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Chapter 3
Distortion
Z b
X(t)Y (t)dt = 0 (3.1)
a
Now:
R 2π
• 0 sin(mωt) sin(nωt + φ)dωt = 0, if n =
6 m ⇒ sinusoids of different frequencies
are orthogonal.
16
17
R 2π
• 0 sin(ωt) cos(ωt)dωt = 0 ⇒ sine and cosine are orthogonal.
In general:
1 Z 2π 1
sin(ωt) sin(ωt + φ) = cos φ (3.2)
2π 0 2
VsSin(ωt) V RL
P = <Vi>
= VRM S iRM S
= i2RM S R (3.3)
The fuse is rated for a specific RMS current. Above that, it will blow so that
dissipation in Rwire does not start a fire. Neglecting Rwire , for 115VAC,RM S , 15ARM S
Neglecting Rwire :
18 CHAPTER 3. POWER FACTOR AND MEASURES OF DISTORTION
Rwire Fuse i
VsSin(ωt) V L
Vs
i=− cos(ωt) (3.4)
ωL
1 Z
<P > = V (t)i(t)d(ωt)
2π
Vs2 Z
= − sin(ωt) cos(ωt)d(ωt)
2πωL
= 0 (of course) (3.5)
s
1 Z 2π 2
iRM S = i (ωt)d(ωt)
2π 0
Vs
= √ (3.6)
2ωL
So we still will blow the fuse (to protect the wall wiring), even though we do not
19
draw any real power at the output! (some power dissipated in Rwire ). In this case we
Power Factor
For a resistor < P >= VRM S iRM S → P.F. = 1 best utilization. For a inductor
i(t)
Rectifier
+
VsSin(ωt) V(t)
∞
X
i(t) = in sin(nωt + φn ) Sum of weighted shifted sinusoids (3.9)
n=0
s
1 2 1 2 1
Note: iRM S = i1 + i2 + · · · + i2n + · · ·
2 2 2
1 Z
<P > = V (t)i(t)d(ωt)
2π 2π
20 CHAPTER 3. POWER FACTOR AND MEASURES OF DISTORTION
1 Z X
= Vs sin(ωt) in sin(nωt + φn )
2π 2π n
∞
1
X Z
= Vs in sin(ωt) sin(nωt + φn ) (3.10)
n=0 2 2π
1Z
<P > = Vs i1 sin(ωt) sin(ωt + φ1 )
2 2π
Vs i1
= cos φ1
2
= Vs,RM S i1,RM S cos φ1 (3.11)
So the only current that contributes to real power is the fundamental component
VRM S i1,RM S
P.F. = cos φ1
VRM S iRM S
i1,RM S
= cos φ1 (3.12)
iRM S
i1,RM S
P.F. = ( ) ·
cos φ1
iRM S
= kd (distortion factor) · kθ (displacement factor)
(3.13)
v
i2n
uP
. u 6
T HD = t n=12
(3.14)
i1
This measure the RMS of the harmonics normalized to the RMS of the funda
mental (square root of the power ratio). Distortion factor and THD are related:
v
i2n
uP
6
u n=1
T HD = t
2
i1
v
u i2RM S − i21,RM S
u
= t 2
i1,RM S
i2RM S
T HD2 = −1
i21,RM S
i2RM S
= 1 + T HD2
i21,RM S
iRM S √
= 1 + T HD2
i1,RM S
s
1
kd = (3.15)
1 + T HD2
Example:
V = Vs sin(ωt)
22 CHAPTER 3. POWER FACTOR AND MEASURES OF DISTORTION
³ ´
ipk
in = 4
πn 2
i(t) = square wave
i =i 1
ave = 2 ipk
0
T HD = 121%
ipk 4
· · √1
2 π 2
kd = ipk
√
2
2
=
π
P.F. = 0.63 (3.16)
i(t)
Ipk
ωt
π 2π
Lets focus on the displacement factor component of power factor. For simplicity,
lets assume a linear load (e.g. R-L) so that voltages and currents are sinusoidal.
<P >
P.F. = = cos φ (3.17)
VRM S iRM S
Real power:
.
Q = VRM S IRM S sin φ (3.19)
units
We can use these results to help adjust the displacement factor of a system. (make
Qnet → 0).
24 CHAPTER 3. POWER FACTOR AND MEASURES OF DISTORTION
2 2
R +(ω L)
ωL
L θ
VsCos(ω t) R
Im S
R i*
v Re
Vs ωL
i(t) = √ cos(ωt − arctan( ))
ω 2 L2 + R2 R
.
since S = V I ∗
ωL
voltage-current phase φ = arctan( )
R
ωL
P.F. = cos(arctan( ))
R
R
= √ 2 <1 (3.20)
R + ω 2 L2
We can add some additional reactive load to balance out and give net unity power
factor.
S = VRM S IRM S
Vs2
= √ (3.21)
2 ω 2 L2 + R 2
P = S cos φ
25
Vs2 R
= (3.22)
2(ω 2 L2 + R2 )
jQ = jS sin φ
VsSin(ωt) C
1
Zc =
jωC
1 −j π
= e 2
ωC
1 π
= ωCej 2 (3.24)
Zc
Vphase − iphase
= −90◦
π
i′
= Vs ωC sin(ωt + ) (3.25)
2
S ′
= VRM S IRM S
1 2
= V ωC (3.26)
2 s
P′ = 0 (3.27)
26 CHAPTER 3. POWER FACTOR AND MEASURES OF DISTORTION
1
Q′ = −j Vs2 ωC (3.28)
2
P, Q L Q’
VsCos(ω t)
C
S = P + jQ + jQ′
ωLVs2 1
j 2 2 2
− j Vs2 ωC = 0
2(ω L + R ) 2
L
C = (3.29)
ω 2 L2 + R2
Example:
ω = 377RAD/sec (ωHZ)
R = 1Ω
L = 2.7mH
⇒ C = 1.32mF
27
If we know our load, we can add reactive elements to compensate so that no dis
placement factor reduction of line utilization occurs. Real, reactive power definitions
are useful to help us do this. This does not help with distortion factor.