INTRODUCTION

A screw is type of fastener. It is a short, slender, sharp-pointed metal pin with a raised helical
thread running around it and a slotted head, used to join things together by being rotated so that it
pierces wood or other material and is held tightly in place. Screw has featured a series of
grooves, or threads, along the length of the shank. These threads bite into a material upon
installing, helping to create a secure bond. A screw thread is helical ridge produced by forming a
continuous helical groove of uniform section on the external. A screw has own characteristic. It
is can be differentiate by determine it size which is measure their diameter and measure their
pitch, which measures the number of threads per inch or millimeter. Screws with a large number
of threads are said to have a "fine" pitch, while those with few threads are said to have a "coarse"
pitch. In order to measure the size of screw we can use the floating carriage diameter measuring.
By using this machine the major, inner and standard cylinder diameter are measured. These
parameters are used to determine the screw thread measurement. Floating carriage diameter
instrument is used for accurate measurement of Thread Plug Gauges. Gauge dimensions such as
Outside diameter, Pitch diameter, and Root diameter are measured with the help of this
instrument. All these dimensions have a vital role in the thread plug gauges, since the accuracy
and interchangeability of the component depends on the gauges used. To reduce the effect of
slight errors in the micrometer screws and measuring faces, this micrometer is basically used as
comparator.



Background

It is considered by some that the screw thread was invented in about 400BC by Archytas of
Tarentum (428 BC - 350 BC). Archytas is sometimes called the founder of mechanics and was a
contemporary of Plato. One of the first applications of the screw principle was in presses for the
extraction of oils from olives and juice from grapes. The oil presses in Pomeii were worked by
the screw principle.

Archimedes (287 BC - 212 BC) developed the screw principle and used it to construct
devices to raise water. The water screw may have originated in Egypt before the time of
Archimedes. It was constructed from wood and was used for land irrigation and to remove bilge-
water from ships. The Romans applied the Archimedean screw to mine drainage. The screw was
described in the first century AD in Mechanical of Heron of Alexandria.
In 1864, William Sellers, an engineer and machine tool builder in Pennsylvania,
independently proposed another standard based on a 60 thread and set thread pitches for
different diameters. This was adopted as the U.S. Standard and subsequently developed into the
American Standard Coarse Series (NC) and the Fine Series (NF). In continental Europe, several
different thread standards emerged, but German and French standards based on the metric system
and a 60 thread prevailed, and metric threads were established.
Today, threads are used to actuate other mechanical components, such as wing flaps on aircraft,
measure distance as micrometer threads, adjust and hold length as tie rods and turnbuckles, and
fasten, as with nuts and bolts. The basic parts of a thread are the major diameter (the outer or
largest diameter), minor diameter (the smallest diameter), and pitch (the distance between
adjoining threads) and form (the profile or shape of a thread).