Conceptual schema

A conceptual schema or conceptual data model is a map of concepts and their relationships. This describes
the semantics of an organization and represents a series of assertions about its nature. Specifically, it
describes the things of significance to an organization (entity classes), about which it is inclined to collect
information, and characteristics of (attributes) and associations between pairs of those things of significance
(relationships).

Overview
Because a conceptual schema represents the semantics of an organization, and not a database design, it may
exist on various levels of abstraction. The original ANSI four-schema architecture began with the set of
external schemas that each represent one person's view of the world around him or her. These are
consolidated into a single conceptual schema that is the superset of all of those external views. A data model
can be as concrete as each person's perspective, but this tends to make it inflexible. If that person's world
changes, the model must change. Conceptual data models take a more abstract perspective, identifying the
fundamental things, of which the things an individual deals with are just examples.

The model does allow for what is called inheritance in object oriented terms. The set of instances of an
entity class may be subdivided into entity classes in their own right. Thus, each instance of a sub-type entity
class is also an instance of the entity class's super-type. Each instance of the super-type entity class, then is
also an instance of one of the sub-type entity classes.

Super-type/sub-type relationships may be exclusive or not. A methodology may require that each instance of
a super-type may only be an instance of one sub-type. Similarly, a super-type/sub-type relationship may be
exhaustive or not. It is exhaustive if the methodology requires that each instance of a super-type must be an
instance of a sub-type.

] Example relationships
• Each PERSON may be the vendor in one or more ORDERS.
• Each ORDER must be from one and only one PERSON.
• PERSON is a sub-type of PARTY. (Meaning that every instance of PERSON is also an instance of
PARTY.)
• Each Employee may have the supervisor within Employee.

Data structure diagram

Data Structure Diagram.

A data structure diagram (DSD) is a data model or diagram used to describe conceptual data models by
providing graphical notations which document entities and their relationships, and the constraints that binds
them.

Database schema

A depiction of MediaWiki database schema.

The schema (pronounced skee-ma) of a database system is its structure described in a formal language
supported by the database management system (DBMS). In a relational database, the schema defines the
tables, the fields, relationships, views, indexes, packages, procedures, functions, queues, triggers, types,
sequences, materialized views, synonyms, database links, directories, Java, XML schemas, and other
elements.

Schemas are generally stored in a data dictionary. Although a schema is defined in text database language,
the term is often used to refer to a graphical depiction of the database structure.

Levels of database schema

• Conceptual schema, a map of concepts and their relationships.
• Logical schema, a map of entities and their attributes and relations
• Physical schema, a particular implementation of a logical schema
• Schema object, Oracle database object

Logical schema
A Logical Schema is a data model of a specific problem domain expressed in terms of a particular data
management technology. Without being specific to a particular database management product, it is in terms
of either relational tables and columns, object-oriented classes, or XML tags. This is as opposed to a
conceptual data model, which describes the semantics of an organization without reference to technology, or
a physical data model, which describe the particular physical mechanisms used to capture data in a storage
medium.

The next step in creating a database, after the logical schema is produced, is to create the physical schema

Physical schema
Physical Schema is a term used in relation to data management.
In the ANSI four-schema architecture, the internal schema was the view of data that involved data
management technology. This was as opposed to the external schema that reflected the view of each person
in the organization, or the conceptual schema that was the integration of a set of external schemas.
Subsequently the internal schema was recognized to have two parts:

The logical schema was the way data were represented to conform to the constraints of a particular approach
to database management. At that time the choices were hierarchical and network. Describing the logical
schema, however, still did not describe how physically data would be stored on disk drives. That is the
domain of the physical schema. Now logical schemas describe data in terms of relational tables and
columns, object-oriented classes, and XML tags. A single set of tables, for example can be implemented in
dozens of different ways, up to and including the architecture where some rows are on a computer in
Cleveland and others are on a computer in Warsaw.

This is the physical schema.

The are three levels of abstraction:

Physical level:
The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.

Logical level:
The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those
data.

View level:
The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.

three levels of data abstraction are:

1. Physical level : how the data is stored physically and where it is stored in

database.

2. Logical level : what information or data is stored in the database (like what is the

datatype or what is format of data.

3.View level : end users work on view level. if any amendment is made it can be

saved by other name.

What Is A Relational Database Schema?
A Relational Database is a type of database which groups data according to their common
attributes which are found in the data set.

A Relational database Schema is actually a scheme that shows clearly the relationships
between the variables. For example if a database is about the employees and the students.
There can be many relations between the students and employees and their courses. The
scheme that shows them all can be called as the relational database schema

What Is Schema? What Is Difference Between Schema And

Database?
A Database is basically a structured collection of data or records which are stored in a
computer system. This structure is gained by proper organization of data through the database
model.

On the other hand, the word Schema itself stands for shape or plan. Thus this word is mostly
used for models or diagrams or formal logic. As far as databases are concerned, Database
Schema is the structure that is described in the programming language and is supported by
database management systems.

Thus Schema is the graphical depiction of the structure of the database system. And database
itself is the structured collection of data.

What's A Database Schema?

The word schema is defined as the set of objects which belong to an account. It comprises of
tables, views, indices, etc. A schema is often used as another way to refer to an account of
the Oracle software program. The Create Schema statement lets an Oracle user to specify all
data and privilege definitions for a new scheme in a single SQL statement.

One can add further definitions to the schema later using the DDL statements. A schema is
also defined as a description of the structure and rules which a document must satisfy for an
XML document type. It includes the formal declaration of the elements which make up a
document.

The word schema is defined as the description of the data which is represented within a
database. The format of the description or schema varies but includes a layout, in the form of
a table, for a relational database or a diagram which represents an entity-relationship.

What's The Difference Between Relation Schema And

Relational Database Schema?
Database Schema: Database schema is a collection of meta-data that describes the
relations in a database. A schema can be simply described as the "layout" of a database or
the blueprint that outlines the way data is organized into tables. Schema are normally
described using Structured Query Language as a series of CREATE statements that may be
used to replicate the schema in a new database.

Relation schema: A relation schema can be thought of as the basic information describing
a table or relation. This includes a set of column names, the data types associated
with each column, and the name associated with the entire table.

Difference between schema and database?

Database schema are the logical structure of entities (tables or object classes) and their relationships (keys,
or object associations) in a database. Schema can exist at different levels of abstraction (see:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_schema).

Schema themselves may or may not exist as such in a database. In general schema at the higher levels of
abstraction are design models that are captured in printed documents, and authored by business analysts and
database designers, rather than created by database programmers and stored in the database itself. But in
some types of databases, schema at any level of abstaction can be realized physically.

In Oracle databases, schema can be realized as schema objects, which are a part of an Oracle database.
These schema objects may represent a human user's conceptual model of the knowledge captured in an
enterprise database. Thus defined, there can be many schema that can be associated with one physical
database.

In other kinds of relational database, an abstract user's schema can be represented by logically linked
metadata, views, and stored procedures assocated with a user class.

In object-oriented databases, especially those based on the highly self-referential language Smalltalk (e.g.
Gemstone/S), schema are realized as "physical" objects in the database as a matter of course, as well as in
the logical models captured in design documents. The schema objects in such databases are, in essence, the
classes comprising the infrastructure of the database or application. Oracle-style user schema are readily
created; these would be realized as user interface orchestrator classes.

Difference between user and schema oracle?

Answer
* A schema is collection of database objects, including logical structures such as tables, views, sequences,
stored procedures, synonyms, indexes, clusters, and database links.
* A user owns a schema.
* A user and a schema have the same name.
* The CREATE USER command creates a user. It also automatically creates a schema for that user.
* The CREATE SCHEMA command does not create a "schema" as it implies, it just allows you to create
multiple tables and views and perform multiple grants in your own schema in a single transaction.
* For all intents and purposes you can consider a user to be a schema and a schema to be a user.
What is the difference between database instance
and relation schema?
Database Instance

The term instance is typically used to describe a complete database environment, including the RDBMS
software, table structure, stored procedures and other functionality. It is most commonly used when
administrators describe multiple
instances of the same database.Also Known As: environment

Examples: An organization with an employees database might have three different

instances: production (used to contain live data), pre-production (used to test new
functionality prior to release into production) and development (used by
database developers to create new functionality).

RELATION SCHEMA

A relation schema can be thought of as the basic information describing

a table or relation. This includes a set of column names, the data types associated
with each column, and the name associated with the entire table. For example, a
relation schema for the relation called Students could be expressed using the
following representation:
Students(sid: string, name: string, login:

string, age: integer, gpa: real)