CIRCUITS AND

6.002 ELECTRONICS

The Impedance Model

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 1

 Review

„ Sinusoidal Steady State (SSS)

Reading 13.1, 13.2

R +
vI = Vi cos ωt +
– C vO
–

„ Focus on steady state, only care

SSS about vP as vH dies away.
„ Focus on sinusoids.

„ Sinusoidal Steady State (SSS)

Reading 13.1, 13.2

Reading: Section 13.3 from course notes.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 2

 Review vP
Vi cos ωt 1 V p cos[ωt + ∠V p ]
usual set
nightmare
circuit up
trig.
model DE

Vp 3
vH
sneak 2
take 4
in complex
real total
Vi e jωt algebra
part
drive
The Sneaky Path
V p e jω t
Vi
1 + jωRC

Vp contains all the information we need:

Vp Amplitude of output cosine
∠V p phase
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 3
 Review vO = V p cos(ωt + ∠V p )

Vp
= H ( jω ) transfer
1
=
Vi 1 + jωRC function

Vp
remember
Vi 1 demo
1
2

1 1
1 + ω 2 R 2C 2 ωRC

1
ω
ω=
RC
Bode plot break frequency

Vp 1
∠ ω=
Vi RC
0 ω
⎛ − ωRC ⎞ π
tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ −
⎝ 1 ⎠ 4

π
−
2

The Frequency View

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 4
 Is there an even simpler way
to get Vp ?
Vi
Vp =
1 + jωRC

Divide numerator and denominator by jωC.

1
jω C
V p = Vi
1
+R
jω C

Hmmm… looks like a voltage divider

relationship.
ZC
V p = Vi
ZC + R

Let’s explore further…

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 5

 The Impedance Model
Is there an even simpler way to get Vp ?
Consider:
iR i R = I r e jω t vR = RiR
+
vR R vR = Vr e jω t Vr e jω t = RI r e jω t
–
Resistor Vr = RI r

jω t dvC
iC iC = I C e iC = C
+ dt
vC C vC = VC e jω t I C e jω t = CVC jωe jω t
–
1
Capacitor VC = IC
j ωC
ZC
jω t diL
iL iL = I l e vL = L
+ dt
vL L vL = Vl e jω t Vl e jω t = LI l jωe jω t
–
Inductor Vl = jωL I l
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17
ZL 6
 The Impedance Model
In other words,
Ic Vc = Z C I c
capacitor
+ 1
Vc ZC ZC =
– j ωC
impedance
Il
inductor
+ Vl = Z l I l
Vl ZL
– Z l = j ωL

resistor Ir
+ Vr = Z r I r
Vr ZR
– Zr = R

For a drive of the form Vc e jωt ,

complex amplitude Vc is related to the
complex amplitude Ic algebraically,
by a generalization of Ohm’s Law.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 7

 Back to RC example…
R

+
vI +
– C vC
–

Impedance model:
ZR = R
Ic
+ 1
Vi +
– Vc ZC =
– jωC

1
jωC ZC
Vc = Vi = Vi
1 ZC + Z R
+R
jωC
1
Vc = Vi Done!
1 + jωRC

All our old friends apply!

KVL, KCL, superposition…
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 8
Another example, recall series RLC:
Remember, we want only the steady-state
response to sinusoid
Ir
L C +
Vi +
– R Vr
–
Vi e jω t Vr e jω t

Vi cos ωt Vr cos(ωt + ∠Vr )

Vi Z R
Vr =
Z L + ZC + Z R

Vi R
Vr =
1
j ωL + +R
jωC
Vi jωCR
Vr =
− ω 2 LC + 1 + jωCR

We will study this and other functions

in more detail in the next lecture.

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 9

 The Big Picture…

Vi cos ωt V p cos[ωt + ∠V p ]

usual set
nightmare
circuit up
trig.
model DE

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 10

 The Big Picture…

Vi cos ωt V p cos[ωt + ∠V p ]

usual set
nightmare
circuit up
trig.
model DE

take
Vi e jωt complex
real
drive algebra
part

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 11

 The Big Picture…

Vi cos ωt V p cos[ωt + ∠V p ]

usual set
nightmare
circuit up
trig.
model DE

take
Vi e jωt complex
real
drive algebra
part

impedance-based complex
circuit model algebra

No D.E.s, no trig!

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 12

 Back to Ir

Vr jωRC Vi L C +
= + R Vr
Vi 1 + jωRC − ω 2 LC –
–

Let’s study this transfer function

Vr jωRC
=
Vi 1 + jωRC − ω 2 LC

=
jωRC
⋅
(1 − ω 2 LC ) − jωRC
(1 − ω LC ) + jωRC (1 − ω 2 LC ) − jωRC
2

Vr ωRC
=
Vi (1 − ω 2
LC ) + (ωRC )
2 2

Observe
Low ω : ≈ ωRC
R
High ω : ≈
ωL
ω LC = 1 : ≈ 1

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 13

 Graphically
Vr ωRC
=
Vi (1 − ω 2
LC ) + (ωRC )
2 2

Low ω : ≈ ωRC
R
High ω : ≈
ωL
ω LC = 1 : ≈ 1

Vr
Vi
1 “Band Pass”

ωRC R
ωL
ω
1
LC
Remember this trick to sketch the form of
transfer functions quickly.
More next week…
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture 17 14