Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
(8th Edition)
David Myers Memory
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad Chapter 9
Henderson State University
Memory Memory
The Phenomenon of Storage: Retaining
Memory Information
Information Processing Sensory Memory
Working/Short-term Memory
Encoding: Getting Long-Term Memory
Information in Storing Memories in the Brain
How We Encode
What We Encode
3 4
Memory Memory
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Ruters/ Corbis
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President Bush being told of 9/11 attack.
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processing leads to
© Bananastock/ Alamy
http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
Ebbinghaus studied the fewer repetitions
rehearsal by using were required to
nonsense syllables: remember them on Day
TUV YOF GEK XOZ 2.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
(1850-1909) 19 20
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Encoding Meaning Results
“Whale”
Q: Did the word begin Structural
Shallow
with a capital letter? Encoding
1. Method of Loci
Both photos: Ho/AP Photo
2. Link Method
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Chunking Hierarchy
Acronyms are another way of chunking Complex information broken down into broad
information to remember it. concepts and further subdivided into categories
and subcategories.
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Encoding Summarized in a
Hierarchy
Storage: Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory. Three
stores of memory are shown below:
Encoding
Events
Encoding Retrieval
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Retrieval 36
Sensory Memory Whole Report
Sperling (1960)
Sensory Working Long-term
Memory Memory Memory
R G T “Recall”
Encoding
Events
F M Q RTMZ
(44% recall)
Encoding Retrieval L Z S
50 ms (1/20 second)
Retrieval
The exposure time for the stimulus is so small
that items cannot be rehearsed.
37 38
S X T Low Tone
“Recall” A D I Low Tone
“Recall”
Time
J R S Medium Tone JRS N L V Delay
Medium Tone N__
(100% recall) (33% recall)
P K Y High Tone O G H High Tone
50 ms (1/20 second)
50 ms (1/20 second)
80
Iconic
60
0.5 sec. long
40 Echoic
3-4 sec. long
20
Hepatic
< 1 sec. long
0.15 0.30 0.50 1.00
Time (Seconds) 41 42
Working Memory Working Memory
Working memory, the new name for short-term
Sensory Working Long-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short
Memory Memory Memory
duration (20 seconds).
Encoding
Events
Encoding Retrieval
Retrieval
Sir George Hamilton observed that he could accurately remember up
to 7 beans thrown on the floor. If there were more beans, he guessed.
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Capacity Chunking
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or The capacity of the working memory may be
Minus Two: Some Limits on Our increased by “Chunking.”
Capacity for Processing Information
(1956).
F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M
Ready?
Events
Encoding Retrieval
51 52
Both Photos: From N. Toni et al., Nature, 402, Nov. 25 1999. Courtesy of Dominique Muller
(LTP) refers to synaptic otherwise) make for stronger memories.
enhancement after Continued stress may disrupt memory.
learning (Lynch, 2002).
An increase in
neurotransmitter release
or receptors on the
receiving neuron
Anterograde
Amnesia Memory Intact No New Memories
(HM)
Surgery A B C
HM learned the Tower of Hanoi (game) after his surgery. Each time
he plays it, he is unable to remember the fact that he has already
59 played the game. 60
Cerebellum Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain Retrieval refers to getting information out of
that processes implicit memories. the memory store.
a. Brussels
b. Rome
c. London
d. Paris
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Rutgers University
Courtesy of Carolyn Rovee-Collier,
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Encoding Failure Which penny is real?
We cannot remember what we do not
encode.
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Repression: A defense
mechanism that banishes
anxiety-arousing
thoughts, feelings, and
memories from
Culver Pictures
consciousness.
Sigmund Freud
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86
Loftus’ research shows that if false memories Leading psychological associations of the world agree
(lost at the mall or drowned in a lake) are on the following concerning childhood sexual abuse:
implanted in individuals, they construct 1. Injustice happens.
(fabricate) their memories. 2. Incest and other sexual abuse happens.
3. People may forget.
4. Recovered memories are commonplace.
5. Recovered memories under hypnosis or drugs are
unreliable.
6. Memories of things happening before 3 years of age
are unreliable.
7. Memories, whether real or false, are emotionally
Don Shrubshell
upsetting.
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