present
day.
Their remains were found in
large
numbers in all levels at
Emporio,
and are
represented by
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694 III. EMPORIO
a few skull
fragments, large
numbers of
goat
horn cores and a
very large
number of
jaws
and
isolated teeth.
Horn cores
As observed
by
Dalimier
(1954)
and Zeuner
(1955),
two main
types
of domestic
goat
have been
found on
archaeological
sites in western Asia and
Egypt.
The first and most
primitive type
is
straight-
or
scimitar-horned,
and the horn core has an anterior keel. The second
type,
which was
introduced into western Asia
during
the
early
Bronze
Age,
has twisted or screw horns. Both
types
of horn cores are found in the Bronze
Age
levels of
Emporio (plate 143 (b):
A and
B).
Scimitar horn cores have been found in the
Prepottery
Neolithic of
Jericho. They probably
came from domesticated
goats.
Zeuner
(1955)
has shown that these horn cores differ from those
of the wild
Capra aegagrus by
the
rounding
of the horn core which becomes
almond-shaped
in
male
specimens.
Horn cores of this
type
have also been found on the Neolithic site
ofjarmo
in
Iraq (Reed, 1961 ).
In wild male C.
aegagrus
the horn has a
typical quadrangular shape
with a flattened
antero-external surface and a
sharp
anterior keel. In both wild and domestic female
goats
of this
species
the horn has a
tendency
towards the almond
shape
found in the male
specimens
from
Jericho.
The twisted horn cores from ancient
Egyptian sites,
studied
by Zeuner,
differ from those
of
Jericho
in that the medial side of the core is
flattened,
whilst the outer side is convex and
rounded. The cores are therefore not
quadrangular
as in the wild C.
aegagrus
and are not
almond-shaped
as in the
Jericho specimens.
There is one twisted horn core from the
early
Bronze
Age
levels of
Jericho,
and this has an
almond-shaped
cross-section.
Zeuner has
pointed
out in the same
paper (1955)
that the scimitar horned
goats (C. aegagrus)
described from the Neolithic sites of Khirokitia and Erimi in
Cyprus by King (1954)
were
replaced
in the Late Bronze
Age
site of
Myrtou-Pigadhes (1300 b.c.) by
twisted-horned
goats.
These had an
almond-shaped
cross-section like the
Jericho goats
and unlike the ancient
Egyptian.
All but two of the
goat
horns from
Emporio
were found in levels of Periods VI-I in the main
Area A. The
remaining
two horn cores were found in Area C. 1 in contexts of Periods V-II.
Twenty-four
scimitar horn cores were
found,
16 of these
coming
from levels of Period II in
Area
A,
that is from the
deposits
of rubbish
dumped
as fill behind the
great
terrace
wall,
assignable
to a late
phase
of
Troy
I or the
beginning
of
Troy
II.
Nine twisted horn cores were found in levels of Period II in Area
A,
and one
fragmentary
core
that was
probably
twisted was found in one of the Area C. 1 trenches
assignable
to Periods V-II
contemporary
with
Troy
I. The cross-sectional outlines of five of the scimitar horn cores and six
of the twisted horn cores are
given
in fig.
301.
The cross-sections were taken at the end of the
basal third of the core as were Zeuner's
(1955).
All the horn cores in fig.
301
are from levels of
Period II in Area A. It can be seen from these cross-sections that both the
almond-shaped
cores
and those with flattened internal sides are
represented by
the scimitar horn cores and the twisted
horn cores from
Emporio.
In order to
compare
the size and
shape
of the
goat
horn cores from
Emporio
with those
described
by
Zeuner
(
1
955) ,
measurements of each one were taken at the end of the basal third of
the core and a cross-sectional index calculated from the
antero-posterior
diameter and the
lateral thickness. Where the whole horn core is not
present
the basal third has had to be
estimated from the size and curvature of the basal
portion.
The dimensions and indices of the
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fig.
301.
Cross-sections of
goat
horn cores from
Emporio,
taken in each case as close to the end of the basal third of the core as was
possible.
Both scimitar and twisted horn cores are
represented.
For
dating
refer numbers to text.
5. ANIMAL BONES 695
SCIMITAR HORN CORES :
00000
Nd No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5
Right
LeFt
Right Right
Left
cms.
TWISTED
HORN CORES .
ooo
No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9
No. IO No. II
LeFt LeFt
Right Right
LeFt LeFt
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table
9.
Measurement of the
antero-posterior
diameter and the lateral thickness
of the
goat
horn cores from
Emporio.
The A.-P. diameter has been divided
by
the
thickness to
give
an index which can be
compared
with those described
by
Zeuner
(1955).
Measurements were taken at the end of the basal third of the core
whenever
possible.
696 III. EMPORIO
Emporio
horn cores
may
be
compared
with those from
Jericho
and
Cyprus (quoted
from
Zeuner, 1955)
in Table
9.
It
may
be noted that the twisted horn cores from
Emporio
are
larger
than the scimitar horn
cores,
and it is
possible
that the twisted-horned
goats
were
larger
animals.
They appear
to have
been introduced onto the island of Chios
during Emporio
Period
II,
that
is,
in a late
phase
of
Troy
I or
early Troy II, perhaps
around 2000 b.c.
A.-P. Lateral Cross-
Diameter thickness sectional
Area Period
(mm) (mm)
index
Description
Scimitar-shaped
horn cores
A II No. 1
38.20 17.20 2.23 Right
II No. 2 28.60
15.55 l84 Right
II No.
3 29.15 15-70
1-86 Left
II No.
4 25.50 5-5O 165 Right.
Base of core
only
II No.
5 24.05 1300 1.84
Left
II
22.50
12.60
1.79 Right
II 26 est.
!5-35 1*69 Right
II
33.
10
14-65
2.26 Left.
Fragmentary
II
23.45 2.35 190 Right
II 26
approx. 14.80 1.76 Right
II
25.75
11.60 2.22 Left
II
30.10 23.70 1.27
Left
II
29.85 16.30 1.83
Left
II
28.90 J3-55 2.13 Right
II
25.30
12.10
2.09
Left
II
28.50
16.20
1.76
Left
V-IV
34-35 19.80 1.73
Left
V-IV
26.90 15.10 1.78 Right
V
29.90 17-15 1.74 Right
V
25.75 1545 167 Right
V
22.40 12.65 1.77 Right
VI
26.40 14.40 1.83 Right
VIII
29.50 16.50 1.79
Left
C. 1 V-II
26.50 14.05 1.89
Left
Twisted horn cores
A II No. 6
57.95 30.50 1.70
Left. The
largest
horn core
II No.
7 38.15 !9-45 !-96
Left
II No. 8
39.65 18.85
2.10
Right
II No.
9 35.00 18.85
1-86
Right
II No. 10
38.90 21.55
1. 81 Left
II No. 11
37.20
16.10
2.33
Left. Base of core
only
Ci V-II
39 approx. 23.05 1.69 Probably
twisted.
Fragmentary.
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TABLE
9 (cont.)
5. ANIMAL BONES 697
A.-P. Lateral Cross-
Diameter thickness sectional
(mm) (mm)
index
Description
Scimitar-shaped
horn cores
from
the
Prepottery
Neolithic
of Jericho
No. i
64 23.8 2.7
m.
Right. Almond-shaped.
Scimitar
No. 2
32.3 15.8
2.1 f.
Right. Irregularly
oval
No.
3 21.5
1
1.3
2.1 f.
Right. Juvenile
Twisted horn core
from
the Bronze
Age of Jericho
No.
5 32.0 2.3
Sex ? Left
Twisted horn cores
from
the Bronze
Age of Cyprus (13th century B.C.)
No. 18
41.6 19.7
2.1
Right
No.
19 44.6 24.4
1.8
Left, probably
m
No. 20
44.2
22.0 2.0
Right
No. 21
41.2 23.2
1.8
Left, fragmentary
Jaws
and teeth
of goat
and
sheep
The
jaws
and teeth of
goat
and
sheep
were found in
every
level. The total number of
jaw
fragments
and teeth are as follows: 8
fragments
of
skull; 34
maxilla
fragments; 24
left mandible
fragments
that are immature
(in
most of these the third milk
premolar
is
present.
In a few
specimens
the third molar is in the
process
of
eruption); 85
left mandible
fragments
that are from
adult or
nearly
adult
animals; 25 right
mandible
fragments
from
juvenile animals; 84 right
mandible
fragments
from adult or
nearly
adult animals.
These mandibles
represent
a minimum number of 1
09 individuals, 30 per
cent of these
being
from
juvenile
animals.
A total number of
657
isolated teeth have been identified as
belonging
to
goat
and
sheep.
Post-cranial bones
of goat
and
sheep
A total number of
425
bones and
fragments
of bone were identified as
belonging
to
goat/sheep;
but it is
possible
that some of the bone
fragments
are in fact those of fallow deer.
Domestic
sheep
There are
only
three horn cores from
Emporio
that can be identified as
belonging
to
sheep,
and
these are so
fragmentary
that little information can be
gained
from them. The dimensions of the
one core that is
complete enough
to be measured are
given
below
(plate 143 [b)' C).
Horn core no. 12
from
Area A: Period II
Antero-posterior
diameter
34.05
mm
Lateral thickness
20.70
mm
Cross-sectional index
1.64
The small number of
sheep
horn cores
may
be
explained by
the
possibility
that the ewes were
hornless. Zeuner
(1963)
asserts that this is so for the wild
Cypriot
mouflon of the
present day.
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Part IV
The
chipped
stone and obsidian industries
of
Emporio
and
Ayio
Gala
i. INTRODUCTION
The
chipped
stone and obsidian from
Emporio
was taken to
Athens,
where
Perry
G. Bialor
studied it
along
with the material from the Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala
preserved
in the National
Museum there. The material from the
Upper
Cave at
Ayio
Gala had
already
been studied
by
myself
in the
mosque-museum
in Chios town.
Supplies
of flint were
apparently
available in Chios.
Lumps
of
greyish
flint banded in hard
white limestone were noted
by
me in the summer of
196
1 on
high ground
between
Piryi
and
Tholopotamoi.
A
large lump
of the same material was found on the surface at
Emporio.
In the
following
accounts the dimensions of
pieces
of flint and obsidian are
given
in
millimetres,
with
length
x width x
thickness,
in that order unless otherwise stated.
2. THE CHIPPED STONE ASSEMBLAGES FROM EMPORIO
AND FROM THE LOWER CAVE AT AYIO GALA
(Perry
G.
Bialor)
(1) Emporio
(figs. 302-3)
From a total of some 6 1 2
pieces
and
4 pebbles recovered, 5
1
7
came from the stratified
sequence
in
the main area of the excavations
(Area A) (sections i-viii)
. The remainder includes over 20 from
deposits
of Period I
(contemporary
with
Troy II)
in Area F
(section ix),
and
35
from Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean
levels in Areas D and
F, together
with a number from Roman
deposits
or
surface levels
(section x)
.
There is a
high percentage
of
waste, 83 per cent, mainly
small broken
bits,
rather than clear
waste
flakes;
these have been
designated
'broken
pieces'
in the
report following.
It seems that
there must have been little
leeway
in the choice of materials for the
chipped
stone
tools,
as a
variety
of
poor quality,
veined
flints,
sometimes even
limestone,
was
pressed
into
service;
this
includes sizes down to small
pebbles.
Much of the flint or chert is in the form of small nodules with
a
heavy
buff weathered matrix. There are
relatively
few obsidian
pieces,
most of them of small
dimension;
some no more than microlithic slivers.
(a) Descriptive catalogue
i. Period X
Shaped implements
Flint: 2
One small round
'fingernail' scraper
and one end
scraper
on a blade. The former is of tan
chert;
retouch is restricted to the
edge
around half the circumference
(20
x 21 x
5) (fig. 303: 3,
699
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fig.
302. Emporio. Chipped
stone
(F)
and obsidian
(O).
Illustration nos. in brackets.
700 IV. CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES
Shaped
Sickle Blade-like Flakes and
Period
implements
elements Blades flakes broken
pieces
Cores Misc. Total
Mycenaean
F 2
17 23
1
43
and Surface O 1
(1)
1 2
I
(in
Area
F)
F 1 1 11
5
18
_2__Li)
3
4_
V, IV,
II F 1
15
21 28
in Areas B-F O
Area A III- II F i
84 56 141

O 2 2
IV F 12 2 10 i 16
-Q L_
!__
VF
32 50
1
56
O__
6 6
VI F 12 22 1 26

O 8
(13, 15)
8
VII F 2
3 17
i
23

O 1
(14) 3 4
VIII F 2
(4, 6) 3 (7, 9)
2 6
56 &9

O

31 (5, n, 12) 25 9 (10) 65
IX F 2
(8) 3
2 11
4
22
__Q 3

2
~
5
X F 2
(3)
1
3
1
58

5
~

O 2

1
3
Total F
4 14
21
13 341
116
3 512
O
3 59
28 10 100
from G
164).
The end
scraper
rounds the full width of the
blade,
which is
missing
the basal end
(15
wide x
5 thick).
Sickle elements
Flint: 1
Sickle flake with silica sheen on one
edge only (length 22) (G 164).
Blades
Flint:
3
Irregular blades,
no wear
chipping.
Obsidian: 2
No wear
chipping (length
of one
35).
Blade-like
flakes
Flint: 1
Irregular piece,
with no
apparent
use.
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint:
58
Only
one shows
signs
of
use;
28 are broken
fragments. Amongst
the flakes is one
large
one of
rhyolite
and a small one of
chalcedony.
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2.
(1)
EMPORIO 701
Obsidian: i
Waste,
no
signs
of use.
Cores
Flint:
5
Fragments,
one of which was struck from 2
directions;
all are rather small.
ii. Period IX
Shaped implements
Flint and Obsidian: none.
Sickle elements
Flint: 2
Silica sheen on one
edge only;
one has a
curving
serrated
edge (length 37) (fig. 303: 8,
from
Q
159),
the other is
plain (length 39).
Blades
Flint:
3
Irregular;
one is a
chalcedony segment.
Obsidian:
3
One with use
chipping along
one
edge;
the others unused
(one
of which is
only
6 wide x 1
.5
th.).
Blade-like
flakes
Flint: 2
Both with some use
chipping along
one
edge,
one of which also has traces of some use on the
end as well.
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint: 1 1
Six are waste
flakes,
no
signs
of
use;
five are broken
pieces.
Obsidian: 2
One small waste flake and one small chunk with rolled
edges.
Cores
Flint:
4
One small uni-directional
core;
the others are
amorphous.
iii. Period VIII
Shaped implements
Flint: 2
One small round
scraper, completely
retouched on a thick
edge (25
x
16x6) (fig. 303: 4,
from
Q 145).
It is not
very
different from the other round
scraper
from a level of X. The other
implement
is a
diagonal
ended blade with vertical retouch on the
end;
it is of dull white chert.
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fig.
303. Emporio. Chipped
stone and obsidian. Scale
2/3.
702 IV. CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES
One
edge
of the blade is also retouched or
chipped
from
heavy
use from the
point
of the
diagonal
end
halfway
toward the bulbar end of the blade. The rather
thick,
stout
point
formed on one side
of the blade
may
have been some sort of
pressure
tool
(41
x
15x4) (fig. 303: 6,
from G
141).
The
implement
was found associated with 22 other flint
pieces
and
30 pieces
of
obsidian, mainly
minute,
on the floor and in the
curving
wall of the
D-shaped
house in trench G.
Sickle elements
Flint:
3
All have been used on both
edges;
two have considerable silica sheen on both
edges,
of which
one shows
heavy
use
(33
x
15x4) (fig. 303: 9,
from
Q, 145),
and the other is unusual in that it is
the
tip
end
segment
of the blade
(5x11x4) (fig. 303: 7,
from G Wall
12).
The third
blade,
although showing
use
chipping,
does not
appear
to have traces of silica sheen
(60
x 1
4
x
5) ;
it is in
form like the others.
**&>
9
6
ffl
"
5
-a
11 12
13
o
I
^J 10 14
1 2
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2.
(1)
EMPORIO 703
Blades
Flint: 2
Irregular,
no
apparent
use
chipping.
Obsidian:
31
Most are microlithic
slivers,
1
7
of which come from the floor of the
D-shaped
house in trench
G; they
include
only
two
complete blades, 23
and
29
in
length (fig. 303: 11, 12,
from G
141).
Of
those blades which are not from the
floor,
one is used on both
edges (23
x
16),
another is a
trapeze-like segment,
but as the ends are not retouched it cannot be considered a true
trapeze
(16
x
16x3) (fig. 303: 5,
from
Q 145).
Three other
blades,
with no
signs
of
use,
are thin and
narrow
(9, 12, 14 wide). Only
three blades show some use or wear
chipping; they
are
irregular
and come from a trimmed core surface.
Blade-like
flakes
Flint: 6
No
signs
of use.
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint:
56
Thirty-six
are waste
flakes;
the rest broken
fragments. Many
of the
pieces
seem to be from the
same or similar blocks of mottled dark brown chert with
heavy
matrix.
Obsidian:
25
Only
two show
signs
of use. Most of the flakes come from the floor of the
D-shaped
house and
are
quite
small
(14).
Cores
Obsidian:
9
There are four blade core
remnants,
three of which are
complete.
The
tip
ends are trimmed
on a
diagonal
in the direction of the blade scar
surface;
the backs are flat
single plane scars,
perhaps
broken. The fourth remnant is
missing
its
tip end,
but falls within the same size and form
groupas
the others
(lengths: 42, 29, 41,
and
48) (fig. 303: 10,
from G
141).
The
lengths
of blades
struck from the three
complete
cores are about
34, 36,
and
27.
Three other core
fragments
are
only
small
remnants;
two of them are uni-directional cores
(lengths: 27
and
52), producing
rather
irregular
blades. The remainder consists of one small
tip
end of a
core,
which
may
have
been re-used
along
one
edge
of the
break,
and one thin core remnant with none of the
original
striking platform preserved;
in
proportion
it is almost like a blade
(38
x
16x5).
Although
there is a
relatively greater
number of obsidian
pieces
in this
level,
core blocks were
small and
thoroughly
used
up. Though many
blades are
microlithic,
most are not
particularly
uniform. Obsidian must still have been
precious.
iv. Period VII
Shaped implements
Obsidian: 1
A small
projectile point
made on a blade
segment.
The bulbar end is trimmed
by slight
retouch from both sides to create the
tip;
there is a small notch on one side at the
opposite end,
which is broken
(19
x
13
x
3) (fig. 303: 14,
from
Q 130).
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704 IV. CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES
Sickle elements
Flint: 2
One
crescent-shaped
sickle blade with natural
backing
has silica sheen on one
edge
(31
x 1 1 x
3.5);
the
other,
of rose
chalcedony, may
have silica sheen on one
edge.
Blades
Flint:
3
One blade is retouched
continuously
on both
edges
to the broken
tip end;
the other two are
irregular
and show no
signs
of retouch or use.
Obsidian:
3
One has use
chipping along
one
edge;
the other two show no
signs
of use. One of the latter is
a
trimming
blade
(length: 41).
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint:
17
None are waste
flakes, only
one
showing
some use
chipping.
The other
eight
are broken
pieces
-
seven of limestone and one of flint.
Miscellaneous
Flint: 1
A
prismatic
flake with
partial
use
chipping along
one
edge.
v. Period VI
Shaped implements
Flint and Obsidian: none
Sickle elements
Flint: 1
A
blade,
serrated on both
edges;
but
only
one
edge possibly
shows silica sheen
(57
x
19x5).
Blades
Flint: 2
One
long regular
blade from G
103/93
with small
opposing
notches near the
tip end;
the
basal end is
missing (83
x 12 x
4.5).
Another blade is retouched on both
edges.
Obsidian: 8
There is one
very long
blade
(1
10 x
14x4)
with
trapezoidal
section and marked bulb of
percussion (fig. 303: 15,
from G
93),
which
goes against
all the other evidence and what has been
said
up
to this
point regarding
small cores and microlithic blades
(fig. 303: 13).
Of the seven
other
blades,
2 show some
slight
use
along
one
edge.
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint: 22
These include thirteen waste flakes with no
sign
of use and one with some
use, together
with
eight
waste broken
pieces.
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2.
(1)
EMPORIO 705
Cores
Flint: i
A small
fragment
of a core.
vi. Period V
Shaped implements
Flint and Obsidian: none.
Sickle Elements
Flint:
3
One is a blade serrated and with silica sheen on both
edges (36x11x4);
another is
unserrated with silica sheen on one
edge only (36
x 1 1 x
3).
A crescen
tic-shaped
flake
may
also
be a sickle
element, although
no silica sheen is observable.
Blades
Flint: 2
Both with
slight
use
chipping.
Obsidian: 6
Four have use
chipping
on both
edges,
of which one of the
largest
is 60
(to
the
break)
x
15x4.
The other two blades are smaller.
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint:
50
Ten waste
flakes,
of which
only
one shows some use
chipping,
and
forty
broken
pieces.
Miscellaneous
A
single quartz pebble.
vii. Period IV
Shaped implements
Flint and Obsidian: none.
Sickle elements
Flint: 1
One blade with
partial backing,
ends
broken,
silica sheen on one
edge only (38
x
10x4).
Blades
Flint: 2
Irregular,
with no use
chipping.
Obsidian: 1
Slight
use
chipping.
Blade-like
flakes
Flint: 2
One with considerable retouch
along
one
edge (length: 45);
the other with none.
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706 IV. CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint: io
Five waste
flakes,
with no
signs
of
use,
and five broken
pieces.
Cores
Flint: i
A small
fragment.
viii. Periods III- II
Shaped implements
Flint and Obsidian: none.
Sickle elements
Flint and Obsidian: none.
Blades
Flint: i
Used
along
one
edge (15
wide x
4 th.).
Obsidian: 2
Small
fragments (7
wide x 2 th. and
13
wide x 2
th.).
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint:
84
Ten are waste flakes with some use
chipping
on
edges; twenty-eight
other waste flakes show
no
signs
of use. The
remaining forty-six
are broken
pieces.
There is a
high proportion
of waste
pieces, mainly merely
broken
pieces
of small
size,
in this horizon.
Cores
Flint:
56
The
extraordinary
number of cores and core
fragments
is difficult to account
for, considering
the rather
sparse industry
found in the excavations. There are
thirty-three complete
remnants
and
twenty-three
broken
fragments
of cores of small size.
ix. Period I
Shaped implements
Obsidian: 1
One
projectile point
with fine
oblique
retouch from both
faces, converging
near the
tip
to
include the whole
surface; probably tanged originally;
the basal end is broken
(23
x 10 x
3.5)
(fig. 303: 2,
from a
deposit
above rock
(trench
M
13)
on the site of the
Early
Christian basilica
church; assignable perhaps
to Period II rather than
I).
Sickle elements
Flint: 1
Blade with silica sheen on one
edge,
natural
backing
on other side
(9
wide x
4 th.).
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2.
(1)
EMPORIO 707
Blades
Obsidian:
3
Small
fragments,
one with some use
chipping (1
1 wide x
3 th.).
Blade-like
flakes
Flint: 1
Irregular;
of
glossy green
chert.
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint: 1 1
One
irregular
blade with some use
chipping
and rolled
edges.
The rest are waste flakes with
no retouch or wear.
Cores
Flint:
5
Two small blade
cores,
one a
remnant,
the other a
fragment,
and three
amorphous
cores.
x. Late Bronze
Age, Mycenaean
and surface
Shaped implements
Obsidian: 1
One small
projectile point, sharply
serrated
along
both
edges
and
tanged.
The serrations
were
produced
from alternate
faces;
no other retouch was
applied
to surfaces of blade
segment
blank
(26
x
10x4) (fig. 303: 1,
from a Roman
deposit (trench
T 1
1)
in Area
F).
Blades
Flint: 2
No use
chipping.
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint:
17
All
waste,
no use
chipping.
Cores
Flint:
23
Broken
fragments, principally amorphous
flake cores.
Obsidian: 1
A remnant with
plain platform
and
rough
back
(51
x 21 x
16).
Miscellaneous
A
crystal.
xi.
Deposits
of Periods
V,
IV and II in areas B-F
Blades
Flint: 1
No use
chipping.
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708 IV. CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES
Blade-like
flakes
Flint: i
Flakes and broken
pieces
Flint:
5
One is
chipped
from
use;
the others without
signs
of use.
Cores
Flint: 2i
Two remnants and nineteen
fragments.
(b) Summary
Although
the whole
assemblage
is
fairly
uniform
through time, showing
no
apparent major
breaks in tool
types,
and
is, therefore, probably
a
single industry,
there is also somewhat
greater
consistency
to be observed in the materials found in levels of Periods
IX-VI,
than there is in
those from levels of X-IX or from VI to V-II. The bladiness of the
industry
in Periods IX-VI is
from
30
to
40 per cent, compared
to much lower bladiness
percentage
in Periods X and V to II.
The ratio of obsidian to flint is also
higher
in Periods IX to VI.
The
3
small arrowheads which
appear
in a level of Period
VII,
and in ones of Period II and of
the Roman
period (fig. 303: 14, 2,
1
)
are
partially retouched;
one is
stemmed,
another
probably
was
stemmed,
and the third of Period VII is broken at a
point
which makes it
impossible
to know
whether it was stemmed. The sickle elements are
snapped
blade
segments
used on one or both
edges, though
the
single-side
sheen blade
predominates.
These
appear only sparsely
in all
Periods. A
slightly greater
number
appear
in levels of IX- V than before or afterwards. The
edges
are sometimes
serrated,
as on the arrowhead from a
post-Bronze Age deposit
on the
Acropolis
(Area F) (fig. 303: 1).
The
3 scrapers appear
in levels of X and VIII: small round
scrapers
in levels of X and
VIII,
an end
scraper
in one of X. A
single diagonal
end blade from Period VIII
completes
the list of
shaped
tools. No awls were
found, although
in the Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala a
type
of awl with
trimmed base is the most
prominent shaped
tool in the
assemblage.
(2)
The Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala
(FIG. 304.
PLATES
13, 14)
The collection of
chipped
stone described below was recovered from the Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala. The
deposit
from which it comes was not
stratified,
but had
apparently
been
precipitated
from some other cave at a
higher
level. The associated
pottery
is
principally
Neolithic with some
slight
admixture of later sherds. It is
likely
that the stone
assemblage
is also Neolithic in date.
However, any interpretation
of the
following
data must
keep
in mind the
possible heterogeneity
and the rather small size of the
assemblage, consisting only
of
164 pieces.
Shaped implements
There are 8
clearly shaped implements.
These include 1 end
scraper
on a
blade,
a knife
blade,
and 6
awls,
of which 2 are retouched on the basal end as well as toward the
tip.
The end
scraper
is on a thick blade with core matrix
along
one
edge;
the
opposite edge
is
retouched
(55x21
x
6) (fig. 304: 4.
plates i
3 (a) ,
1
4 (b) )
. The flint is a dull
pitch black,
a kind of
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fig.
304. Ayio
Gala: Lower Cave.
Chipped
stone and obsidian. Scale
2/3.
2.
(2)
AYIO GALA: LOWER CAVE 709
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710 IV. CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES
flint not found elsewhere in the
assemblage,
which consists of flints in shades of
grey, black,
and
brown.
The 6 awls are on blades with sides retouched to a
heavy long point
at the bulbar end of the
blade. The rest of the blade to the broken end is left unworked
(lengths: 68, 62, 60,
and
36).
In 2
cases the end
opposite
the
tip
is retouched on the bulbar
face,
which blunts and rounds the base
of the awls
(fig. 304: 1,12.
plates
14 (a), 13 (a)).
One of them is almost
leaf-shaped
due to its
greater-than-usual width,
and extensive low
angle
retouch of both base and
tip (54
x
25
x
7.
fig.
304: 1).
The basal retouch was
probably
to facilitate
hafting
or
cushioning
in the hand. The
other awls
may
also have had basal trim when in their
complete state,
but it is now
impossible
to
know as the ends in
question
are
missing (fig. 304: 2, 3.
plate
14 (a), (b)).
Sickle elements
The
3
sickle blades are on
typical
blade
mid-segments
with silica sheen on the
right-hand edge
only (fig. 304:
1 1
(32
x 10 x
5).
fig.
304:
6
(36
x
14
x
4).
fig.
304: 5 (42
x
13x3)).
There is also 1
long parallel-sided
blade,
used on one
edge,
the
opposite edge
blunted
by matrix;
the bulbar end
is retouched on the
edge
at one side of the bulb of
percussion,
the
tip
end is
missing (85
x 1
7
x
3.5)
(fig. 304: 9.
plates
13 (0), 14 (a)).
Blades
There are 80 flint blades and blade
fragments,
of which 10 are whole or
nearly
whole blades. The
whole blades
range
in
length
from a
very irregular
one
37
to the
longest
one
86,
which is used on
one
edge.
Of the 80 blades and blade
fragments, only 7
show use
chipping
on one
edge;
none is
chipped
on both
edges. (There
are
44
bulbar
ends, only
2
tip ends,
and
24
mid-sections: a skew in
favour of bulbar end
fragments
is not
unusual,
but the
great disproportion
evidenced here is
somewhat
unusual,
and
may, therefore,
be
significant
even in this small
collection.)
There are
also
7
blade
fragments
of
obsidian,
which constitute all the obsidian found in the Lower Cave
(fig. 304: 7, 9.
plate
14 ()):
most of these are less than 10 wide. Of the flint and
chalcedony
blades
7
are 10 wide or
less, 47
are between 10 and
15,
8 between
15
and
20,
and 1 wider than
25.
The blades are therefore of rather consistent narrow
width,
i.e.
only 9
are wider than
15,
although many
are not
regular parallel-edged
blades.
There is also 1
irregular
core
trimming
blade without
signs
of
regular preshaping
of core
(length: 48).
The 8
shaped implements
described above are also made on
blades, bringing
the
blade total to
92 pieces.
Utilized
irregular
blades and blade-like
flakes
There are
5
blade-like flakes of chert. Two are
only slightly retouched, probably by use, along
one
edge;
1 has some end use as a
scraper (48
x
20)
and another
heavy irregular
retouch
along
the
right-hand
convex
edge (fig. 304: 10, length 57).
One
large
blade is blunted
by heavy
retouching
on one
edge,
but the
opposite edge
is also blunt due to core matrix. The blade is
complete (75
x 20 x
7).
(3) Comparison
with
Mykonos
Site
To the south-west of Chios lies the island of
Mykonos
at a distance of less than 100
km,
with no
islands
intervening. Although
there has been no excavation on the
island,
the
presence
of a
prehistoric
site was
brought
to the attention of Professor Saul
Weinberg during
the summer of
i960.
The
Mykonos
site is
probably Early
Bronze
Age
in
date,
with
possibly
Late Neolithic
origins,
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3. AYIO GALA: UPPER CAVE 711
according
to the
sherds,
most of which are
plain
and
quite
coarse. Of the
914 pieces
of
chipped
stone
examined, 48
were
type specimens
and
provide
some useful
comparisons
with the 2
assemblages
from Chios.
Impressionistically, although
not in
detail,
the
Mykonos assemblage
resembles that from Chios. Sickle blades are
noticeably lacking; present
are a number of notched
blades and flakes
(which may
have served the same
purpose
as sickle
blades),
a
variety
of small
scrapers,
and awls on blades and flakes. The small stemmed
projectile points
are
quite
conspicuous (12): they
are sometimes
neatly bifacially
retouched with
long tapering stems,
although
the
degree
of retouch varies
considerably.
The mean
length
of these small
points
is
about
3, comparable
in size to the
3
from
Emporio.
The
3 projectile points
from
Emporio are,
however,
somewhat smaller and
certainly
cruder in
workmanship
than those from
Mykonos.
One
striking
contrast between the 2 collections is that the
Mykonos
surface
assemblage
is
completely
of
obsidian,
with the
exception
of a
single
red flint
projectile point
and a
quartzitic
projectile point,
whereas obsidian is scarce at
Emporio,
and even more so at
Ayio Gala;
the
relatively
closer
proximity
of
Mykonos
to Melos
(the supposed
source of Greek
obsidian)
should
partially
account for this
major
difference in source materials.
3.
THE CHIPPED STONE ASSEMBLAGE FROM
THE UPPER CAVE AT AYIO GALA
(Sinclair Hood)
(fig. 305)
What was
preserved
from the
Upper
Cave in the
mosque-museum
in Chios after the Second
World War consisted of
95 pieces
of worked flint or chert and
9
of obsidian.
Hardly any
of this
material had survived with a record of the
deposit
from which it came and it has all therefore
been treated
together.
The
proportion
of obsidian to flint or chert is much less than at
Emporio,
in the
region
of 1 : 1 o
as
opposed
to about
1:5.
In the Lower Cave it was even less:
only 7 pieces
of obsidian out of a
total of 1
64,
or less than 1 :
23.
In contrast to this it is
reported
that most of the
chipped
stone tools
at
Tigani
in Samos were of obsidian
(Tigani 197).
But the
majority
of the
chipped
stone tools not
of obsidian
published
from
Tigani
are on
large lumps
like our nos. 1 6-20
( Tigani
1
96
ff.
figs. 7-9)
.
W. Buttler
suggested
that these tools on
lumps might conceivably belong
to a
period
before the
beginning
of the
Neolithic;
but
according
to R.
Felsch,
Samos xiv 1
29
note
2, they probably
date
from towards the end of the Late Neolithic. It is
interesting
that tools on
lumps
of this kind were
not in evidence in the material from the Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala nor at
Emporio.
(1)
Flint and Chert:
95
Material
The dominant material was a
flint, very
dark
brown,
almost black in
appearance,
or dark
grey;
but some
pieces
were a
lighter
brown in colour
(e.g.
fig.
305:
1
3)
. A
chert, mostly
of a
fairly deep
shade of
brown,
but in some cases a
paler
whitish
colour, appeared
to be
virtually
confined to
blades,
a
large proportion
of which
(about half)
were made of it. It would be
interesting
to know
if these
blades,
or the material used for
them,
were
brought
to
Ayio
Gala from elsewhere. The
dominant dark brown to black and dark
grey
varieties of
flint,
of which the
larger implements
like fig.
305: 4
were
made,
was
presumably
local to the area.
Shaped implements: 7
There were
only
a few
shaped implements,
the most
striking being
the 'fabricator'
(fig. 305: 13)
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712 IV. CHIPPED STONE INDUSTRIES
(L. 58)
made on a thick blade of flint a rich
yellowish
brown in colour with a white streak in it
-
a
distinctive material not
represented
in the collection
apart
from this. It had a
slight
bulb of
percussion
at the lower
end,
and the
edges
had been
neatly
blunted
by secondary working.
One of 2 awls
(fig. 305: 14) (L. 52)
was on a blade of
triangular
section of translucent brown
flint;
it had neat
secondary working
on the
upper
face down the sides to blunt them. The other
(fig. 305: 15),
on a
large rough
blade
(L. 74)
of black flint with a
good
deal of cortex left on the
upper surface,
had rather
rough secondary working
of this kind to blunt the sides.
The
4 scrapers
included one on a
large
thick
lump
of black flint
(L. 70.
W.
60) (fig. 305: 16,
from a
depth
of ?2.
05-1. 90); scraping edges
had been made round three sides
by secondary
working
on the
upper
face. Another
scraper (fig. 305:
1
7) (L. 29.
W.
33)
was on a small
lump
of
pale
brown flint. A third
(fig. 305: 18) (L. 50.
W.
46)
was on a core of
very
dark brown
flint;
it
had two
working edges
made at
opposite
ends and on
opposite
faces. The side
scraper (fig. 305:
19) (L. 57)
was on a flake of dark
grey flint;
the
tip
had been blunted
by secondary working
on
the lower
(bulbar) face;
the
working edge
was in mint condition and still
sharp.
Sickle elements: none
I
expected
to find
these,
and was
surprised by
their absence. None of the blades or blade
sections,
however, appeared
to show
any
trace of lustre
suggestive
of use as sickle blades.
Blades'. 10
(fig. 305: 21, 22)
These
range
in
length
from 62 to
34.
Their
striking platforms
had been almost
entirely
battered
away
before removal from the core. The blades were for the most
part three-facetted,
but one
was
triangular
in section. The material of which a
large proportion
of them was
made,
described
above, may
have been
imported.
Blade sections'.
19 (max.
L.
55)
Blade core: 1
(fig. 305: 20)
This
(L. 44)
was of brown
flint;
rather
rough,
with cortex still
preserved
down one
edge.
It had
an
unprepared striking platform.
Blade-like
flakes: 14
These
(max.
L.
66) appeared
to have been struck from blade
cores,
but
they
were much wider in
proportion
to their
length
than blades. The facets on the
upper
face were often
very irregular,
not
continuing
for the whole of the
length.
The
striking platforms
were
usually large
and
unprepared.
Some flakes and blade-like flakes showed
signs
of use or
secondary working along
the
edges.
One blade-like flake
(fig. 305: 23) (L. 50)
of dark brown flint had neat
secondary working
on the
upper
face
along
the whole of one side and
part
of the other.
(2)
Obsidian:
9
There were
5
blades and
4
blade sections of obsidian
(L. 38-20).
The 2 smallest
pieces
were of a
very transparent variety,
the other
7 being
more or less
opaque.
The blades
(e.g.
fig.
305: 24)
have battered
striking platforms
like the flint blades. The blade section fig.
305: 25 (L. 23)
has
neat
secondary working
down one
edge
on the under
face,
due
perhaps
to
resharpening
of the
edge:
the
upper
end was
apparently snapped
across
along
a line of weakness made
by secondary
working.
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fig.
305. Ayio
Gala:
Upper
Cave.
Chipped
stone and obsidian. Scale
2/3.
3. AYIO GALA: UPPER CAVE
713
J77fo>^
21
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Part V
The
chronological position
of
Emporio
and
Ayio
Gala in the Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age
i. INTRODUCTION
References have not been
repeated
in this section.
They
will be found in the
appropriate place
in
Volume
I,
Part
III, Chapter 3
Section
(2) (b),
on
Pottery Types, or,
in the case of features like
handles and
lugs,
in the sections on these
by
Periods
(Chapter 3
Section
(2) (e),
on
Pottery
from
Area
A).
The references for
comparison
with individual numbered
pieces appear
after the
description
of these in the text.
The
Early
Bronze
Age
Periods V- I at
Emporio
are
relatively easy
to fix in their
archaeological
context. The
pottery
of
Emporio
then is
essentially
like that of the
Troad,
although
with local variations. Period I seems to
correspond
to some late
phase
of
Troy II;
Period II to late
Troy
I and
probably
the
early part
of
Troy II;
Periods V-IV to the
early
and
middle
phases
of
Troy
I. Periods VII-VI have clear affinities both with Kum
Tepe
I B in the
Troad and with the Late Chalcolithic of south-west Anatolia as
represented
at
Beycesultan.
The correlations for the earlier
periods, Emporio X-VIII,
are more
problematical.
Some of
those who have examined material from
deposits
of these
periods
in Chios Museum have formed
the
impression
that
they
are to be
equated
in time with the Anatolian Late Chalcolithic and with
the Late Neolithic of Greece. Thus
Renfrew, Emergence 76 Chart,
sets
Emporio
IX-VIII
parallel
with the Late Neolithic and
Emporio
X at the end of the Middle Neolithic in terms of the Greek
mainland.
Hope Simpson
and Dickinson in
Gazetteer
(1969) 369 suggest
that
occupation
at
Emporio began
in the Late Neolithic. It was indeed
my
own
impression
at first that the earliest
occupation
there did not date much before the
beginning
of the Bronze
Age (e.g. Antiquity
xxix
(1955) 32. Archaeology
viii
(1955) 246.
/ZJV
31
Dec.
1955, p. 1144).
The whole of the
pottery sequence
at
Tigani
in Samos
broadly corresponding
to that of
Emporio
X-VI has been
similarly
ascribed
by
R.
Felsch,
Samos xiv 1
29 ff.,
to the Late Neolithic
on the basis of the evidence from the recent excavations.
There are
certainly arguments
for such a
dating
for the
early part
of the
sequence
from
Emporio;
but for the reasons detailed below I am inclined to believe that
Emporio
X
may go
back to a
very early phase
of the
Aegean Neolithic,
and that
Emporio
X-VIII
may
have
affinities with the
Early
Neolithic of the Greek
mainland, although
the end of VIII
may
lie
within the borders of the Late Chalcolithic of south-west Anatolia on the one hand and of the
Middle Neolithic of the Greek mainland on the other. At the same time I have
suggested
in
Volume
I,
Part
II, Chapter 5,
that the
sequence
at
Ayio
Gala is
roughly parallel
with
Emporio
IX/VIII-VI/V.
An
argument
for a
relatively early
date for
Emporio
X-VIII can be drawn from the
succession of fabrics: a
phase
of
essentially
dark-surfaced wares
(Periods
X-
IX) being
followed
by
one
(Period VIII)
with a certain amount of red- and brown-surfaced
pottery
associated with
a
primitive variety
of incised decoration and with
pattern
burnish. This is succeeded
by
a
horizon
(Periods VII-VI)
of Fine Black Burnished Ware with decoration in white
paint
associated with
Light
Brown Burnished Ware. These two fabrics seem to
correspond
to the black
burnished ware with decoration in white of the Anatolian Late Chalcolithic on the one hand and
715
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716 III. EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA
to the Urfirnis ware characteristic of the Middle Neolithic and the
early part
of the Late
Neolithic on the Greek mainland on the other.
The
implication
that the
beginning
of the Late Chalcolithic in Anatolia
overlaps
with the
Middle Neolithic on the Greek mainland
may appear surprising.
But the
Chronological
Table
published by Mellaart,
Neolithic Near East
14 f., implies this, although
it must be
emphasized
that
Mellaart's conclusion was reached
by
a different route and is set in a
very
different
general
context.
The
sequence
in the Troad
appears
to be
comparable
with that at
Emporio,
and
may go
back
to a time
contemporary
with
Emporio
X-IX. Thus Kum
Tepe
I A has some affinities with
Emporio
VIII and
perhaps
with
Emporio
IX. It seems
very possible
that
occupation
at the
important
site of
Beik Tepe
in the Troad
began
earlier than Kum
Tepe
I
A,
as
Mellaart,
Studia
Balcanica v
(1971) 119 ff,
has indicated
(although
he
places
it late in relation to
Poliochni,
making
it
contemporary
with the Black
period
and the
early part
of the Blue
there).
The earlier
levels at
Beik Tepe may prove
to have affinities with
Emporio X-IX,
but little has
yet
been
revealed about the material from them.
In
any
case it looks as if the
Trojan sequence throughout
its
long history developed
to a
large
extent
separately
from the
sequences
in the interior of Anatolia as known from sites like Hacilar
and
Beycesultan.
The Troad
may
have derived new
ideas,
and
perhaps
actual
immigrants
who
brought them,
from Cilicia or
Syria by
the sea-route
along
the southern coasts of Anatolia and
past
islands like Samos and Chios. The situation of the earliest known Troadic sites like
Beik
Tepe
and Kum
Tepe
near the sea is
suggestive. Biegen, Troy
and the
Trojans (London, 1963) 40,
indicated that Kum
Tepe might
well be the
place
where an
enterprising
band of
immigrants,
arriving by ship,
made
good
their first foothold on land. The
pottery
from caves of the
Antalya
region
of
Pamphylia
shows distinct links with the
early pottery
of
Emporio
and with the
comparable
material from
Tigani
in Samos. Some of the
pottery
from these caves near
Antalya
is
thought
to be
contemporary
with or
(in
the case ofthat from
layer
B in the Beldibi
cave)
earlier
than the
Kizilkaya
culture ofthat
region
and to
pre-date
the Late Neolithic of Hacilar IX.
2. EMPORIO X-VIII
The two most characteristic vase
shapes
of this earliest horizon at
Emporio
-
bowl-jars
of various
types
and
jars
of
type 41
-
can be traced back to
very early
times in the Near East. The
bowl-jars
of
Emporio
X-VIII resemble those of
Hacilar,
and
appear
to be closer to those of the Neolithic
levels IX-VI there than to ones of the Chalcolithic levels V-I. The Cilician Neolithic
(Mersin
XXXII-XXVI)
includes
shapes
that
might
be ancestral to the
bowl-jars
of Neolithic Hacilar
alongside prototypes
of
jars
of
Emporio type 41
. There are
bowl-jars
similar to those of
Emporio
X-VIII in the
Early
Neolithic of the Greek
mainland, including
that of
Thessaly
and western
Macedonia
(Nea Nikomedeia)
. In
harmony
with this is the occurrence of
jugs
of
type
20 in levels
of Periods X-VIII at
Emporio,
but not later. These are in
shape
akin to
jars
of
type 41 ,
but
they
have a
single
handle to the rim instead of a
pair joining
neck and shoulder. In
Emporio
VII-VI
they give place
to
jugs
of
types
related to those of the Late Chalcolithic of south-west Anatolia
(Beycesultan)
and Cilicia
(Tarsus).
Type 41 jars
with a
pair
of handles
joining
neck to shoulder were
very
characteristic of the
early periods
at
Emporio,
and
especially
of Period VIII.
Jars
of a similar
type
occur in the
Early
and Middle Neolithic at
Byblos,
and have
many
relatives in the earliest
pottery
of the Near East.
Thus
jars
of
comparable shape, although
without
any handles,
are at home in the lowest levels at
Hassuna. The
type
does not seem to have been illustrated from
atal Hyk, however,
and
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CHRONOLOGICAL POSITION 717
comparable jars
do not
appear
to be attested at Hacilar before level VII there.
Jar
rims akin to
those of
type 41
occur in the earliest Neolithic of Crete and of the Greek mainland as well as at
Saliagos.
A
variety
of this
type
with a
pair
of handles on the shoulder or the
belly (like
AG
205
from the later horizon of material at
Ayio Gala)
is at home at the
beginning
of the Late
Chalcolithic
(level XVI)
at Mersin and in the Late Neolithic of the Greek mainland.
It must be admitted that certain features in the
pottery
from levels of
Emporio
X-VIII
might
appear
to
suggest
a
relatively
advanced date for them. This is
especially
true in the case of some
varieties of handles and
lugs.
But the
great variety
of
lugs
and handles from levels of
Emporio
X-VIII is not in itself an
objection
to an
early
date.
J.D. Evans,
BSA lxiii
(1968) 271,
for
instance,
has noted the varied
handling
devices on the earliest
(Early
Neolithic
I) pottery
from
Knossos in Crete. Some of these Cretan
Early
Neolithic
handling
devices can be
paralleled
from
levels of
Emporio
IX-VIII
(e.g. 325-6
and CLAY
22, comparable
with
examples
from
deposits
of
Early
Neolithic I and II at
Knossos).
The
following
are
among
features which
might
be
regarded
as
suggesting
a
relatively
advanced date for the
early
levels at
Emporio:
(1)
Horned handles were characteristic of the earliest
periods
at
Emporio,
and
especially
of
Emporio
X. Such handles
appear
to be a feature of the Late Chalcolithic in Anatolia and of the
Late Neolithic on the Greek mainland.
They
also occur at
Byblos
on the
Syrian
coast in the Late
Neolithic and
succeeding Aeneolithic, equated by
Braidwood with
Amuq
E and F and with the
Late Chalcolithic levels XV-XIII at Mersin. But horned handles are
present
in the earlier as
well as in the later horizon at
Ayio
Gala. Since the
study
of Furness
published
in
1956
there has
been a
tendency
to
assign
the earlier horizon of material from
Ayio
Gala to a
relatively early
period
in time. Thus
Mellaart,
Neolithic Near East
15,
sets it
contemporary
with Hacilar VII-VI
or V onwards. This is more or less in
agreement
with the conclusions which I have
reached,
equating
it with
Emporio
VIII and
perhaps
with
Emporio
IX. The fact that horned handles
have been recovered from the
early
site of
Beik Tepe
in the Troad
may
be in
harmony
with their
appearance
in
Emporio
X-IX and at
Ayio Gala;
but it has still to be
proved
that
occupation
at
Beik Tepe goes
back to a
relatively early period
of time as I have assumed that it does.
(2)
The
fragment 338
with the
join
of three handles from a level of
Emporio
X can be
paralleled
from the Late Neolithic of the Greek mainland and from
Kephala
on Kea. A
possible
parallel
from Rakhmani in
Thessaly, however, might
be Middle Neolithic or even
Early
Neolithic in date.
(3)
Handles with
sophisticated-looking
semi-circular sections are attested as
early
as Period
X at
Emporio,
and ones with lunate sections occur in
Emporio
IX. There are basket handles
with
comparable sections, however,
from
atal Hyk
West
assigned
to the
Early
Chalcolithic
(AS
xv
(1965) 148 fig.
11:
16, 17).
(4)
Even more evolved in
appearance
and more difficult to
parallel
from an
early
context are
the
kidney-shaped
sections of the handles
93
from a level of
Emporio
IX and
348-9
from ones of
VIII. There are
very comparable
handles from levels of the
beginning
of the Late Chalcolithic at
Beycesultan.
(5) Lugs
with relief tails from
deposits
of
Emporio
VIII and
possibly
from ones of IX
may
be
compared
with the
'Ayio
Gala'
lugs
on vases from the Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala
belonging
to the
earlier horizon there. But
they
also have
parallels
from the wells of the Athenian
Agora
and from
Kephala
on Kea
assigned
to the Greek Late Neolithic. Rather similar
lugs, however,
are found
in Hacilar VI and II B.
(6)
White
painted
decoration is most at home at
Emporio
in Periods
VII-VI,
but it is
attested from
Emporio
X onwards. While decoration in white
paint
is
very
characteristic of the
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718 III. EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA
Late Chalcolithic of south-west
Anatolia,
as known from
Beycesultan,
it is found in the
top
of the
Late Neolithic
(level VI)
at Hacilar. At
Saliagos
white
painted
decoration was most at home in
the earliest
phase
i . It is not well
represented
on the Greek mainland until the Middle
Neolithic,
but it is
already present
in the
Early
Neolithic there.
(7)
The occurrence of
large pithoi
in levels of the
early periods
at
Emporio
from X onwards
might
be considered an indication of a
relatively
late date. But
pithoi
with
comparable
rims seem
to occur in the Neolithic of the
Levant, being
illustrated from coastal sites like Sukas and Ras
Shamra.
(8)
Coarse
baking pans
of
type 3
with holes
through
their rims are found at
Emporio
from
Period X
onwards,
but
they
are
especially
at home in Periods IX and VIII there.
Baking pans
of
this
type
occur at
Saliagos. They
are
very
characteristic of the Late Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age
on the Greek mainland and on Kea. In
Thessaly they appear
to be most at home in the latest
phase
of the
Early
Bronze
Age, Early
Thessalian III. But vessels of a similar
kind, although
apparently just sun-dried,
not
deliberately fired,
occur at Ras Shamra in the earliest
pottery-bearing
horizon of the Neolithic
(Ras
Shamra V
B).
(9)
A
copper ring-pendant
or belt-fastener
(METAL 17)
was recovered from a level of
Emporio IX,
and two
scraps
of
copper
from ones of VIII. The occurrence of this metal in these
levels
might
be taken to indicate
they
were of
relatively
late date. But
copper
was
apparently
being employed
for
making
beads and
trinkets,
even small
tools,
from
very early
times at
Cayn
and
atal Hyk
in eastern
Anatolia,
and it was
evidently
in
quite general
use at Can Hasan
by
Level 2 B there
(Mellaart,
Ancient Near
East, 120).
It therefore seems as if
relatively early parallels
are
forthcoming
for most of the 'advanced'
features in the
pottery
and other finds from levels of
Emporio
X-VIII. At the same time there is
positive
evidence in favour of a
comparatively early
date for this horizon at
Emporio:
(1)
White
slipped
ware is attested from levels of
Emporio
IX and VIII. It also occurs in the
Early
and Middle Neolithic of the Greek mainland.
(2)
Plates of
type
1 are
virtually
confined to Periods X-VIII at
Emporio.
Such
plates
have
parallels
at
atal Hyk
and in the
Early
Neolithic of Crete and of the Greek mainland.
(3)
The
large
horizontal handles
rising
from the rims of bowls which are such a distinctive
feature of Periods X-VIII at
Emporio,
and
especially
of
Emporio IX,
have close
analogies
at
atal Hyk
from Level VI onwards into
Early
Chalcolithic I. Similar handles are also attested
from the lowest level IX of the Late Neolithic at
Hacilar,
and from the
Early
Chalcolithic Level
XXIII at Mersin. The
fragment
of such a handle from the Karain Cave near
Antalya
looks
very
much like some from
Emporio; although
this is
assigned (but
on
grounds
which are not made
clear)
to a
relatively
late
period,
the Chalcolithic or
Copper Age.
(4)
The
perforated lugs
recovered from levels of
Emporio
X-VIII
appear
to show
early
features. Thus
developed trumpet lugs,
at home in the
succeeding
Periods VII-VI at
Emporio,
are not attested from levels of
Emporio
X-VIII.
Long perforated lugs
from those levels
(e.g. 356)
tend to be
triangular
in section: an
early
feature at
atal Hyk
and
Hacilar,
and
noted in the case of
lugs
on some of the
complete bowl-jars
from the Lower Cave at
Ayio
Gala
assignable
to the earlier horizon there.
Simple upturned vertically perforated lugs
like
351-4
of
Emporio
IX-VIII are a feature of the
Early
Neolithic
pottery
of
atal Hyk
and Alan
Hyk.
(5)
The relief decoration of these earliest levels
(Periods X-VIII)
at
Emporio
can be
paralleled
from the
Early
Neolithic in other
parts
of the
Aegean
and from
very early
contexts in
Syria (Byblos
and
Judeideh).
Several details of the
pottery
and of other
aspects
of life noted in connection with Periods
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CHRONOLOGICAL POSITION 719
X- VIII at
Emporio
have
relatively early parallels
elsewhere in the
Aegean
area as well as in
Anatolia and the Near East.
(A)
Period X
(1)
The skulls recovered from the lowest level of Period X reached in trench
Q
of the main
area of excavation
(Area A)
were
apparently
beneath a floor and are
suggestive
of
very early
practices
in the
Levant, Anatolia,
and
Thessaly (Prdromos I).
(2)
The comb decoration on
381
is
vaguely
reminiscent of the cardium ware of the Presesklo
phase (Early
Neolithic
III)
in
Thessaly;
but it also has
parallels
from the
Early
Neolithic at
Knossos in Crete and from the Neolithic of Tarsus in
Cilicia,
as well as from the lowest level
15
at
Chagar
Bazar in
Syria,
which
appears
to be
contemporary
with
Early Halaf, Judeideh B, Byblos
Early Neolithic,
and the latest Neolithic to
Early
Chalcolithic at Mersin
(Braidwood,
in
Ehrich,
Chronologies (1965)
82 Chart.
Mellaart,
Neolithic Near East 16
Chart).
(B)
Period IX
(
1
)
The bowl rim
92
with a horizontal handle below it can be
paralleled
from Kum
Tepe
I A.
(2)
The
pointill
decoration on
389
is made with short
jabs
instead of with circular holes.
Areas of similar
jabbing appear
on
fragments
from the
Early
and Middle Chalcolithic at
Mersin,
and on vases from Can Hasan levels
3,
2B and 2A
assignable
to the same horizon.
(3)
The fine but
irregular
scratched incision on
390
is reminiscent of some of the
cardium-decorated ware found at
Byblos
from the
Early
Neolithic onwards.
Fragments
of
Early
and Middle Chalcolithic incised ware from Mersin offer even closer
parallels
for it.
(C)
Periods IX or VIII
Several
important fragments
were recovered from contexts
assignable
to Periods IX or VIII.
(
1
)
The close-set barbotine on
42
1 can be
paralleled
at
Saliagos,
in Nea Makri A II
(the
later
part
of the earlier horizon of Neolithic
there),
in Stratum IV of
Early
Neolithic II at
Knossos,
and in
Judeideh
C which
appears
to
overlap
with the
Early
Chalcolithic
(levels XXIV-XIX)
at
Mersin.
(2)
The
fragment 422
was recovered from the same
deposit
as
421
above. The distinctive
seed-shaped
warts set
diagonally
have
parallels
in the
Early
Neolithic of the Greek
mainland,
and
especially,
it
seems,
in the latest
phases
of it.
(D)
Period VIII
(1)
The
plate
rim
5
has
possible analogies
in the Presesklo
phase (Early
Neolithic
III)
of the
Thessalian Neolithic.
(2)
Dishes of
type 2,
which seem to be
especially
well
represented
in levels of
Emporio VIII,
can be
paralleled
in Kum
Tepe
I A and also in Ras Shamra V A
(Late Neolithic)
and IV.
(3)
Animal head
lugs
are
very
characteristic of Period VIII at
Emporio
and do not
appear
to
be attested there earlier. The
Emporio lugs
seem to have
analogies
with ones which first
appear
at Hacilar in level VIII and are common there from V-II. A
comparable lug
from the Karain
Cave near
Antalya
is
assigned
to the Neolithic. Versions of this
type
of
lug
were at home in the
Late Neolithic of the Greek
mainland,
but these look in
general
more evolved than the
examples
from Hacilar and
Emporio
and could be later in date.
(4)
The
tripod
feet from levels of
Emporio
VIII were not
necessarily
from
cooking pots
and
have
possible analogies
in feet from Kum
Tepe
I A.
(5)
Pattern burnish was a distinctive feature of Period VIII at
Emporio.
It was not attested
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720 III. EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA
from levels of
Emporio X,
and
only doubtfully
from ones of IX. It was
similarly
absent from the
earliest
deposits
revealed
by
the new excavations at
Tigani (Samos
xiv
131, 133).
The
pattern
burnish of
Emporio
VIII seems to be related to that of
Beik Tepe
and Kum
Tepe
in the Troad.
But there are
examples
of
pattern
burnish from levels of
Emporio VII-VI,
and some of these at
any
rate
appear
to be of
contemporary date,
not
strays
of Period VIII.
This method of
decorating
vases was
certainly
at home at the end of the Late Neolithic in
some
parts
of the
Aegean,
at
Kephala
on
Kea,
for
instance,
and on the island of
Aegina,
as well as
at various sites on the Greek mainland. At
Kephala
it
appears
on the insides of bowls
including
one
assignable
to
type
11 characteristic of
Emporio
VII-VI
(Kephala pl. 41: H).
Pattern burnish
also flourished in Crete at the
beginning
of the
Early
Bronze
Age
there in
Early
Minoan I.
Pattern burnish is attested on the Greek
mainland, however,
from the end of the Middle
Neolithic,
and in
Thessaly
it occurs still
earlier,
in the Presesklo
(Early
Neolithic
III)
if not in the
Protosesklo
(Early
Neolithic
II) phase.
Pattern burnish was also at home at a
relatively early
stage
in the
Levant,
in the
Early
and Middle Neolithic at
Byblos,
in Ras Shamra V.
3, Judeideh
phases
B and
C,
and
Sake
Gz I- III. The
pattern
burnish of
Emporio
VIII
may
be linked
with these earlier manifestations of
pattern
burnish in the Levant. In that case
Emporio
VIII
could
overlap
in time with
Beik Tepe
in the Troad and with the end of the
Early
Neolithic
(Thessalian Presesklo)
on the Greek mainland.
(6)
Incision was the most
popular
form of vase-decoration in
Emporio VIII,
where it was
even more
abundantly represented
than
pattern
burnish. This incised decoration of Period VIII
at
Emporio
is
very
different in character from that which was in fashion after an interval
(Periods
VII-VI)
in
Emporio
V-IV. It is
distinguished
from the latter
by
the character of the
designs, by
the absence of white fill in the
incisions,
and
by
the
shapes
of the vases
bearing
it. The incised
decoration of
Emporio
V-IV is related to that current in
Troy
I.
The closest
analogies
for the incised decoration of
Emporio
VIII on the other hand are to be
found in the
Early
Neolithic of the Greek
mainland, notably
at Nea Makri in Attica and at
Nemea in the
Ploponnse.
At Nemea as at
Emporio
in Period VIII the incisions were not
apparently
filled with white. The incised decoration of this
Early
Neolithic horizon on the Greek
mainland has been
compared by
Theochares followed
by Weinberg
with that of the latest
Neolithic and
Early
Chalcolithic at Mersin in Cilicia.
Comparable
incised decoration of about
the same date has now been recovered from Levels
3
and 2 B at Can Hasan in the
Konya plain.
An isolated
fragment, apparently
from an
imported vase,
found in the lowest level IX of the Late
Neolithic at Hacilar bears incised decoration
very
much like that of
Emporio
VIII.
(7)
The
fingernail-impressed
decoration on
418 closely
resembles that on some vases of the
latest
(Presesklo) phase
of the Thessalian
Early
Neolithic. But it must be admitted that
decoration of this kind
appears
to continue later in
surrounding regions including
the Balkans.
(8)
The rows of circular warts or raised
pellets
on
423,
of which one
fragment
came from a
level of
Emporio VIII,
the
other, apparently
from the same
vase,
from one of
VII,
can be
paralleled
in
relatively early
contexts on the Greek mainland. Thus rows of circular warts set
vertically
or
diagonally
were a feature of the later
part
of the
Early
Neolithic at Elateia.
3.
EMPORIO VII-VI
The fashion for bowls of the distinctive
types
10 and 1 1 link this horizon at
Emporio
with Kum
Tepe
I B in the Troad. At the same time the
white-painted
decoration on the Fine Black
Burnished Ware connects it with the Late Chalcolithic of south-west Anatolia as known from
Beycesultan.
The
implication
is that Kum
Tepe
I B
roughly corresponds
in time to the Late
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CHRONOLOGICAL POSITION 721
Chalcolithic of
Beycesultan.
This cannot be reconciled with the
attempt
made
by Mellaart,
Studia Balcanica v
(1971)
1
19 ff.,
to
place
the whole of
Beycesultan
Late Chalcolithic before the
beginning
of Kum
Tepe
I A. There are other
grounds, however,
for
thinking
that the Late
Chalcolithic of
Beycesultan,
or at
any
rate the earlier
phases
of
it, correspond
in time to Kum
Tepe
I B in the Troad. Thus a few rims akin to
Emporio type
10 were recovered from levels of
Beycesultan
Late Chalcolithic 1 and
3;
a
scrap
of a
type
1 1 rim comes from a level of
Beycesultan
Late Chalcolithic 1
,
while another rim somewhat
comparable
to
type
1 1 was recovered from a
level of Late Chalcolithic 2.
The latest
phase
of
occupation
at
Tigani
in Samos as revealed
by
the new excavations
appears
to have features which link it with
Emporio
VII-
VI,
with the Black
period
at
Poliochni,
and with
Beycesultan
Late Chalcolithic
((Samos
xiv
133).
At the same time correlations with the Greek mainland
suggest that,
while
Emporio
VI
may
overlap
with the Late Neolithic
there, Emporio
VII could
go
back into the Middle Neolithic.
This would
imply
that the
beginning
of the Late Chalcolithic at
Beycesultan overlapped
with the
later
part
of the Middle Neolithic on the Greek
mainland,
as indicated
by Mellaart,
Neolithic
Near East
14
f. Chart.
The
Light
Brown Burnished Ware characteristic of Periods VII-VI at
Emporio appears
to
be related
to,
if it is not identical
with,
some varieties of the Neolithic Urfirnis of the southern
part
of the Greek mainland. The
appearance
of Urfirnis has been taken to mark the
beginning
of the
Middle Neolithic in southern
Greece;
but in the Franchthi Cave its most
flourishing period
seems
to have been in fact the last of the three
phases
into which the Middle Neolithic there can be
divided. The occurrence of Fine Black Burnished Ware
alongside Light
Brown Burnished Ware
in
Emporio
VII-VI is reminiscent of the
conjunction
of Urfirnis ware with fine black burnished
ware
-
sometimes decorated in white
-
in the horizon described as transitional Middle
Neolithic-Late Neolithic in the Franchthi Cave. This
corresponds
to the Bothros horizon
assigned
to the end of the Middle Neolithic
(or beginning
of the Late
Neolithic)
at Elateia in
Central Greece. Bowl rims akin to
Emporio type
1 1 occur in this horizon.
Type
10 bowls were
equally
well
represented
in levels of Period VII and in ones of Period VI
at
Emporio. They
are found in the horizon of Kum
Tepe
I B 2 and
3
in the
Troad,
in the Black
period
at
Poliochni,
and in Thermi I.
They
are still attested at
Emporio
in levels of Periods
V-IV,
at Poliochni in ones of the Blue
period,
and in Thermi II. Rims
comparable
to those of
Emporio type
10 from Corinth are
assigned
to the Late
Neolithic,
and ones from Koufovouno in
Thessaly
to the
beginning
of the Late or
very
end of the Middle Neolithic.
Type
1 1 bowls were most characteristic of Period VII at
Emporio, although they
were still
common in levels of
Emporio VI;
but
they
are
hardly
attested after the end of Period VI at
Emporio.
In the Troad
they
were
similarly
at home in the horizon of Kum
Tepe
I
B,
but none is
recorded from
Troy.
A
few, however,
were recovered at
Thermi;
and at
Poliochni, although they
occurred in the Black
period,
which seems to
overlap
with
Emporio VII-VI, they
were more in
evidence in the evolved Blue and the Green
periods contemporary
with
Troy
I. This led Brea to
equate
the
early part
of the Green
period
at Poliochni with Kum
Tepe
I A and B.
Mellaart,
Studia Balcanica v
(
1
97
1
)
1 1
9 ff,
has
similarly placed
the evolved Blue as well as the Black
period
of Poliochni before
Troy I, making
Kum
Tepe
I A
begin
towards the end of Poliochni Blue. But
the occurrence of
type
1 1 rims in the Blue and Green
periods
at Poliochni can be
explained
as a
survival in a
region
not
yet wholly penetrated by Trojan
fashions in
pottery.
Type
1 1 bowls were at home in the Grotta-Pelos
phase (Early Cycladic I)
in the
Cyclades.
They
also occur at the end of the Middle Neolithic and in the Late Neolithic in the southern
part
of the Greek mainland. In
Thessaly they
are attested somewhat
later,
in the Rakhmani
phase
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722 III. EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA
assignable
to the latest Neolithic or
Chalcolithic,
and
perhaps
at the
beginning
of the local
Bronze
Age (Early Thessalian).
In eastern Macedonia
they
are found as
early
as the first
period
at
Sitagroi.
Well-developed trumpet lugs
first make their
appearance
at
Emporio
in the horizon of
Periods VII-VI. The
trumpet lugs
of
Emporio
VII-VI are
comparable
with ones of the Kum
Tepe
I B
phase
in the
Troad,
and
they
can be
paralleled
at
Saliagos
in the
Cyclades
and in the
Late Neolithic of the Greek mainland. None of these
early trumpet lugs
is
ribbed,
as are some of
those from the
succeeding
horizon of
Emporio
V-IV and
Troy
I.
White-painted
decoration in
Emporio
VII-VI was
largely
confined to
jugs
of Fine Black
Burnished Ware. But it also occurs on the insides of a few bowl
rims, especially
ones of
type 14
(616, 618, 626).
Decoration of this kind in white
paint
on the insides of bowl rims is a feature of
the Late Chalcolithic of western
Anatolia,
and can be
paralleled
from the earlier
part
of the Late
Chalcolithic at
Beycesultan.
Other features of interest for correlations from levels of Period VII include:
(1)
The rim
568
of
type
10 has a hatched
triangle
in white
paint
on the inside. This motif is
found on the insides of Late Chalcolithic bowl rims from the Akhisar
region
of western Anatolia.
The same
motif,
but in dark
paint
on a
light ground, appears
on the insides of bowl rims from the
Bothros horizon at Elateia in Central Greece
assigned
to the end of the Middle or
beginning
of
the Late Neolithic.
(2)
The
unique bowl-jar 656 probably belongs
to an
early
level of Period
VII;
but one
fragment
was recovered from a
possible
context of
VIII,
and another from a
deposit
of VI. The
system
of decoration
combining
rows of
triangular jabs
with bands of red
paint
is found on
pottery assigned
to the
early part
of the Sesklo horizon
(Middle Neolithic)
in
Thessaly.
A rather
similar, although
not so
closely comparable, system
of decoration is attested from the Late
Chalcolithic at Mersin. The concentric
loops
which form the chief motif of the decoration on
656
are reminiscent of a standard Ubaid
design.
Concentric
loops
of this kind occur on Late
Chalcolithic
painted
ware from Mersin.
They
are found earlier in
Syria, however,
on the insides
of vessels
assigned
to Middle and Late
Halaf,
but
apparently reflecting
Ubaid influence. A
fragment
of a bowl attributed to the Neolithic from the
arkin
Cave near
Antalya
has
painted
concentric
loops
on the outside
closely resembling
those on
656.
(3)
A
solitary
animal head
lug (768)
reminiscent of ones from Hacilar and from levels of
Emporio
VIII was recovered from a context of VII.
(4)
A
fragment
of what
may
have been a wide
ring
base of a
type
at home on vases of the
Sesklo horizon of the Middle Neolithic in
Thessaly
was noted from a level of VII.
Other features of interest for correlations from levels of Period VI include:
(1)
The rim
569
of
type
10 with a row of incisions on the
swelling
is
comparable
with some
from the Athenian
agora assigned
to the Late Neolithic of the Greek mainland.
(2)
What
appears
to be a
fragment
of an
imported
vase of
matt-painted
ware
(791)
was
recovered from a level of
Emporio
VI.
Matt-painted
ware is the hallmark of the Late Neolithic
on the Greek
mainland,
but had
evidently gone
out of fashion
by
the time of the Final Neolithic
there. The Final Neolithic of the Greek mainland seems on other
grounds
to
overlap
with the
early stages
of
Troy
I.
(3)
A
scrap
of fluted
pottery (812)
has
analogies
with the fluted ware of the latest Neolithic
on the Greek mainland.
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CHRONOLOGICAL POSITION 723
4
EMPORIO V-IV
These
periods
at
Emporio evidently overlapped
in time with
Troy
I and
apparently
with the
earlier
phases
of it. There are
many points
of resemblance between the
pottery
of
Emporio
V-IV
and that of
Troy
I. In an even
stronger
sense
perhaps
than
during
Periods VII-VI
Emporio
was
now
part
of the same culture area as the Troad.
Nevertheless,
as
might
be
expected,
certain local differences can be detected. Thus in
Troy
I
and at Thermi bowls
rarely
if ever have true
handles,
but these are common on bowls of
Emporio
V-IV. The
trumpet lugs, however,
standard on bowls in
Troy
I and at
Thermi,
are also found on
bowls of
Emporio V-IV, although they
are not as common as handles. This
predominance
of
handles on bowls
might
be taken as evidence that
Emporio
V-IV
corresponded
in
time,
not to
the earlier
phases
of
Troy I,
but to the end of it or later. Thus
French, Pottery Groups,
Notes on
Table
fig.
1
8, equates
the Period IV destruction level at
Emporio
with
Troy
II. But handles do in
fact occur on bowls of the much earlier Kum
Tepe
I A
phase
in the Troad. Thus the
rarity
of
handles on bowls of
Troy
I
may
reflect some local fashion. In
any
case the evidence
suggests
that
Emporio
II is to be
equated
with a late
phase
of
Troy
I and
early Troy II, making Emporio
V-IV
contemporary
with the earlier
phases
of
Troy
I.
Type g
bowl rims are
hardly
attested before Period VI at
Emporio,
but
they
abound there in
Periods V-IV and are still common in
Emporio
II. Bowls with such rims
(Trojan shape
A
12)
were more common than
any
other
type
in the
Early
and Middle
Subperiods
of
Troy I,
but
they
had become rare
by
the end of the Late
Subperiod.
At
Poliochni,
with a
pottery
tradition which
in these
early periods
seems to have
developed
to a
large
extent
independently
of that in the
Troad,
rims of
type 9
were
very rare;
but most of the few
examples
noted came from levels of the
evolved Blue
period
which should
correspond
to the earlier
stages
of
Troy
I.
At Alishar the most numerous and characteristic
type 9
bowl rims seem to come from
deposits
of the
Chalcolithic, although type 9
rims were still at home in the
Copper Age
there.
This
suggests
that the Chalcolithic of the Alishar
region may
in fact
overlap
with
Troy
I.
Type 9
rims were at home at Tarsus in
Early
Bronze
II,
but not it seems in
Early
Bronze
I;
those
illustrated from levels of Tarsus
Early
Bronze II look
very comparable
with ones from
Emporio
V-IV.
On the Greek mainland
type 9
rims occur in
deposits assigned
to the Late Neolithic and to
Early
Helladic
I,
and are standard on bowls of
Early
Helladic II. This is in
harmony
with the
view that the earliest
phases
of
Troy
I
overlap
with some
part
at
any
rate of the Greek Late
Neolithic, although
the Middle and
perhaps
Late
Subperiods
are
contemporary
with
Early
Helladic II. Rims
assignable
to
type 9 appear
to be attested in the earliest
phases
of
Gumelni^a
and Sleuta in
Romania, suggesting
that these
may
not
go
back before the
beginning
of
Troy
I.
Bowl rims of the distinctive
type 13
were common in Periods V-IV at
Emporio,
but were
even better
represented
in
Emporio
II. This
type
is included
together
with
Emporio type
12 in
Trojan shape
A
6,
which was at home in
Troy
I but not later.
Type 13
bowl rims are
already
attested, although they
are
rare,
in levels of
Emporio
VII and VI. There are also some rims of
this
type assignable
to the earlier horizon at
Ayio
Gala. Such rims occur at
Beycesultan
from the
beginning
of the Late Chalcolithic there. In
Thessaly they
are at home from the end of the
Early
Neolithic
(Presesklo)
into the Middle Neolithic
(Sesklo)
. The
type may
be derived from a
variety
of rim found in Middle and Late Halafware
(e.g. Mellaart,
Neolithic Near East
163 fig. 98, 167 fig.
102,
168
fig. 103).
Dipper cups
of
type
16 are
only
attested from the horizon of Periods V-II at
Emporio. Cups
of this kind
appear
to be rare at
Troy,
and ones like those from levels of
Emporio
V-II are
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724 III. EMPORIO AND AYIO GALA
assignable
to
Troy
II or later. But
comparable dipper cups
are found as
early
as the horizon of
Troy
I in other
parts
of Anatolia. In
Thessaly
and eastern Macedonia
they
are in evidence at the
beginning
of the local Bronze
Age.
Such
cups
occur at Eutresis in
Groups
III-IV
assigned
to
Early
Helladic
I,
which
may overlap
with the earlier
part
of
Troy
I.
Three bowl rims of the distinctive
type
18 were recovered at
Emporio,
from levels of Periods
V,
II and I. In the Troad
comparable
rims
(Trojan shape
A
14)
have
only
been recorded from
the
Early Subperiod
of
Troy
I. One such rim has been
recognised by
French from a Late
Neolithic site in Macedonia.
Remains of
pyxides
of
type 44
were at home in Periods V-IV at
Emporio
and occurred in
levels of
Emporio
II. These
pyxides correspond
to
types
current at
Troy
from the
Early
Subperiod
of
Troy
I into
Troy
II.
Other features useful for correlations include the raised
projections
with serrated
tops
of two
bowls
(859)
from the Period IV destruction level. These have
analogies
from
Troy I,
from
Kephala
in Kea
assigned
to the Late
Neolithic,
and from the Baden horizon in Moravia.
5.
EMPORIO II
This
period
seems to have covered a
relatively long span
of time. The
comparisons
for the
pottery
suggest
that it
corresponded
to a late
stage
of
Troy
I and the
early part
at least of
Troy
II.
(
1
)
The
jugs
of
Emporio
II often have the
tops
of their handles set below the rim. This feature
is
already
attested in
Troy I,
but
appears
to be more characteristic of
Troy
II.
(2)
Some
Emporio
II
jugs
have a
sharp
vertical
ridge
on the throat
(e.g. 1575).
This is
paralleled
on a
jug
neck from
Beycesultan
Level XV of
Early
Bronze
2,
which
appears
to be
contemporary
with an
early phase
of
Troy
II.
(3)
Lids of
type 63
were first attested at
Emporio
in Periods
V-IV,
but
they
were
extremely
common in
Emporio
II. At
Troy
such lids were
virtually
confined to
Troy I,
and at Thermi to
Towns I- III. At Poliochni
they
were found in levels of the Blue and Green
periods
which
appear
to be
contemporary
with
Troy I,
but
they
were not
reported
from the
succeeding
Red
period
which should
correspond
to an
early phase
of
Troy
II. This
might suggest
that
Emporio
II fell
more in the horizon of
Troy
I than in that of
Troy
II.
(4)
On the other hand
flanged
covers of
type 64
B with crown
handles, corresponding
to
Trojan shapes
D
7
and D
8,
occur at
Emporio
in levels of Periods II and
I,
but do not
appear
at
Troy
before
Troy II,
and are
only
found at Thermi in Towns IV-V.
Similarly
at Poliochni such
covers are first
certainly
attested in the Red
period,
and
only
become common in the
Yellow,
both it seems
contemporary
with
Troy
II. At
Beycesultan
covers of a
comparable type
occur
from the
beginning
of
Early
Bronze
3, equated
with
Troy
III.
(5)
A distinctive
type
of
lug-handle
in the form of a
projection rising
above the rim with a
large
circular hole
through
it
(fig.
106: nos.
8a, 8b)
is first attested at
Emporio
in Periods
V-IV,
but
only
becomes common in
Emporio
II. Similar
lug-handles appear
to have been at home at
Troy
in the Middle and Late
Subperiods
of
Troy
I and in
early Troy
II.
They
are found at
Tarsus in
Early
Bronze II there.
(6)
The incised decoration of Period II seems best
paralleled
at
Troy
from
Troy
I. It also has
analogies
on red
slip
ware of Class A II from
Zygouries assignable
to
Early
Helladic II.
6. EMPORIO I
Period I with its wheelmade wares seems to fall within the boundaries of
Troy
II rather than
later.
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CHRONOLOGICAL POSITION 725
(1)
The
changes
in
cooking pots (Emporio type 27)
observable at Poliochni in the Red
period, corresponding
to an
early phase
of
Troy II, appear
to
agree
with what can be seen
happening
at
Emporio
in Period
I,
and less
clearly
at
Troy
in
Troy II,
at Thermi in Towns
IV-V,
and at
Beycesultan
in
Early
Bronze 2.
(2) Type 77
of
Emporio
I is akin to
Trojan shape
A
43,
which was characteristic of
Troy II,
but rare at
Troy
later. Vases of this
type
also occurred at
Karata-Semayiik
in
Early
Bronze III
which can be
equated
with
Troy
II and with Tarsus
Early
Bronze III a.
(3) Spindle
whorls with countersunk
tops (Emporio type 15)
are first attested in
Emporio
I.
They
also make their
appearance
at
Troy
in
Troy
II and in the Yellow
period
at Poliochni.
They
are not
apparently
found at
Beycesultan, however,
before
Early
Bronze
3
there.
7.
CONCLUSION
It has
long
been
recognised
that Neolithic
occupation
on the Greek mainland and in Crete must
go
back to a
very early
horizon in the Near East. C
14
dates are in
harmony
with the evidence
from
archaeological
correlations for this view. The
only
C
14
date obtained for
Emporio
was for
the Period IV destruction level:
P-273 (AJA
lxv
(1961) 367.
Radiocarbon iv
(1962) 152)
of
3980
+
97 B.P.,
which is
2149
B.C. with the
5730 half-life,
or
2580
B.C.
using
MASCA
calibration. The Period IV destruction at
Emporio appears
to fall within but not at the end of
Troy
I.
The
assignment
of the earliest
periods
of
occupation
at
Emporio
to the horizon of the
Early
Neolithic of Crete and mainland Greece is therefore based
entirely upon archaeological
evidence. It would be
reasonable, however,
to
expect
that the islands of the
Aegean
and the
coasts of western
Turkey
with a climate and
ecology
similar to those of Crete and the Greek
mainland attracted Neolithic settlement at an
early
date. The evidence from
Emporio
seems to
indicate that this was the
case,
and it
implies
that the earliest traces of settled
occupation
at
Tigani
on Samos and in the Troad also
go
back to
relatively early
times.
Similarly occupation
at
Saliagos
in the
Cyclades,
with material
comparable
to that of
Emporio IX-VIII, may
fall in the
horizon of the
Early
Neolithic of Crete and mainland Greece rather than in that of the Middle
and Late Neolithic as the C
14
dates would seem to
indicate;
the best
comparisons
for the
shapes
and decoration of the
pottery
from
Saliagos
are with Halaf and the
Early
Chalcolithic of
Anatolia and the Levant rather than with Late Chalcolithic and Ubaid.
Early Cycladic
I
(Grotta-Pelos)
which
appears
to derive from
Saliagos
was
evidently
more or less
contemporary
with Kum
Tepe
I B in the Troad and with
Emporio
VII-VI.
The
long sequence
of Periods X-I at
Emporio may
therefore
span
the
greater part
of the
Aegean
Neolithic and
Early
Bronze
Age,
a
period
of
perhaps
some
4,000 years
from around 6000
to 2000 b.c. on the evidence of C
14
dates. Scantier traces
suggest
more or less continuous
settlement at
Emporio throughout
the
period
of
nearly
a thousand
years
covered
by
the
remainder of the Bronze
Age.
Prehistoric
occupation
there ended in a mature
phase
of
Mycenaean
III C in the 12th or
early
1 ith centuries b.c.
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Appendix
A
Provenance of Late
Mycenaean
Amber
from
Emporio,
Chios
Infrared
spectroscopy
has shown that the bulk of
Mycenaean
amber finds is of 'Baltic
amber',
i.e.
of the fossil resin succinite that is native to northern
Europe.1'
2' 3' 4
But there are
interesting
exceptions:
the
Vayenas
tholos contained both succinite and another resin5 which more recent
and as
yet unpublished
work indicates to be local
pine
rosin. Without individual
analyses,
therefore,
the
origin
of new
Mycenaean
amber finds
may
be
presumed
with a
fairly high degree
of
probability
but not known as a fact. It is a welcome
opportunity
to add the amber
fragments
from a Late
Mycenaean deposit
at
Emporio
to the list of
Aegean
Bronze
Age
amber that has
been
provenanced by spectral analysis.
The three
fragments
are of a
uniformly
reddish
yellow
colour
(Munsell
Soil Colour Chart
No.
7.5
YR
6/8)
.
Fragment 66(a) weighs 0.50 g
and has
clearly
been worked: what remains of the
original object
would
appear
to be the end of a
rectangular piece
with one flat and one convex
large
surface. There is evidence of a
probably incomplete perforation
at an
angle
to the
preserved
short side. The
fragment
broke off
along
that
perforation
in
antiquity,
for the
weathering
process,
which renders the amber
opaque,
has been at work both from the external surfaces and
from the
perforation,
so that
only
two thin
portions
of the
interior,
one on either side of the
perforation,
retain the
transparence
of the
original
material.
Along
this ancient
perforation,
which is now
only
a
groove, weathering
has
produced
a cleft that would
eventually split
the
piece
in two
(fig. 306).
The
fragment
is no kin to
any Aegean perforated
amber
bead;
it could well be
the end of a
rectangular spacer
with
(originally) multiple perforations,
but the
remaining
evidence is too
slight
to raise such an identification above the level of a
suggestion,
and one that
opens
more
questions
than it answers: all the known Greek
spacer
beads have two
essentially
planar large
surfaces
(though plane-convex spacers
are known
elsewhere6)
and all can be dated
to about
1600-1450
b.c.7 and are thus
substantially
older than the Chios finds.
Fragment
66
(b) weighs 0.63 g
and is of
irregular shape,
with the
only
two
remaining original
surfaces covered
by
a thin
weathering
crust. Its thickness increases
rapidly
over a distance of
about 10 mm from little more than 1 mm at the outer
edge
to a full
7
mm toward the interior of
the
original object.
The fractures
along
the
edges
are all recent and reveal the
perfectly
transparent
interior. There are no
signs
of
any perforations.
The
piece
could be a
part
of one of
the
large plane-convex
and biconvex disc beads that were common in the
European
Bronze
Age
and that have been attested in
Mycenaean
contexts.3'
8
Fragment
66
(c) weighs only 0.04 g.
All of its surfaces are covered with an
opaque weathering
crust. The
piece
is too small and too undifferentiated to
encourage speculation
about its
original
condition.
Partial infrared
spectra
of 2
mg samples
taken from the three
fragments
are shown in fig.
307
over the
diagnostically
most useful
range
of
7.5-9.0 fi.
Also shown for
comparison
is the
corresponding partial spectrum (No. 5001)
of a
piece
of Baltic amber that was submitted for
analysis by
Professor
George
O.
Poinar, Jr.
of the
University
of California at
Berkeley
in the
course of an
electron-microscopic study
of a
fly (Mycetophilidae: Diptera)
enclosed in it.9 The
comparison spectrum,
which has not suffered the oxidative
changes invariably affecting
archaeological
amber
finds,
illustrates the characteristic
absorption pattern
that
distinguishes
727
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fig.
306. Edge
view of
Fragment
66
(a).
3 x natural size.
728 AMBER FROM EMPORIO
fig.
307.
Partial
spectra
of amber from
Emporio (Chios)
and of Baltic amber.
Baltic amber from all other
European
fossil resins.10 The
spectra
of the three Chios
fragments
repeat
that
pattern
which includes a
broad, nearly
horizontal shoulder between 8.0 and
8.5 'i
followed
by
an
absorption
maximum near
8.7 'i.
The
progressive
loss of the
intensity
of
absorption compared
to the
geological
reference is
typical
of
archaeological
finds and correlates
with the
degree
of
weathering they
have
undergone:
the
transparent sample
taken from
Fragment
66
(b) (Spectrum 5010)
absorbs most
strongly
of the
three;
there is some loss of
intensity
in the
sample
taken from
Fragment
66
(a)
which includes some
weathering
crust and
still more in the
sample
from the
small, shapeless
and
thoroughly
weathered
scrap
66
(c)
(Spectrum 501 2)
. The same correlation obtains for the
very
vulnerable
spectral
feature at 1 1
.3 'i
(outside
the
range
shown in fig.
306)
which is due to an
easily
oxidised terminal double bond.1
1
The
presence
of that
absorption
is a
necessary
condition for the identification of
transparent
FRAGMENT 6 6
(
b
)
FRAGMENT 6 6
(
a
)
5010 5011
FRAGMENT 66
(c)
BALTIC AMBER
5012 5001
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APPENDIX A 729
Baltic
amber,
but not a sufficient
one,
since it is shared
by
some Italian fossil resins12
and, indeed,
by
both recent and fossil
copals.13
Further confirmation
may
be had from the relative intensities
of the
carbon-hydrogen
deformation bands
just
below and above
7 /i14 (also
not included in the
partial spectra
of fig.
307).
The infrared
spectra
of the three Chios
fragments positively identify
them as
being
of Baltic
amber
(succinite).
The
only
other amber finds on the
island,
from Geometric and Archaic
deposits
at Kato
Phana,15
have not been
analysed.
Amber Research
Laboratory
curt w. beck
Department of Chemistry
christopher a. shustak
Vassar
College
Poughkeepsie,
New York
1 260 1 U.S.A.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank the United States National Science Foundation for financial
support
under
Grant BNS
79-07250 (Anthropology)
and Vassar
College
for continued
support
of the Amber
Research
Laboratory. Figure 306
was drawn
by
Mr. Duncan Walker.
NOTES
1 C. W.
Beck, 'Analysis
and Provenience of Minoan and
Mycenaean
Amber.
I.', Greek,
Roman and
Byzantine
Studies
{
=
GRBS)
vii
(1966) 191-211.
2 C. W.
Beck,
G. C. Southard and A. B.
Adams,
'II.
Tiryns',
GRBS ix
(iq68) ^-iq.
3
C. W.
Beck,
C. A. Fellows and A. B.
Adams,
'III.
Kakovatos',
GRBS xi
(1970) 5-22.
4
C. W.
Beck,
G. C. Southard and A. B.
Adams,
'IV.
Mycenae',
GRBS xiii
(1072) ^Q-385.
5
Note
(1) supra, pp. 207-208.
6 R.
Hachmann,
Bronzezeitliche
Bernsteinschieber', Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblatter
xxii
(1957) 1-36.
7
A.
Harding
and H.
Hughes-Brock,
'Amber in the
Mycenaean World',
BSA lxix
(1974) 145-172.
8 K.
Mller, 'Alt-Pylos. IF,
AM xxxiv
(1909) 278-282.
9
G. O.
Poinar, Jr.
and R.
Hess,
'Ultrastructural
Investigation
of Fossilized Insect Tissue in Baltic
Amber',
IRCS
Medical Science:
Biochemistry;
Cell and Membrane
Biology;
Environmental
Biology
and
Medicine; Experimental
Animals ix
(1981) 673.
10 To correct
misconceptions
like those of S. S.
Savkevich, 'Physical
Methods used to determine the
Geological
Origin
of Amber and other Fossil
Resins;
Some Critical
Remarks', Physics
and
Chemistry of
Minerals vii
(
1
98
1
) 1-4,
it
seems
necessary
to reiterate three
points
that we have made since
1964:
(i)
All
provenance assignments
are made
by considering
the entire infrared
spectrum
from
2.5
u to 16.0
fi,
even
though only
the most salient features
may
be
reproduced
in
publication.
(ii)
The
spectrum
of Baltic amber
distinguishes
it from all other
European
fossil
resins,
but is not
unique
in the
world: succinite-like resins in North America
(J.
H.
Langenheim
and C. W.
Beck,
'Infrared
Spectra
as a
means of
determining
Botanical Sources of
Amber',
Science cxlix
(1965) 52-55)
and in Siberia
(Savkevich, op.
cit.
p.
1
)
have
important palaeobotanical
and
perhaps geological implications,
but are
obviously
irrelevant to
European prehistory.
(iii)
'Baltic amber' is not
just
amber from the shores of the Baltic
Sea;
it is a
synonym
for the
mineralogical species
succinite that has been distributed
by
diluvial and alluvial events across northern
Europe
and into western
Russia. Cf. C. W.
Beck, 'Bemerkungen
zur
infrarotspektroskopischen Herkunftsbestimmung
von
Bernstein',
Jahrbuch
des Rmisch-Germanischen
Zntralmuseums Mainz
xiii
(iq66) 202-20^.
11 C. W.
Beck,
E.
Wilbur,
S.
Meret,
D. Kossove and K.
Kermani,
'The Infrared
Spectra
of Amber and the
Identification of Baltic
Amber', Archaeometry
viii
(196
O q6-ioq.
12 C. W.
Beck, op.
cit. in note
(10: iii) supra.
13
D. O.
Hummel,
Atlas der
Kunststoff- Analyse.
Band i
(Mnchen
and Weinheim:
1968) spectra
6-10.
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Table of Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean types
showing quantities
730 AMBER FROM EMPORIO
14
C. W. Beck and T.
Liu, 'Origine
de l'ambre des
grottes
du Hasard et du
Prevel',
Gallia Prhistoire xix
(1976)
201-207.
1
5
W.
Lamb,
'Excavations at Kato Phana in
Chios',
BSA xxxv
(
1
934-35)
1
54-1 55;
P.
Jacobsthal,
Greek Pins and their
Connexions with
Europe
and Asia
(Oxford, 1956) 34.
Appendix
B
Area E Area F Area D Total
Types (Tomb 3)
1 . Shallow
semi-globular cups
with
one horizontal handle 1 1
2. Conical bowls with one horizontal
handle 28 16
44
3.
Small
deep
rounded bowls
with horizontal handles c. 60 c.
40
c. 100
4.
Thick-walled
deep
rounded bowls
with horizontal handles c.
15
c. 12 c.
27
5.
and 6.
Large deep
rounded bowls
and kraters 8
4
12
7. Deep
conical bowls
(kalathoi) 729
8.
A, B,
C.
Kylikes,
N.B. Stems
55 36 91
9. Semi-globular
bowls 1? ? i+?
10.
Cylindrical cups
1 1
1 1 . Plain
cups
with
S-shaped
rims
and
strap
handles 1
73
+ 1 1
9
hs
9
1 +
76
hs
264
+ 1
95
hs
12. Plain handleless
cups 173 96 269
13.
Bowls with horizontal
strap
handles
257
14.
Misc. bowls with everted rims
9 3
12
15. Large jugs
with trefoil mouths 1+ ? i+?
16.
Large jugs
with flat circular
mouths ? 1 + 1 + ?
17. Hydrias 15
-I-
5+
2O +
18.
Amphoras 4+
1+
5
+
19. Amphoriskoi
1 1
20.
Straight-sided
alabastrons 1 1
21.
Stirrup jars
c.
9
c. 6 c.
15
22. Askoi
1 1
23. Large
flasks
1 1
24.
Pithoi 8+ 1+
9
+
25.
Pot stands
1 1
26. Lids 3+ 3
+
27. Cooking jugs
c.
25
c.
15
c.
40
28.
Lamps
1 1
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plate 8i. Area A: Period II.
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plate 82. Area A: Period II.
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plate
83.
Area A: Period II.
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plate
84.
Area A: Period II.
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plate
85.
Area A: Period II.
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plate 86. Area A: Period II
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plate
87.
Area A: Period II.
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plate 88. Area A: Period II.
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plate
89.
Area A: Period II.
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plate
90.
Area A: Period II.
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plate
91.
Area B:
stages
i and 2 etc.
(Periods IX/VIII-V).
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plate
92.
Area B:
stages 3-5
etc.
(Periods V-IV).
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plate
93.
Area B:
stages
6 and
7
etc.
(Periods IV-II).
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plate
94.
Area B:
stages 7
and 8 etc.
(Period II).
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plate
95.
Area B:
stages
8 and
9
etc.
(Period II).
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plate
96.
Area B:
stages 9
and 10 etc.
(Period II).
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plate
97.
Area C. 1:
stages 1-4 (Periods V/IV-II).
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plate
98.
Areas C. 1 and C.
3: stages 3-6 (Period
II and
later).
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plate
99.
Area D:
stages
1 and 2
(Periods IV-II).
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1
ci
>
i

s
ci
<
8
h
<
Pu
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plate ioi. Area E: tomb
i,
and Area F:
stages
i and 2
(Periods IV-II).
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plate 1 02. Area F:
stages
2 and
3 (Period II),
etc.
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plate
103.
Area F:
stage 3 (Period II),
etc.
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plate
104.
Area F:
stage 3 (Period II),
etc.
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plate
105.
Area F:
stage 3 (Period II),
etc.
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plate 1 06. Area F:
stage 4 (Period I).
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plate
107.
Area F:
stage 4 (Period I).
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plate 1 08. Area F:
stage 4 (Period I).
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plate
109.
Area F:
stage 4 (Period I).
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plate i io. Area F:
stage 4 (Period I).
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plate ni. Area F:
stage 4 (Period I).
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plate 1 12. Area F:
stage 4 (Period I),
and Areas
D,
F etc.: end of the
Early
Bronze
Age (Troy III-V).
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plate 1
13.
Areas D and F: Middle Bronze
Age (Troy VI). Grey
ware
including Minyan.
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plate 1
14.
Areas D and F:
Middle/Late
Bronze
Age (Troy VI). Matt-painted
ware.
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plate 1
15.
Areas D and F:
Middle/Late
Bronze
Age (Troy VI). Matt-painted
ware.
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plate 1 1 6. Areas D and F:
Middle/Late
Bronze
Age (Troy VI). Matt-painted
ware.
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plate 1
17. Mycenaean, (a)
Area E: tomb
3. (b) Type
2.
(c) Type 3.
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plate 1 1 8.
Mycenaean. Type 3.
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plate 1
19. Mycenaean. Types 3, 4, 5
etc.
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plate 120. Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean. Types 5
and 6.
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yyfy?
plate 121.
Mycenaean. Type 7,
etc.
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plate 122.
Mycenaean. Type
8A:
kylikes.
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plate
123.
Late Bronze
Age
and
Mycenaean. Types 8B, 11, 12, 13, 15,
16 etc.
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plate
124. Mycenaean. Type 17: hydrias.
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plate
125. Mycenaean. Type
18:
amphoras,
etc.
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plate 126.
Mycenaean. Type
21:
stirrup jars,
etc.
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plate
127. Mycenaean. Type
26:
lids, cooking pot ware,
etc.
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plate 128.
Mycenaean, (a)
Small bases from bowls,
(b)
Incised and relief
decoration,
and
string-impressed
ware.
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plate
129. Mycenaean, (a), (b), (d) Cooking pot
ware,
(c) Large
base,
(e)
Painted decoration,
if)
Handles.
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plate
130. Clay objects (CLAY 1-6, 8-10).
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plate
131. Clay objects (CLAY 11-18, 24, 25).
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plate
132. Clay objects (CLAY 19, 20, 26-41).
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3
O
I
"I
V
1
C/3
c
CO
ti
<
ou
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plate
134.
Stone
objects (STONE 4, 5, 14, 15, 18-21, 24-27, 29, 32, 33, 53).
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plate
135.
Stone
objects (STONE 7-13, 16).
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plate
136.
Stone
objects (STONE 28, 30, 31, 35-37, 41, 43-49, 52, 54).
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plate
137.
Stone moulds
(STONE 38, 39).
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plate
138.
Metal
objects (METAL
1-
15, 19).
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plate
139.
Metal
objects (METAL 16-18).
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plate
140.
Bone tools and other
objects (BONE 1-24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 49, 50, 53).
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plate
141.
Bone tools and other
objects (BONE 25, 28-30, 35-41, 43-48, 51, 52, 54).
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plate
142. Objects
of bone
(55, 56),
shell
(57-65),
amber
(66),
and faience
(67, 68).
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<u
13

ci
II
f
I
S s

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w
g"
5?
il
l
C t_
ci O
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II
et u
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plate
144. (a)
Area A: Period
X,
Ursus arctos. Proximal end of a left radius,
(b)
Two cows and a mule
being
used for
threshing grain
at
Emporio (photo: J. Clutton-Brock)
.
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