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This document provides a survey of CNC machine tools in Pakistan. It discusses the history and development of CNC machines and their importance in various industries like metalworking, fabrication, electrical discharge machining, and woodworking. The report finds that while demand for CNC machines is growing in Pakistan, local industries face issues like lack of information, import challenges, maintenance problems, and shortage of trained technicians. It provides statistics on the global production and trade of machine tools and analyzes the current state and challenges of CNC machine usage in Pakistan. Recommendations are made to address weak aspects like training and strengthening local support systems.
This document provides a survey of CNC machine tools in Pakistan. It discusses the history and development of CNC machines and their importance in various industries like metalworking, fabrication, electrical discharge machining, and woodworking. The report finds that while demand for CNC machines is growing in Pakistan, local industries face issues like lack of information, import challenges, maintenance problems, and shortage of trained technicians. It provides statistics on the global production and trade of machine tools and analyzes the current state and challenges of CNC machine usage in Pakistan. Recommendations are made to address weak aspects like training and strengthening local support systems.
This document provides a survey of CNC machine tools in Pakistan. It discusses the history and development of CNC machines and their importance in various industries like metalworking, fabrication, electrical discharge machining, and woodworking. The report finds that while demand for CNC machines is growing in Pakistan, local industries face issues like lack of information, import challenges, maintenance problems, and shortage of trained technicians. It provides statistics on the global production and trade of machine tools and analyzes the current state and challenges of CNC machine usage in Pakistan. Recommendations are made to address weak aspects like training and strengthening local support systems.
Final Report Submitted by SEBCON (Pvt.) Limited Socio-economic and Business Consultants (SEBCON), Islamabad Januar !""# Table of Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................i 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................1 2. Objective............................................................................................................................2 3. CNC Machines...................................................................................................................3 3.1 Before CNC................................................................................................................3 3.2 How CNC works........................................................................................................ 3.3 !"ecific "ro#ra$$ab%e functions............................................................................... 3. &hat is a C'M s(ste$...............................................................................................) 3.) &hat is a *NC s(ste$...............................................................................................) 3.+ In the $eta% re$ova% industr(.....................................................................................) 3., In the $eta% fabrication industr(................................................................................+ 3.- In the e%ectrica% dischar#e $achinin# industr(...........................................................+ 3.. In the woodworkin# industr(.....................................................................................+ 3.1/ Other t("es of CNC $achines................................................................................, 3.11 Present de$and and uti%i0ation of CNC Machines in Pakistan.............................., . 1va%uation of &or%d Machine 2oo%s 3 4ear 2//+..............................................................- .1 Production of the Machine 2oo%s in the &or%d..........................................................- .2 Production of the $achine too%s in the wor%d............................................................. .3 15"ort of the Machine 2oo%s in the &or%d...............................................................11 . 15"ort of Machine 2oo%s in the &or%d 6 2//+..........................................................13 .) Machine 2oo%s I$"ort in the &or%d 3 2//+.............................................................1 .+ Consu$"tion of Machine 2oo%s in the &or%d..........................................................1+ ., Consu$"tion of the &or%d Machine 2oo%s "er Po"u%ation......................................1- .- China !ets !i#ht on Machine 2oo% *eve%o"$ent....................................................1. .. 2aiwan7s 8ise in Machine 2oo% *eve%o"$ent.........................................................2/ .1/ 9orea7s Machine 2oo% !tren#th............................................................................22 ). 8esearch Methodo%o#(.....................................................................................................2 +. :i$itations and Cha%%en#es..............................................................................................2) +.1 CNC Machines and Pakistani Industr(....................................................................2) ,. ;enera% 'na%(ses<.............................................................................................................3 ,.1 Nu$ber of CNC $achines.......................................................................................3) ,.2 'dditiona% Infor$ation.............................................................................................3+ -. =ie%d !urve( *ata.............................................................................................................3, .. 'na%(sis............................................................................................................................3, ..1 =eedback fro$ interviews........................................................................................3, ..2 Industria% surve( findin#s.........................................................................................3- ..3 Prob%e$s =aced b( the Industr( and Possib%e !o%ution...........................................3 9.3.1 Problems with Information on CNC Machines.......................................................3 9.3.2 Problems with the Import Process of CNC machines.............................................3 9.3.3 Problems with Repair/Maintenance of CNC Machines.......................................... 9.3.4 Problems with Aailabilit! of "pare Parts.............................................................. 9.3.# Problems with $ailore% "oftware............................................................................) 9.3.& Problems with 'irin( $echnical People..................................................................) .. 'dditiona% Infor$ation.............................................................................................+ 9.4.1 Pro%)ction "tatistics.........................................................................................+ ..) =uture =orecast for CNC Machines........................................................................., 1/. 8esu%ts > 8eco$$endations.......................................................................................- 1/.1 !tron# 's"ects..........................................................................................................- 1/.2 &eak 's"ects...........................................................................................................- Annexes 'nne5 6 I =acin# Prob%e$s and 2heir !o%utions 'nne5 6 II Product and !ervices 'nne5 6 III Production 'nne5 6 I? ;enera% Infor$ation 'nne5 6 ? 2urnin# 'nne5 6 ?I Mi%%in# Machine 'nne5 6 ?II &ire Cut 'nne5 6 ?III 1*M Machine 'nne5 6 @I ;rindin# Machine Preface 2his stud( is the resu%t of a co%%ective tea$ effort with hi#h e5"ert and technica% advice fro$ the $ana#e$ent of 1*B that was who%ehearted%( #iven durin# the course of the stud(. &e wou%d %ike to thank the fo%%owin#A whose su""ort and feedback was Buite crucia% and without which we wou%d not have been ab%e to conduct the surve( nor co$"i%e this re"ort< 1. Mr. I$tia0 '%i 8ast#ar 8ast#ar Industr( Is%a$abad 2. Mr. 8o$i Moi0 8esearcher 9arachi 3. Mr. C$ar Da$an 1n#ineerin# 15"ert . Mr. Easi$ '%i 8ast#ar 8ast#ar Industries Is%a$abad ). Mr. Nabee% Hashi$ Industria%ist :ahore +. Mr. Perve0 Bai# Ne5tec :ahore ,. Mr. 9ara$at 1Bui"t 2ech :ahore -. Mr. Ina$ C%%ah 1cono$ist Is%a$abad .. Mr. 8ia0 8ashid 1*B Is%a$abad 1/. Mr. 1ja0 1*B Is%a$abad 11. Mr. Mansoor CNC Machine I$"orter Is%a$abad 12. Mr. 9ha%id !hahba0 CNC Machine I$"orter Is%a$abad 13. Mr. 2anveer CNC !u"ervisor 1. Mr. I%(as 1nu$erator 9arachi 1). Mr. Ha$id Dia 1nu$erator :ahore 1+. Mr. 'ftab 9arachi Machine 2oo%s 1,. Mr. Mansoor But *ata 'na%(st Is%a$abad &e are dee"%( #ratefu% to the staff of different industries that unconditiona%%( "artici"ated in the surve( and took out ti$e to "atient%( res"ond to different Bueries of the surve( tea$. Based u"on their "rofessiona% res"onse and "rovidin# va%uab%e insi#hts into the current and future $arket of CNC $achinesA we were ab%e to sha"e u" so$e concrete reco$$endations for future actions. IA 9a$ran !adiB F!1BCONG wou%d a%so %ike to a""reciate the efforts of $( tea$A Mr. !hah0ad 'nwar and Mr. Muha$$ad !hafi ;u% and other associates. :ast%( and $ost i$"ortant%( we are #ratefu% to '%$i#ht( '%%ah who #ave us the stren#th and resources to a$icab%( conduct the stud(. i 1. Introduction Industria%i0ation "%a(s an i$"ortant ro%e in the econo$ic deve%o"$ent of an( countr(. It "rovides the base for "roduction of various #oods and services b( e5"%oitin# avai%ab%e resources and a%so enab%in# the addition of va%ue to the "ri$ar( "roductsA #eneration of $ore e$"%o($ent o""ortunitiesA and an i$"rove$ent in %ivin# standards of the "eo"%e. In PakistanA the contribution to ;*P of the a#ricu%ture sector has decreased fro$ )/H to around 2)H and in the case of the industria% sectorA has increased fro$ 1/H to about 1-H since inde"endence. 2he avera#e #rowth in the industria% sector over the %ast )/ (ears has been about -H "er annu$. *urin# the subseBuent "eriod the "rocess of refor$s with focus on %ibera%i0ationA dere#u%ation and "rivati0ation were carried throu#h. 2he "o%icies ado"ted inc%uded $easures such as si$"%er "rocedures for sanctionin# of "rojectsA s"ecia% concessions for "ioneerin# industriesA ta5 ho%ida(s for %ess deve%o"ed areasA credit for industria% "rojectsA as we%% as "rotection for forei#n "rivate invest$ent. 2hese "o%icies he%"ed acce%erate industria%i0ation b( re$ovin# a%% ear%ier bott%enecks faced b( "ros"ective investors and $an( restricted fie%ds were o"ened to the "rivate sector. Manufacturin# is the second %ar#est sector of PakistanIs econo$( in ter$s of out"ut and e$"%o($ent. Pakistan7s $anufacturin# industr( is do$inated b( te5ti%eA foodA a""are%A and %eather industries. Overa%%A $anufacturin# recorded an i$"ressive and broad6based #rowth of -.+H a#ainst a tar#et of 12HA whi%e contributin# 1-.2H to the ;*P in the =4/+. :ar#e6sca%e $anufacturin#A accountin# for +..)H of overa%% $anufacturin# re#istered an i$"ressive #rowth of .H in the 2//)62//+ "eriod a#ainst a tar#et of 1.)H. ;rowth of :!M acce%erated in E16=4/,A risin# to ..,H as co$"ared with -.-H #rowth seen in E16=4/+. 2he "ri$ar( drivers of this i$"rove$ent were te5ti%eA e%ectronicA che$ica% > $eta% industries. *eve%o"$ent of the 1n#ineerin# !ector in Pakistan has a%so "ro#ressed but at a s%ower "aceA with "ub%ic sector invest$ent in recent (ears a%so bein# %i$ited. ' nu$ber of 'uto$obi%e 1n#ineerin# and thousands of anci%%ar( and vendor units have $ushroo$ed to cater to the reBuire$ents of the countr(Is auto$obi%e industr(. Present%(A the $anufacturin# sector occu"ies a share of 1-H in the countr(Is ;ross *o$estic Product F;*PG which inc%udes contribution of 1,H b( the en#ineerin# sector. 2his share $a( #o u" further when the en#ineerin#A auto$obi%e and other va%ue added industries $ake headwa( in the co$in# (ears. 1 2. Objective 2he 1n#ineerin# *eve%o"$ent Board F1*BGA with its $ission to strengthen the Engineering ector and integrate it !ith the !orld "ar#et to "a#e it the driving force of econo"ic gro!th$% has been directed b( the 2ask =orce for initiation of CNC Machine 2oo%s 'sse$b%( to carr( out an in6de"th stud( on the "resent $arket for CNC $achinesA its "o"u%ationA t("es and ori#inA and issues and "rob%e$s faced b( CNC $achine owners. 'dditiona%%(A focus shou%d a%so be #iven to the "otentia% de$and of the concerned industries in the (ears ahead whi%e e5"%orin# the "ossibi%it( of CNC $anufacturin# or fabrication within the countr(. 2he other out"ut of the stud( is to e5"%ore the financia% viabi%it( of i$"ortin# CNC $achines initia%%( in !e$i69nocked *own F!9*G for$A fo%%owed b( that of i$"ortin# the$ in Co$"%eted 9nocked *own FC9*G for$A and then co$"arin# that to the "resent "ractice of i$"ortin# new and used CNC $achines fro$ $ajor CNC $achine $anufacturin# countries. 2his stud( was outsourced to a %oca% nationa% consu%tin# fir$ throu#h a trans"arent and cost6 Bua%it( "rocedure of se%ection. 2 &. C'C (achines CNC stands for Co$"uter Nu$erica% Contro% and these $achines have been around since the ear%( 1.,/s. Prior to this the( were ca%%ed NCA for Nu$erica% Contro%A Fco$"uters were introduced to these contro%s in the ear%( ,/sA hence the na$e chan#eG. &hi%e "eo"%e in $ost wa%ks of %ife have never heard of this ter$A CNC has touched a%$ost ever( for$ of $anufacturin# "rocess in one wa( or another. If (ouIre workin# in $anufacturin#A itIs %ike%( (ouIre dea%in# with CNC on a re#u%ar basis. &.1 )efore C'C &hi%e there are e5ce"tions to this state$entA CNC $achines t("ica%%( re"%ace For work in conjunction withG so$e e5istin# $anufacturin# "rocessFesG. 2ake one of the si$"%est $anufacturin# "rocesses 6 dri%%in# ho%es 6 for e5a$"%e. ' dri%% "ress can of course be used to $achine ho%es. FItIs %ike%( that a%$ost ever(one has seen so$e for$ of dri%% "ressA even if (ou donIt work in $anufacturin#.G ' "erson can "%ace a dri%% in the dri%% chuck that is secured in the s"ind%e of the dri%% "ress. 2he( can then F$anua%%(G se%ect the desired s"eed for rotation Fco$$on%( b( switchin# be%t "u%%e(sGA and activate the s"ind%e. 2hen the( $anua%%( "u%% on the Bui%% %ever to drive the dri%% into the work6"iece bein# $achined. 's (ou can easi%( seeA there is a %ot of $anua% intervention reBuired to use a dri%% "ress to dri%% ho%es. ' "erson is reBuired to do so$ethin# a%$ost ever( ste" a%on# the wa(. &hi%e this $anua% intervention $a( be acce"tab%e for $anufacturin# co$"anies if a s$a%% nu$ber of ho%es or work "ieces $ust be $achinedA but as Buantities #rowA so does the %ike%ihood for fati#ue due to the tediousness of the o"eration. 'nd do note that weIve used one of the si$"%est $achinin# o"erations Fdri%%in#G for our e5a$"%e 6 there are $ore co$"%icated $achinin# o"erations that wou%d reBuire a $uch hi#her ski%% %eve% Fand increase the "otentia% for $istakes resu%tin# in scra" work "iecesG of the "erson runnin# the conventiona% $achine too%A Fthe st(%e of $achine that the CNC is re"%acin# is co$$on%( referred to as the conventiona% $achineG. B( co$"arisonA the CNC eBuiva%ent for a dri%% "ress F"ossib%( a CNC $achinin# center or CNC dri%%in# > ta""in# centerG can be "ro#ra$$ed to "erfor$ this o"eration in a $uch $ore auto$atic fashion. 1ver(thin# that the dri%% "ress o"erator was doin# $anua%%( wi%% now be done b( the CNC $achineA inc%udin# "%acin# the dri%% in the s"ind%eA activatin# the s"ind%eA "ositionin# the work "iece under the dri%%A $achinin# the ho%eA and turnin# off the s"ind%e. 3 &.2 *o! C'C !or#s 1ver(thin# that an o"erator wou%d be reBuired to do with conventiona% $achine too%s is "ro#ra$$ab%e with CNC $achines. Once the $achine is setu" and runnin#A a CNC $achine is Buite si$"%e to kee" runnin#. In fact CNC o"erators tend to #et Buite bored durin# %en#th( "roduction runs because there is so %itt%e to do. &ith so$e CNC $achinesA even the work "iece %oadin# "rocess has been auto$ated. F&e donIt $ean to over6si$"%if( here. CNC o"erators are co$$on%( reBuired to do other thin#s re%ated to the CNC o"eration %ike $easurin# work "ieces and $akin# adjust$ents to kee" the CNC $achine runnin# #ood work "ieces.G &.& +ecific +rogra""able functions '%% CNC $achine t("es share this co$$ona%it(< 2he( a%% have two or $ore "ro#ra$$ab%e directions of $otion ca%%ed a5es. 'n a5is of $otion can be %inear Fa%on# a strai#ht %ineG or rotar( Fa%on# a circu%ar "athG. One of the first s"ecifications that i$"%( a CNC $achineIs co$"%e5it( is the nu$ber of a5es it has. ;enera%%( s"eakin#A the $ore a5esA the $ore co$"%e5 the $achine. 2he a5es of an( CNC $achine are reBuired for the "ur"ose of causin# the $otions needed for the $anufacturin# "rocess. In the dri%%in# e5a$"%eA these F3G a5es wou%d "osition the too% over the ho%e to be $achined Fin two a5esG and then dri%% the ho%e Fwith the third a5isG. '5es are na$ed with %etters. Co$$on %inear a5is na$es are @A 4A and D. Co$$on rotar( a5is na$es are 'A BA and C. ' CNC $achine wou%dnIt be ver( he%"fu% if it cou%d on%( $ove the work6"iece in two or $ore a5es. '%$ost a%% CNC $achines are "ro#ra$$ab%e in severa% other wa(s. 2he s"ecific CNC $achine t("e has a %ot to do with its a""ro"riate "ro#ra$$ab%e accessories. '#ainA an( reBuired function wi%% be "ro#ra$$ab%e on fu%%6b%own CNC $achine too%s. Most $achinin# centers can ho%d $an( too%s in a too% $a#a0ine. &hen reBuiredA the reBuired too% can be auto$atica%%( "%aced in the s"ind%e for $achinin#. 2he s"ind%e s"eed Fin revo%utions "er $inuteG can be easi%( s"ecified and the s"ind%e can be turned on in a forward or reverse direction. It can a%soA of courseA be turned off. Man( $achinin# o"erations reBuire a coo%ant for %ubrication and coo%in# "ur"oses. Coo%ants can be turned on and off fro$ within the $achine c(c%e. 2hink of #ivin# an( series of ste"6b(6ste" instructions. ' CNC "ro#ra$ is nothin# $ore than another kind of instruction set written in sentence6%ike for$at and the contro% wi%% e5ecute it in seBuentia% orderA ste" b( ste". ' s"ecia% series of CNC words are used to co$$unicate what the $achine is intended to do. CNC words be#in with %etter addresses F%ike = for feed rateA ! for s"ind%e s"eedA and @A 4 > D for a5is $otionG. &hen "%aced to#ether in a %o#ica% $ethodA a #rou" of CNC words $ake u" a co$$and that rese$b%es a sentence. =or an( #iven CNC $achine t("eA there wi%% on%( be about /6)/ words used on a re#u%ar basis. !o if (ou co$"are %earnin# to write CNC "ro#ra$s to %earnin# a forei#n %an#ua#e havin# on%( )/ wordsA it shou%dnIt see$ over%( difficu%t to %earn CNC "ro#ra$$in#. 2he CNC contro% wi%% inter"ret a CNC "ro#ra$ and activate the series of co$$ands in seBuentia% order. 's it reads the "ro#ra$A the CNC contro% wi%% activate the a""ro"riate $achine functionsA cause a5is $otionA and in #enera%A fo%%ow the instructions #iven in the "ro#ra$. '%on# with inter"retin# the CNC "ro#ra$A the CNC contro% has severa% other "ur"oses. '%% current $ode% CNC contro%s a%%ow "ro#ra$s to be $odified FeditedG if $istakes are found. 2he CNC contro% a%%ows s"ecia% verification functions F%ike dr( runG to confir$ the correctness of the CNC "ro#ra$. 2he CNC contro% a%%ows certain i$"ortant o"erator in"uts to be s"ecified se"arate fro$ the "ro#ra$A %ike too% %en#th va%ues. In #enera%A the CNC contro% a%%ows a%% functions of the $achine to be $ani"u%ated.
&., -hat is a CA( s.ste"
=or si$"%e a""%ications F%ike dri%%in# ho%esGA the CNC "ro#ra$ can be deve%o"ed $anua%%(. 2hat isA a "ro#ra$$er wi%% sit down to write the "ro#ra$ ar$ed on%( with "enci%A "a"erA and ca%cu%ator. '#ainA for si$"%e a""%icationsA this $a( be the ver( best wa( to deve%o" CNC "ro#ra$s. 's a""%ications #et $ore co$"%icatedA and es"ecia%%( when new "ro#ra$s are reBuired on a re#u%ar basisA writin# "ro#ra$s $anua%%( beco$es $uch $ore difficu%t. 2o si$"%if( the "ro#ra$$in# "rocessA a co$"uter aided $anufacturin# FC'MG s(ste$ can be used. ' C'M s(ste$ is a software "ro#ra$ that runs on a co$"uter Fco$$on%( a PCG that he%"s the CNC "ro#ra$$er with the "ro#ra$$in# "rocess. ;enera%%( s"eakin#A a C'M s(ste$ wi%% take the tediousness and drud#er( out of "ro#ra$$in#. In $an( co$"anies the C'M s(ste$ wi%% work with the co$"uter aided desi#n FC'*G drawin# deve%o"ed b( the co$"an(Is desi#n en#ineerin# de"art$ent. 2his e%i$inates the need for redefinin# the work "iece confi#uration to the C'M s(ste$. 2he CNC "ro#ra$$er wi%% si$"%( s"ecif( the $achinin# o"erations to be "erfor$ed and the C'M s(ste$ wi%% create the CNC "ro#ra$ F$uch %ike the $anua% "ro#ra$$er wou%d have writtenG auto$atica%%(. &./ -hat is a 0'C s.ste" Once the "ro#ra$ is deve%o"ed Feither $anua%%( or with a C'M s(ste$GA it $ust be %oaded into the CNC contro%. 2hou#h the setu" "erson cou%d t("e the "ro#ra$ ri#ht into the contro%A this wou%d be %ike usin# the CNC $achine as a ver( e5"ensive t("ewriter. If the CNC "ro#ra$ is deve%o"ed with the he%" of a C'M s(ste$A then it is a%read( in the for$ of a te5t fi%e. If the "ro#ra$ is written $anua%%(A it can be t("ed into an( co$"uter usin# a co$$on word "rocessor Fthou#h $ost co$"anies use a s"ecia% CNC te5t editor for this "ur"oseG. 1ither wa(A the "ro#ra$ is in the for$ of a te5t fi%e that can be transferred ri#ht into the CNC $achine. ' distributive nu$erica% contro% F*NCG s(ste$ is used for this "ur"ose. ' *NC s(ste$ is nothin# $ore than a co$"uter that is networked with one or $ore CNC $achines. Cnti% on%( recent%(A rather crude seria% co$$unication "rotoco%s F8!6232cG had to be used for transferrin# "ro#ra$s. Newer contro%s have $ore current co$$unication ca"abi%ities and can be networked in $ore conventiona% wa(s F1thernetA etc.G. 8e#ard%ess of $ethodsA the CNC "ro#ra$ $ust of course be %oaded into the CNC $achine before it can be run. 's statedA CNC has touched a%$ost ever( facet of $anufacturin#. Man( $achinin# "rocesses have been i$"roved and enhanced throu#h the use of CNC. :etIs %ook at so$e of the s"ecific fie%ds and "%ace the e$"hasis on the $anufacturin# "rocesses enhanced b( CNC $achine usa#e. &.1 In the "etal re"oval industr. Machinin# "rocesses that have traditiona%%( been done on conventiona% $achine too%s that are "ossib%e Fand in so$e cases i$"rovedG with CNC $achinin# centers inc%ude a%% kinds of ) $i%%in# Fface $i%%in#A contour $i%%in#A s%ot $i%%in#A etc.GA dri%%in#A ta""in#A rea$in#A borin#A and counter borin#. In si$i%ar fashionA a%% kinds of turnin# o"erations %ike facin#A borin#A turnin#A #roovin#A knur%in#A and threadin# are done on CNC turnin# centers. 2here are a%% kinds of s"ecia% Joff6 shootsJ of these two $achine t("es inc%udin# CNC $i%%in# $achinesA CNC dri%% and ta" centersA and CNC %athes. ;rindin# o"erations of a%% kinds %ike outside dia$eter FO*G #rindin# and interna% dia$eter FI*G #rindin# are a%so bein# done on CNC #rinders. CNC has even o"ened u" a new techno%o#( when it co$es to #rindin#. Contour #rindin# F#rindin# a contour in a si$i%ar fashion to turnin#GA which was "revious%( infeasib%e due to techno%o#( constraints is now "ossib%e Fa%$ost co$$on"%aceG with CNC #rinders. &.2 In the "etal fabrication industr. In $anufacturin# ter$sA fabrication co$$on%( refers to o"erations that are "erfor$ed on re%ative%( thin "%ates. 2hink of a $eta% fi%in# cabinet. '%% of the "ri$ar( co$"onents are $ade of stee% sheets. 2hese sheets are sheared to si0eA ho%es are "unched in a""ro"riate "%acesA and the sheets are bent Ffor$edG to their fina% sha"es. '#ainA o"erations co$$on%( described as fabrication o"erations inc%ude shearin#A f%a$e or "%as$a cuttin#A "unchin#A %aser cuttin#A for$in#A and we%din#. 2ru%(A CNC is heavi%( invo%ved in a%$ost ever( facet of fabrication. CNC back #a#es are co$$on%( used with shearin# $achines to contro% the %en#th of the "%ate bein# sheared. CNC %asers and CNC "%as$a cutters are a%so used to brin# "%ates to their fina% sha"es. CNC turret "unch "resses can ho%d a variet( of "unch6and6die co$binations and "unch ho%es in a%% sha"es and si0es throu#h "%ates. CNC "ress brakes are used to bend the "%ates into their fina% sha"es. &.3 In the electrical discharge "achining industr. 1%ectrica% dischar#e $achinin# F1*MG is the "rocess of re$ovin# $eta% throu#h the use of e%ectrica% s"arks which burn awa( the $eta%. CNC 1*M co$es in two for$sA vertica% 1*M and &ire 1*M. ?ertica% 1*M reBuires the use of an e%ectrode Fco$$on%( $achined on a CNC $achinin# centerG that is of the sha"e of the cavit( to be $achined into the work "iece. Picture the sha"e of a "%astic bott%e that $ust be $achined into a $o%d. &ire 1*M is co$$on%( used to $ake "unch and die co$binations for dies sets used in the fabrication industr(. 1*M is one of the %esser known CNC o"erations because it is so c%ose%( re%ated to $akin# too%in# used with other $anufacturin# "rocesses. &.4 In the !ood!or#ing industr. 's in the $eta% re$ova% industr(A CNC $achines are heavi%( used in woodworkin# sho"s. O"erations inc%ude routin# Fsi$i%ar to $i%%in#G and dri%%in#. Man( woodworkin# $achinin# centers are avai%ab%e that can ho%d severa% too%s and "erfor$ severa% o"erations on the work "iece bein# $achined. + &.15 Other t.+es of C'C "achines Man( for$s of %etterin# and en#ravin# s(ste$s use CNC techno%o#(. &ater jet $achinin# uses a hi#h "ressure water jet strea$ to cut throu#h "%ates of $ateria%. CNC is even used in the $anufacturin# of $an( e%ectrica% co$"onents. =or e5a$"%eA there are CNC coi% windersA and CNC ter$ina% %ocation and so%derin# $achines. &.11 Present de"and and utili6ation of C'C (achines in Pa#istan 2he use of CNC $achines in Pakistan has been %i$ited on%( to $ediu$ to %ar#e industria% sector setu"s and $u%tinationa% co$"anies. 2he CNC $achines and too%s $arket has e5"anded with the enor$ous #rowth Pakistan has witnessed over the %ast few (earsA s"ecifica%%( in the auto$obi%e and do$estic a""%iances industr( 6 the $ain consu$ers for "roducts that wou%d reBuire different "arts to be $anufactured on econo$ies of sca%e co$"arab%e to internationa%%( "roduced co$"onents. 2he en#ineerin# sector of Pakistan is creatin# a new niche for itse%f and workin# hard to #ain internationa% reco#nition. 2he #rowth in PakistanIs do$estic en#ineerin# sector has "ro"e%%ed the #rowth $o$entu$ of severa% en#ineerin# #oods sub6sectors. In "articu%arA the auto sector of the countr( has shown un"recedented #rowth durin# the %ast few (ears. 2he econo$ic surve( of Pakistan de"icts that the overa%% #rowth in the auto$obi%e sector was 2..,+HA whi%e the basic $eta% industr( #rew b( )-.+H durin# the 2//)6/+ "eriod. Pakistan wi%% be "roducin# /.) $i%%ion cars and 1 $i%%ion $otorc(c%es b( 2/1/. 2he #rowth in do$estic a""%iances $anufacturin# is a%so encoura#in#. 2hese #rowth tar#ets wou%d e5"and the de$and for the asse$b%( of CNC Machine 2oo%s b( $anifo%d. On%( "roduction of /.) $i%%ion cars reBuire $achinin# of +)/// tons of ferrous castin#sA 1)/// tons of for#in#A //// tons of a%u$inu$ castin#A "roduction of +//// tons of "%astic and 32/// tons of rubber "arts. B( the (ear 2/1/A CNC $achine too%s "o"u%ation reBuire$ents wou%d increase to 1)2A+/ units as co$"ared to the current .13 units. Machiner( i$"orts contributed 1)H to the additiona% increase in i$"orts and +.)H "oints to the overa%% #rowth in i$"orts. Major contributors to $achiner( i$"orts were "ower #eneration $achinesA a#ricu%ture $achiner(A construction and $inin# $achiner(A and other $achiner(. , $. Evaluation of -orld (achine Tools 7 8ear 2551 In a%% industria%i0ed countries the K$achine too%s sectorL 3 the $ain techno%o#( "rovider of "roduction industries 6 has a ver( si#nificant ro%e. 2he K$achine too%sL that are used inside the $achiner( industr( and are known to "rovide the $ost added va%ue other than infor$ation techno%o#(A have a ver( s"ecia% "%ace as the K$achine $akin# $achinesL. 2he Machine 2oo%s sector which constitutes the backbone of the industries of a%% countriesA direct%( or indirect%( affects the deve%o"$ent of a %ot of sectors due to its efficienc( at techno%o#( "roduction. 2hese $achine too%s have a contribution one wa( or another direct%( and indirect%( in the conve(ance of a%% kinds of consu$"tion #oods and $eans of co$fort we use in our ever(da( %ives. 2his sector is a%so direct%( connected with the sector of #enera% $achiner( "roductionA auto$otive and defense industries. &hen ado"tin# new techno%o#ies and new desi#nsA technica% infor$ation is the ke( "rereBuisite and due to the reason that the %oca% industr( is not su""orted b( this the Pakistani industr( is "redo$inant%( %abour intensive. *esi#nin# and "roduction of $achine too%s is at a basic en#ineerin# industr( %eve%. 2his sector is sensitive to chan#es occurrin# in the econo$(A co$"%etin# a %ot of sectors as we%% as #eneratin# e$"%o($ent. ,.1 Production of the (achine Tools in the -orld '%% "roducin# countries $ake #ainsA and so$e are doub%e6di#it #ains. China7s esti$ated shi"$ents soared in the (ear 2//+. &or%d out"ut increased $ore than 1/H to near%( M+/ bi%%ion. 'sian bui%ders increased their "roduction at a faster "ace than those in 1uro"e or the '$ericas. 'ccordin# to the infor$ation obtained fro$ the re"ort ca%%ed 2//+ &or%d Machine 2oo% Out"ut and Consu$"tion !urve(A the i$"ortant countries of the wor%d "roducin# $achine too%s in 2//+ had "roduced $achine too%s to a va%ue of M)..) bi%%ion. 2his va%ue indicates that the "roduction of the sa$e 2. countries increased b( 1/H whi%e it had been M)3.- bi%%ion one (ear a#o. ConseBuent%(A it can be said that there had been a decrease in the risin# "ace of "roductionA since "roduction of $achine too%s had dis"%a(ed an increase of 1H in 2//) as we%%A co$"ared with the (ear 2//. - Table9 Machine 2oo% Production of the &or%d FCuttin# > =or$in# 2("esG in $i%%ions of C.!. *o%%ars r. 'o Countries 2551 +roduction :esti"ated; Total (illion <0 = (etal Cutting = (etal >or"ing 255/ :revised; Total (illion <0 = change in local currenc. = change in <0 1. Na"an 13)22./ --H 12H 131-+.3 -H 3H 2. ;er$an( 1/2,+.+ ,3H 2,H .,.,./ H )H 3. ChinaA Peo"%es 8e". ,///./ ,H 2+H )1//./ M 3,H . Ita%( ))1.+ )1H .H -+2.) 11H 12H ). 9oreaA 8e". of 1./ ,2H 2-H 3)1/., 1-H 1-H +. 2aiwan 3+.2./ ,,H 23H 33.. 1/H .H ,. Cnited !tates 3+2).3 ,.H 21H 3+,.2 M )H -. !wit0er%and 2-3..- -H 1,H 2+)+.2 +H ,H .. !"ain 122. +H 3+H 112.1 1/H 11H 1/. =rance 11)/.) )H +H .)/.. 2/H 21H 11. Canada 11).- +/H /H ...1 13H 21H 12. Bra0i% .)/.2 -1H 1.H -+/., M 1/H 13. Cnited 9in#do$ -++.) ,-H 22H ,1,.- 1.H 21H 1. Nether%ands +)./ 2/H -/H 2/.1 1/H 11H 1). C0ech 8e"ub%ic )2.2 .2H -H 3-..- .H 1+H 1+. 2urke( 2+.2 3/H ,/H 3,.+ M 1H 1,. 'ustria 1..- +/H /H /,., 2H 3H 1-. India u32. --H 12H 333.2 /H 63H 1.. Be%#iu$ 3/.) 1/H ./H 2)..- 1+H 1,H 2/. =in%and 2+.., 1+H -H 22/.2 21H 22H 21. !weden 2/..3 3H ),H 1.,.+ )H +H 22. 8ussia u1+1. ,,H 23H 1+1. /H /H 23. 'ustra%ia 13./ ++H 3H 13+.+ M 62H 2. Croatia .-./ 3H ),H -../ M 1/H 2). *en$ark .1.) /H +/H -.) ,H -H 2+. 8o$ania u)..3 )+H H )..3 M u 2,. Portu#a% ),.+ 1/H ./H -.) 1-H 1.H 2-. Me5ico c)/./ 3)H +)H )/./ M /H 2.. 'r#entina 2-.+ /H +/H 23./ M 2/H Total /4,/3.2 /&354.2 15= ,.2 Production of the "achine tools in the !orld Na"an and ;er$an( a%one were res"onsib%e for /H of the tota% "roduction. 2o#etherA countries within the first 1/ ranks rea%i0e about -.H of the tota% wor%d "roduction. 'ccordin# to the "roduction fi#ures for 2//+A 2) 1C countries rea%i0ed 3).,)H of the wor%d "roductionA whereas in 2//) share of 1C countries had attained 3+.)H. But the si$i%ar "osition in the "roduction of $achine too%s as the $achine "roducin# $achines has a%so been "erceived as the resu%t of the sta#nation #enera%%( bein# e5"erienced in "roduction in the 1C countries. 2he deve%o"ed , countries F;6,< C!'A Na"anA ;er$an(A =ranceA C9A Ita%(A CanadaG "rovide a""ro5i$ate%( +1H of the tota% wor%d share. 2he seBuence of countries invo%ved in the "roduction of the wor%d7s tota% $achine too%s is as fo%%ows< Na"an at C!M13.) bi%%ionA ;er$an( at C!M1/.2 bi%%ionA China at C!M, bi%%ionA Ita%( at C!M). bi%%ionA !outh 9orea at C!M.1 bi%%ionA 2aiwan at C!M3., bi%%ionA C.!.'. at C!M3.+ bi%%ionA and !wit0er%and at C!M2.- bi%%ion. . Of the tota% "roduction of $achine too%s across the wor%d in 2//)A the share of these countries was +)H. Chinese 2rade 'ssociation officia%s re"ort that their countr(7s esti$ated shi"$ents of $achine too%s in 2//+ #rew to M, bi%%ionA a #ain of 3,H. Increases "osted b( other 'sian countriesA thou#h not as dra$aticA are sti%% i$"ressive< !outh 9orea boosted out"ut b( 1-HA 2aiwan b( 1/HA and Na"an b( -HA in their res"ective currencies. Overa%%A the #rowth rate for 'sian bui%ders %ast (ear was 12.HA out"acin# the 1/.3H #ain $ade b( the #%oba% industr( as a who%e. Perha"s $ore re$arkab%e is that those countries were co$in# off an a%read( stron# sur#e 6 fro$ 2// to 2//)A the( co%%ective%( #rew their $achine too% industries b( 2+..HA and in the (ear before that the( #ained b( 31.3H. 2he wor%d7s bi##est "roducer re$ains Na"anA with M13.) bi%%ion in shi"$ents in 2//+. But there was so$e shrinka#e in Na"an7s %ead over ;er$an(A which a%so #rew its "roduction durin# 2//+. 1/ 'fter ;er$an(7s reunificationA startin# in 1..1 it7s been the wor%d7s second6%ar#est "roducer Fafter Na"anG ever( (ear e5ce"t 1... and 2//2A when it ed#ed out Na"an for the nu$ber one s%ot. ;er$an( do$inates 1uro"ean Co$$ittee for Coo"eration of the Machine 2oo% Industries FC1CIMOGA the Brusse%s6based a%%iance of %ar#e%( &estern 1uro"ean $achine6too% trade associations. 's a b%oc the( increased their shi"$ents near%( .H in 2//+. C1CIMO accounts for about 2H of the esti$ated wor%d "roduction of $achine too%sO this (ear the or#ani0ation s"onsored the biennia% 1MOA the wor%d7s %ar#est $achine6too% showA run in HanoverA ;er$an(A in !e"te$ber 2//,. 'nother C1CIMO $e$berA Ita%(A saw an 11H increase in out"ut and re$ains the fourth6%ar#est "roducer. 'n 1-H #ain b( !outh 9orea $oves it into fifth "%ace. 9orean "roducers had been virtua%%( tied with those in the C.!. and 2aiwanA but now the(7re noticeab%( ahead. 2he 'sian countries in 2//)A with Na"an at the "eakA had undertaken about -.)H of the wor%d "roduction of $achine too%s. 2he 'sian countries had a share of 1H in 2//3A H in 2//A and -H in 2//). Production at a va%ue of M2.3 bi%%ion was $ade b( the 1C $e$ber countries in 2//+. 2his fi#ure $eans 1H of the wor%d "roduction. HoweverA the share of the C1CIMO countries in 2//) was 2.2HA +H in 2// and -H in 2//3. !ince the "roducer countries of the sector that are rankin# hi#h are deve%o"ed countriesA this indicates the strate#ic i$"ortance of the $achine too%s sector. 2echno%o#( and know6how transfer are "ro$inent as i$"ortant factors affectin# the rankin#s. '$erican $achine6too% "roduction #rew at a res"ectab%e )H durin# 2//+. 2he Cnited !tates statisticsA "rovided b( 'M2 6 2he 'ssociation for Manufacturin# 2echno%o#( outside &ashin#ton 6 break down into M2.-+ bi%%ion for $eta% cuttin# $achines and M/.,+ bi%%ion for for$in# $achinesA or a ,.P21 s"%it of the M3.+3 bi%%ion tota%. &hereas $ost re"orts for this surve( inc%ude an actua% cuttin#Pfor$in# breakdownA a few do notA and in those cases the s"%it between $achine t("es is esti$ated based on "revious re"orts. ,.& Ex+ort of the (achine Tools in the -orld 15"orts b( the 2. countries in the surve( rose in 2//+ to M33.,36bi%%ion or b( 12.+HA out"acin# the rise in "roduction b( those countries. !o the wor%dwide industr( #ot just a %itt%e $ore trade6oriented in its sco"e. 2he Cnited !tates increased its $achine6too% i$"orts si#nificant%(A to M1.-6bi%%ionA or u" 2+H over 2//). 2his fo%%ows a 2/H increase the (ear before and is %ike%(A at %east "art%(A to be traceab%e to an initiative b( the '$erican 2rade 'ssociation. '$on# other "roducin# countries that $ade substantia% "ercenta#e increases in e5"orts %ast (ear are !outh 9oreaA ChinaA and Canada. 11 r. 'o Countries Ex+ort (illion <0 Change Ex+ort as = of 2551 +roduction 2551 255/ In local currenc. In <0 12 1. ;er$an( ,)1..) +3,/.2 1,H 1-H ,3H 2. Na"an +---.+ +1//.+ 1.H 13H )1H 3. Ita%( 32)-. 2,..2 1+H 1,H +/H . 2aiwan 2.23.) 2+)1.1 11H 1/H ,.H ). !wit0er%and 2)1./ 22--.3 .H 1/H -.H +. Cnited !tates 1-/.., 13,.- M 2+H )/H ,. 9oreaA 8e". of 1+)/./ 11),./ M 3H /H -. ChinaA Peo"%es 8e". 11+/./ -2/./ M 1H 1,H .. Cnited 9in#do$ -,)., ,.+.3 .H 1/H 1/1H 1/. !"ain ,13.) +1... 1H 1)H ),H 11. Be%#iu$ ++-./ ).+.+ 11H 12H 21.H 12. =rance +++., +//. 1/H 11H )-H 13. C0ech 8e"ub%ic -3.) 3...- 1H 21H 1/,H 1. 'ustria ,,.) )1.2 )H +H 11H 1). Nether%ands 32-.3 2-3. 1)H 1+H ,1H 1+. Canada 2-., 21..) 21H 3/H 2)H 1,. 2urke( r2,1., r213.2 M 2,H +H 1-. =in%and 22/.+ 1-/.2 21H 22H -2H 1.. !weden 1,..2 1+../ )H +H -+H 2/. Bra0i% 1..) 22/., M 632H 1+H 21. *en$ark 11..1 1/.. -H .H 13/H 22. 'ustra%ia 11/./ 1/-./ M 2H -2H 23. 8o$ania u1/3.1 1/3.1 M /H 1,H 2. Croatia -../ ,-.. M 13H .1H 2). 8ussia u,3.+ ,3.+ M /H +H 2+. Portu#a% 1. 33.+ 22H 23H ,2H 2,. Me5ico c2..2 c2/., M 1H 1H 2-. 'r#entina 1)2 1+1 M 6+H )3H 2.. India 1) 11, 3)H 32H H Total &&1&3.1 2342,./ 11= !ource< ;ardner Pub%icationsA Inc. ,., Ex+ort of (achine Tools in the -orld ? 2551 13 *eve%o"ed countries a%so enjo( su"eriorit( in the e5"ort orderin# of $achine too%s as the( do in that of their "roduction. It can be seen fro$ the chan#es in e5"orts that the sector is sensitive to econo$ic deve%o"$ents and invest$ent tendencies. 2he e5"ort vo%u$e of the wor%d e5"ort of $achine too%s for 2//+ has been rea%i0ed as a""ro5i$ate%( C!M33., bi%%ion. 2he to" 1/ countries that account for -.H of the tota% wor%d "roduction a%so account for about -+.)H of the tota% e5"orts of the wor%d. On%( three fro$ the 2. countries rea%i0in# .2H of the wor%d "roduction of $achine too%s in 2//+ e5"erienced a decrease in e5"orts the( $ade based on the do%%ar. 2hese countries inc%ude Bra0i% and 'r#entina. !outh 9oreaA China and the C!A whi%e takin# "%ace a$on# the bi##est 1/ $achine too% "roducin# countriesA have a%so e5hibited the bi##est rates of increase in e5"orts. &hen fi#ures of the (ear 2//+ are e5a$inedA ;er$an( and Na"an re$ain ahead with e5"orts of M,.) and M+.. bi%%ion res"ectve%(. 2he( are fo%%owed b( Ita%(A 2aiwan and !wit0er%and each with e5"ort fi#ures of M3.3A M2.. and M2.) bi%%ion res"ective%(A fo%%owed b( the C! and !outh 9orea. 2.-H of this e5"ort is $ade b( Na"an and ;er$an( a%one. 2hese two countries a%so ranked the hi#hest with re#ards to "roduction %eve%s the (ear beforeA constitutin# for 3.1H of the "roduction of $achine too%s. 2he 15"orters 2ab%e inc%udes a co%u$n that ca%cu%ates each countr(7s e5"orts as a "ercenta#e of its do$estic "roduction. It can be an interestin# $easure of a nation7s re"utation as a su""%ier of $achine too%s to outside $arkets. 2hus !wit0er%and7s e5"ort ratio is -.HA 2aiwan has a ratio of ,.HA and ;er$an( has a ratio of ,3H. Na"anA often noted as a stron# su""%ier of $achine too%s to forei#n factoriesA has a re%ative%( $oderate e5"ort ratio of )1H. But the e5"ort6ratio $easure can a%so be so$ewhat $is%eadin#. !o$e entre"Qt countries %ike Be%#iu$ have "ercenta#es far in e5cess of their do$estic "roduction as $achines "ass throu#h their "orts to other $arkets. r. 'o Countries I"+ort (illion <0 Change Ex+ort as = of 2551 +roduction 2551 255/ In local currenc. In <0 1. ChinaA Peo"%es 8e". ,1//./ +)//./ M .H ))H 2. Cnited !tates 1.1 3./3.+ M 1H ,1H 3. 9oreaA 8e". of 2))/./ 2/+..- M 23H )1H . ;er$an( 21-.- 2/+3.3 1+H 1,H ,H ). 2aiwan 1,,1.1 1)/.- 1.H 1-H ,/H +. Ita%( 13)..- 1233./ .H 1/H 3-H ,. Me5ico c1131., c112,.3 M /H .-H -. =rance 112,.. 11,.3 62H 62H ,/H .. 2urke( r./,.- ,.-.- M 13H -)H 1/. Cnited 9in#do$ -,)., ,3., 1-H 1.H 1/1H 11. Na"an ,... +,3.1 2)H 1.H 11H 12. Canada ,,. ,13./ 62H )H +H 13. Be%#iu$ +-.3 +2./ .H 1/H 213H 1. India --2.+ +),.. 3-H 3H +.H 1). Bra0i% +1..3 +13.- M 1H H 1+. !"ain ),1.3 )++.+ /H 1H )2H 1,. !wit0er%and )1. -3.) 11H 12H +2H 1-. C0ech 8e"ub%ic 3).. 1., 61H )H 1/-H 1.. !weden 3+/.. 31.- )H +H .2H 2/. 'ustria 3)3. 33. )H +H 11.H 21. 8ussia u3/1./ 3/1./ /H /H ,,H 22. Nether%ands 3//.- 2,1./ 1/H 11H +.H 23. 'ustra%ia 2//./ 1..2 M 3H -.H 2. 8o$ania u1.- u1.-. M u 12-H 2). *en$ark 1.-./ 1-./ ,H -H 11+H 1 2+. =in%and 1)..2 12.. 1/H 11H ,+H 2,. Croatia 1)/./ 13., M 11H .H 2-. 'r#entina 12-., 1-.2 M 613H .1H 2.. Portu#a% 1/).3 .)., .H 1/H -,H Total &1,21.2 2312/./ 12= III In 2//+ the wor%d i$"ort of $achine too%s has increased fro$ M2- bi%%ion u" to M31.) bi%%ion 6 an increase of 11H. ,./ (achine Tools I"+ort in the -orld 7 2551 '$on# i$"ortersA China a#ain %eads the wor%dA with an esti$ated M,.1 bi%%ion in $achine too%s shi""ed in. 2his is fo%%owed b( the C!A !outh 9oreaA and ;er$an(. I$"orts tracked b( the surve( ca$e to M31.2 bi%%ionA u" 1/.-H fro$ the 2//) fi#ure. &hen we have a %ook at the i$"ort of $achine too%s for the (ear 2//+A China is the bi##est i$"orter of the wor%d with M,.1 bi%%ionA C! ranks second with M. bi%%ionA and !outh 9orea third with M2.) bi%%ion. 2he( are fo%%owed b( ;er$an( with M2. bi%%ionA 2aiwan with M1., bi%%ionA and Ita%( with M1.3 bi%%ion. &hen the rates of covera#e of consu$"tion b( i$"orts are co$"aredA these rates are as fo%%ows< ,1H for the C!A +H for Na"anA ))H for ChinaA and in 1C countries it7s ,H for 1) ;er$an(A 3-H for Ita%(A and 11H for the C9. 2he rate of covera#e of consu$"tion b( i$"orts increased fro$ -2H u" to a %eve% of -)H in 2urke(. C1:IMO 3 1uro"ean 2rade 'ssociations for Machine 2oo%sA 2oo%s and 2echno%o#ies which has 11 1C countries as we%% as 2urke( and !wit0er%and as $e$bers 6 for$s a""ro5i$ate%( 3/H of the tota% wor%d i$"orts to the tune of M..3 bi%%ion do%%ars. &hi%e this share had been 32H in 2//3A it had decreased down to 3/H in 2//. In 2//) and 2//+A this share had been 2..)H. '$on#st the $e$bers of C1:IMOA ;er$an( a%one for$s the bi##est $arket in ter$s of i$"orts with a share of 2+H of C1:IMO. ' si$i%ar caution $ust be used for the I$"orters 2ab%e a%soA whose ri#ht6hand co%u$n %ists i$"orts as a "ercenta#e of %oca% consu$"tion. Once a#ainA heav( tradin# countries such as Be%#iu$ and 'ustria have i$"ort ratios #reater than 1//H. 2he tota% of this !urve(7s e5"orts a%wa(s e5ceeds the tota% of re"orted i$"orts. 2his is because so$e i$"ortin# countries are not inc%uded because the( %ack %oca% "roduction. &ith the inc%usion of Me5ico this ti$eA that difference is di$inishedA but there are sti%% cases %ike 2hai%and that cause dis"arit(. T@A0E )AAA'CE O> T*E (AC*I'E TOOA r. 'o Countries (illion <0 2551 (illion <0 255/ 1. Na"an +/-..2 )2,.) 2. ;er$an( )1//., 3/+.. 3. !wit0er%and 1.,2.+ 1-/.- . Ita%( 1-.-., 1)+1.2 ). 2aiwan 11)2.) 11+.3 +. !"ain 12.2 )3.3 ,. 'ustria 12.1 11+.- -. =in%and +1. 3,.3 .. C0ech 8e"ub%ic ,.+ 61.. 1/. Nether%ands 2,.+ 12. 11. Cnited 9in#do$ /./ +1., 12. Be%#iu$ 61+.3 62,.3 13. Croatia 6+1./ 6)).- 1. Portu#a% 6+3.. 6+2.1 1). *en$ark 6,../ 6,.+ 1+. 'ustra%ia 6././ 6-+.2 1,. 8o$ania 6.)./ 6.).3 1-. 'r#entina 6113.) 6132.1 1.. !weden 61-1., 61,2.- 2/. 8ussia 622,. 622,. 21. =rance 6+1.2 6)+.. 22. Canada 6+2., .3.) 23. Bra0i% 6+..- 63.3.1 2. 2urke( 6+3+.1 6)-).) 2). India 6-+,.2 6++.2 2+. 9oreaA 8e". of 6.//./ 6.12.- 2,. Me5ico 611/2.) 611/+.+ 1+ 2-. Cnited !tates 62+31. 62+).- 2.. ChinaA Peo"%es 8e". 6)././ 6)+-/./ ,.1 Consu"+tion of (achine Tools in the -orld '$on# consu$er nationsA China retains the nu$ber one "osition b( farA acBuirin# a%$ost as $uch as the second and third ranked countries co$bined. C! consu$"tion #ains a hea%th( )HA and '$erica retains the nu$ber three s"ot a$on# consu$ers. On the "roduction sideA howeverA !outh 9orea7s #ains force the C! to s%i" to nu$ber seven in ter$s of out"ut. On a "er6ca"ita basisA the !wissA 2aiwaneseA and the 9oreans s"end the $ost on "roduction $achiner(. I$"orts and consu$"tion of $achine too%s indicate the %eve% of industria% deve%o"$ent of the countries and their new invest$ent trends. 'ccordin# to the infor$ation obtained fro$ a re"ort "ub%ished b( ;ardner Pub%ic Inc.A in 2//+ consu$"tion %eve%s of the wor%d $achine too%s reached M),.3 bi%%ionA increasin# -H. In 2//+A China a%so $aintained its "osition of bein# Kthe nu$ber one $achine too%s consu$er of the wor%dL with M12.. bi%%ion worth of consu$"tion of $achine too%s which it obtained b( "assin# ;er$an(A Na"an and the C! in 2//2. Chinese $achine6too% consu$"tion is eBua% to $ore than 21H of the tota% out"ut of a%% "roducin# countries in the surve(. '%thou#h China increased its "roduction in coverin# this consu$"tion at a rate of 12HA its de"endence on i$"orts sti%% $aintains to a #reat de#ree. China covers M,.1 bi%%ion of its consu$"tion throu#h i$"ort and with that i$"ort fi#ure it is the bi##est $achine too%s i$"orter countr( of the wor%d at the sa$e ti$e. !i$"%( "utA one out of ever( five $achines $ade an(where in the wor%d ends u" in China. 'ccordin# to the 2//+ &or%d Machine 2oo%s Production > Consu$"tion !urve(A the ne5t6 bi##est consu$erA Na"anA insta%%ed M,. bi%%ion worth of $achinesA a fi#ure that indicates what $i#ht be a s%i#ht s%owin#. 2he third6bi##est consu$er is the C! at M+.2+ bi%%ionA u" )HA fo%%owed b( ;er$an( at nu$ber fourA where insta%%ations droo"ed b( +H in 2//)A but where orders for de%iveries in 2//, are %ike%( to cause a rebound. 2hese countries are fo%%owed b( !outh 9orea with M) bi%%ion. 1, '%thou#h the C! $ade a "ro#ress of )H and Na"an had a decrease of H based on the do%%ar in the consu$"tion of $achine too%sA Na"an went on fo%%owin# its second "%aceA with the C! at third. ' s%ow6down takin# "%ace in the consu$"tion %eve%s of 1C countries in the front ranks is worth( of note. =or e5a$"%eA in 2//+ ;er$an( indicated a decrease of +H in consu$"tion in res"ect of the "revious (ear. '#ain in 2//+ with an increase of -HA Ita%( sta(ed behind !outh 9oreaA which had increased its consu$"tion b( 1H. 'n interestin# variation on the consu$"tion $easure is consu$"tion wei#hted for "o"u%ation FPer6Ca"itaG. B( that $easureA !wit0er%and ranks at the to"A s"endin# $ore than M11+ for ever( !wiss on new $achine too%s. 2aiwan is ne5t at M111A and !outh 9orea a%so $akes substantia% "er6ca"ita e5"enditures on "roduction eBui"$ent. 1- ,.2 Consu"+tion of the -orld (achine Tools +er Po+ulation r. 'o Countries Consu"+tion billion <0 2551 Po+ulation 555s Consu"+tion BCPo+ulation 1. !wit0er%and -+,.2 ,)1 M11+.3. 2. 2aiwan 2)3..+ 22,) M111.+3 3. 9oreaA 8e". of )/./ -).- M1/3.,. . ;er$an( )1,).. -22) M+2.-/ ). Ita%( 3))2.. )-/), M+1.2/ +. Na"an ,32., 12,333 M)-.3, ,. Canada 1+/-.) 32)/- M..- -. !weden 3.1./ -.-+ M3.)1 .. =in%and 2/-.3 )21) M3... 1/. C0ech 8e"ub%ic /.+ 1/2+ M3... 11. 'ustria 2.).- -1,) M3+.1- 12. Croatia 1)../ ., M3).3+ 13. *en$ark 1,/. )13 M31.. 1. Be%#iu$ 32/.- 1/3- M31.// 1). !"ain 11//.2 /2-1 M2,.31 1+. Nether%ands 3,. 1+13- M2+.-/ 1,. =rance 1+11., +/2 M2+.+, 1-. Cnited !tates +2)+., 2.3/2- M21.3) 1.. 2urke( 1/+2.3 +--. M1).2 2/. Cnited 9in#do$ -++.) +/2,1 M1.3- 21. Portu#a% 121.+ 1/)2 M11.)) 22. 'ustra%ia 22./ 1..13 M11.2) 23. Me5ico 11)2.) 1/.+ M1/..- 2. China Peo"%es 8e". 12././ 12.--- M...+ 2). Bra0i% 12+.+ 1-1/1 M,.,) 2+. 8o$ania 1).+ 223)+ M+..2 2,. 'r#entina 12.1 3.1) M3.+3 2-. 8ussia 3--.- 13,-2 M2.,/ 2.. India 12,). 1/+)/,1 M1.2/ 1. ,.3 China ets ight on (achine Tool 0evelo+"ent China has been the bi##est i$"orter and consu$er of $achine too%s in the wor%d for so$e (earsA but now the $arket ca"acit( for %oca%%(6$ade and forei#n6"roduced too%s is set to #row with the $uscu%ar nationa% econo$(. 'ccordin# to statistics co$"i%ed b( the China Machine 2oo% and 2oo% Bui%dersI 'ssociation FCM2B'GA China has so$ewhere over 2A/// $achine too% enter"rises. Of theseA )+H are state6ownedA 3/H are "rivate fir$s and 1H are forei#n6invested Finc%udin# a s$a%% nu$ber of who%%( forei#n6owned enter"risesG. 1$"%o(in# over )//A/// "eo"%eA these or#anisations have tota% assets worth a hu#e 8$b11,.3 bi%%ion FH9M11/.+ bi%%ionG and "roduce so$e )A/// t("es of "roducts with a tota% out"ut va%ue of 8$b.1.3 bi%%ion. ChinaIs $achine too% consu$"tion has increased shar"%( (ear after (ear since 1... and continues to be the wor%dIs bi##est consu$er in 2//3 after bein# so in 2//2. Consu$"tion in 2//3 was C!M1. bi%%ion $ore than in 2//2A u" 2,H. In the "ast three (earsA consu$"tion has soared at an annua% rate of over 2/H. Nu$erica%%(6 contro%%ed $achine too%s for$ the bu%k of ChinaIs $achine too% consu$"tionA which has $ore than doub%ed in the "ast three (earsA e5ceedin# that of ordinar( $achine too%s b( $ore than 2/H. China isA of courseA a%so a bi# i$"orter as we%% as "roducer of $achine too%s. It i$"orted $eta% "rocessin# $achine too%s worth C!M.13 bi%%ion in 2//3 and was the %ar#est i$"orter of $achine too%s in the wor%d in 2//2 and 2//3. 2he $achine too% industr( $aintains ra"id #rowth in 2//A increasin# its tota% out"ut va%ue b( 32H and its sa%es revenue b( 3-H (ear6on6(ear in the first ha%f of the (ear. *urin# the "eriodA $achine too% i$"orts a$ounted to C!M3.- bi%%ionA u" +.,+H (ear6on6(earA and e5"orts a$ounted to C!M.)/ $i%%ionA u" )/H. Csers of $achine too%s are en#a#ed in a wide s"ectru$ of industries. 2he auto industr(A the bi##est user of $achine too%sA wi%% see a chan#e fro$ e5"%osive #rowth two (ears a#o to on%( re%ative%( ra"id #rowth in 2//. 2he dec%ine in the #rowth rate wi%% inhibit invest$ent in the auto industr( to so$e e5tentA thus s%owin# down de$and for $achine too%s. On the other handA de$and for $ediu$6to6hi#h end nu$erica%%(6contro%%ed $achine too%s fro$ such hi#h6tech industries as e%ectronic infor$ationA aviation and aeros"ace wi%% continue to be hi#h. 2he $achine too% industr(Is #rowthA a$on# other factorsA has been "redicated b( considerab%e fi5ed asset invest$ent b( the state and "rivate econo$ies. 'dditiona%%(A fi5ed asset and cost in"uts have risen as a resu%t of the "o%ic( reshuff%in# of assets under different ownershi" s(ste$s and strate#ic in"utsA as we%% as state "o%ic( towards techno%o#( and industria%isation. Cniversa% nu$erica%%(6contro%%ed $achines are $ainstrea$ "roducts in ChinaIs $achine too% $arket. 2he( are a%so $uch sou#ht after b( do$estic and forei#n $anufacturers. Brand6na$e "roducts now do$inate the $arket and end6users in China are fa$i%iar with %eadin# internationa% brands 6 $akin# these their first choice when the( $ake "urchases. 's there are 2/ no do$inant Chinese brands in the $arketA creatin# the$ for nu$erica%%(6contro%%ed $achine too%s is not on%( necessar( for the deve%o"$ent of ChinaIs $achine too% industr( but is essentia% for its surviva%. China is %a##in# considerab%( behind deve%o"ed countries in its "roduction of nu$erica%%(6contro%%ed "roducts. '#ainst this backdro"A CMB2' has been ur#in# enter"rises in the industr( to stren#then internationa% coo"eration and strive to narrow this #a" within a shorter ti$e and at a faster rate and %ower cost. ChinaIs $achine too% industr( has ste""ed u" its internationa% coo"eration in recent (earA and forei#n co$"anies are "%a(in# an increasin#%( i$"ortant ro%e. More and $ore forei#n $anufacturers are settin# u" "%ants or offices in ChinaA "art%( due to the attraction of ChinaIs hu#e $arket and "art%( as a resu%t of the transfer of $anufacturin# industries with a hi#h techno%o#( content to China. 2oda(A forei#n6invested enter"rises account for 1H of ChinaIs 2A23- $achine too% enter"rises. Noint ventures are t("ica%%( eBuit(6based and contractua% undertakin#s. 'n e5a$"%e is that between Beijin# =irst Machine 2oo%s P%ant and Na"anIs Oku$a Co. 'nother was inherent in the reor#anisation of Hefei =or#in# and Pressin# 2oo%s Co :td b( Hon# 9on#Is Mantu Ho%din#s :td. 2he #overn$ent encoura#es Chinese co$"anies to o"en u" internationa% $arkets b( takin# over forei#n co$"anies. =or e5a$"%eA *a%ian Machine 2oo%s ;rou" acBuired the $achine too% business of In#erso%% Internationa%A Einchuan Machine 2oo% Co :td took u" a stake in C!6based C'IA whi%e !han#hai Min#jin# Machine 2oo% Co :td successfu%%( acBuired a ;er$an( co$"an( ca%%ed &oh%enber#.. ,.4 Tai!anDs @ise in (achine Tool 0evelo+"ent 2he histor( of $achine too% bui%din# in 2aiwan is one of difficu%t situations and une5"ected cha%%en#es. Overco$in# these obstac%esA howeverA has been #ood for the co$"anies invo%ved. Machine too% bui%ders have thrivedA but the( have never had the o""ortunit( to #et fatA ha""( and %a0(. &hen $achine too% bui%din# first be#an in the 1.)/sA it was "ri$ari%( to $eet the de$ands at ho$e for vita% "roduction eBui"$ent. :itt%e thou#ht was #iven to e5"ort. 2he #overn$ent #ave virtua%%( no "rotection to the f%ed#%in# industr( since the deve%o"$ent of the countr( had the $ost to #ain fro$ co$"etitive "ressures that wou%d kee" $achine too% "rices %ow. *es"ite the ra"id deve%o"$ent of $anufacturin# in 2aiwanA the do$estic $arket for $achine too%s was soon saturated and bui%ders had to consider e5"ort for further #rowth. 't firstA the chief co$"etitive advanta#e to be e5"%oited was %ow %abor costs. 2his a""roach "roved to be rather effective in ca"turin# the overseas $arket for $achines at the %ow6end of techno%o#( 6 standard %athesA basic $i%%in# $achinesA and #rinders. 's 2aiwanIs econo$( has continued to #rowA howeverA a shorta#e of workers has deve%o"ed. 2he bui%ders have been findin# it increasin#%( difficu%t and e5"ensive to retain its su""%( of ski%%ed workers. 2his situation is forcin# the bui%ders to reva$" their own $anufacturin# $ethods for #reater efficienc(. Man( now re%( heavi%( on subcontractorsA an arran#e$ent that has "roven Buite workab%e. Nobbin# out various "arts of the $achine bui%din# activit( #ives the$ e5ce"tiona% f%e5ibi%it( whi%e kee"in# overhead costs down. 21 =reBuent%(A the subcontractors are for$er e$"%o(ees who have struck out on their own. 2hese entre"reneurs often #et financia% backin# fro$ their for$er e$"%o(erA who does not wish to %ose a%to#ether the services and ski%%s of these e5"erienced workers. 2his arran#e$ent $a( see$ unusua%A but it is "ra#$atic and e5"editious and Buite t("ica%%( Chinese. 2he hitch with re%(in# on subcontractors isA howeverA the issue of $aintainin# or i$"rovin# Bua%it(. Bui%ders are workin# c%ose%( with their subcontractors to share Bua%it( contro% $ethods and i$"roved $anufacturin# techniBues. Cse of $odern ins"ection techniBuesA statistica% "rocess contro%A coordinate $easurin# $achinesA and so onA is #rowin#. 2he other effect of a %abor sBuee0e is to "ush bui%ders into concentratin# efforts on the hi#h end of their "roduct %ines where %abor content re"resents a s$a%%er "ro"ortion of "roduction costs and where $ar#ins are hi#her. 2he %abor shorta#e $akes CNC $ore attractive to the do$estic bu(er because of the auto$ation it offers. 'nd in restricted e5"ort $arketsA hi#her $ar#ins are i$"ortant because bui%ders obvious%( want ever( $achine so%d under a Buota to re"resent $a5i$u$ revenue. *eve%o"in# the 1uro"ean $arket has been "articu%ar%( rewardin#. &ith fewer o%der $achines in "%ace thereA "reconceived ideas about the Bua%it( of eBui"$ent fro$ 2aiwan do not have to be overco$e. '%soA the Na"anese have $ade so$ewhat shorter inroads in 1uro"eA so co$"etition fro$ that Buarter for CNC $achines is not Buite as intense. 2aiwan $achine too% bui%ders are now $ore e5"erienced at "ro$otion and sa%esA settin# u" dea%er networksA "rovidin# after6sa%es service and s"are "artsA and so on. Neverthe%essA there is sti%% a #ood distance to #o. I$"rovin# Bua%it( and raisin# efficienc( do not ha""en overni#ht. 2echniBues for hi#her accurac( $anufacturin# and #reater efficienc( $ust work further down the tiers of contractors and subcontractors. 2here is the unavoidab%e %earnin# curve to c%i$b. Man( bui%ders the$se%ves are re"%acin# o%der eBui"$ent with CNCsA often confi#ured in ce%%s. 2he %eadin# bui%dersA such as :eadwe%%A ?ictorA =1MCOA Cheva%ier and othersA have invested heavi%( in new factories or u"#raded faci%ities. :eadwe%%Is newest factor( in 2aichun#A %ocated in a recent%( deve%o"ed industria% "ark that wou%d see$ "erfect%( at ho$e a%on# an interstate hi#hwa( or near an air"ort in the !tatesA is a c%eanA order%( and bust%in# "%ace. 2his faci%it( is "ri$ari%( devoted to fina% $achine too% asse$b%(. :eadwe%% was founded in the ear%( 1.-/s with the e5"%icit "ur"ose of bui%din# CNC $achines for the e5"ort $arket. Most of the co$"onents for its %inesA which inc%ude $achinin# centersA turnin# centersA and #rindersA are bui%t b( subcontractors and %oca% job sho"sA or are i$"orted fro$ Na"an and other overseas su""%iers. J*onIt $ake it (ourse%f if (ou can bu( itAJ and on%( bu( hi#h Bua%it(A but search the wor%d for the best "riceJ are the ru%e here. 'nother co$"an( that has %earned to think #%oba%%( and is bein# rewarded is 2aichun# Machiner( &orks Co. :td. Fbetter known in the C.!. as the ?ictor ;rou"G. =ounded in 1.))A ?ictor was a "ioneer a$on# $achine too% bui%ders in 2aiwan and Buick%( beca$e the %eadin# su""%ier of %athes. It sti%% fi#ures "ro$inent%( in the %oca% $arket for %athesA a%thou#h it now a%so bui%ds $achinin# centersA with )H of its sa%es #oin# to do$estic bu(ers. 1uro"e now accounts for 3/H of its sa%es. ?ictor has recent%( added a new %ine of "%astic injection $achines to re"%ace %ost $achine too% sa%es in the Cnited !tates. ?ictor is #radua%%( 22 re"%acin# its o%derA %ess efficient faci%itiesA which are a %e#ac( of its ear%( start in the industr(. ?ictor re%ies %ess heavi%( on subcontractorsA and sti%% o"erates its own foundr(A another %e#ac( fro$ its "ioneerin# da(s when there was no one e%se to su""%( basic co$"onents or services. :ike other "ro#ressive bui%ders in 2aiwanA Cheva%ier sees increased e5"ort de"endin# on hi#h Bua%it( and hi#h accurac(A not %owest "rice. !u"erior e%ectronics $ust enhance su"erior $echanica% construction is their thinkin#. CNC #rinders wi%% beco$e a $ajor "ortion of their out"ut. Ori#ina% research and deve%o"$ent at ho$e and an e5tensive service or#ani0ation abroad are reco#ni0ed as ke(s to continued #rowth. 9entA another i$"ortant #rinder $anufacturer on the is%andA is es"ecia%%( "roud of its en#ineerin# and research efforts. It has deve%o"ed #rinders s"ecifica%%( desi#ned for cubic boron nitride FCBNG whee%sA with ri#id s"ind%esA hi#h6s"eed stroke ca"abi%it(A and coo%ant de%ivered on both sides of the whee%. 2his co$"an(Is "roducts inc%ude e%ectrica% dischar#e #rindersA which are desi#ned for #rindin# and s%icin# of cera$icsA si%icon wafersA "orce%ainA cr(sta%%ine $ateria%s and co$"osites. Cree" feed #rindersA "rofi%e #rindersA and hi#h efficienc( #rindin# $achines are the thrust of its "roduct deve%o"$entA and a%% have CNC avai%ab%e as an o"tion. ,.15 EoreaDs (achine Tool trength It is a #%oba% fact that 9orea is now on its wa( to beco$in# a $ajor $anufacturer of $achine too%s. Current%(A that countr( ranks seventh a$on# the wor%dIs "roducers. 2he 9orean $achine too% industr( has #radua%%( u"#raded %eve%s of techno%o#( and 9orean6$ade "roducts are considered co$"atib%e in the wor%d $arket in ter$s of functiona% techno%o#ies such as $achinin# and asse$b%( "rocesses. 2he auto industr(A co$bined with new interest in e%ectronics and constructionsA has i#nited ra"id #rowth in $uch of 9oreaIs econo$(. It is further ascertained that J9oreaIs $arket de$and has chan#ed fro$ standardA cost6effective or #enera% "roducts to hi#h6"recisionA hi#h6s"eedA and hi#h6"owered $achine too%sL. In %ine with this trendA #%oba% $arket de$and for co$"uteri0ed nu$erica%%( contro%%ed FCNCG $achine too%s has ra"id%( increased. J2here are current%( 12- $achine too% $anufacturers in 9oreaA $ost of which are $ediu$ and s$a%%6si0ed co$"anies. In "articu%arA 9oreaIs "roduction of nu$erica%%( contro%%ed FNCG $achine too%s #rew constant%( at a 2H annua% rate. 2he 9orean $achine too% industr( ai$s at increasin# the NC "roduction ratio to ,/HAJ as one of the C! Co$$erce re"ort conc%udes. 2he best of 9oreaIs $achine too% "roduction can be witnessed at the !eou% Internationa% Machine 2oo% !how '"ri% 1261, "eriodica%%(A which "ro$ises to be the %ar#est $achine too% show ever he%d in 9orea. !"onsored b( MOCI1 FMinistr( of Co$$erceA Industr( and 1ner#(G and or#ani0ed b( 9OMM' F9orea Machine 2oo% ManufacturersI 'ssociationGA the show inc%udes $ore than 33// booths re"resentin# over // $achine too% co$"anies fro$ 3/ countries inc%udin# Na"anA Ita%(A C9A !wit0er%andA !"ainA 2urke(A C!'A and 8ussia. 't %east +/A/// trade "rofessiona%s attend this event. 15hibition cate#ories wi%% inc%ude $eta% cuttin# $achines FCNC %athesA $u%ti"ur"ose $achinin# centersA #rindin# $achinesA and 1*MG. Meta% for$in# $achines Fh(drau%ic "ressesA servo contro%%ed "ressesA CNC shearin# $achinesA bendin# $achinesA %aser cuttin# 23 $achinesA and robotsG. 2he e5hibition ha%%s wi%% be divided into five sections< Meta% cuttin# MachinesA Meta% for$in# MachinesA Industria% 8obots and 'uto$ationA Cuttin# 2oo%sPMeasurin# 1Bui"$entA and Machine 2oo% Parts. 9orean "artici"ants inc%ude $ajor $anufacturers such as *oosan Infracore Ffor$er%( known as *aewoo Heav( Industries > Machiner(GA &I'A *oosan MecatecA HwacheonA Hankook Machine 2oo%sA Na$sun Machiner( Cor".A Hanwha Machiner(A and HN9 Machine 2oo%. Major overseas $anufacturers wi%% inc%ude 4a$a0aki Ma0akA Oku$aA Mori !eikiA MakinoA Haas 'uto$ationA *M;A MurataA and '#ie Char$i%%es. 2he 9orean $achine too% industr( shows continued #rowth. In 2//) sa%es rose b( ,.H co$"ared to the "revious (ear to reach C!M2.. bi%%ionA and $achine too% e5"orts increased b( 1..)H co$"ared to the "revious (ear to C!M1.1) bi%%ion and so on. Machine too% i$"orts to 9oreaA the wor%dIs fifth $achine too% $arketA tota%ed C!M2 bi%%ion in 2//) to $ark an increase of 2/H co$"ared to the "revious (ear. 2he 9orean $achine too% industr( in 2//+ was forecasted to e5ceed the C!M3 bi%%ion $ark in "roduction for the first ti$e in its histor(. !u""ortin# events at !IM2O!2//+ inc%uded an Internationa% Machine 2oo% 2echno%o#( !e$inarA Machine 2oo% 2rade Meetin#A CNC Contro%%er 8e"air and Maintenance &orksho"A and IM! ?ision =oru$. 2he 9orea Machine 2oo% ManufacturersI 'ssociation re"orts that the tota% $arket de$and for $achine too%s is increasin#A and this trend ref%ects "ro$isin# %on#6ter$ "ros"ects as an i$"ortant #enerator of $arket de$and for 9oreaIs $anufacturin# industries. 2 /. @esearch (ethodolog. 2he $ethodo%o#( that was fo%%owed for this stud( was based on discussions with the re%evant "ersonne% at the c%ient6end inc%udin# notab%e fir$s and co$"anies that cou%d be a source of "rovidin# insi#ht into the #rowth and "ossibi%it( of "roducin# %oca%%( $anufacturePasse$b%ed CNC $achines within the countr(. 2his was fo%%owed b( the deve%o"$ent of BuestionnairesA their fie%d testin#A and then the fie%d surve( throu#h trained enu$erators F%ist is anne5ed with this re"ortG b( conductin# interviews of $ana#e$ent and technica% "ersonne% of "re6se%ected industries usin# CNC $achines in $ajor cities of the countr( that were "rovided b( 1*B F2o8 are a%so anne5ed with this re"ortG. 2he detai%ed Buestionnaire was deve%o"ed and shared with the c%ientA which was fo%%owed b( incor"oration of their feedback and necessar( chan#es bein# $ade. ' tea$ of enu$erators was se%ectedA oriented and trained. 2hese enu$erators were se%ected fro$ the cities inc%uded in the sa$"%e of the stud(. 2he enu$erators were Buite fa$i%iar with the %oca% industr( and %ocation of su""%iers and co$"anies invo%ved in the i$"ort and business of CNC $achines. Based u"on %iterature reviewA interviews with %eadin# industria%istsA and the infor$ation #athered fro$ the res"ondentsA the data has been ana%(0ed in %i#ht of the objectives of the stud( and the resu%ts have been su$$ari0ed with reco$$endations to the c%ient for further action as dee$ed a""ro"riate. 2o further %ook into the "ossibi%ities of joint ventures and to #ather insi#ht fro$ nationa%Pinternationa% e5"eriences in deve%o"in# a %oca% CNC $anufacturin# sectorA u"on advise of the c%ient the %ead consu%tantA Mr. !hah0ad 'nwarA %eft for ;er$an( to attend the 1uro"ean Internationa% Machine 2oo% 15hibition in Hanover fro$ the 1. th to 2+ th of !e"te$ber 2//, at his own cost faci%itated b( the c%ient. 2) %. Ai"itations and Challenges 't the "%annin# and ne#otiations "hase of the stud(A the tea$ of consu%tants was unaware of the serious %i$itation that the( wou%d face in #ettin# ho%d of secondar( data essentia% for %iterature and desk review re%ated to different as"ects of CNC $achines in the Pakistani industr(. It was rea%i0ed after re"eated atte$"ts and consu%tin# different institutions and industria% concernsA that an( structured data is unavai%ab%e both at "ub%ic and "rivate sector %eve% that cou%d assist the stud( in #ainin# an overview of CNC $achines for estab%ishin# indicators for "roductionA i$"ortsA joint ventures for %oca% "roductionA ski%%ed $an "owerA sa%e and service "ointsA trainin# "ro#ra$s in vocationa% centersA su""ort servicesA etc. 2his stud( is the first ever initiative taken u" in this sector within the countr( b( an( or#ani0ationA hence no "rior secondar( data was used for this "ur"ose. 2he c%ient F1*BG e5tended e5traordinar( su""ort to $ini$i0e this %i$itation. On the technica% sideA the out"ut and sco"e of the stud( was Buite broadA e.#. the t("e of $achines are not on%( differentiated b( their t("eA $ake or $ode%A but each and ever( $achine is different to the other on each and ever( sin#%e co$"onent so #enera%i0in# down on a sin#%e or a cou"%e of $achines for the stud( and drawin# inferences for reco$$endin# the $ost wide%( used $achine and its co$"onents is not "ossib%e. 2his %i$itation has severe%( %i$ited the stud( in reco$$endin# %oca% asse$b%in#P$anufacturin# of different CNC $achines. CNC $achines and their diversification has increased in recent (ears to such an e5tent that co$"arin# or reco$$endin# a standardi0ed $achine based u"on its accessories and co$"onents for asse$b%in# or $anufacturin# is difficu%t. 2his owes to the e5tensive usa#e of CNC $achines in hi#h6tech industries %ike aeros"ace to %ow6tech co$$on fie%dwork %ike woodworkin#.
Heav( rainfa%% and the resu%tin# f%ood6t("e situation in 9arachi de%a(ed the surve( in the se%ected industries for a%$ost five weeks a%so. 'nother cha%%en#e the stud( faced was the unwi%%in#ness of the different industria% concerns to "artici"ate in the surve(A the $ost co$$on reason was $istrust in ;overn$ent6s"onsored surve(s whi%e a%so the resent$ent towards econo$ic and socia% "o%icies of the ;overn$entA e.#. recent "o%itica% u"heava%s the countr( has faced durin# the $onths "rior to the surve( Fjudiciar( crisisA 9arachi incident of Ma(A and the :a% Masjid fiascoG. 2i%% date when this re"ort was bein# writtenA the re$unerators were findin# it difficu%t to #et infor$ation fro$ the se%ected industries because of their hesitance to share re%evant infor$ation. 1.1 C'C (achines and Pa#istani Industr. &ith the advance$ent of "roduction %ines and the $ajor shift fro$ $anua%%( %abored to the %atest technica%%( advanced techno%o#( across the wor%dA the Pakistani industr( has a%so to so$e e5tent introduced these techno%o#ies. But this has on%( been %i$ited to %ar#e sca%e $u%tinationa%s and so$e %oca% co$"anies as hi#h "ricesA %ack of awareness and do$estic unavai%abi%it( of su""ort services have severe%( i$"acted the $ass uti%i0ation of CNC $achines within the countr(7s industria% sector. 2+ 2he #ra"hs be%ow show a stead( increase in the i$"ort of CNC $achines over the %ast four (ears with a dec%ine in the =4 2//+6, that can be attributed to the s%owin# down of #rowth in the econo$( because of soarin# fue% "rices and fa%%in# va%ue of Pakistani 8u"ee a#ainst the C! *o%%ar. It can be seen that the hori0onta% %athe $achines were i$"orted in %ar#e Buantities in the initia% two (earsA which in the third (ear were sur"assed b( i$"ort of $achinin# centers.
8avi 'utoP 1Bui"tech -.)k$A !hekhu"ura 8oad :ahoreA Pakistan Phone<S.22,.//2/- www.eBui"techinc.co$ +. Chi" conve(er 2aiwan =ON;1I IN*C!284 CO.A :2*. 4un# Hun#A Chen# 2-2A 4on#(i 8oadA 2ai"in#A 2aichun# 11A 2aiwan fon#eR$s1/.hinet.net www.fon#ei.co$ ,. Power !u""%( China Chen#du ;81'2 Industria% CO.A :td Mrs. @in#cenA :iu htt"<PP#reatcnc.en.ec"%a0a.netP :IN;:ON; 8O'*A!HI:IN; 2O&N A1'!2 =8OM CH1N;*C CI24A CH1N;*CA !ichuanA China +1/1/+ -. Contro%%er China Chen#du ;81'2 Industria% CO.A :td Mrs. @in#cenA :iu htt"<PP#reatcnc.en.ec"%a0a.netP :IN;:ON; 8O'*A!HI:IN; 2O&N A1'!2 =8OM CH1N;*C CI24A CH1N;*CA !ichuanA China +1/1/+ .. H(drau%ic !(ste$ 2aiwanA;er$an( !'N*!CN P81CI!ION M'CHIN184 CO.A :2*. No. ,A :ane ),A !ec. 3A Chun#6shan 8d.A *ah6tsuenA Chan#6hwaA 2aiwan sandsunR$s2+.hinet.net PsandsunRseed.net.tw www.sandsun.co$.tw 1/. 2rans"orter ;er$an( !PINN18 &erk0eu#$aschinenfabrik 8udo%f6*iese%68in# 2 *6-2/) !auer%ach ;er$an( 11. !"ind%e 2aiwan 8O4': P81CI!ION 2OO:! CO8PO8'2ION !te"hie &u +1A !hu(i 8oadA 2aichun#A /2A 2aiwan ro(a%Rro(a%6s"ind%es.co$.tw www.ro(a%6s"ind%es.co$.tw 12. Motors ;er$an(A ChinaA !ie$ens ;er$an( HON1!2 !1N!O8 CO8P. 2=.A No.11,A !in#de 8d.A !anchon# Cit(A 2ai"ei Count( 21A 2aiwan sensor.honestR$sa.hinet.net www.honestsensor.co$.tw 2. 2OPB'N* Motor > Contro% *ivision P=A B B%ockA 2sin#hua Cniversit( InstituteA Hi6tech Industria% ParkA !hen0henA ;uan#don# China )1-/), 2e%< F-+ ,))G 2+,,)- F-+ ,))G 2+))112+ =a5< F-+ ,))G -+3+.2. P F-+ ,))G 2+))131/ 13. 2oo% Chan#in# 2aiwan *12' IN218N'2ION': '%en Huan# ,6)A Dun#Bian 8d.A !hen#an# !hian#A 2aichun# Count( 2.)2A 2aiwan a%enRdeta.co$.tw www.deta.co$.tw 1. Ba%% !crew 2aiwan BO!CH 81@8O2H CO8PO8'2ION :IN1'8 MO2ION 'N* '!!1MB:4 21CHNO:O;I1! > :IN1'8 MO2ION 1//1 !outh :akes *rive Char%otteA NC 2-2,3 Phone< F,/G )-3633- U F-//G 3-6).-3 =a5< F,/G )-36/)23 'BB' :IN1'8 21CH CO.A :2*. Connie :ee No. ,)A Chun#6!han 8d.A 2u6chen# %nd. ParkA 2ai"ei HsienA 2aiwan abbaRabbatech.co$.tw www.abbatech.co$.tw 4IN!H P81CI!ION IN*C!28I': CO.A :2*. Nack &u No. 2+A :ane 31A Chun# 2e + 8d.A !ec. 1A 2aichun#A 2aiwan (insh1+-R$s3+.hinet.net www.(insh.co$.tw PO!' M'CHIN184 CO.A :2*. 9atherine Chen No. 3,.A 4i !in !treetA 1astern 2aichun# Cit(A 2aiwan "osa."osaR$sa.hinet.net www."osa6s"ind%e.co$ 1). Coo%ant Pu$" 9orea &':8C! PCMP CO.A :2*. Huan# Chin# =en# No. -361A *a"iantouA !anjhih 2ownshi"A 2ai"ei Count( 2)2A 2aiwan wa%rus."u$"R$sa.hinet.net www.wa%rus"u$".co$ 1+. C%a$"in# s(ste$ 2aiwan 2OP 2OO: P81CI!ION 21CHNO:O;4 CO.A :2*. Hsian# 4unA Huan# No. +.-A =en# ChouA 8d.A !henkan# 2aichun#A 2. 2aiwan to".too%R$sa.hinet.net www.to"too%.co$.tw 3/ 1,. 8otar( 2ab%e 2aiwan 2'N!HIN; 'CCC8'21 IN*C!28I': CO.A :2*. ;eor#e &ei No. 161A :ane 1+)A !ec. 1A 2an6!hin# 8d.A 2an620uA 2aichun#A 2aiwan tanshin#R$s1+.hinet.net www.tanshin#.co$ 1-. Pneu$atic Co$"onents 2aiwan M'2CH:IN; 2OO:IN; CO.A :2*. No.22,A Nhon#jhen# 8d.A *a(a 2ownshi"A 2aichun# Count( 2-A 2aiwan $atch%in#R$atch%in#.co$.tw www.$atch%in#.co$.tw 1.. Contro%%ers China Chen#du ;81'2 Industria% CO.A :td Mrs. @in#cenA :iu htt"<PP#reatcnc.en.ec"%a0a.netP :IN;:ON; 8O'*A!HI:IN; 2O&N A1'!2 =8OM CH1N;*C CI24A CH1N;*CA !ichuanA China +1/1/+ )2A 1st !treetA :uochon# North 8oadA :uochon#weiA ;uan#0houA China )1/1+) 2e%< -+ 2/ -1,.+1/ =a5<-+ 2/ -1..3+-3 16$ai%< #skR#sk.co$.cn Aocal C 'ational (odel9 It has been su##ested to se%ect the $ost e5tensive%(6used re%iab%e $achine that has the confidence of the %oca% industr(. 2he stud( has identified K!u"er$a5L as one such $achine that Bua%ifies fro$ the avai%ab%e "o"u%ation of CNC $achines. Aocal 0o!nstrea" u++liers9 's far as %oca% $anufacturin# faci%ities are concernedA the stud( "ro"oses two $ain areas that can be $anufactured initia%%( in Pakistan. Casting9 2he heaviest "art of a CNC $achine is the castin#A which accounts for +/H of the tota% wei#ht. B( castin# %oca%%( not on%( wi%% forei#n e5chan#e be saved but %oca% e$"%o($ent wi%% a%so be #enerated that cou%d %ead to the future deve%o"$ent of %oca% $anufacturin# of CNC $achines. In a standard CNC $achine there are three $ajor co$"onents that are $ade b( castin#< Machine Bed Machine Co%u$n Machine !%ide 2he wei#ht of a%% these $achine co$"onents is %ess than 2 tons and can be "roduced %oca%%(. 31 Fadri >oundr.9 's one of the %eadin# sources owin# to their e5tensive e5"erience of $achine too%s castin# in Pakistan for the %ast 1. (earsA the( have casted $achine too%s co$"onents for co$"anies %ike Pakistan Machine 2oo%s FPM2=G. 'n I!O certified co$"an(A the( run a heav( en#ineerin# and $anufacturin# faci%it( incor"orated in 1.-. and have fast "ro#ressed to beco$e the countr(Is %ar#est heav( $achinin# faci%it(. 2heir =oundr( sho"s are eBui""ed with in6house $eta%%ur#ica% testin# faci%ities and are eBui""ed with an arra( of %ar#e and e5tra6%ar#e $achine too%s. !in#%e6"iece co$"onents wei#hin# u" to ,/ tons can be $achined in6house. 2he co$"an( carries %on# (ears of e5"erience of $anufacturin# heav( "%ant and eBui"$ent for the su#arA ce$entA stee%A che$ica% and "ower "%ants under %icense of wor%d renowned techno%o#( "artners. 2he co$"an(Is reference %ist inc%udes $ajor "rojects at ho$e as we%% as custo$ers %ocated in $an( countries of the wor%d. 2he co$"an( takes "ride in havin# $anufactured and su""%ied su#arcane crushin# eBui"$ent to the wor%dIs %ar#est su#arcane crushin# "%ant in !outh 1ast 'sia. 2he co$"an( has a%so recent%( su""%ied the %ar#est su#arcane crusher insta%%ed within the su#ar industr( in the C!'. 'C)9 2his is another #ood a%ternative source for castin# $achine too% beds u" to 2.) tons. 2he( have a $odern foundr( idea% for $achine too%s castin#. 2he( have CNC Machinin# Center Bed si0es u" to five $etersA ca"ab%e of hand%in# co$"%icated "rofi%es. 2he( have CNC :athes Precise dri%%in#A borin# and turnin# o"erationsA as we%% as Hi#h =reBuenc( !urface Hardenin# ca"ab%e of hand%in# $achine beds of various %en#ths and widths. 2he( have Conventiona% Machines co$"rehensive $achines setu" enab%ed to hand%e a variet( of jobs %ike ;earin#A Hobbin#A =acin# and 2urnin#A etc. 32 heet (etal9 'nother reco$$ended area for %oca% $anufacturin# is !heet Meta% &ork. 2his is done b( basic sheet $eta% $achines %ike Press BreakA !harin# and Punchin# "rocesses. 2here are $an( industries in Pakistan that s"ecia%i0e in the fie%d of !heet Meta% work. 8eco$$ended industries inc%ude< Standard CNC Machine abro Industries Isla"abad9 2he !abro F!. a. Brothers FPvtG :tdG is an I!O6.//1 certified 'ir6Conditionin# $anufacturin# co$"an( based in Is%a$abadA PakistanA estab%ished in 1.+-. 2he %ate si5ties and ear%( seventies trend of air6conditionin# cine$a bui%din#s boosted the overa%% sa%es of the air6 conditionin# industr(. Present%( !abro is $anufacturin# different t("es of s"%itsA "acka#esA chi%%ersA air hand%in# unitsA air curtainsA hu$idifiersA dehu$idifiersA hot water #eneratorsA ran#e of *?*s and instant water #e(sersA and e5"orts to the Midd%e 1ast and Centra% 'sian countries. 2he( have #ood $anufacturin# and fabrication faci%itiesA with we%% eBui""ed sheet $eta% units for sharin#A bendin#A CNC "unchin#A ro%%in#A s"ot we%din# and "aint "%ants. @avi Auto C EGui+tech9 8avi 1n#ineerin# is a #rou" of si5 co$"anies en#a#ed in different $anufacturin# "rocesses. Bein# an Ori#ina% 1Bui"$ent Manufacturer FO1MG to $eet their in6house de$and of $achine too%sA the( retrofit CNC $achines. 2i%% now the( have so%d 2) units of $achines %oca%%( deve%o"edPasse$b%ed. 2he( are now ab%e to $akePasse$b%e CNC $achines b( usin# the bed castin#s of second6hand CNC $achines. 2he( fit Chinese contro%%er ;!9 and CNC kit to co$"%ete a $achine. 2he( have sufficient ca"acit( to "erfor$ en#ineerin# works %ike sheet $eta% with a #ood reBuired set of $achines. 33 Asse"bling C Testing9 Machine testin# durin# asse$b%in# is to be "erfor$ed in6house b( the $anufacturer. 2he "rocedure for this is to use a %aser interfero$eter and than tweak the $achine b( adjustin# the di#ita% "ara$eters of the $achine CNC contro%%er. 2he fina% Bua%ification is "erfor$ed b( the Eua%it( 'ssurance 9it "rovided b( Mioto(o and other $easurin# instru$ents su""%iers. Current%( there is no faci%it( in the "ub%ic sector for this kind of testin#. HoweverA it is the res"onsibi%it( of the individua% $achine $anufacturers to satisf( their custo$ers re#ardin# the accurac( and re"eatabi%it( of their $achines. 3 2. Heneral Anal.ses9 'na%(sis of the data #athered fro$ the $e$bers of the Pakistan 'uto Parts Manufacturers 'ssociation FP''P'MG and the surve( conducted b( !ebcon is as fo%%ows<
'bout 123 different CNC Machine 2oo%s Cser Industries were surve(ed for infor$ation re#ardin# CNC $achine t("es that are current%( bein# used. =ro$ the surve( the fo%%owin# have been identified as the $ain t("es of CNC $achines that are bein# used in Pakistan. :athe Machines Machinin# Centers &ire Cut Machines 2urnin# Machines Mi%%in# Machines 1*M Machines Other Machines ' %ar#e nu$ber of industries use Mi%%in# and 2urnin# $achinesA that is about 23H and 21H res"ective%(. 1+H of the industries use Machinin# Centers. :athe $achines have been found to be used b( 1+H of the industries a%so. 13H of the industries use &ire6Cut Machines. 1*M and #rindin# $achines have 3H and 2H usa#e res"ective%(. ' %ar#e "oo% of about ,H use various other t("es of $achines.
3) 2.1 'u"ber of C'C "achines &ac'ines ()e Numbers Lathe Machine 93 Machining Centre 101 Wire Cut Machine 38 Turning Machine 215 Milling Machine 162 EDM Machine 8 Grinding Machine 7 Other 83 (otal 707 2he tota% nu$ber of CNC $achines in use b( the surve(ed "o"u%ation is ,/, a%to#ether. ' %ar#e "ercenta#e of this fi#ure co$"rises 2urnin# Centers 3 that is about 31H or 21) units. Machinin# Centers $ake u" 1H or 1/1 units of the tota% nu$ber of $achines "resent. 2he rest of the industries have units of 1*MA ;rindin#A Mi%%in#A &ire6Cut and :athe $achines F1HA /.,HA 23HA )H and 13H 6 or -A ,A 1+2A 3- and .3 units 3 res"ective%(G. 12HA or -3 unitsA of the industries co$"rise of various different kinds of CNC $achines. 2hese various kinds of CNC $achines inc%ude the fo%%owin#< *ri%%in# Cuttin# 2ab%e *oub%e ;%a0in# :ine Co$"uteri0ed 2e$"erin# P%ant CMM 15trusion Pi"e Bendin# Injection Mo%din# > 8ubber Machines *ri%%in# > 2a"in# Centers 9nittin# 3+ 2.2 Additional Infor"ation =ro$ the surve( of the CNC $achinesA the fo%%owin# infor$ation was a%so obtained re#ardin# CNC $achines. -,H of the $achines are fro$ the %ist #iven aboveA whereas 13H of the $achines are not s"ecified as the industries did not "rovide infor$ation re#ardin# the nature or t("e of these $achinesA on%( #ivin# the nu$ber of $achines the( have instead.
8e#ardin# the nu$ber of a5es of various $achinesA the fo%%owin# infor$ation was inter"reted fro$ the data #athered< :athe Machines< 263 '5es Machinin# Centers< 26) '5es &ire6Cut Machines< 26 '5es 2urnin# Machines< 26 '5es Mi%%in# Machines< 26 '5es 1*M Machines< 3 '5es )H of the industr( has bou#ht CNC $achines that wou%d be o"erationa% within a $onth or so. 2he $achines "urchased are fro$ the Mi%%in# and &ire6Cut CNC $achines cate#ories. 3, 3. >ield urve. 0ata 2ab%e No. 1 1 'u"ber of Guestionnaires )/ 2 Cities visited a"+le si6e a 9arachi , b Is%a$abad c :ahore 11 d ;ujranwa%a ) e Peshawar 2 f &ah Cantt . # 8awa%"indi 2 h Hattar 1 i ;ujrat , j Hassanabda% 1 k 2a5i%a 1 4. Anal.sis 4.1 >eedbac# fro" intervie!s 2hrou#h different sessions with %eadin# industria%ists and $e$bers of the task force it was evident that Pakistan has a #reat "otentia% for CNC $achines "resent%( and the increase in de$and is "rojected to be $anifo%dA which wou%d $ake business sense in investin# in the deve%o"$ent of CNC $achines %oca%%(A either throu#h retrofittin# or asse$b%( F!9* > C9*G with a $i5 of i$"orted and %oca%%( $anufactured "arts. 2here was an a""rehension that this bein# re%ative%( a new fie%dA !tate su""ort and s"onsorshi" b( %eadin# co$$ercia% or#ani0ations wou%d be crucia% for encoura#in# and sustainin# such ventures. 2he res"onse was $i5ed as to whether i$"ort of used CNC $achines "ositive%( affected the cost and efficienc( of "roduction within the en#ineerin# sector in Pakistan. *ee$in# it as an eas( wa( out in the short ter$ with %ow cost $achines avai%ab%e and bein# heavi%( re%ied u"on within the %oca% industr(A it was be%ieved that soon it wou%d %ose ed#e when the a%read( out6dated $achines %ose their effectiveness and uti%it(. 2his has been detri$enta% for %on# ter$ #rowthA sustainabi%it( and se%f6re%iance of the $anufacturin# industr(. 2he "ane% was of the view that with a hi#her start6u" cost and s%ow returns of invest$ent in deve%o"in# %oca% CNC $achinesA the business co$$unit( and %ack of institutiona% su""ort have not encoura#ed "otentia% investors to venture into such innovative deve%o"$ent initiatives. &ith the #%oba% $arket beco$in# $ore and $ore co$"etitive throu#h econo$ies of sca%e and %ow costs of "roductionA the countr(7s $anufacturin# industr( wou%d face i$$ense co$"etition and intrusion in retainin# its e5istin# internationa% $arketA set aside increasin# its share and e5"%orin# new $arketsA if the( hesitate in deve%o"in# %oca% CNC $achines. In this a#e of techno%o#ica% deve%o"$ent and intense $echani0ation of "roduction %inesA re%iance on $anua% %abor or obso%ete wa(s of "roduction wou%d %ead to the end "roduct bein# cost%( and of %ow Bua%it( thus $akin# it i$"ossib%e to co$"ete nationa%%( and internationa%%(. 3- 4.2 Industrial surve. findings Based u"on the fie%d surve( throu#h structured interviews and "re6set BuestionsA it was found that the $ost "o"u%ar brand of $achines bein# used within the industr( are $ade in ChinaA with %athe and $i%%in# $achines havin# the %ar#est "o"u%ation a$on# the fa$i%( of CNC $achines in use in the Pakistani industries. 2he t("eA $ode%sA contro%%ers usedA and other #enera% s"ecifications of CNC $achines used in the surve(ed industria% concerns is "rovided in 2ab%e 2 F'nne5 I?G 3. 2ab%e No. 2 .'o T.+e = (a#e Controller (odels +ecification 1 2urnin# Machine 2+ Na"an 2urke( China ;er$an( 1n#%and !INCM18I9 !I1M1N! ='NCC 9N* 'N:'M !INCM18I9 ,1/t N:=C:D9 )//A N'=CA !chaub%in 12-6cnc ?NC62/A 922A 2C6+)A N:=CID93+/A 2B6- N1= ,1/A N:=C:D9 )//A ND=:3=28A N1= ,1/?A 1N;:'N*A N'=CA ;18M'N4A Churchi%%A =!;A !;:CA =a%con 2wo and three a5is *ia$eter 2// 3 ,)/ $$ &orkin# %en#th 3// 3 2/// $$ 'ir "ressure 2 to + bar =%oor reBuire$ent 2/ 3 1// sBft 2 Mi%%in# Machine Na"an ;er$an( M1:*'! +$ ='NCC !INCM18I9 -1/$ M@P 2//1 !I1M1N! !ie$ens 21 6 =CA 9I&'A MI2!CBI!HI Ma563 +$A 4MCA C&=-)/A C&=-)1 Hart =ordA !u"er Ma5A Hard =ord Pro61///s C&=-)1A 2NC 1)A =P)NCA 1+//MA =anucA 'jar INank+//A 4CM I?OV?1+ Hart =ord 4I1+329-A Hart =ord ?ertica% 'N?MCA '2?MC 6-//A 'N'@ 2hree and four a5is Cuttin# rate 2// 3 3/// $$P$in 'ir "ressure 1.) 3 1/ bar =%oor reBuire$ent ) 3 1// sBft 3 &ire Cut Machine 1. China 2aiwan ;rindin# Machine 1 ;er$an( !wit0er%an d ) 1*M 3 6 2hree a5is Cuttin# rate 1)$$P$inute + Other CNC Machines + 'ustria 9orea CM26-/ 2wo and three a5is &orkin# %en#th 3// 3 2/// $$ 'ir "ressure + bar =%oor reBuire$ent 2/ 3 1// sBft / =ro$ the data #athered it is evident that after the 1../sA the CNC industr( has #rown b( a""ro5i$ate%( /H since inde"endence. CNC $achines are used both within #overn$ent and "rivate sector industries. =ro$ the data "oo% #athered 22H of the $achines used in the #overn$ent6run institutions "erfor$ various functions fro$ defense6re%ated "rojects to trainin# and ski%% deve%o"$entA whereas the rest of the ,-H are "rivate "%a(ers $ost%( into "roduction of various "roducts. ' t("ica% industr( e$"%o(s on avera#e 1,) e$"%o(eesA #eneratin# a $assive job $arket for ski%%ed and se$i6ski%%ed "ersonne% o"eratin# and $aintainin# different CNC $achines. 2he statistics show that the avera#e nu$ber of e$"%o(ees direct%( re%ated to CNC $achines are at an avera#e of 11. 2he t("ica% Bua%ifications of the "ersonne% and $an"ower workin# in the CNC industr( are MatricA Inter$ediate and *'1 in either $echanica% or e%ectrica% ski%%s. 2he $an"ower on avera#e has an e5"erience of +W (ears of o"eratin# the $achines. 2here were rare instances where an en#ineerA an MB' or BB' was direct%( su"ervisin# a CNC faci%it(. '%% the "ersonne% under#o two kinds of in6house courses and trainin#s< Basic 'dvanced Basic trainin# dea%s with "ro#ra$$in# and o"eratin# the $achinesA whereas advanced courses are of C'* and C'M software and other troub%e6shootin# techniBue courses re%ated to $aintenance and o"erationa% functions of these $achines. 1 2here are on avera#e two $achines "er industr(. 2he cost of $achines in an industr( is on avera#e 8s.,.)2 $i%%ion. 2he avera#e cost "er $achine is 8s.3.) $i%%ion. 2he sources of "urchase inc%ude ChinaA C9A !wit0er%andA ;er$an(A Na"anA 2aiwanA !wedenA C0echos%ovakia and Ita%(. 2he resu%ts of the surve( indicate that the fo%%owin# CNC $achines are in use current%(< 2urnin# Machines Mi%%in# Machines &ire6Cut Machines 1*M Machines ;rindin# Machines Others =ro$ the above %ist CNC 2urnin# and Mi%%in# $achines were found to be used the $ost with a "ercenta#e of 2+H and H res"ective%(. 2he "ercenta#e for &ire6Cut was found to be 1.HA and that of 1*M and ;rindin# 1H and 3H res"ective%(. Other $achines that were found were for e5trusion etcA whose usa#e of which was around +H. 2his indicates that the $a5i$u$ uti%it( of $achines in the CNC industr( was that of 2urnin# and Mi%%in# $achines. 2he surve( a%so hi#h%i#hted the fo%%owin# "roducts and services as bein# catered for b( CNC $achines in industries< *(es > Mou%ds 2rainin# of Personne% for Nobs Heav( Machiner( Parts FnutsA bo%tsA etc.G 'eronautica% Parts 2oo%s and !"ares Pu$"s > 'u5i%iar( 1Bui"$ent 'uto$otive Parts Ho$e '""%iance Parts > 'u5i%iaries 2 2he "ercenta#es of "roduction of each "roduct are as fo%%ows< *(es > Mou%ds< 22H 2rainin# of Personne% for Nobs< H Heav( Machiner( Parts< 1/H 'eronautica% Parts< H 2oo%s and !"ares< 1H Pu$"s > 'u5i%iar( 1Bui"$ent< 12H 'uto$otive Parts< 2/H Ho$e '""%iance Parts > 'u5i%iaries<1H ' %ar#e nu$ber of "roducts "roduced b( the CNC6based industries are re%ated to d(es > $ou%dsA s"are "arts and au5i%iar( eBui"$ent. F'nne5 IIG 3 4.& Proble"s >aced b. the Industr. and Possible olution F'nne5 6 IG 9.3.1 Problems with Information on CNC Machines 3.H of the industr( res"ondents said the( had no infor$ation about the CNC $achines the( were usin#A whereas 2H said the( did have infor$ation about the $achines. 12H of the res"ondents had consu%tants and su""%iers for infor$ation "ur"osesA whereas 22H used the %iterature and $anua%s that ca$e with the $achinesA and the internet for infor$ation. +H didn7t re"%( to the Buestion. 9.3.2 Problems with the Import Process of CNC machines 32H of the res"ondents were not aware about the i$"ort "rocess for CNC $achinesA whi%e 1H had so$e know%ed#e. 1/H used consu%tants or su""%iers for this "ur"oseA whereas 2H did not answer the Buestion. 2/H of the res"ondents #ave irre%evant re"%ies to the Buestion.
9.3.3 Problems with Repair/Maintenance of CNC Machines
32H of the res"ondents carried out in6house $aintenance and re"airsA whi%e a %ar#e "oo% 3 2H 3 outsourced this work to either the su""%ierPvendorA consu%tant or $aintenance co$"an(. -H did the $aintenance either the$se%ves or b( outsourcin#. 12H didn7t re"%( to the Buer(. +H said the( had not carried out an( $aintenance at a%% thus far. 9.3.4 Problems with Aailabilit! of "pare Parts 2/H of the res"onded with a XNo7 on the Buestion of avai%abi%it( of s"are "arts as the( did not kee" an( inventor(. 2H used su""%iers or consu%tants for this "ur"ose. 12H "urchased the s"are "arts fro$ O1M. 2-H didn7t re"%( whereas 1H of res"onded with a X4es7 that the( ke"t an inventor( and s"are "arts. 2H of the res"onses were irre%evant. ) 9.3.# Problems with $ailore% "oftware H of those surve(ed said no the( did not have an( tai%ored softwareA whi%e 1+H said the( had their own custo$6$ade software. H said the( had consu%tants for the jobA whi%e 2H said the( i$"orted the software whenever it was reBuired. 32H didn7t re"%( to the Buestion whereas 2H #ave irre%evant re"%ies. 9.3.& Problems with 'irin( $echnical People /H of those surve(ed said the( hired technica% staff and that the( used testsA interviews and 22Cs for inte%%ectua% ca"ita%. 1-H said the( did not hire technica% staffA whi%e +H hired ski%%ed %abor throu#h consu%tants. 1+H of the industr( hired staff on a when6and6if reBuired basis. 1+H didn7t re"%( to the BuestionA whi%e H #ave irre%evant re"%ies. + 4., Additional Infor"ation 9.4.1 Pro%)ction "tatistics 8e#ardin# the sources for "roduction $ateria%A 2H of those surve(ed bou#ht the $ateria% co$"%ete%( fro$ the %oca% $arketA whi%e a $assive )/H bou#ht it %oca%%( as we%% as i$"ortin# it. =or 1/H the $ateria% was "rovided b( the c%ientsA whi%e 2H of the industria%ists usin# woodsA "%asticA etc.A a%so acBuired $ateria% for "roduction %oca%%(. H of those surve(ed did not #ive an( answer. )/H of the industries surve(ed used M.!.A !.!.A Co""er or MicaO 12H used 8ods and Pi# IronO 1/H used $ateria%s "rovided b( the c%ientO 2H worked on woods and "%asticsA and H either did not understand the Buestion or did not re"%(. , 4./ >uture >orecast for C'C (achines 2he industr( was surve(ed for "otentia% trends in the "urchase of CNCs in the near future. 2he resu%ts of the surve( are be%ow. =ro$ the sa$"%e surve(edA )H of the res"ondents said the( did not intend to "urchase an( kind of CNC $achine in the near futureA whereas 32H said (es the( did have future "%ans to "urchase CNC $achines. 1H did not #ive an( answer. 2he fo%%owin# are statistics of so$e of the near6future "urchases of CNC $achines as identified b( the sa$"%e surve(ed< 1. 1 industr( intends to "urchase a CNC $achine fro$ 2aiwan costin# a""ro5i$ate%( 8s.,.) $i%%ion 2. 1 &ater6Net CNC of Chinese $ake costin# a""ro5i$ate%( 8s.3.) $i%%ion 3. 1/ :athe Machines . 1 Machinin# Centre Machine ). 1 &ire6Cut Machine +. 1;rindin# Machine ,. 3 Mi%%in# Machines -. 2 CNC Machines Ft("es were not se%ected as (etG .. 3 Machines b( *aewoo - 15. @esults I @eco""endations 's was stated ear%ier that other than the %i$itations of the stud( itse%fA the fie%d of CNC $achines was so hi#h%( technica% and vastA for Pakistan to at %east be ab%e to $eet a fraction of its de$and for CNC $achines throu#h %oca% "roductionA it wou%d reBuire a s%ow and ca"ita% intensive initiative. 2his too wou%d not be "ossib%e without a consistent "o%ic(A su""ort and "rotection for the initia% (ears. Over the "ast cou"%e of decades the use of CNC $achines has $oved into sectors that were traditiona%%( re%(in# on $anua% %abor or outdated for$s of "roduction. 2he use of these $achines has s"read fro$ the hi#h6tech aeros"ace industr( to the once considered %ow6tech industr( of furniture $anufacturin#. &ith increased #%oba%i0ation and abo%ish$ent of BuotasA "rotection and i$"ort tariffsA for an under6deve%o"ed countr( %ike Pakistan it is i$"ortant to "ro$ote se%f6re%iance and save "recious forei#n e5chan#e reserves b( heavi%( investin# in "ro$otin# %oca% $anufacturin# and asse$b%( of CNC $achines. &ith this viewA the stron# and weak as"ects of this $achine too% industr( are su$$ari0ed as fo%%ows< 15.1 trong As+ects 2here is "otentia% de$and in the $arket Cost of %abor is co$"arative%( %ow 'wareness of "roduction $achines in the unor#ani0ed !M1 sector is hi#h !ki%% reBuire$ents for CNC $achines are eas( as co$"ared to conventiona% $achines Because Pakistan is ver( accessib%e to a nu$ber of $arkets due to its #eo6"o%itica% situationA it is we%%6"ositioned to ta" into "otentia% $arkets abroad 15.2 -ea# As+ects Bad%( affected socio6econo$ic situation and uncertaint( for over a (ear In"ut costs are hi#her co$"ared to co$"etitor countries %ike China *o$estic industr( has not been ab%e to deve%o" itse%f Insufficient ca"acit( of the "roduction $eta%6cuttin# $achines 8esearch and *eve%o"$ent studies and techno%o#ica% invest$ents are inca"ab%e Hi#h "roduction costs B(6"roduct industr( has not been ab%e to deve%o" InadeBuate $arketin# and %ack of introductor( studies Fforei#n e5hibitionsG In %i#ht of the aboveA b( takin# stock of the "resent scenario and future sco"e of the CNC $achines $arket in PakistanA the fo%%owin# is reco$$ended< ' 2ri"od consortiu$ consistin# of 1*BA a "ro$isin# "rivate industr(P'uto O1Ms with future de$andA and :oca% Machine 2oo%s Manufacturers cou%d be deve%o"ed as a $ode% for su""ortin# evo%ution of $achine too%s in Pakistan. 1*B shou%d take u" a %eadin# ro%e in su""ortin#A "ro$otin# and deve%o"in# the asse$b%(P$anufacturin# of CNC $achines. 2his wou%d invo%ve "o%ic( deve%o"$ent . that wou%d create an enab%in# environ$ent for the %oca% CNC $achine industr( to f%ourishA as we%% as "rovidin# of infor$ation and technica% advice to "otentia% investors. 2he ;overn$ent of Pakistan needs to encoura#e Ori#ina% 1Bui"$ent Manufacturers FO1MsG to increase de%etion of auto6"arts in PakistanA thus "ro$otin# a $achinin# cu%ture resu%tin# in the increase in de$and for CNC $achines. ' Machine 2oo%s *eve%o"$ent !che$e cou%d be initiated b( the ;overn$ent with financia% institutions bein# encoura#ed to e5tend financin# faci%ities to those interested on %ow $ark6u" rates %ike 2H. In"ut costs %ike raw $ateria%s and e%ectricit( shou%d be subsidi0ed for the $achine too%s deve%o"$ent industr(. 2he ;overn$ent of Pakistan needs to "rovide incentivesA subsidies and "rotection for this sector to #row and f%ourish. 2he "ub%ic sector a%on# with $u%tinationa%s and %oca% #rou"s need to a%%ocate a certain "ercenta#e of their bud#et and earnin#s for "ro$otin# and assistin# research and deve%o"$ent F8>*G on deve%o"in# the %oca% $anufacturin# of CNCs. 2o reva$" the trainin# curricu%u$ of different trainin# institutes and brin# the$ u" to internationa% standards for the trainin# of ski%%ed workers and trainersA $ost of the trainin# shou%d be in the for$ of On6Nob 2rainin# FON2G to brid#e the #a" between trainin# "roviders and the industr(. 'uto$ation of o%d $achines that do not increase efficienc( shou%d be encoura#ed but throu#h de$onstrationA which wou%d a%so .%ead to future new e5"eri$entation and asse$b%in# P $anufacturin# of CNC $achines !"ecia% %oan "roducts need to be introduced b( financia% institutions for initiatives taken u" in this sector. In co%%aboration with the Hi#her 1ducation Co$$ission and the %oca% industr(A a ta%ent hunt sche$e shou%d be initiated that cou%d identif( "otentia% students and ski%%ed workers whose technica% education cou%d be s"onsored and who cou%d a%so be #iven short "rofessiona% courses. '""ro"riate "o%icies and ta5 re#i$es need to be introduced to #radua%%( ban or discoura#e the i$"ort of used CNC $achinesA as and when the %oca% CNC $achines $anufacturin# industr( #ears u". 2here is a need to identif( and "ro$ote the %oca% co$"onents $arket b( settin# it u" on a scientific basis. ' cu%ture of know%ed#e $ana#e$ent needs to be "ro$oted with e5"osure visits for the industr( "eo"%e invo%ved in the %oca% use and $anufacturin# of CNC $achines. 2he historica% #rowth of CNC $achines in si$i%ar countries needs to be studied and %essons %earned fro$ their e5"eriencesA e.#. 2urke( and India. Partnershi"s with $achine too%s $anufacturers abroad need to be fostered and joint ventures for$ed on deve%o"in# $anufacturin# of the %oca% CNC $achines. )/