Bubble Point and Dew Point Calculations

Notation
T - Temperature (
O
K)
i - Subscript for each component i
n- Subscript for each iteration
K - vapor liquid equilibrium constant
x - mole Fraction in liquid phase
y - mole fraction in vapor phase
F(T) - Newton Raphson function
Equations for Bubble Point
K
i
(T) = a
i
+biT +c
i
T
2
+ d
i
T
3
from empirical data
y
i
= x
i
*K
i
(T) from definition of vapor liquid equilibrium constant
The vapor phase mole fractions add to 1
For Newton Raphson Method
Define a function that iterates to 0
Differentiating F(T)
Newton Raphson Eq.
The bubble point of a system is the temperature at which a liquid mixture begins to vaporize. The dew
point is the temperature at which liquid begins to condense out of the vapor. If there is enough volume
in the fluid, the bulk fluid concentration will remain unchanged after the first small bubble or drop of
liquid is formed. This calculation is important for vapor liquid equilibrium processes such as
distillation, adsorption and stripping. The program uses empirical data of vapor liquid equilibrium as a
function of temperature and iteratively finds temperature with the Newton Raphson method. There is
also a version using the Excel goal seek to demonstrate a easier way to program this.
1 ) (
1

i
n
i
i
x T K
0 1 ) ( ) (
i
i
i
x T K T F
i i i
i
i
x T d T c b T F * ) 3 2 ( ) (
2


) ( ) (
1
T F T F T T
n n

Equations for Dew Point

K
i
(T) = a
i
+biT +c
i
T
2
+ d
i
T
3
from empirical data
x
i
= y
i
/K
i
from definition of vapor liquid equilibrium constant
The liquid phase mole fractions add to 1
For Newton Raphson Method
Define a function that iterates to 0
Differentiating F(T)
Substituting x
i
for y
i
/k
i
SpreadSheets
BBLpt - Bubble point calculation with Newton Raphson Iteration
Dewpt - Dew point calculation with Newton Raphson Method
BBLGS - Bubble point repeated but with Excel Goal Seeker used for iterative solution

dT
T dK
K y T F
i i
) (
1 ) (
2

1 ) (

i
i
x T F
)) ( / ( ) 3 2 ( ) (
2
T K x T d T C b T F
i i i i i


1

i
i
x
Bubble Point Calculation
Input
Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Liq Fractions (X
i
) 0.493 0.403 0.098 0.006
Number of compounds 4 counts compounds Total X
i
= 1.000
Component alpha beta gamma delta Epsilon
1 -1.6 0.03 0 0 0
2 -0.84 0.014 0 0 0
3 -0.52 0.007 0 0 0
4 -0.12 0.002 0 0 0
5
6
7
Temp Initial Guess 200
Run Program
Output
BBL Pt. Temp.
Component X
i
Yi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total 0.0000 0.0000
Run BBL Point Clear Output
Dew Point Calculation
Input
Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Vapor Fractions (Y
i
) 0.007 0.097 0.402 0.494
Number of compounds 4 counts compounds total Y
i
= 1.000
Component alpha beta gamma delta Epsilon
1 -1.6 0.03 0 0
2 -0.84 0.014 0 0
3 -0.52 0.007 0 0
4 -0.12 0.002 0 0
5
6
7
Temp Initial Guess 200
Run Program
Output
Dew Pt. Temp.
Component X
i
Yi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total 0.000 0.000
Run Dew Point Clear Output
Bubble Point Calculation
Using Excel Goal Seeker
Input
Component alpha beta gamma delta Epsilon
1 -1.6 0.03 0 0 0
2 -0.84 0.014 0 0 0
3 -0.52 0.007 0 0 0
4 -0.12 0.002 0 0 0
Temperature 250.00 Enter initial guess
Calculations
Uses Goal Seek to change Temperature until Sum of the Y's equals 1.000
Component K X Y
1 5.900 0.493 2.909
2 2.660 0.403 1.072
3 1.230 0.098 0.121
4 0.380 0.006 0.002
Total 4.104 equals 1.000 after successful calculation
Target Sum of Y
i
'S 1.000
Run BBLpt GS