UNIT II

INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS

NETWORKING
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The cellular telephone system is
responsible for providing coverage
throughout a particular area known as
coverage region or market
Wireless Network
coverage region or market
The interconnection of many such markets
defines a wireless network capable of
providing service to mobile users
throughout country or continent
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Common air
interface
Handshake
communication
protocol
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wired
1. Transfer of information takes
place over landline trunked lines
(trunks) made of OF cables,
copper cables, microwave links
and satellite links.
2. Network configurations are
virtually static. Distance is a
constraint for the subscribers
wireless
1. Transfer of information takes
place with the help of signals
which travel in air as
ElectroMagnetic waves.
2. Network configurations are
highly dynamic. The network
configuration gets rearranged
every time a subscriber moves
into a different coverage
constraint for the subscribers
3. Subscribers change of
residence needs
reprogramming at the local CO
of subscriber.
4. The available bandwidth can
be increased by installing high
capacity cables.
into a different coverage
region .
3. Wireless networks must
reconfigure themselves for
users within small intervals of
time to provide roaming and
handoff facility.
4. W/L networks are constrained
by the little RF cellular B/W
provided for each user.
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Local Exchange
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PSTN-Public switched telephone N/W
1. LATA-Local access and transport area.
Geographical grouping of towns is taken care by
LATA.
2. LEC- Local exchange carrier.
IntraLATA telephone service. IntraLATA telephone service.
3. CO-Central Office-Provides PSTN connection
to CPE.
4. CPE-Customer Premises Equipment-PBX or
Residence telephone.
LATA LATA
LEC
Surrounding
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PSTN
5. PBX-Private Branch Exchange-Office
connections are dealt by PBX.
--Intra PBX No LEC involved.
--Connection of PBX to CO is maintained by LEC.
6. IXC-Inter Exchange Carriers are used to 6. IXC-Inter Exchange Carriers are used to
connect different LECs throughout the
country or continent.
LEC LEC
IXC
Long Distance
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Limitations of Wireless
Networks Networks
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Limitations:
1. Extreme complex communication system.
2. Radio channel is extremely hostile and
random in nature.
3. Growth in wireless systems leads to increase
in BSs which increases the switching burden in BSs which increases the switching burden
of MSC
4. Extra overhead is required for MSC as the
geographical location of MU changes
constantly.
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Wireless Links: High Bit Error Rate
Decreasing signal strength
Disperses as it travels greater distance
Attenuates as it passes through matter
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Wireless Links: High Bit Error Rate
Interference from other sources
Radio sources in same frequency band
E.g., 2.4 GHz wireless phone interferes with 802.11b
wireless LAN
Electromagnetic noise (e.g., microwave oven) Electromagnetic noise (e.g., microwave oven)
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Wireless Links: High Bit Error Rate
Multi-path propagation
Electromagnetic waves reflect off objects
Taking many paths of different lengths
Causing blurring of signal at the receiver Causing blurring of signal at the receiver
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receiver
transmitter
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Dealing With Bit Errors
Wireless vs. wired links
Wired: most loss is due to congestion
Wireless: higher, time-varying bit-error ate
Dealing with high bit-error rates Dealing with high bit-error rates
Sender could increase transmission power
Requires more energy (bad for battery-powered hosts)
Creates more interference with other senders
Stronger error detection and recovery
More powerful error detection codes
Link-layer retransmission of corrupted frames
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Wireless Links: Broadcast Limitations
Wired broadcast links
E.g., Ethernet bridging, in wired LANs
All nodes receive transmissions from all other nodes
Wireless broadcast: hidden terminal problem
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A
B
C A and B hear each other
B and C hear each other
But, A and C do not
So, A and C are unaware
of their interference at B.
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Wireless Links: Broadcast Limitations
Wired broadcast links
E.g., Ethernet bridging, in wired LANs
All nodes receive transmissions from all other
nodes
Wireless broadcast: fading over distance
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A B
C
As signal
strength
space
Cs signal
strength
A and B hear each other
B and C hear each other
But, A and C do not
So, A and C are unaware
of their interference at B.
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Merging Wireless Networks and PSTN
1. Signaling and Voice traffic were sent on the
same trunked lines i.e., a single physical
connection was used to handle both of them.
2. In mid 1980s when W/L evolved , the PSTN
was transformed into two parallel networks- was transformed into two parallel networks-
one for voice and other for setup, which is
known as Common Channel Signaling(CCS).
3. Access to signaling N/W is provided by IXCs.
4. North America- Signaling-SS7.
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Development of Wireless Networks
First generation wireless Networks:
1. Based on analog technology. All cellular systems used FM, and
cordless telephones used a single BS to communicate with single
portable terminal.
2. Did not have CCS.
Eg: AMPS. Forward Voice channel
Voice circuits
Eg: AMPS.
Mobile User Base Station MSC
Reverse Voice channel
Forward Voice channel
Forward setup channel
Reverse Setup channel
Voice circuits
9600bps
Data Link
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The system control for each market resides in MSC, which
maintains all mobile related information and controls each
mobile handoff.
Autonomous Registration-The MU notifies a serving MSC of
its presence and location.
IS-41 relies on the concept of Autonomous Registration.
MSC also performs network management functions such as
call handling and processing, billing, fraud detection within call handling and processing, billing, fraud detection within
the market.
MSC is interconnected with the PSTN via trunks and a tandem
switch.
MSCs are connected to other MSCs via dedicated signaling
channels for exchange of location, validation and call signaling
information.
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First Generation Wireless N/Ws
1. Provide analog speech and inefficient, low-rate
data transmission between the MU and BS.
2. Until early 1990s the user had to register manually
each time he/she entered any market.
3. Evolution of IS-41 standard allowed different 3. Evolution of IS-41 standard allowed different
cellular systems to automatically accommodate
users who roam into new coverage region.
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Second Generation(2G)
Employ digital modulation and advance call
processing capabilities.
Eg:GSM,lS-95, IS-136 standards of US,Personal
Access Comm. Systems(PACS), Digital European
Cordless Telephone(DECT-Europe).
MSCs burden is downsized by the deployment of MSCs burden is downsized by the deployment of
BSCs(Base Station Controller), which is inserted
b/w several BSs and MSC.
Use digital voice coding and digital modulation.
CCS is introduced.
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Unlike First generation which is only developed for
voice, the 2G has been specifically designed to
provide paging, and other data services such as
facsimile and high data rate network access.
The handoff process involved is Mobile assisted i.e.,
MAHO(Mobile Assisted Handoff).
Second Generation(2G)
MAHO(Mobile Assisted Handoff).
The mobile units also perform several other
functions such as received power reporting,
adjacent BS scanning, data encoding and
encryption, which is not seen in First generation.
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Third generation(3G)
Mainly developed to provide single set of
standards that can meet wide range of
wireless applications and provide universal
access throughout the world.
A universal personal communicator will
provide access to a variety of voice, data and provide access to a variety of voice, data and
video communication services.
Eg: B-ISDN, 3G PCS,3G PCN,UMTS(Europe)
Packet Radio communication is used providing
high speed and reliable information transfer.
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Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks
The voice call should always be continuous in
nature, whereas the control and signaling
information can be bursty and can share the
network with other bursty users.
Routing services determine the priority and the
type of service to be given to all the users. type of service to be given to all the users.
Two Types:
1. Connection-oriented (Virtual Circuit Routing)
2. Connectionless(Datagram Services)
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Connection Oriented Service
Consider the case when you make a telephone call.
Pick up your telephone
Dial the destination number which is unique
Say what you want to convey
Hang up your phone
A similar mode of operation is followed in the case of
connection oriented services
Establish a connection between the sender and the
receiver
Make use of the connection by sending and receiving
information
When done, terminate the existing connection
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Connectionless Service
A connectionless services, as its name suggests, is just
a service with no pre established connection.
It is more like a postal systemwherein you send and
receive mails with the help of destination address and
several offices that route your mails to the correct
destination. destination.
The packets send need not arrive in the same order in
which they are sent. This is basically because all packets
might not take the same route since there is no preset
connection in such services. The routers route the
packets according to their built in algorithms and
the receiver might need to re order the packet.
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