1. What is the difference between a hub and a switch?

Hub Switch
Layer
Physical layer. Hubs are classified as Layer 1
devices per the OSI model.
Data Link Layer. Network
switches operate at Layer 2
of the OSI model.
Ports
4/12 ports Switch is multi port Bridge.
24/48 ports
Device Type
Passive Device (Without Software) Active Device (With
Software) & Networking
device
Data
Transmission
form
Electrical signal or bits Frame (L2 Switch) Frame &
Packet (L3 switch)
Transmission
Type
Hubs always perform frame flooding; may be
unicast, multicast or broadcast
First broadcast; then unicast
& multicast as needed.
Function
To connect a network of personal computers
together, they can be joined through a central
hub.
Allow to connect multiple
device and port can be
manage, Vlan can create
security also can apply
Table
A network hub cannot learn or store MAC
address.
A network switch stores MAC
addresses in a lookup table.
Transmission
Mode
Half duplex Full duplex
Used in (LAN,
MAN, WAN)
LAN LAN
Broadcast
Domain
Hub has one Broadcast Domain. Switch has one broadcast
domain [unless VLAN
implemented]
Definition An electronic device that connects many A network switch is a
Hub Switch
network device together so that devices can
exchange data
computer networking device
that is used to connect many
devices together on a
computer network. A switch
is considered more advanced
than a hub because a switch
will on send msg to device
that needs or request it
Collisions
Collisions occur commonly in setups using
hubs.
No collisions occur in a full-
duplex switch.
Spanning-
Tree
No Spanning-Tree Many Spanning-tree Possible
Manufacturer
s
Sun Systems, Oracle and Cisco Cisco and D-link Juniper

2. What is the significance of the IP address 255.255.255.255?
A special type of IP address is the limited broadcast address 255.255.255.255. A
broadcast involves delivering a message from one sender to many recipients. Senders
direct an IP broadcast to 255.255.255.255 to indicate all other nodes on the local
network (LAN) should pick up that message. This broadcast is 'limited' in that it does not
reach every node on the Internet, only nodes on the LAN.
3. What is OSPF?
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP)
networks. It uses a link state routing algorithm and falls into the group of interior routing
protocols, operating within a single autonomous system (AS).

4. What is difference between layer 2 Switch and Layer 3 Switch ?
L-2 devices worked on mac address & L-3 devices worked on ip
address.
L-2 device more fast than the L-3 device.
layer 2 is for peer to peer communication,layer 3 is for process to process
commmunication
layer 2 switching routing is not possibel but layer 3 switch routing is possible