Unit V

CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-V/RETAINING WALLS
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
UNIT V

RETAINING WALLS
Plastic equilibrium in soils active and passive states Rankines theory
cohesion less and cohesive soil - Coloumbs wedge theory condition for critical
failure plane - Earth pressure on retaining walls of simple configurations
raphical methods !Rebhmann and Culmann" - pressure on the wall due to line
load #tability of retaining walls$
#$%& Part ' P'E$%&$
( )efine 'ctive Earth pressure$ *
+ )efine Passive Earth pressure$ *
, )efine coefficient of earth pressure -
* Enumerate the assumptions made in Rankines theory$ -
- .hat is the critical height of an unsupported vertical cut in
cohesive soil
/
/ Enumerate the assumptions made in Coulombs .edge theory$ /
0 ive the criteria for the design of gravity retaining wall$ /
1 #ketch the variation of earth pressure and coefficient of earth
pressure with the movement of the wall
0
2 .hat are the stability conditions should be checked for the
retaining wall
0
(3 ive the minimum factor of safety for the stability of a
retainingwall$
0
(( )raw the various )rainage provisions in Retaining wall 1
(+ 4f a retaining wall of - m high is restrained from yielding5 what will
be the total earth pressure at rest per metre length of wall6 iven7
the back fill is cohesion less soil having 8 ,3 and 8 (1 k%9m
,
$
1
(, ' cantilever retaining wall of 0 metre height retains sand$ :he
properties of the sand are
d
8 (0$//;%9m, and
sat
8 +2$2+
;%9m, 8 ,3<$ using Rankines theory determine active earth
pressure at the base when the backfill is !i" )ry5 !ii" #aturated and
!iii" #ubmerged$
1
(* ' rigid retaining wall of / m high5 has a saturated backfill of soft
clay soil$ :he properties of the clay soil are sat 8 (0$-/ k%9m,5
unit cohesion cu 8 (1 k%9m+$ )etermine the e=pected depth of
2
CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-V/ RETAINING WALLS
RETAINING WALLS
1
tensile crack in the soil
(- ' retaining wall of / m high has a saturated backfill of soft clay
soil$ :he properties of the clay soil are sat 8 (0$-/ k%9m,5 unit
cohesion cu 8 (1 k%9m+$ )etermine !a" the e=pected depth of
tensile crack in the soil !b" the active earth pressure before the
occurrence of tensile crack5 and !c" the active pressure after the
occurrence of tensile crack
2
#$%& Part > P'E$%&$
(
E=plain Rankines 'ctive earth pressure theory for cohesion less
soil
((
+ E=plain Rankines 'ctive earth pressure theory for cohesive soil (*
, E=plain Rankines Passive earth pressure theory for cohesion less
and cohesive soil
(/
* E=plain coulombs wedge theory (/
- E=plain Culmanns construction for active pressure of cohesion
less soil
(2
/ E=plain the Rehbhanns raphical method for active pressure of
cohesion less soil

+3
0 E=plain the Effect of line load on retaining wall
+(
1 )etermine the coulomb active force on the retaining wall shown in
fig$
++
2 ' gravity retaining wall retains (+ m of a back fill5 r 8 (0$0 k%9m
,
5 r
sub 8 (3k%9m
,
$ 8 +- with a uniform hori?ontal surface$ 'ssume
the wall interface to be vertical5 determine the magnitude and
point of application of the total active pressure$
+,
(3 @or an earth retaining structure shown in @ig$ Construct earth
pressure diagram for active state find the total thrust per unit
length of the wall$
+*
' wall of 1 m height retains sand having a density of ($2,/ Ag9m, +-
RETAINING WALLS
2
(( and angle of internal friction of ,*$ 4f the surface of the backfill
slopes upwards at (- to the hori?ontal5 find the active thrust per
unit length of the wall$ Bse Rankines conditions$
(+
' counter fort wall of (3 m height retains non cohesive backfill$
:he void ratio and angle of internal friction of the backfill
respectively are 3$03 and ,3 in the loose state and they are 3$*3
and *3 in the dense state$ Calculate and compare active and
passive earth pressures in both the cases$ :ake specific gravity of
soil grains$
+0
(, ' retaining wall has a vertical back and is 0$,+ m high$ :he soil is
sandy loam of unit weight (0$, k%9m
,
$ it shows a cohesion of (+
k%9m+ and 8 +3$ %eglecting wall friction5 determine the thrust
on the wall$ :he upper surface of the fill is hori?ontal
+1
(* ' rigid retaining wall of / m height !fig" has two layers of back fill$
:he top layer up to depth of ($- m is sandy clay having 8 ,3C 5
c8 35 and 8(0$+- k%9m
,
$
+2
(-
' smooth rigid retaining wall of / m high carries a uniform
surcharge load of (+ k%9m+$ :he backfill is clayey sand
possessing the following properties$ 8 (/$3 k%9m,5 8 +-5 and
c 8 /$- k%9m+
,3
(/ for a retaining wall system5 the following data were available7 !i"
Ceight of wall 8 0 m$ !ii" Properties of backfill7
d
8(/ k%9m,5 8
,- !iii" 'ngle of wall friction5 8 +3 !iv" >ack of wall is inclined at
+3 to the vertical !positive batter" !v" >ackfill surface is sloping at
(7(3
,+
PART A
RETAINING WALLS
3
1. Define Active Earth pressre$
4f the soil e=erts a push against the wall by virtue of its tendency to slip
laterally and seek its natural slope !angle of repose" thus making the wall to
move slightly away from the back filled soil mass$ :his kind of pressure is
known as 'EP$
!. Define Passive Earth pressre.
:he pressure or resistance which soil develops in response to
movement of the structure towards it is called the Passive Earth Pressure$
". Define c#efficient #f earth pressre
RETAINING WALLS
4
@rom Aohrs coulomb equation5

+ N N c 2
3 1
c 8 3
,
_

+
2
45 tan
2
3 1
@or active case for passive case
(
8
v
!maDor"
(
8
h
!maDor"
,
8
h
!minor"
,
8
v
!minor"
RETAINING WALLS
5
,
_
2
45 tan
2
h
v
3
1
RETAINING WALLS
6

,
_
2
45 tan
1
K
2
a
;p 8 tan
+
!*-E
2
Q
"
;
a
8
+

sin 1
sin 1
;p 8
+

sin 1
sin 1
$. En%erate the ass%pti#ns %a&e in Ran'ine(s the#r).
($ #oil mass is semi infinitive5 homogenous5 and cohesion less$
+$ round surface is a plane may be hori?ontal or inclined$
,$ :he back of the wall is vertical and smooth$
!4$e$ no shearing stresses between the wall and the soil"
*$ :he wall yields about the base and thus satisfies the deformation
condition for plastic equilibrium
Defects
>ack of the wall is never smooth5 so frictions force develops$
the resultant will be inclined to the normal to the wall$
*. What is the critica+ hei,ht #f an nspp#rte& vertica+ ct in c#hesive s#i+
:he critical height C
c
of an unsupported vertical cut in cohesive soil is thus
given by5
.here 8 *- E
2
-. En%erate the ass%pti#ns %a&e in .#+#%/(s We&,e the#r).

($ #oil is dry5 cohesion less5 homogeneous5 isotropic and ideally plastic
material
RETAINING WALLS
7
H
c
= 2z
o
=
tan
r
c 4
+$ :he slip surface is a plane passing through the kneel of the wall !failure
in active or passive condition occurs when a body of a soil mass known
as slip surface"
,$ :he wall surface is rough$ :he resultant earth pressure on the wall is
inclined at an angle to the normal to the wall ! - angle of friction
between wall F back fill"$
*$ :he sliding wedge itself acts as a rigid body
!:he value of earth pressure is obtained by considering the equilibrium"
of the sliding wedge as a whole$
Retaining wall with inclined back face and a sloping dry granular
back fill is shown in figure$
0. Give the criteria f#r the &esi,n #f ,ravit) retainin, 1a++.
($ Aa=imum pressure should not e=ceed the bearing capacity of soi !>ase
width"$
+$ %o tension should be developed any where in the wall
e G
3
2b
x i.e.
6
b
,$ :he wall must be safe against sliding$

*$ :he wall must be safe against sliding$
-$ :he wall must be safe against overturning$
2. S'etch the variati#n #f earth pressre an& c#efficient #f earth pressre
1ith the %#ve%ent #f the 1a++
RETAINING WALLS
8
3. What are the sta/i+it) c#n&iti#ns sh#+& /e chec'e& f#r the retainin,
1a++s
:he stability of retaining walls should be checked fagainst the following
conditions

!a" :he wall should be stable against sliding
!b" :he wall should be stable against &verturning
!c" :he wall should be stable against >earing capacity failure$
14. Give the %ini%% fact#r #f safet) f#r the sta/i+it) #f a retainin, 1a++.
!a" :he wall should be stable against sliding 8 ($-
!b" :he wall should be stable against &verturning

@or ranular >ackfill 8 ($-
@or cohesive backfill 8 +$3
!d" :he wall should be stable against >earing capacity failure$
@or ranular >ackfill 8 ($-
@or cohesive backfill 8 +$3
11. Dra1 the vari#s Draina,e pr#visi#ns in Retainin, 1a++
RETAINING WALLS
9
1!. If a retainin, 1a++ #f * % hi,h is restraine& fr#% )ie+&in,5 1hat 1i++ /e
the t#ta+ earth pressre at rest per %etre +en,th #f 1a++6 Given7 the /ac' fi++
is c#hesi#n +ess s#i+ havin, 8 "4 an& 8 12 'N9%
"
.
#olution
k
o
8 ( sin 8 ( sin ,3 8 3$-
P
o
8 wa o! en"th # $ %N 5 . 112 5 x 18 x 5 . & x
2
1
H K
2
1
2 2
o

1". A canti+ever retainin, 1a++ #f 0 %etre hei,ht retains san&. The
pr#perties #f the san& are
&
8 10.--:N9%" an&
sat
8 !3.3! :N9%" 8 "4;.
sin, Ran'ine(s the#r) &eter%ine active earth pressre at the /ase 1hen
the /ac'fi++ is <i= Dr)5 <ii= Satrate& an& <iii= S/%er,e&.
submerged density
b 8 sat - w 8 +3$2+-2$1( 8 (($(k%9m,
for 8 ,35 ;
'
8
3
1
sin 1
3& sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
active earth pressure at the base is

!i" for dry backfill5
P
a
8 ;
'
d
C 8
2
# $ %N 2 . 41 7 x 66 . 17 x
3
1
!ii" for saturated backfill5

P
a
8 ;
'
sat
C 8
2
# $ %N 76 . 48 7 x 9 . 2& x
3
1
!iii" for submerged backfill5

P
a
8 ;
'
b
C 8
2
# $ %N 9 . 25 7 x 1 . 11 x
3
1
1$. A ri,i& retainin, 1a++ #f - % hi,h has a satrate& /ac'fi++ #f s#ft c+a)
s#i+. The pr#perties #f the c+a) s#i+ are sat 8 10.*- 'N9%"5
nit c#hesi#n c 8 12 'N9%!. Deter%ine the e>pecte& &epth #f tensi+e
crac' in the s#i+
RETAINING WALLS
1&
S#+ti#n
't ? 8 35 P
a
8 -+c 8 -+ = (1 8 -,/k%9m, since 8 3
't ? 8 C5 P
a
8 C +c 8 (0$-/ = / + = (1 8 /2$,/ k%9m
+
$
:he depth of tensile crack ?
3
is !for 8 3"
?
3
8
# &5 . 2
56 . 17
18 x 2 c 2

1*. A retainin, 1a++ #f - % hi,h has a satrate& /ac'fi++ #f s#ft c+a) s#i+. The
pr#perties #f the c+a) s#i+ are sat 8 10.*- 'N9%"5 nit c#hesi#n c 8 12
'N9%!. Deter%ine <a= the e>pecte& &epth #f tensi+e crac' in the s#i+ </= the
active earth pressre /ef#re the #ccrrence #f tensi+e crac'5 an& <c= the
active pressre after the #ccrrence #f tensi+e crac'
S#+ti#n
't ? 8 35 P
a
8 -+c 8 -+ = (1 8 -,/k%9m, since 8 3
't ? 8 C5 P
a
8 C +c 8 (0$-/ = / + = (1 8 /2$,/ k%9m
+
$
:he active earth pressure before crack occurs$
P
a
8 cH 2 H
2
1
2

#ince ;' 8 ( for 8 3$ substituting5 we have
P
a
8 # $ %N 1&& 216 316 6 x 18 x 2 6 x 56 . 17 x
2
1
2

:he active earth pressure after the occurrence of tensile crack5
P
a
8 ' z H '( c 2 H (
2
1
&

#ubstituting
P
a
8 # $ %N 137 ' &5 . 2 6 '( 18 x 2 6 x 56 . 17 (
2
1

RETAINING WALLS
11
PART ?
1. E>p+ain Ran'ine(s Active earth pressre the#r) f#r c#hesi#n +ess s#i+
Active earth pressre #f c#hessi#n +ess s#i+s$
'pplied to uniform cohesion less soil only He=tended to cohesive soil by
Resal !(2(3 F >ell !(2(-"I
'ssumptions of Rankines theory
*$ #oil mass is semi infinitive5 homogenous5 and cohesion less$
-$ round surface is a plane may be hori?ontal or inclined$
/$ :he back of the wall is vertical and smooth$
!4$e$ no shearing stresses between the wall and the soil"
0$ :he wall yields about the base and thus satisfies the deformation condition
for plastic equilibrium$
Defects
>ack of the wall is never smooth5 so frictions force develops$
RETAINING WALLS
12
:he resultant will be inclined to the normal to the wall$
Dr) #r %#ist /ac'fi++ 1ith n# srchar,e
't ? 8 * from top5
Earth Pa 8 ;
a
r C
:otal active earth pressure Pa !or" resultant pressure per unit length of the wall5
Pa 8
2
a
rH %
2
1
acting at
3
H
from base of wall
S/%er,e& /ac'fi++
P
a
8 ;
a
r C Er
w
C
Partia++) S/%er,e& /ac'fi++
RETAINING WALLS
13
P
a
8 ;a r C
(
E ;a r
(
C
+
E rw C
+
>ased on the assumption that is same for moist as well as submerged soil$
?ac'fi++ 1ith Unif#r% srchar,e.
?ac'fi++ 1ith s+#pin, srface
RETAINING WALLS
14
+

2 2
2 2
a
)os )os )os
)os )os
)os K
the pressure distribution is triangular$
:he total active pressure Pa for the wall of height C is given by
Pa 8
2
a
rH K
2
1
:he resultant acts at
3
H
above the base in direction parallel to the surface
shown in figure$
!. E>p+ain Ran'ine(s Active earth pressre the#r) f#r c#hesive s#i+
RETAINING WALLS
15
Active earth pressre #f c#hesive s#i+s$
'ccording to bells5
(
8
,
tan
+
E+ C tan
at ? 8 35
P
a
8 -+C Cot !*-E '
2
Q
.hen P
a
8 35 ? 8 ?
o
8 tan
r
) 2
:his shows that ve pressure !i$e tension is developed at top level of
retaining wall$ :he tension decreases to ?ero at a depth J
o
8
r
) 2
tan
@or depth5 ? > ?
o
P
a
is positive$
P
a
8
2
1
r C
+
cot
+
- +cC cot
:he effect of cohesion in soil is to reduce the pressure intensity evry where
by !c c#t$
>ecause of negative pressure5 a tension crack is usually developed in the soil
near the top of the wall5 up to a depth ?o$ 'lso the total net pressure upon a depth
+?
3
is ?ero$
:his means that a cohesive soil should be able to stand with a vertical face
up to a depth +?
o
without any lateral support$
:he critical height C
c
of an unsupported vertical cut in cohesive soil is thus
given by5
RETAINING WALLS
16
*
a
= r 2) cot
2
(45+
'
2
, 2) )ot (45 +
'
2
Q
H
c
= 2z
o
=
tan
r
c 4
.here 8 *- E
2
:otal lateral thrust is given by5

's cracks do occur and soil does not necessarily remain adhered to the
top portion of wall up to height ?
o
5 it is usual to neglect the ve pr and consider
whole of the Eve pr below ?
o
$
". E>p+ain Ran'ine(s Passive earth pressre the#r) f#r c#hesi#n +ess an&
c#hesive s#i+
<a= .#hesi#n +ess /ac'p
Pp passive earth pressure intensity
n
Pp 8
(
v
8
,
8 r?
(
8
,
tan
+
Pp 8 r? tan
+
8k
p
r? $ when kp 8

+
sin 1
sin 1
co$eff$ of passive earth pressure for backfill with inclined surface at an angle of $
</= .#hesive /ac' fi++.
Pp 8 r?tan+ E +Ctan
Pp 8 r? % E +C
N
% 8 tan+ !*-E
2
"
't ? 8 3 Pp 8 +C tan
't ? 8 C Pp 8 rC tan
+
E +C tan
RETAINING WALLS
17
*a =
2
1
rH
2
cot
2
, 2cH cot +
r
c 2
2
K
-
= )os

2 2
2 2
)os )os )os
)os )os
.ota *ress/re *- =
2
1
r H
2
tan
2
+2c H tan
$. E>p+ain c#+#%/(s 1e&,e the#r)
Coulombs wedge theory7-
'ssumptions
!i" #oil is dry5 cohesion less5 homogeneous5 isotrophic and ideally plastic
material
!ii" :he slip surface is a plane passing through the neel of the wall !failure
in active or passive condition occurs when a body of a soil mass known
as slip surface"
!iii" :he wall surface is rough$ :he resultant earth pressure on the wall is
inclined at an angle to the normal to the wall ! - angle of friction
between wall F back fill"$
!iv" :he sliding wedge itself acts as a rigid baly
!:he value of earth pressure is obtained by considering the
equilibrium" of the sliding wedge as a whole$
Retaining wall with inclined back face and a sloping dry granular back fill is
shown in figure$
RETAINING WALLS
18
4n the active case5
#liding wedge '>) moves downward5 :he reaction R acts
upward and inclined at an angle with the normal !due to the frictional force
which develops in the opposite$ )irection of motion5 the reaction is inclined"$
:he sliding wedge '>) is in equilibrium under three forces$
($ weight of wedge .
+$ reaction KR on the slip surface >)
,$ Reaction KPa from the wall$
.e can draw the force triangle for solving the active earth pressure$
Bsing sine law5
' 0 ( sin
*a

8
( ) ( ) } { ( ) 0 , , , 18& sin
w
+
Pa 8
' 0 , , (18& sin
' 0 , ( sin w
+ +

.here Pa 8 total active pressure force
.eight of the wedge can be calculated by
. 8 area of wedge ( )
e
= ( = unit wt$ of soil$
. 8
( )
1
]
1

+
+
+
+
+
' i sin(
i 9& sin
' sin(
9&' , ( sin

sin
' ( rsin H

2
1
2
2 2 2
#ubstituting the value of . in 15 we will get5
Pa8
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
+
+ +

+
' 1 sin(
' 1 9& sin(
' sin(
' 9& sin(
' 0 , , (18& sin
' 0 , ( sin
x
sin
' ( r2in H

2
1
2
2 2
:he active pressure Pa is ma=imum when the failure makes an angle K
with the hori?ontal$ #uch that5
&
*
a
Pa 8
2
a
rH %
2
1

RETAINING WALLS
19
.here ;a 8
2
2
2
i' ( sin ' sin(
i' , 1 ( sin ' 0 ( sin
1 ' , ( sin sin
' 0 ( sin
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
*. E>p+ain .+%ann(s c#nstrcti#n f#r active pressre #f c#hesi#n +ess s#i+
Pr#ce&re
($
)raw the retaining wall '> to scale$
+$
)raw the line >L$
,$
Choose trial plane >C+$ )etermine the wt$ of wedge '>C
+
as !r$'>C
+
" 8
w
+
$ Represent the weight w
+
on the line to scale w
+
8 >d
+
$
*$
't point d
+
5 draw d
+
C
+
making an angle 8 - with line to intersect the
trial plane >C
+
at e
+
$
-$
Repeat the steps , F * by taking several planes >c
(
5 >c
+
5 >c
,
5 >c
*
to get
vectors >d
(
5 >d
+
5>d
,
5>d
*
etc$5 F points e
(
5 e
+
5 e
*
/$
Moin >5 e
(
5 e
+
5 e
,
5 e
*
Nto get a smooth curve$ :his is the pressure curve$
RETAINING WALLS
2&
0$
)raw a line parallel to the base line !- line" and tangential to the pressure
curve at point e$
1$
:hrough a draw a vector ed5 to make an angle with - line$ :his vector
is equal to the active pressure Pa in magnitude5 to the same scale as >d
+
is drawn to represent .
+
$
2$
Moin >
and e=tend to intersect the ground surface at C$ then >C is the

failure plane$
-. E>p+ain the Reh/hann(s Graphica+ %eth#& f#r active pressre #f
c#hesi#n +ess s#i+
($ )raw the ground line and - line at angles 4 and respectively with the
hori?ontal to meet in point )$
+$ )raw a semi circle !with" >) as diameter$
,$ :hough >5 draw a line >C at an angle with >)$ Oine >C is called the
earth pressure on the line$
*$ :hrough '5 draw line ' parallel to the line$
RETAINING WALLS
21
-$ )raw M perpendicular to >)5 to meet the semi circle in M$
/$ with > as centre5 and >M as radius5 draw an arc to cut >) in E
0$ :hrough E draw EC parallel to the - line$ >C represents the slip plane
1$ .ith E as centre5 and EC as radius5 draw an arc to cut >) in ;$ Moin ck$
2$ :otal active pressure Pa 8 r ! ;CE"
0. E>p+ain the Effect #f +ine +#a& #n retainin, 1a++
:o take account the effect of line load due to railway track or a long wall of
a building running parallel to the retaining wall$
Oet the intensity of line load be Kq per unit length acting at a point C*
distant a from the top of the wall$
($ 't Kd* the weight is increased by q5 mark d* which includes the line load$
+$ draw a line from d* parallel to * line and it meets the line >C
*
at e*
,$ similarly add the weight Kq for all wedges to the right ie d
-
5 d
/
5 N etc$5 F
mark the corresponding points d
-
5 d
/
etc$5
*$ the modified culmanns is given by >e
(
e
+
e
,
e
*
e
*
e
-
e
/
N
a$ if d
*
e
*
G de :hen slip occurs along >C and there is no influence o
line load on the total pr Pa
b$ if d*e*P de then slip occurs along >C* and the pr$ on the wall is
increased by Pa 8 d
*
e
*
de
Inf+ence +ine f#r thrst incre%ent &e t# +ine +#a&
($ culumanns line is drawn without considering line load
+$ QKq is placed at the position C
(
andR q is added to all wedges to its right$
,$ modified culmanns line is drawn F tangent is drawn to it parallel to line
!e"
*$ at e a tangent drawn !parallel to C) - live" is e=tended to meet the
modified culmanns line !e
*
say"
:his shows that de 8 d
*
e
*
-$ :his gives the information that if the line load is placed beyond c
*
5 there is
no effect on the lateral pressure$
/$ for other position of line load between ' and C
*
5 Pa is identified as before
!* !ii""$ 'nd ordinates are plotted at the location of line load
RETAINING WALLS
22
0$ Pa is ma=imum when the load is at the face of wall and remains constant
with position up to C
(
F then changesS finally it reduces to ?ero at c
*
$

:his method is used in locating the position of the railway line at a
safe distance without increasing earth pr$ on wall$
2. Deter%ine the c#+#%/ active f#rce #n the retainin, 1a++ sh#1n in fi,.
8 ,3 !angle of internal friction"
8 +3 !angle of wall friction"
r 8 (0$- k%9m
,
k
a
8
( )
2
2
2
' i sin( ' sin(
i sin ' sin(
1 ' sin( . sin
' ( sin
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
k
a
8
2
1.& x 819 . &
&.259 x &.766
1 &.819 x 933 . &
933 . &
1
]
1
+
8 3$-
Pa 8
2
a
rH %
2
1
RETAINING WALLS
23
8
2
1
= 3$-*1 =(0$- =-
+
8 ((2$2 k%
:his act at C9, F inclined at +3 to normal i$e
#
3
5
3. A ,ravit) retainin, 1a++ retains 1! % #f a /ac' fi++5 r 8 10.0 'N9%
"
5 r s/ 8
14'N9%
"
. 8 !* 1ith a nif#r% h#ri@#nta+ srface. Ass%e the 1a++ interface
t# /e vertica+5 &eter%ine the %a,nit&e an& p#int #f app+icati#n #f the t#ta+
active pressre$
If the 1ater ta/+e is at a hei,ht #f -%5 h#1 far &# the %a,nit&e an&
the p#int #f app+icati#n #f active pressre chan,e&6
I. Dr) c#n&iti#n
;
a
8
+

sin 1
sin 1
8
25 sin 1
25 sin 1
+
;
a
8 3$*3/
'ctive earth pr$ at base of wall 8 ka r C 8 3$*3/ = (0$0 =(+
8 1/$+ k%9m
+
:otal active thrust 9 m run of wall 8 xH ' rH K (
2
1
a
8 12 x 2 . 86 x
2
1
8 -(0$+k%
:his total pressure acts at
# 4
3
12
. e . i
3
H
above the base of the wall$

II. Water ta/+e is at a hei,ht #f -%
'ssuming same value5
;a 8 3$*3/
'ctive earth pr$ at / m depth 8 3$*3/ = (-$0 = / 8 *,$( k%9m
+
'ctive earth pr$ at (+ m depth 8 *,$(Ekar
sub
= / Er
w
=/
*,$(E3$*-/ = (3 = E 2$1( =/
(+/$*k%9m
+
$
RETAINING WALLS
24
:otal active thrust 9 m run 8 Q
+ + 3 6 1 . 43 x 6 x
2
1
Q
2
1
= / = +*$* R
E Q
2
1
= / = -1$2R
P 8 !(+2$, E +-1$/" E 0,$+ E(0/$0 8 /,0$1 k%
:he height of its point of application
:aking moment about the base5
P =
4
8 (+2$, = !/E
3
1
= /" E+-1$/ = !
2
6
" E 0,$+ = !
3
1
= /"
4
8 ,$/+ m
the total thrust increases by (+3$/k% F the pt$ of application gets lowered by
!*-,$/+ 8 3$,1m"
14. F#r an earth retainin, strctre sh#1n in Fi,. .#nstrct earth pressre
&ia,ra% f#r active state fin& the t#ta+ thrst per nit +en,th #f the 1a++.

RETAINING WALLS
25
S#+ti#n
@or 8 ,35 ;
'
8
3& sin 1
3& sin 1
+
8
3
1
)ry unit weight
d
8
3 w
# $ %N 7 . 15 81 . 9 x
65 . & 1
65 . 2
e 1
5
b 8
3 w
# $ %N 81 . 9 81 . 9 x
65 . & 1
1 65 . 2
e 1
' 1 5 (
+

'ssuming the soil above water table be dry5 HRefer @ig$I
P
(
8 ;
'
d
C
(
8
2
# $ %N 7 . 15 3 x 7 . 15 x
3
1
P
+
8 ;
'
b
C
+
8
2
# $ %N 9 . 22 7 x 81 . 9 x
3
1
P
,
8 ;
'
= q 8
2
# $ %N 66 . 4 14 x
3
1
P
*
8 !;
'
"
w
w
C
+
8 (=2$1(=0 8 /1$0 k%9m
+
:otal thrust 8 summation of area of different parts of pressure diagram
8
2 4 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
H *
2
1
' H H ( * H *
2
1
H * H *
2
1
+ + + + +
8 7 x 7 . 68 x
2
1
' 3 7 ( 66 . 4 7 x 9 . 22 x
2
1
7 x 7 . 15 7 . 15 x
2
1
+ + + + +
8 -3( k%9m
11. A 1a++ #f 2 % hei,ht retains san& havin, a &ensit) #f 1.3"- A,9%" an&
an,+e #f interna+ fricti#n #f "$. If the srface #f the /ac'fi++ s+#pes p1ar&s
at 1* t# the h#ri@#nta+5 fin& the active thrst per nit +en,th #f the 1a++. Use
Ran'ine(s c#n&iti#ns$
S#+ti#n
:here can be two solutions7 analytical and graphical$
'nalytical solution can be obtained from the equations$
P
a
8
2 6
H K
2
1
.here ;
'
8 cos =
+

2 2
2 2
cos cos cos
cos cos cos
RETAINING WALLS
26
.here5 8 (-5 cos 8 3$2/-2 and cos
+
'nd 8 ,* gives cos+ 8 3$/11

Cence ;
'
8 3$2// =
311 . &
688 . & 933 . & 966 . &
688 . & 933 . & 966 . &
+

8 ($2,/ = 2$1( 8 (2$3 k%9m
,
Cence P
'
8
2
1
= 3$,(( = (2!1"
+
8 (12k%9m wall
Graphica+ S#+ti#n
Tertical stress at a depth ? 8 1 m is
C cos 8 (2 = 1 = cos (- 8 (*0 k%9m
+
$
%ow draw Aohr envelope at an angle of ,* and ground line at an angle of (-
with the hori?ontal a=is$
Bsing a suitable scale plot &P
(
8 (*0 k%9m+$
4$ Centre of circle C lies on the hori?ontal a=is$
44$ Circle passes through point P
(
5 and
444$ Circle is tangent to the mohr envelope
RETAINING WALLS
27
:his point P
+
5 at which the circle cuts the ground line represents earth pressure$
:he length &P
+
measures *0$- k%9m
+
$
Cence thrust per unit length5 P
a
8
2
1
= *0$- =1 8 (23 k%9m
+
1!. A c#nter f#rt 1a++ #f 14 % hei,ht retains n#n B c#hesive /ac'fi++. The
v#i& rati# an& an,+e #f interna+ fricti#n #f the /ac'fi++ respective+) are 4.04
an& "4 in the +##se state an& the) are 4.$4 an& $4 in the &ense state.
.a+c+ate an& c#%pare active an& passive earth pressres in /#th the
cases. Ta'e specific ,ravit) #f s#i+ ,rains.
S#+ti#n
!i" in the loose state5 e 8 3$03 which gives
d 8
3 w
# $ %N 6 . 15 81 . 9 x
7 . & 1
7 . 2
e 1
5
@or 8 ,35 ;
'
8
3 K an7
3
1
3& sin 1
3& sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
-

+
Aa= P
a
8 ;
'
d
C 8
2
# $ %N 52 1& x 6 . 15 x
3
1
Aa= P
p
8 ;
p
d
C 8 , = (-$/ = (3 8 */1 k%9m
+
$
!ii" in the dense state5 e 8 3$*35 which gives5
d
8
3
# $ %N 93 . 18 81 . 9 x
4 . & 1
7 . 2
+
@or 8 *35 ;
'
8
4& sin 1
4& sin 1
+
8 3$+(05 ;p 8
6 . 4
K
1
6

Aa= P
a
8 ;
'
d
C 8 3$+(0 =(1$2, =(3 8 *($( k%9m
+

and Aa=$ P
p
8 *$/ = (1$2, = (3 8 103$1 k%9m
+
$
RETAINING WALLS
28
1". A retainin, 1a++ has a vertica+ /ac' an& is 0."! % hi,h. The s#i+ is san&)
+#a% #f nit 1ei,ht 10." 'N9%
"
. it sh#1s a c#hesi#n #f 1! 'N9%! an& 8
!4. Ne,+ectin, 1a++ fricti#n5 &eter%ine the thrst #n the 1a++. The pper
srface #f the fi++ is h#ri@#nta+$
S#+ti#n
.hen the material e=hibits cohesion5 the pressure on the wall at depth ? is
given by
P
a
8 ?;
'
+c
6
K
.here ;
'
8
7 . & K 8 49 . &
2& sin 1
2& sin 1
sin 1
sin 1
6

+
.hen the depth is small the e=pression for ? is negative because of the effect of
cohesion as per theory up to a depth ?
o
$ :he soil is in tension and the soil draws
away from the wall$
?o 8 -
K
c 2
N
c 2

.here
43 . 1 K an7 8 &4 . 2
sin 1
sin 1
K
- -

+
:herefore ?
o
8
# 98 . 1 43 . 1 x
3 . 17
12 x 2
Pressure at surface !? 8 3" is

P
a
8 -+c
6
K
8 -+ = (+ = 3$0 8 -(/$1 k%9m
+
$
:he negative sign indicates tension$
Pressure at the base of the wall !? 8 0$, m" is
P
a
8 (0$, = 0$,+ = 3$*2-(/$1 8 *-$+- k%9m
+
$
's the theory5 the area of the upper triangle in fig (*$(- !b" to the left of the
pressure a=is represents a tensile force which should be subtracted from the
compressive force on the lower part of the wall below depth ?o$ #ince tension
cannot be applied physically between the soil and the wall5 this tensile force is
neglected$ 4t is therefore5 commonly assumed that the active earth pressure is
represented by the shaded area in fig$ (*$(- !c"$ the total pressure on the wall is
equal to the area of the triangle in fig$ (*$(- !c"$
P
a
8 ' z H '( K c 2 HK (
2
1
o 6 6

RETAINING WALLS
29
8 %N$# 8 . 12& ' 98 . 1 32 . 7 '( 7 . & x 12 x 2 49 . & x 32 . 7 x 3 . 17 (
2
1

1$. A ri,i& retainin, 1a++ #f - % hei,ht <fi,= has t1# +a)ers #f /ac' fi++. The
t#p +a)er p t# &epth #f 1.* % is san&) c+a) havin, 8 "4. 5 c8 45 an&
810.!* 'N9%
"
.
Deter%ine the t#ta+ active earth pressre actin, #n the 1a++ an& &ra1
the pressre &istri/ti#n &ia,ra%.
@or the top layer
;
'
8 tan+
5 . 2
&.4&
1
K 8 4& . &
2
2&
45
-

,
_
:he depth of tensile ?one5 ?

3
is
?
3
8
# 34 . 2
4 . 16
5 . 2 15 . 12 x 2
K
c 2
-

#ince the depth of the sandy clay layer is ($- m5 which is less ?
3
the tensile crack
develops up to ? 8 ($- m only$
;' for the sandy layer is
;
'
8 tan
+

3
1
2
3&
45 2 tan
2
45
,
_
,
_

't depth ?8 (/$* = ($- 8 +*$/ k%9m
+
$
v
8 ? 8 (/$* = ($- 8 +*$/k%9m
+
$
:he active pressure is
P
a
8 ;
'
? 8
2
# $ %N 2 . 8 6 . 24 x
3
1
't depth / m5 the effective vertical pressure is
v
8 ($- = (/$* E *$- = (0$+- 8 +*$/ E00$/+ 8 (3+$+, k%9m
+
$
:he active pressure distribution diagram is given in @ig
RETAINING WALLS
3&
1*. A s%##th ri,i& retainin, 1a++ #f - % hi,h carries a nif#r% srchar,e
+#a& #f 1! 'N9%!. The /ac'fi++ is c+a)e) san& p#ssessin, the f#++#1in,
pr#perties. 8 1-.4 'N9%"5 8 !*5 an& c 8 -.* 'N9%!.
Deter%ine the passive earth pressre an& &ra1 the pressre
&ia,ra%.
S#+ti#n
@or 8 +-5 the value of ;p is
;
p
8
47 . 2
577 . &
423 . 1
423 . & 1
423 . & 1
sin 1
sin 1

+

5 Pp at any depth ? is
P
p
8 ?;p E +c - - v -
K c 2 K K
't depth ? 3 5 v 8 (+ k%9m+
P
p
8 (+ = +$*0 E + = /$- 47 . 2 8 +10$(2 k%9m
+
$
at ? 8 / m5 v 8 (+E / = (/ 8 (31 k%9m
+
P
p
8 (31 = +$*0 E + = /$- 47 . 2 8 +10$(2 k%9m
+
$
:he pressure distribution is shown in fig$
RETAINING WALLS
31
:he total passive pressure Pp acting on the wall is
P
p
8 -3 = / E wa o! en"th # $ %N 57 . 1&11 57 . 711 3&& ' 5& 19 . 287 ( 6 x
2
1
+
Oocation of resultant
:aking moments about the base
P
p
= h 8
3
6
x 237.195 x 6 x
2
1
6 x 5& x 6 x
2
1
+
8 233 E (*+,$(* 8 +,+,$(*
&r h 8
# 3& . 2
57 . 1&11
14 . 2323
*
14 . 2323
-

1-. f#r a retainin, 1a++ s)ste%5 the f#++#1in, &ata 1ere avai+a/+e7 <i= Cei,ht
#f 1a++ 8 0 %. <ii= Pr#perties #f /ac'fi++7
&
81- 'N9%"5 8 "* <iii= An,+e #f
1a++ fricti#n5 8 !4 <iv= ?ac' #f 1a++ is inc+ine& at !4 t# the vertica+
<p#sitive /atter= <v= ?ac'fi++ srface is s+#pin, at 1714
Deter%ine the %a,nit&e #f active earth pressre /) .+%ann(s
%eth#&.
S#+ti#n
!a" @ig$ shows the wall drawn to a scale of ( cm 8 + m$ line and pressure
lines are also drawn$
RETAINING WALLS
32
!a" :he trial rupture lines >c
(
5 >c
+
5 >c
,
5 etc$5 are drawn by making 'c
(
8 c
(
c
+
8
c
+
c
,
5 etc$5 8 ( cm$
!b" :he length of perpendicular from > to the backfill surface 8 ,$/ cm$
!c" :he area of wedges >'c
(
5 >'c
+
5 >'c
,
5 etc$5 are respectively equal to U
!>ase lengths 'c
(
5 'c
+
5 'c
,
5 etc$5" = perpendicular length$
!d" :he weights of the wedges in !d" above per metre length of wall may be
found out by multiplying the areas by the unit eight of soil and the results
are tabulated below$
We&,e Wei,ht5 'N We&,e Wei,ht5 'N
>'c( (($- >'c* */3
>'c+ +,3 >'c- -0-
>'c, ,*-
!e" :he weights of the wedges >'c
(
5 >'c
+
5 etc$5 are respectively plotted >d
(
5
>d
+
5 etc$5 on the line using5 a scale ( cm 8 +33k%$
!f" Oines drawn parallel to the pressure line from points d
(
5 d
+
5 d
,
etc$5 meet
respectively the trial rupture lines >c
(
5 >c
+
5 >c
,
etc$5 at points e
(
5 e
+
5 e
,
5
etc$5
!g" Pressure locus is drawn passing through points e
(
5 e
+
5 e
,
5 etc$5
RETAINING WALLS
33
!h" Oine ?? is drawn tangential to the pressure locus at a point at which this is
parallel to the line$ :his point coincides with the point e
,
$
!i" e
,
d
,
gives the active earth pressure$
Pa 8 3$2 cm = +33 8 (13 k% per metre length of wall$
!D" >c
,
is the critical rupture plane$
RETAINING WALLS
34
RETAINING WALLS
35

Unit V

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Unit V

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CE1305 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING/UNIT-V/RETAINING WALLS

-. En%erate the ass%pti#ns %a&e in .#+#%/(s We&,e the#r).

,$ :he wall must be safe against sliding$

active earth pressure at the base is

!ii" for saturated backfill5

!iii" for submerged backfill5

:otal lateral thrust is given by5

and e=tend to intersect the ground surface at C$ then >C is the

above the base of the wall$

'nd 8 ,* gives cos+ 8 3$/11

Pressure at surface !? 8 3" is

:he depth of tensile ?one5 ?

't depth / m5 the effective vertical pressure is

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