SYLLABUS

HNB GARHWAL UNIVERSITY, SRINAGAR-GARHWAL

2011-2012 ONWARDS
Department of Botany and Microbiology
Master of Science
1. BOTANY
(Two Year Course- Semester System)
Admission of the Masters Program in Botany shall be through entrance examination
conducted by the University and the program shall be based on credit system in which credit
defines the quantum of content/ syllabus prescribed for a course system and determines the
number of hours of instruction per wee!
"he student shall be eligible for admission to a Masters #egree Program in Botany after
he/she has successfully completed a three year undergraduate degree or earned prescribed
number of credits through the examinations conducted by University as equivalent to an
undergraduate degree!
$ore courses prescribed for every %emester shall be mandatory for all students registered for
the Masters Program in Botany and shall carry minimum &' credits! Besides this there shall be
(lective courses offered in semester ))) and )* and shall carry a minimum of +, credits! A self
study course would comprise of maximum -. credits of which one minimum -/ credits shall
be mandatory which shall not be included while calculating grades!
(ach candidate is expected to participate in the field surveys and excursions required for the
0aboratory $ourses as and when organi1ed by the #epartment! %ubsequent to that the student
would have to present a detailed report of such visits at the time of %emester Practical
examination!
)n order to qualify for a two year masters degree2 a student must acquire a minimum of 34
credits including a minimum of +, credits in electives choosing at least two elective 5leading to
a minimum -6 credits7 offered by other departments and one qualifying self study course of
minimum -/ credits! #issertation is an elective one mandatory for every student! "he
dissertation is to be allotted in the beginning of ))) %emester and would be submitted during the
examination of the )* %emester!
M. Sc. Semester I (1uly to November)
Code Paper Credits`
B%$+-+ )! Mycology and Microbiology -/
B%$+-4 ))! Phycology and Bryology -/
B%$+-/ )))! Pteridology2 8ymnosperm and Palaeobotany -/
B%$+-' )*! "axonomy and #iversity of 9lowering Plants -/
B%$+-& *! 0aboratory $ourse ):: -/
B%$+-6 *)! 0aboratory $ourse )) -/
Core Credits 18

M. Sc. Semester II (December to April)
Code Paper Credits
B%$+-3 *))! Plant #evelopment and ;eproductive Biology -/
B%$+-, *)))! ;esource Utili1ation2 )P; and (thnobotany -/
B%$+-. )<! $ytogenetics and Molecular Biology -/
B%$++- <! Plant Breeding and Biostatistics -/
B%$+++ <)! 0aboratory $ourse ) -/
B%$++4 <))! 0aboratory $ourse )) -/
Core Credits 18 with additional 03 Credits of Self Study.

M. Sc. Semester III (1uly to November)
Code Paper Credit
B%$++/ <)))! Plant Physiology and Biochemistry -/
B%$++' <)*! (cology and ;emote %ensing -/
B%(++& <*a! ;ecombinant #=A "echnology
<*b! (cosystem Analysis2 8)% and ;emote %ensing
<*c! 9orest (cology
<*d! =atural ;esource Management in >imalaya
<*e! Palynology and Pollination Biology
<*f! Propagation "echniques
Any other (lective course offered by other #epartment
-/ each
B%(++6 <*)a! Plant >ealth Management
<*)b! #iversity and $ultivation of Mushrooms
<*)c! (nvironmental Management and Basics of =anotechnology
<*)d! Bioinformatics and Biological #atabase
<*)e! %eed Pathology
<*)f! Applied Plant Anatomy
Any other elective course offered by other #epartment
-/ each
B%$++3 <*))! 0aboratory $ourse ) -/
B%(++, <*)))! 0aboratory $ourse )) -/
Core Credits 09 + Elective Credits 09; Total Credits 18 + 03 credits of self study.
M. Sc. Semester IV (December to April)
Code Paper Credit
B%$++. <)<! $onservation Biology -/
B%$+4- <<! Biotechnology and 8enetic (ngineering -/
B%$+4+ <<)! 0aboratory $ourse ) -/
B%(+44 <<))! #issertation -.
Core Credits 09 + Elective Credits 09; Total Credits 18 + 03 Credits of Self Study
Grand Total: $ore $redits &' ? (lective $redits +, @ 34
Aith a total of -. $redits 5/?/?/7 $redits in ))2 ))) and )* semesters of %elf %tudy 5%eminars7!
: -+ $redit@ -+ hour of lecture/instructions per weeB -+ $redit course@ +& hours of
lectures per semester!
:: -/hours of laboratory course shall be considered equivalent to -+ hour of lecture!

Dissertation/ Project Work
Anatomy of >imalayan woods
$hromosome Analysis and )ndexing of >imalayan 9lora
$onservation of endangered species
(cosystem analysis!
(nvironmental )mpact Assessment
>igh altitude (cology and $limate $hange
)nvasion (cology
)nventori1ation of unexplored Areas and >otspots
0imnology
Plant Biodiversity Assessment
Pollution Monitoring
Population/weed/ ;eproductive Biology
%urvey of 0ess nown (conomic Plants
Any other current trends / topics suggested by the #epartmental committee
BSC 101. Paper I: MYCOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
MYCOLOGY
+! >istory of MycologyB )ndia and abroad!
4! 8eneral characters of 9ungiC %ubstrate relationship in fungiB $ell ultra structureB unicellular
and multicellular organi1ation2 nutrition 5saprobic2 biotrophic2 symbiotic7B reproduction
5vegetative2 asexual2 sexual7B ;ecent trends in the classification!
/! Phylogeny of 9ungiB 8eneral account of Mastigomycotina2 Dygomycotina2 Ascomycotina2
Basidiomycotina2 #euteromycotinaB 9ungi in industry2 medicine and as food!
Mycorrhi1aeB 9ungi as biocontrol agents!
'! Mycotoxins!
&! Phytopathogenic fungi!

MICROBIOLOGY
6! A brief history of Microbiology2 the diversity of microEorganisms2 microbial growth2
microbial control!
3! Archaebacteria and (ubacteriaC 8eneral accountB ultrastructure2 nutrition and reproductionB
biology and economic importanceB cyanobacteriaE classification2 salient features and
economic importance!
,! *irusesC $haracteristicsB isolation and purification of virusesB chemical nature2 replication2
"ransmission of virusesB economic importance!
.! PhytoplasmaC 8eneral characteristics and role in causing plant diseases! 5e!g! sandal spie
disease2 sesamum phyllody2 little leaf of brinFal7
+-! )mmunologyC %tructure of antigens and antibodies2 antigenE antibody reaction2 2
Mechanism of antigenEantibody reactions! *accines and toxoids2 >ypersensitivity
++! )ndustrial MicrobiologyC fermentation2 alcoholic beverages2 dairy products 5cheese and
butter72 en1ymes 5amylase2 protease72 industrial spoilage of food and dairy products2
Preparation of papers2 textiles2 cordage2 leather2 paints and rubber2 Biofertili1ers and
biopesticides!
+4! (nvironmental microbiology2 soil and water!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Ainsworth2 8!$! +.3+! Ainsworth and Bisbys #ictionary of 8enera of 9ungi! $entral
Myco! )nst! Gew2 %urrey!UG!
4! Alexopoulus2 $!H!2 Mims2 $!A! and Blacwell2 M! +..6! )ntroductory Mycology! Hohn
Ailley I %ons )nc!
/! Bilgrami2 G!%! +.,4! Physiology of 9ungi! Bishen %ingh Mahendrapal %ingh2
#ehradun!
'! $lifton2 A! +.&,! )ntroduction to the Bacteria! Mc8rawE>ill boo $o!2 =ew Jor!
&! Mandahar2 $!0! +.3,! )ntroduction to Plant *iruses! $hand I $o! 0td!2 #elhi!
6! Mehrotra2 ;!%! and AneFa2 ;!%! +..,! An )ntroduction to Mycology! =ew Age
)ntermediate Press!
3! Aebster2 H! +.,&! )ntroduction to 9ungi! $ambridge University Press!
,! #oelle2 >!A! and $!82 >eden +.,6! Applied Microbiology2 Gluwer Academic Press2
0ondon!
.! Pelc1ar2 M!H!2 $han2 ($% and Greig2 =!;! +../! Microbiology2 $oncept and
Applications! Mc 8raw >ill2 =ew Jor!
+-! ;oss2 9!$! +.,/! )ntroductory Microbiology! $harles (! Merril! Publ! $o! $olumbus2
Khio!
++! Alexander2 M! +..+! Microbial (cology! Hohn Ailey and %ons! =ew Jor!
+4! AP>A! +.3+! %tandard Methods for the (xamination of water and Aaste Aater!
Aashington #$
+/! Atlas! ;! M! Principle of Microbiology!
+'! Board2 ;!8! and #!A!2 0oveloc +.3&! %ome Method for Microbiological Assay!
Acadmic Press! =ew Jor
+&! $asida2 0!(! +.6,! )ndustrial Microbiology! Hohn Ailey and %ons2 =ew Jor!
+6! $lifford2 >!"! and A! %tephenson +.3&! An )ntroduction to =umerical $lassification2
Academic press2 =ew Jor!
+3! #oelle2 >!A! and $!8!2 >eden +.,6! Applied Microbiology! Gluwer Acad! Press2
0ondon!
+,! Gaushi2 P! +..6! )ntroductory Microbiology! (may Publ2 #elhi!
+.! Miller2 B!M! and A! 0itsy +.36! )ndustrial Microbiology! Mc 8raw >ill =ew Jor!
4-! MuherFee2 G!8! and *ed Pal %ingh2 +..3! 9rontiers in Applied Microbiology! ;astogi
Publ! Meerut!
4+! =orris2 H!;! and #!A! ;ibbons +.3-! Methods in Microbiology! Academic Press2
0ondon!
44! Power2 $!B! and >!9! #aginawala +..6! 8eneral Microbiology 4 *ols! >imalaya Pub!
>ouse2 =ew #elhi!
4/! ;oss2 9!$! +.,/! )ntroductory Microbiology! $harles (! Merril Publ! $o! $olumbus!
Khio!

BSC 102. Paper II: PHYCOLOGY AND BRYLOGY
PHYCOLOGY
+! Algal habitats !
4! "hallus organi1ation2 cell structure and reproduction 5vegetative2 asexual and sexual7!
/! Algal $lassification2 $riteria for classification of algaeC pigments2 reserve food and
flagella!
'! Phylogeny and interrelationships of algae!
&! $lassification and salient features of Protochlorophyta2 $hlorophyta2 $harophyta2
<anthophyta2 Bacillariophyta2 Phaeophyta2 ;hodophyta and $yanophyta!
6! A nowledge of algal life cyclesB alternation of generation in algaeB cytology and sexualityB
physiology and biochemistry of algaeB nitrogen fixationB parasitic algae!
3! (conomic importance of Algae2 Algal blooms2 algal biofertili1ers2 algae as food2
feed and uses in industry!
BRYOPHYTES
,! Morphology2 structure reproduction and life history!
.! $lassification and Phylogeny of various groups!
+-! 8eneral account of %phaerocarpales2 Marchantiales2 Hungermanniales2 $alobryales2 and
Anthocerotales!
++! %phagnales2 Andreales2 9unariales2 Buxbauniales and Polytrichales!
+4! ! (cology of bryophytes with special reference to >imalaya2 their association with other
organism!
+/! 9ossil bryophytes2 physiology and morphogenesis!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! $avers2 9! +.3.! "he )nterrelationships of the Bryophytes ;eprint! Bishen %ingh
Mahendrapal %ingh2 #ehradun!
4! 9ritsch2 9!(! +.3.! "he %tructure and ;eproduction of Algae! ;eprint! Bishen %ingh
Mahendrapal %ingh2 #ehradun!
/! Gashyap2 %!;! +.6,! 0iverworts of the Aestern >imalayas and PunFab Plains! "he
$hronica Botanic $o! #elhi!
'! Gumar2 >!#! +.,,! )ntroductory Phycology! Affiliated (astEAest Press 0td!2 =ew
#elhl!
&! Morris2 )! +.,6! An )ntroduction to the Algae! $ambridge University Press2 U!G!
6! Parihar2 =!%!+..+! Bryophyta! $entral Boo #epot2 Allahabad!
3! Presscott2 8!A! AlgaeC A ;eview! Bishen %ingh Mahendrapal %ingh!
,! Puri2 P! +.,-! Bryophytes! Atma ;am I %ons2 #elhi!
.! ;am Udar! 9ifty years of Bryology in )ndia! 8olden Hubilee %eries! )B%2 =ew #elhi
+-! ;ound2 9!(! +.,6!"he Biology of Algae! $ambridge University Press2 $ambridge!
++! %mith2 8!M! +.&&! $ryptogamic Botany! *ol! ) and ))! "ata Mc 8raw >ill2 =ew #elhi!
+4! %tewart2 A!=! and ;athwell2 8!A! +../! Paleobotany and the (volution of Plants!
$ambridge University Press!
BSC 103. Paper III: PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALAEOBOTANY
PTERIDOPHYTA
+! >istory2 origin2 classification2 present and past distribution2 morphology and life history of
the following types!
a. PsilopsidaC Psilophytales 5Psilophyton7 and Psilotales 5Psilotum7!
b. 0ycopsidaC Protoleopidodendrales (Protolepidodendron72 0epidodendrales
5Lepidodendron72 0ycopodiales 5Phylloglossum72 0epidospermales 5Lepidocarpon7 and
)soetales 5Isoetes 7!
c. %phenopsidaC >yeniales 5Hyenia72 %phenophyllales 5Sphenophyllum7 and $alamitales
5Calamites).
d. PteropsidaC $oenopteridales L A general account2 Kphioglossales 5Ophioglossum)
Marattiales 5Marattia 72 Ksmundales 5Osmunda72 9ilicales 5 Cyathea72 Marsileales
5 Regnellidium72 %alviniales 5 Aolla7 and )ndian fossils!
4! 8eneral topicsC Krigin and evolution of Pteridophytes2 >eterospory and seed habit!
GYMNOSPERMS
/! $lassification and distribution of 8ymnosperms in )ndia with special reference to
>imalaya! %tudy of their morphology2 structure and lifeEhistory as illustrated by the
following and indicated in the practical wor!
a. PteridospermalesC Palaeo1oic and Meso1oic groups with references to
0yginopteridaceae 5Lyginopteris7 and Medullosaceae 5!rigonocarpus72 A general account
of 8lossopteridaceae!
b. BennettitalesC $ycadeoidaceae2 Ailliamsoniaceae and Aielandiellaceae!
c. $ycadalesC A detailed account including distribution of living $ycads!
d. A general account of Pentoxylales and $ordaitales!
e. 8ingoalesC "in#go.
f. A general account of fossil and living $oniferales and "axales!
g. (phedrales2 Aelwitschiales and 8netalesC A general account!
'! (volutionary tendencies in 8ymnosperms!
&! (conomic importance of 8ymnosperms!
PALAEOBOTANY
6! #efinition of fossil2 different types of plant fossil as per their mode of preservation2 concept
of form genus!
3! )ndian 8ondwana %equence! $lassification2 distribution2 Mega flora succession through
%equence!
,! )ntroductory idea of $ontinental #rift >ypothesis!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Andrews2 >=! +.6+! %tudies in Palaeobotany! =ew Jor!
4! Baer2 H!8! +..&! >andboo of the 9ern Allies! ;eprint! Bishen %ingh Mahendra Pal
%ingh2 #ehradun!
/! Bhatnagar2 %!P! and Mitra2 A! +..6! 8ymnosperms! =ew Age )nternational Pvt! 0td!2
=ew #elhi!
'! Beddome2 ;!>! +.66! "he 9erns of British )ndia! 4 *ols! Kxford and )B>2 =ew #elhi!
&! $hamberlain2 $!H! +.&&! 8ymnospermsC %tructure and (volution! $hicago!
6! (ams2 A!H! +.6.! Morphology of 0ower *ascular Plants!
3! Parihar2 =!%! +..6! Biology I Morphology of Pteridophytes! $entral Boo #epot
Allahabad!
,! ;ai1ada2 M!B and %ahni2 G!$! +.&,! 0iving )ndian 8ymnosperms!
.! %ahni2 G!$! +..6! 8ymnosperms of )ndia and AdFacent $ountries! Bishen %ingh
Mahendrapal %ingh2 #ehradun!
+-! %eward2 A!$! +.+.! 9ossil Plants for %tudents of Botany and 8eology! ' *ols!
$ambridge!
++! %porne2 G!;! +..+! "he Morphology of Pteridophytes! >utchinson 0ibrary %eries
0ondon!
+4! %porne2 G!;! +..+! "he Morphology of 8ymnosperms! >utchinson 0ibrary %eries
0ondon!
BSC 104. Paper IV: TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
+! Krigin of intraE population variationC Population and the environmentB ecads and ecotypesB
evolution and differentiation of speciesE various models!
4! "he species conceptsB taxonomic hierarchy2 species2 genus2 family and other categoriesB
principles used in assessing relationship2 delimitation of taxa and attribution of ran!
/! %alient features of the )nternational $ode of Botanical =omenclature!
'! "axonomic evidencesC anatomy2 palynology2 embryology2 phytochemistry2
&! "axonomic toolsC histological2 cytological2 phytochemical2 serological2 biochemical and
molecular techniques!
6! %ystems of angiosperm classificationC Phenetic versus phylogenetic systemsB cladistics in
taxonomyB maFor systems of classification 5Bentham and >ooer2 >utchinson2 $ronquist 7
and their relative merits and demerits!
3! >erbarium and Botanical gardensC 8eneral account!
,! Plant exploration in )ndia with reference to =orth west and Uttarahand >imalaya
%tatus of flowering plant diversity in 8arhwal >imalaya!
.! A study of the following families and their relationshipsC
a. #icotyledonsC ;ananculaceae2 Magnoliaceae2 Berberidaceae2 9umariaceae2
*iolaceae2 Meliaceae2 Apiaceae2 %terculiaceae2 "iliaceae2 8eraniaceae2 $elastraceae2
%apindaceae2 $ombretaceae2 *alerianaceae2 Asteraceae2 $ampanulaceae2 (ricaceae2
Primulaceae2 ;ubiaceae2 Asclepiadaceae2 $onvolvulaceae2 0amiaceae2 *erbenaceae2
%crophulariaceae2 Kleaceae2 Acanthaceae2 Amaranthaceae2 $henopodiaceae2
Polygonaceae2 0oranthaceae2 Urticaceae2 Huglandaceae2 9agaceae and %alicaceae!
b. MonocotyledonsC >ydrocharitaceae2 Krchidaceae2 Amaryllidaceae2 #ioscoreaceae2
0iliaceae2 Arecaceae2 Araceae2 0emnaceae2 $yperaceae and Poaceae!
Besides these families the students are also expected to have a complete nowledge of families
which they have studied at under graduate syllabus of this University!

SUGGESTED READINGS
+! Babu2 $!;! +.36! >erbaceous 9lora of #ehradun! $%);2 =ew #elhi!
4! $ole2 A!H! +.6.! =umerical "axonomy2 Academic Press2 0ondon!
/! $ronquist2 A! +.,+! An )ntegrated %ystem of $lassification of 9lowering Plants!
$olumbia University Press2 =ew yor!
'! #avis2 P!>! and >eyhood2 *!>! +.3/! Principles of angiosperms "axonomy! ;obert (!
Greiger Pub! $o!2 =ew Jor!
&! 8aur2 ;!#! +...! 9lora of #istrict 8arhwalC =A >imalaya! "ransmedia2 %rinagar2
8arhwal!
6! 8rant2 *! +.3+! Plant %peciation! $olumbia University Press2 =ew Jor!
3! 8rant2 A!9! +.,'! Plant Biosystematics! Academic Press2 0ondon!
,! >arrison2 >!H! +.3+! =ew $oncepts in 9lowering Plant "axonomy! >ieman
(ducationnal Boos 0td!2 0ondon!
.! >eywood2 *!>! and Moore2 #!M! +.,'! $urrent $oncepts in Plant "axonomy!
Academic Press2 0ondon
+-! >utchinson2 H! +.3/! "he 9amilies of 9lowering Plants! 4 *ols! Kxford University
Press2 Kxford!
++! Hain2 %!G! and ;ao2 ;!;! +.33! A handboo of 9ield and >erbarium methods! "oday
and "omorrow2 =ew #elhi!
+4! Hones2 A!#! and Ailbins2 A!#! +.3+! *ariations and Adaptations in Plant %pecies!
>ieman I $o! (ducational Boos 0td!2 0ondon!
+/! Hones2 %!B!2 Hr! and 0uchsinger2 A!(! +.,6! Plant %ystematic 54
nd
edition7! Mc8rawE >ill
Boo $o!2 =ew Jor!
+'! 0awrence2 >!A! +.&+! "axonomy of *ascular Plants! ;eprint Kxford and )B>2 =ew
#elhi!
+&! =aithani2 B!#! +.,&! 9lora of $hamoli! 4 *ols2 B%)2 $alcutta!=ordenstam2 B!2 (l
8a1aly2 8! and Gassas2 M! 4---! Plant %ystematic for 4+
st
$entury! Portlant Press 0td!2
0ondon!
+6! ;adford2 A!(! +.,6! 9undamentals of Plant %ystematics! >arper I ;ow Publications2
U%A!
+3! %ingh2 >! +.3,! (mbryology of 8ymnosperms! (ncyclopaedia of Plant Anatomy <!
8ebruder Bortraeger2 Berlin!
+,! %olbrig2 K!"! +.3-! Principles and Methods of Plant biosystematics! "he MacMillan
$o! E $ollierE MacMillan 0td!2 0ondon!
+.! %olbrig2 K!"! and %olbrig2 #!H! +.3.! Population Biology and (volution! AddisonE
Aesley Publication $o! )nc!2 U%A!
4-! %tace2 $!A! +.,.! Plant "axonomy and Biosystematics! (dward Arnold2 0ondon!
4+! %tebbins2 8!0! +.3'! 9lowering PlantE (volution above %pecies 0evel! (dward Arnold
0td!2 0ondon!
44! %tace2 $!A! +.,.! Plant "axonomy and Biosystematics 54
nd
edition7! (dward Arnold
0td!2 0ondon!
4/! "ahtaFan2 A!0! +..3! #iversity and $lassification of 9lowering Plants! $olumbia
University Press2 =ew Jor!
4'! Aoodland2 #!A! +..+! $ontemporary Plant %ystematics! Prentice >all2 =ew Hersey!
BSC105 PaperV LABORATORY COURSE I

$. %tudy of representative genera of Mastigomycotina2 Dygomycotina2 Ascomycotina2
Basidiomycotina and #euteromycotina!
%. %ymptomatology of some diseased specimensC Ahite rust2 downy mildew2 powdery
mildew2 rusts2 smuts2 ergot2 groundnut leaf spot2 red rot of sugarcane2 wilts2 paddy blast2
citrus caner2 bacterial blight of paddy2 angular leaf spot of cotton2 tobacco mosaic2 little
leaf of brinFal2 sesame phyllody2 mango malformation!
&. Aseptic methods and demonstration of instruments vi1!2 autoclave2 hot air oven2 incubator2
bacterial2 laminar air flow2 spectrophotometer and haemocytometer!
'. #irect examination of root nodule bacteria under microscope and isolation of Rhio(ium in
root nodules!
). )solation and enumeration of microbes from natural samples 5soil and water7 by agar plate
technique!
*. Morphological study of representative members of algaeC Microcystis+ Lyng(ya+
Cylindrospermum+ "loeotrichia+ Scytonema+ Pandorina+ ,udorina+ Scendesmus+
Pediastrum+ Hydrodictyon+ -l.a+ ,nteromorpha+ /rapernaldiopsis+ Stigeoclonium+
0ritschiella+ Coleochaete+ 1ul(ochaete+ Cosmarium+ Caulerpa+ 2itella+ /ictyota+
"elidium+ "racillaria+ 1atrachospermum and Polysiphonia.

3. %tudy and identification with suitable preparations of Ricciocarpus+ !argionia+
Cyathodium+ Plagiochasma+ Asterella (0im(riaria)+ /umortiera+ Se4ardiella+ Pellia+
0ossom(ronia+ Porella+ Calo(ryum+ 2otothylas+ Sphagnum+ Polytrichum and 0unaria+
BSC106 Paper VI LABORATORY COURSE II
%tudy and identification with suitable preparations of the followingC
A! P"(;)#KP>J"(%
Psilotum+ Isoetes+ Ophioglossum+ 1otrychium+ Osmunda+ "leichenia+ Polypodium+ Aolla+
Sal.inia and important fossil types!
B! 8JM=K%P(;M%
Cycas+ 5amia+ "in#go+ A(ies+ Picea+ Cedrus+ Cryptomeria+ Cupressus+ Podocarpus+
Cephalota6us+ Agathis+ Araucaria+ !a6us+ ,phedra and "netum.
$! PA0A(KBK"A=J
+! %tudy of available fossil flora through specimens and slides2 etc!
4! )dentification and description of locally available plants belonging to families included in
the syllabus from fresh specimens2 herbarium or preserved materials! After identification up
to family level any suitable regional 9lora may be provided for generic identification if
required!
/! #escription of a species based on various specimens to study intra specific variation!
'! %tudies to find out the location of ey characters and preparation of eys at generic level!
&! 9ield trips2 compilation of field notes2 the preparation of herbarium sheets and submission
of herbarium and museum specimens and/or live potted specimens of taxonomic interest
and submission of the excursion report!
6! $omparison of different species of a genus and different genera of a family to calculate
%imilarity coefficients and preparation of dendrograms!
SEMESTER II
BSC107. Paper VII: PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
+! %eed germination and seedling growthC Mobili1ation of food reservesB tropismsB hormonal
control of seedling growth!
4! %hoot developmentC Krgani1ation of the shoot apical meristem 5%AM7B cytological and
molecular analysis of %AMB control of cell division and cell to cell communication!
/! $ambium and its functionsC formation of secondary xylemB general account of wood
structure in relation to conduction of water and minerals!
'! 0eaf growth and differentiationC Krigin2 development and phyllotaxy!
&! ;oot developmentC Krgani1ation of root apical meristem 5;AM7B cell fates and lineagesB
vascular tissue differentiationB lateral rootsB root hairsB rootEmicrobe interactions!
6! ;eproductionC *egetative options and sexual reproductionB flowerE a modified shoot2
structure2 functionsB structure of anther and pistilB 8enetics of floral organ differentiation!
3! Male gametophyteC %tructure of anthersB microsporogenesis2 role of tapetumB pollen
development and gene expression!
,! 9emale gametophyteC Kvule developmentB megasporogenesisB organi1ation of the embryo
sac !
.! Pollination2 pollenEpistil interaction and fertili1ationC PollenEstigma interactions2
sporophytic and gametophytes selfEincompatibility 5cytological2 biochemical and molecular
aspects7B double fertili1ationB in .itro fertili1ation!
+-! %eed development and 9ruit growthC (ndosperm development B embryogenesis2
polyembryonyB apomixisB embryo cultureB biochemistry and molecular biology of fruit
maturation!
++! 0atent lifeL#ormancyC )mportance and types of dormancyB seed dormancyB overcoming
seed dormancyB bud dormancy!
+4! %enescence and programmed cell death 5P$#7C Basic concept2 types of cell death2 P$# in
the life cycle of plant2 metabolic change associated with senescence and its regulationB
influence of hormones and environmental factors on senescence!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Atwell2 B!H!2 Griedermann2 P!(! and Hurnbull2 $!8!=! 5(ds7 +...! Plants in ActionC
Adaptation in =ature2 Performance in $ultivation! MacMillan education2 %ydney2
Australia!
4! Bewley2 H!#! and Blac2 M! +..'! %eedsC Physiology of #evelopment and 8ermination!
Plenum Press2 =ew Jor!
/! BhoFwani2 %!%! and Bhatnagar2 %!P! 4---! "he (mbryology of Angiosperms 5'
th
revised
and enlarged edition7! *ias Publishing >ouse2 =ew #elhi!
'! Burgess2 H! +.,&! An )ntroduction to Plant $ell #evelopment! $ambridge University
Press2 $ambridge!
&! $hopra2 *!0! 4--+! Plant BreedingC "heory and Practice! Kxford I )B> Pvt! 0td!2 =ew
#elhi!
6! $hopra2 *!0! 4--+! Plant BreedingC 9ield $rops! Kxford I )B> Pvt! 0td!2 =ew #elhi!
3! (ams2 A!H! +.,.! An )ntroduction to Plant Anatomy! ;eprint! Bishen %ingh Mahendra
Pal %ingh2 #ehradun!
,! 9ageri2 G! and *an der PiFl2 0! +.3.! "he Principles of Pollination (cology! Pergamon
Press2 Kxford!
.! 9ahn2 A! +.,4! Plant Anatomy! 5'th edition7! Pergamon Press2 Kxford!
+-! 9oset2 #!(! +..'! Plant 8rowth and #evelopment! A Molecular Approach!Academic
Press2 %an #iego!
++! >owell2 %!>! +..,! Molecular 8enetics of Plant #evelopment! $ambridge University
Press2 $ambridge!
+4! 0eins2 P!2 "ucer2 %!$! and (ndress2 P!G! +.,,!Aspects of 9loral #evelopment! 7.
Cramer2 8ermany!
+/! 0yndon2 ;!9! +..-! Plant #evelopment! "he $ellular Basis! Unnin >yman2 0ondon!
+'! Maheshwari2 P! +.&-! An )ntroduction to (mbryology of Angiosperms! Mc8raw >ill2
=ew Jor!
+&! Metcalf2 $!;! and $hal2 0! +.,/! Anatomy of #icotyledons and Monocotyledons! 4
*ols! $larendon Press2 Kxford!
+6! Murphy2 "!M! and "hompson2 A!9! +.,,! Molecular Plant #evelopment! Prentice >all2
=ew Hersey!
+3! Proctor2 M! and Jeo2 P! +.3/! "he Pollination of 9lowers! Ailliam $ollins %ons2
0ondon!
+,! ;aghavan2 *! +..3! Molecular (mbryology of 9lowering Plants! $ambridge University
Press2 $ambridge!
+.! ;aghavan2 *! +...!#evelopmental Biology of 9lowering Plants! %pringerE *erlag2 =ew
Jor!
4-! ;aven2 P!>!2 (vert2 ;!9! and (ichhorn2 %!(! +..4! Biology of Plants 5&
th
edition7! Aorth2
=ew Jor!
4+! %alisbury2 9!B! and ;oss2 $!A! +..4! Plant Physiology 5'
th
edition7! Aadsworth
Publishing2 Belmont2 $alifornia!
44! %teeves2 "!A! and %ussex2 )!M! +.,.! Patterns in Plant #evelopment 54
nd
edition7
$ambridge University Press2 $ambridge!
4/! %edgely2 M! and 8riffin2 A!;! +.,.! %exual ;eproduction of "ree $rops! Academic
Press2 0ondon!
4'! %hivanna2 G!;! and %awhney2 *!G! 5eds7 +..3! Pollen Biotechnology for $rop
Production and )mprovement! $ambridge University Press2 $ambridge!
4&! %hivanna2 G!;! and ;angaswamy2 =!%! +..4! Pollen BiologyC A 0aboratory Manual!
%pringerE*erlag2 Berlin!
46! %hivanna2 G!;! and Hohri2 B!M! +.,&! "he Angiosperm PollenC %tructure and 9unction!
Ailey (astern 0td!2 =ew Jor!
43! "he American %ociety of Plant Physiologists +../! "he Plant $ell! %pecial )ssue on
;eproductive Biology of Plants2 *ol! & 5+-72 ;ocville2 Maryland2 U%A!
4,! "horpe2 "!A! +..6! )n vitro (mbryogenesis in Plants! Gluwer Academic Publ! 0ondon!

BSC 108. Paper VIII: RESOURCE UTILIZATION, IPR AND ETHNOBOTANY
+! Plant resourcesC $oncept2 status2 utili1ation and concerns!
4! Aorld $enters of Primary #iversity of domesticated plants
/! Krigin2 evolution2 botany2 cultivation2 cytotaxonomy and uses of 5i7 $ereals and millets
5wheat2 paddy2 mai1e72 5ii7 0egumes 5soybean2 blac gram and cowpeas72 5iii7 %ugar cane
and starches 5sugarcane2 beetroot2 potato2 sweat potato2 cassava72 5iv7 9orage and fodder
crops!
'! 9iber crops2 medicinal and aromatic!
&! )mportant firewood and timber yielding plants and nonE wood forest products 5=A9Ps7
such as bamboos2 gums2 tannins2 dyes2 resins2 beverages!
6! )ntellectual Property ;ights2 $oncept2 >istory2 Protection of )P;B PatentE requirements2
procedures and limitationsB )nternational convention on Biological #iversity! %tatus of )P;s
in )ndia concerning plants2 agricultural crops and varieties!
3! (thnobotanyC $oncept2 linage with other sciences2 tools of ethnobotanical studies2 world
and )ndian perspective with special reference to the >imalayas!
,! 8reen revolutionC Benefits and adverse consequences!
.! Plants used as ornamentals and avenue trees!
+-! Principles of conservationC (xtinction B %tatus of plants based on )nternational Union for
$onservation of =ature 5)U$=7!
++! %trategies for conservationC In situ conservationB Protected areas in )ndiaE sanctuaries2
national pars and biosphere reserves!

SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Ayensu2 (!%!2 >eywood2 *!>! and 0ucas 8!0! +.,'! Kur green and living worldC "he
wisdom to save it! $ambridge Univ! Press! $ambridge!
4! Baen1inger2 %!P!2 Gleese2 ;!A! and Barns2 ;!9! +../! )ntellectual Property ;ights2
Protection of plant materialsB executive summary and wor group reports! $%%A
Publication =o! 4+! $rop %cience %oc! of America2 Aisconsin2 Madison!
/! Bellamy2 ;! +../! (thnobotany in "ropical forestsC expedition in field techniques2
;oyal 8eographic %ociety of 0ondon!
'! Berlin2 B! +..4! (thnobiological $lassificationC Principles and categori1ation of plants
and animals in traditional societies! Princeton Univ! Press! Princeton!
&! $handel2 G!P!%!2 %hula2 8! and %harma2 =!+..6! Biodiversity in Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants in )ndiaC $onservation and Utili1ation! =ational Bureau of Plant
8enetic ;esources2 =ew #elhi!
6! $onway2 8! and Barbier2 (! +..'!Plants2 8enes and Agriculture! Hones and Bartlett
Publishers2 Boston!
3! $ouncil of %cientific I )ndustrial ;esearch +.,6! "he Useful Plants of )ndia!
Publications and )nformation #irectorate2 $%);2 =ew #elhi!
,! $ouncil of %cientific I )ndustrial ;esearch 5+.',E+.367! "he Aealth of )ndia! A
#ictionary of )ndian ;aw Materials and )ndustrial Products! =ew #elhi! ;aw Materials
)E<))2 ;evised *olume )E))) 5+.,&E+..47 %upplement 54---7!
.! #ensmore2 9! +.3'! >ow )ndians use wild plants for food2 medicine and crafts2 #over
Publication )nc! =ew Jor!
+-! AA9 )=#)A +../! #irectory of )ndian Aetlands2 =ew #elhi and AAB2 Guala
0umpur!
++! 9al2 #!A!2 Klwell2 M! and Millan2 $! +..6! ;estoring #iversity! )sland Press2
$olumbia2 U%A!
+4! 9ranel2 K!>!2 Brown2 A!>!#! I Burdon2 H!H! +..&! "he $onservation of Plant
#iversity! $ambridge University Press2 $ambridge2 U!G!
+/! 8adgil2 M! and 8uha2 ;! +..6! (cology and (quityC Use and Abuse of =ature in
$ontemporary )ndia! Penguin2 =ew #elhi!
+'! 8angulee2 P! +..,! 8earing up for patentsE the )ndians %cenario! Univ! Press!
>yderabad!
+&! >ill2 A!9! +.&4! (conomic Botany! Mc8raw >ill!2 =ew Jor!
+6! Gochar2 %!0! +..,! (conomic Botany in the "ropics! Mac Millan )ndia 0td! #elhi
+3! Gothari2 A! +..3! Understanding BiodiversityC 0ife %ustainability and (quity! Krient
0ongman!
+,! Gohli2 ;!2 Arya2 G!%!2 %ingh2 P!>! and #hillon2 >!%! +..'! "ree #irectory of
$handigarh! 0ovedale (ducational2 =ew #elhi!
+.! =air2 M!=!B. et al. 5(ds7 +..,! %ustainable Management of =onEAood forest Products!
9aculty of 9orestry2 Universiti Putra Malaysia! '/'--' PM %erdong2 %elangor2
Malaysia
4-! Paroda2 ;!%! and Arora2 ;!G!+..+! Plant 8enetic resources conservation and
Management! )P8;) 5Publication7 %outh Asia Kffice2 $/o =BP8;2 Pusa $ampus2 =ew
#elhi!
4+! ;odgers2 =!A! and Panwar2 >!%! +.,,! Planning a Aildlife Protected Area =etwor in
)ndia! *ol! +! "he ;eport! Aildlife )nstitute of )ndia2 #ehradun!
44! %ahni2 G!$! 4---! "he Boo of )ndian "rees2 4
nd
edition! Kxford University Press
Mumbai!
4/! %harma2 K!P! +..6! >ills economic Botany 50ata #r! A!9! >ill2 adapted by K!P!
%harma7! "ata Mc8raw >ill $o! 0td!2 new #elhi!
4'! %waminathan2 M!%! and Gocchar2 %!0! 5(ds!7 +.,.! Plants and %ociety! Macmillan
Publication 0td!2 0ondon!
4&! "haur2 ;!%!2 Puri2 >!%! and >usain2 A! +.,.! MaFor Medicinal Plants of )ndia! $entral
)nstitute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants2 $%);2 0ucnow!
46! Aalter2 G!%! and 8illet2 >!H! +..,! )U$= ;ed 0ist of "hreatened Plants! )U$= "he
Aorld $onservation Union! )U$=2 8land2 %wit1erland2 and $ambridge2 U!G!
BSC109. Paper IX: CYTOGENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
+! "he dynamic cellC %tructural organi1ation of the plant cellB speciali1ed plant cell!
4! $ell wallC structure and functionsB biogenesis2 growth!
/! Plasma membraneC structure models and functionsB sites for A"Pases2 ion carriers2
channels and pumps2 receptors!
'! Mitochondria and chloroplastC %tructure2 genome organi1ation2 gene expression!
&! =ucleusC structure2 nuclear pores2 nucleosome organi1ation!
6! ;ibosomesC %tructure2 cytoprotein synthesis!
3! $hromatin organi1ationC $hromosome structure and pacaging of #=A2 molecular
organi1ation of centromere and telomere2 euchromatin and heterochromatin2 speciali1ed
types of chromosomesB polytene2 lampbrush2 BEchromosomes and sex chromosomes!
,! Principles of inheritanceC Mendelian laws along with molecular explanations2 (xceptions to
Mendelian laws2 lethal alleles and 8ene )nteractions!
.! %tructural and numerical alterations in chromosomesC Krigin2 occurrence2 production and
meiosis of haploids2 aneuploids and euploids2 induction and characteri1ation of trisomics
and monosomics!
+-! 8enetics of proaryotes and euaryotic organellesC Mapping the bacteriophage genome2
phage phenotypesB genetic recombination of phageB genetic transportation2 conFugation ant
transduction in bacteria2 cytoplasmic male sterility!
++! 8ene structure and expressionC 8enetic fine structure2 cisEtrans testB fine structure analysis
of euaryotes2 introns and their significance2 regulation of gene expression in proaryotes
and euaryotes! #=A damage and repair mechanism2 defects in #=A repairB )nitiatiion of
cancer at cellular level2 protoEoncogenes and oncogenes!
+4! 8enetic recombination and genetic mappingC ;ecombinationB independent assortment and
crossing over2 linage groups2 genetic marers2 construction of molecular maps!
+/! MutationsC %pontaneous and induced mutationsB physical and chemical mutation2 molecular
basis of gene mutationB mutations induced by transposons!
+'! =uclear #=A contentB $Evalue paradoxB $ot curves!
+&! Alien gene transfer through chromosome manipulationsC "ransfer of whole genome2
examples from wheat2 groundnut and mustardB transfer of individual chromosome and
chromosome segments!

SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Alberts2 B!2 Bray2 #!2 0ewis2 H!2 ;aff2 M!2 ;oberts2 G! and Aatson2 H!#! +.,.! Molecular
4! Biology of the $ell 54
nd
edition7! 8arland Publishing )nc!2 =ew Jor!
/! Atherly2 A!8!2 8irton2 H!;! and Mc#onald2 H!9! +...! "he %cience of 8enetics!
%aunders $ollege Publishing2 9ort Aorth2 U%A!
'! Burnham2 $!;! +.64! #iscussions in $ytogenetics! Burgess Publishing $o!2 Minnesota!
&! Busch2 >! and ;othblum2 0! +.,4! *olume <! "he $ell =ucleus r#=A Part A!
Academic
6! Press!
3! Barry2 H!M! and Barry2 B!M! +.3/! Molecular Biology2 Prentice >all Kf )ndia
,! =ew #elhi!
.! Buchanan2 B!B!2 8ruissem2 A! and Hones2 ;!0! 4---! Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology of Plants! American %ociety of Plant Physiologists2 Maryland2 U%A!
+-! #e2 #!=! 4---! Plant $ell *acuolesC An )ntroduction! $%);K Publication2
$ollingwood2 Australia!
++! 8upta2 P!G! +..,! $ytogenetics! ;astogi Publications! Meerut!
+4! >artl2 #!0! and Hones2 (!A! +..,! 8eneticsC Principles and Analysis 5'
th
edition7! Hones
I Bartlett Publishers2 Massachusetts2 U%A!
+/! Gleinsmith2 0!H! and Gish2 *!M! +..&! Principles of cell and Molecular Biology 54
nd
(dition7! >arper $ollins $ollege Publishers2 =ew Jor2 U%A!
+'! Grishnamurthy2 G!*! 4---! Methods in $ell wall $ytochemistry! $;$ Press2 Boca
;aton2 9lorida!
+&! 0ewin2 B! 4---! 8enes *))! Kxford University Press2 =ew Jor!
+6! 0odish2 >!2 Ber2 A!2 Dipursy2 %!0!2 Matsudaira2 P!2 Baltimore2 #! and #arnell2 H! 4---!
Molecular $ell Biology 5'
th
(dition7! A!>! 9reeman and $o!2 =ew Jor2 U%A
+3! Malacinsi2 8!M! and 9reifelder2 #! +..,! (ssentials of Molecular Biology 5/
rd

+,! edition7! Hones and Bartlet Publishers2 )nc!2 0ondon!
+.! %tent2 8!%! +.,6! Molecular 8enetics! Bishen %ingh Mahendra Pal %ingh2 #ehradun!
4-! Aatson2 H!#! +.6&! Molecular Biology of the 8ene! BenFamin!
4+! Aolfe2 %!0! +../! Molecular and $ellular Biology! Aadsworth Publishing $o!
$alifornia2 U%A!


BSC110. Paper X PLANT BREEDING AND BIOSTATISTICS
PLANT BREEDING
+! "he role of plant breeding L historical aspects and genetic basisC mode of reproduction in
relation to breeding methods2 breeding techniquesB method of plant breeding in relation to
selfEpollinated and cross pollinated plantsB selection2 clonal selection!
4! >ybridi1ationC )nterspecific and inter genericB pure lineB bac cross hybridi1ationB selfE
incompatibility system!
/! >eterosisC )ts genetic and physiological basisB economic exploitation of heterosis in mai1e!
'! Breeding for resistance to diseases2 physiological races!
&! ;ole of mutation in crop improving and evolution!
6! Plant breeding wor done in )ndia with special reference to potato2 paddy2 wheat and
sugarcane!
3! Maintenance of collection2 registration of varieties2 seed production2 testing2 certification
and distribution!
BIOSTATISTICS
+! BioEstatistics and its application in life sciences!
4! Methods of representation of statistical data and measurements of central tendencies!
/! $orrelation2 regression2 curve fitting and ratio of variation!
'! Probability and use of binomial trials!
&! "est of significance2 <
4
2 Mt and Mf tests!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
Plant Breeding:
+! >arihar2 ;am2 +..3! *egetable BreedingB Principles and Practices! Hagminder Boo
Agency! =ew #elhi
4! >ill2 H! +..3! Nuantitative and (cological Aspects of Plant Breeding2 Hagminder Boo
Agency! =ew #elhi!
/! Gapoor2 ;!0! +..3! Plant Breeding and $rop )mprovement! 4 *ols
'! Mc #onald2 M!B! +..3! %eed ProductionC Principles and Practices!
&! Poehlman2 H!M and #! Borthaur2 +.6.! Asian 9ield $rops! Kxford and )B> Publ! =ew
#elhi!
6! Poelhman2 H!M and %leeper2 #!;! +..&! Breeding 9ield $rops! Panima Publ! >ouse2
=ew #elhi!
3! %harma2 H!;! +..'! Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding! "ata Mc8raw >ill Publ!
$o! 0td! =ew #elhi!
,! %ingh2 B!#! 4--4! Plant Breeding Principles and Methods! Galyani Publ! =ew #elhi!
Biostatistics:
+! Bliss2 $!)! +.63! %tatistics in Biology! 4 *ols! Mc 8raw >ill2 =ew Jor!
4! #owney2 =!M and >eath2 ;!A! +.6-! Basic %tatistical Methods2 >arper )nternational!
/! ;ayner2 A!A! +.6.! A first $ourse in Biometry for Agriculture %tudents!
Peitermarit1burg! University of =atal Press!
'! %ingh2 ;!G! +..'! Biometrical "echniques in Breeding and 8enetics! Bishen %ingh
Mahendra Pal %ingh! #ehradun!
&! Aatt2 "! +../! )ntroductory %tatistics for Biology %tudents! =arosa2 =ew #elhi!
6! Ainer2 B!H! +.64! %tatistical Principles in (xperimental #esign! Mc 8raw >ill2
3! =ew Jor!
BSC 111 Paper X I LABORATORY COURSE I
a! (ffect of gravity2 unilateral light and plant growth regulators on the growth of young
seedlings!
b! ;ole of dar and red light / far red light on the expansion of cotyledons and epicotylar
hoo opening in pea!
c! %tudy of cytohistological 1ones in the shoot apical meristem 5%AM7 in sectioned and
double stained slides of suitable plants such as Coleus+ 8alanchoe+ 2icotiana.
(xamination in shoot apices in a monocot both in "! %! and 0! %! to show the origin of
leaf primordia!
d! %tudy of alternate and distichous2 alternate and superposed2 opposite and superposed
opposite and decussate leaf arrangement! (xamination of rosette plants 5Launaea+
Mollugo+ Raphanus+ Hyoscyamus+ etc!7 and induction of bolting under natural
conditions as well as 8A treatment!
e! Microscopical examination of vertical section of leaves2 such as that of Canna(is+
2icotiana+ 5ea mays and !riticum to understand the internal structure of the tissue and
trichomes2 glands2 etc! Also to study the anatomy of $/ and $' plants!
f! %tudy of epidermal peels of leaves to study the development and final structure of
stomata and prepare stomatal index! #emonstration of the effect of ABA on stomatal
closure!
g! %tudy the whole roots of dicots and monocots! (xamination of root apical meristem and
its derivatives 5using mai1e2 aerial roots of banyan2 etc!7! %tudy of lateral roots! %tudy of
lateral roots with different types of nodules!
h! %tudy of microsporogenesis and gametogenesis in sections of anthers!
i! (xamination of modes of anther dehiscence and collection of pollen grains for
microscopic examination 5mai1e2 grasses2 Canna(is sati.a+ Crotolaria+ !radescantia+
1rassica+ Petunia+ Solanum melongena+ etc!7!
ii! "ests for pollen viability using stains and in .itro germination! Pollen germination
using hanging drop and sitting drop cultures!
iii! Pollen storage2 pollenLpistil interaction2 selfEincompatibility2 in .itro pollination!
iv! %tudy of ovules in cleared preparations! %tudy of monosporic2 bisporic and
tetrasporic types of embryosac development through permanent slides!
v! 9ield study of types of flowers with different pollination mechanisms 5wind
pollination2 insect pollination2 etc!7!
vi!(masculation2 bagging and hand pollination techniques to study pollen germination!
%tudy of seed dormancy and methods to brea dormancy!
i! "he practical course of this section is divided into three unitsC 5+7 0aboratory wor2 547
9ield survey and 5/7 %cientific visits
i! 9ood cropsC wheat2 rice2 mai1e2 chicpea2 potato2 tapioca2 sweet potato2 sugarcaneB
morphology2 anatomy and micro chemical tests for stored food materials!
ii! 9orage/fodder plantsC %tudy of ten important fodder crops of the locality!
iii! Plant fibersC "extiles fibers 5cotton2 Fute2 sun hemp2 cannabis2 "re4ia2 etc!72 $ordage
fibers 5coir72 %tuffing fibers 5sil cotton7! Morphology2 anatomy2 microscopic study of
whole fibers using appropriate2 staining procedures!
iv! Medicinal and aromatic plants including narcotics and antibiotics!
v! *egetable oilsC Mustard2 groundnut2 soybean2 coconut2 sunflower and castor!
Morphology2 microscopic structure of oil yielding tissues2 test for oil and iodine
number!
vi! 8ums2 resins2 tannins and dyesC Perform simple tests for gums and resins!
"o prepare a water extract of vegetable tannins 5Acacia+ !erminalia+ Camellia+
Cassia7 and dyes 5Curcuma longa2 1i6a orellana+ Indigo9era+ 1utea monosperma+
La4sonia inermis+ etc.).
BSC112 Paper XII LABORATORY COURSE II
+! %tudy of mitotic chromosomes in root tips and leaf buds and meiotic chromosomes in floral
buds!
4! )solation of chloroplasts and %#%EPA8( profile of proteins to demarcate the two subunits
of ;ubisco!
/! )solation of #=A and preparation of :cot; curves!
'! ;estrictioin digestion of plant #=A2 its seperation by agarose gel electrophoresis and
visuali1ation by ethidium bromide staining!
&! )solation of ;=A and quantitation by spectrophotometric method!
6! %outhern blot analysis using a gene specific probe!
3! =orthern blot analysis using a gene specific probe!
,! Aestern blotting and (0)%A!
.! 8enetical problems on Mendelian and postEMendelian ratios2 gene interactions2 sexElined
inheritance2 chromosomal mapping2 etc!
+-! Application of common plant breeding techniques
++! )dentification of )ndian varieties of important crops!
+4! 9loral biology of local food2 pulse2 vegetable and horticultural crops!
+/! $ollection of germplasm of different crops being grown in the area!
+/! %tudy of techniques of biometrical studies!
+'! "o test the goodness of fit and independent assortment using $hiEsquare method!
Manuals for Laboratory Exercises.
9aui2 G! and =aayama2 %! +..6! Plant $hromosomesC 0aboratory Methods! $;$ Press2
Boca ;aton2 9lorida!
8lic2 B!;! and "hompson2 H!(! +../! Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology! $;$ Press2 Boca ;aton2 9lorida!
>acett2 P!B!2 9uchs2 H!A! and Messing2 H!A! +.,,! An )ntroduction to ;ecombinant #=A
"echniquesC Basic (xperiments in 8ene Manipulation! "he BenFamin/$ummings
Publishing $o!2 )nc Menlo Par2 $alifornia!
>all2 H!0! and Moore2 A!0! +.,/! )solation of Membranes and Krganelles from Plant $ells!
Academic Press2 0ondon2 UG!
>arris2 =! and Kpara2 G!H! +..'! Plant $ell BiologyC A Practical approach! );0 Press2 at
Kxford University Press2 Kxford2 U!G!
%haw2 $!>! 5(d!72 +.,,! Plant Molecular BiologyC A Practical Approach! );0 Press2
Kxford!
%nustad! #!P! and %immons2 M!H! 4---! Principles of 8enetics 54
nd
edition7! Hohn Ailley
I %ons )nc!2 U%A!
%harma2 A!G! and %harma2 A! +...! Plant chromosomesC Analysis2 Manipulation and
(ngineering! >arwood academic Publishers2 Australia!
SEMESTER III
BSC 113. Paper XIII: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
+! 9unctional aspects of plant cell structureC colloidal systems2 diffusion2 osmosis and
imbibition!
4! (nergy flowC Principles of thermodynamics2 free energy and chemical potential2 redox
reactions2 structure and functions of A"P!
/! 9undamentals of en1ymologyC 8eneral aspects2 allosteric mechanism2 regulatory and active
sites2 iso1ymes2 inetic catalysis2 MichaelisEMenton equation and its significance!
'! Membrane transport and translocation of water and solutesC PlantEwater relations2
mechanism of water transport through xylem and transport in cells!
&! Photochemistry and photosynthesisC 8eneral concepts and historical bacground2 evolution
of photosynthetic apparatus2 photosynthetic pigments and light harvesting complexes2
photo oxidation of water2 mechanism of electron and proton transport2 carbon assimilation
L the $alvin cycle2 photorespiration and its significance2 the $' cycle2 the $AM pathway2
biosynthesis of starch and sucrose2 physiological and ecological considerations!
6! ;espiration and lipid metabolismC Kverview of plant respiration2 glycolysis2 the "$A cycle2
electron transport and A"P synthesis2 pentose phosphate pathway2 glyoxylate cycle2
alternative oxidation system2 structure and function of lipids2 fatty acid biosynthesis2 lipids
synthesis2 structural and storage lipids2 and their catabolism!
3! =itrogen fixation2 nitrogen and sulphur metabolismC Kverview2 biological nitrogen fixation2
nodule formation and nod factors2 mechanism of nitrate uptae and reduction2 sulfur
uptae2 transport and assimilation!
,! %ensory photobiologyC >istory of discovery of phytochromes and cryptochromes2 and their
photochemical and biochemical properties2 photophysiology of lightEinduced responses2
molecular mechanism of action of photomorphogenic receptors2 signaling and gene
expression!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Buchanan2 B!B!2 8ruissem2 A! and Hones2 ;!0! 4---! Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology of Plants! American %ociety of Plant Physiologists2 Maryland2 U%A!
4! #ennis2 #!"!2 "urpin2 #!>!2 0efebvre2 #!#! and 0ay1ell2 #!B! 5eds7 +..3! Plant
Metabolism 5second edition7! 0ongman2 (ssex2 (ngland!
/! >ooyaas2 P!H!H!2 >all2 M!A! and 0ibbenga2 G!;! 5eds7 +...! Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology of Plant >ormones! (lsevier2 Amsterdam2 "he =etherlands!
'! >opins2 A!8! +..&! )ntroduction to Plant Physiology! Hohn Ailey I %ons2 )nc!2 =ew
Jor2 U%A!
&! 0odish2 >!2 Ber2 A!2 Dipursy2 %!0!2 Ma1tsudaira2 P!2 Baltimore2 #! and #arnell2
H!4---! Molecular $ell Biology 5'th edition7! A!>! 9reeman and $ompany2 =ew Jor2
U%A!
6! Moore2 "!$! +.,.! Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant >ormones 5second edition7!
%pringerE*erlag! =ew Jor U%A!
3! =obel2 P!%! +...! Physiochemical and (nvironmental Plant Physiology 5%econd
edition7! Academic Press2 %an #iego2 U%A!
,! =oggle2 8!; and 9rit12 8!9! +.33! )ntroductory Plant Physiology! Prentice >all! =ew
#elhi!
.! %alisbury2 9!B! and ;oss2 $!A! +..4! Plant Physiology 5'
th
edition7! Aadsworth
Publishing $o!2 $alifornia2 U%A!
+-! %inghal2 8!%!2 ;enger2 8!2 %opory2 %!G!2 )rrgang2 G!#! and 8ovindFee +...! $oncepts in
PhotobiologyC Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis! =arosa Publishing >ouse2
=ew #elhi!
++! "ai12 0! and Deiger2 (! +..,! Plant Physiology 54
nd
edition7! %inauer Associates2 )nc!2
Publishers2 Massachusetts2 U%A!
+4! "homas2 B! and *inceEPrue2 #! 5+..37 Photoperiodism in Plants 5%econd edition7!
Academic Press2 %an #iego2 U%A!

BSC 114. Paper XIV ECOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING

+! $limate2 soil and vegetation pattern of the worldC 0ife 1onesB maFor biomes2 maFor
vegetations and soil types of the world!
4! *egetation organi1ationC $oncepts of community and continuumB analysis of communities
5analytical and synthetic characters7B community coefficientB interspecific associationsB
ordinationB concept of ecological niche!
/! *egetation developmentC "emporal changes 5cyclic and non cyclic7B mechanism of
ecological succession 5relay floristics and initial floristic compositionB 9acilitation2
tolerance and inhibition models7B changes in ecosystem properties during succession!
'! (cosystem organi1ationC %tructure and functionsB primary production 5methods of
measurement2 global pattern2 controlling factors7B energy dynamics 5trophic organi1ation2
energy flow pathways2 ecological efficiencies7B litter fall and decomposition 5mechanism2
substrate quality and climatic factors72 global biogeochemical cycles of $2 =2 P and %B
mineral cycle 5pathways2 processes2 budgets7 in terrestrial ecosystems!
&! Biological diversityC $oncepts and levelsB role of biodiversity in ecosystem functions and
stabilityB speciation and extinctionB )U$= categories of threatB distribution in global
patternsB terrestrial biodiversity hot spotsB inventory!
6! Air2 water and soil pollutionC GindsB sourcesB quality parametersB effects on plants and
ecosystems!
3! $limate changeC 8reenhouse gases 5$K42 $>'2 =4K2 $9$sB sources2 trends and role7B
K1one layer and o1one holeB consequences of climate changes 5$K4 fertili1ation2 global
warming2 sea level rise2 U* radiation7!
,! (cosystem stabilityC $oncept 5resistance and resilience7B ecological perturbation 5natural
and anthropogenic7 and their impact on plants and ecosystemsB ecology of plant invasionB
environmental impact assessmentB ecosystem restoration!
.! 9ire as an ecological factorC "ypes2 role of fire2 extent and causes of fire in forest2
grasslands and in tropical savanna2 fuel load2 controlled burning2 fire in different forest
types in UttaranchalB fire as management tool!
+-! (cological managementC $onceptB sustainable development2 sustainability indicators!
++! ;emote %ensingC $oncepts and stages in the acquisition of remote sensing dataB %pectral
signature2 Photographic and non photographic sensors2 %pace Plat forms!
+4! Basic principles of Photogrammetry and Photo interpretation!
+/! Application of remote sensing in ecological and forestry research!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Barbour2 M!8!2 Bur2 H!>! and Pitts2 A!#! +.,3! "errestrial Plant (cology! BenFamin/
$ummings Publication $ompany2 $alifornia
4! Begon2 M!2 >arpor2 H!0! and "ownsend2 $!;! +..6! (cology! Blacwell %cience2
$ambridge2 U!%!A!
/! $hapman2 H!0! and ;eiss2 M!H! +.,,! (cologyC Principles and Applications! $ambridge
University Press2 $ambridge2 U!G!
'! >eywood2 *!>! and Aatson2 ;!"!+..&! 8lobal Biodiversity Assesment! $ambridge
University Press!
&! Gershaw2 G!A! Nuantitative and #ynamic (cology! Kxford and )B>! Gormondy2 (!H!
+..6! $oncepts of (cology! PrenticeE>all of )ndia Pvt! 0td!2 =ew #elhi!
6! Kdum2 (!P! +.,/!Basic (cology! %aunders2 Philadelphia
3! %mith2 ;!0! +..6! (cology and 9ield Biology! >arper $ollins2 =ew Jor!
BSE 115 Paper XVa. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
+! %cope of r#=A technology in various sectors2 *ehiclesC Plasmid and BacteriophageB
Purification of #=AC total #=A2 plasmid #=A and bacteriophage #=AB en1ymes used in
manipulation of purified #=A!
4! $loning vectors based on ,. coli plasmids2 cloning vectors based on M+/ bacteriophage and
O bacteriophage2 vectors for genomic library construction2 vectors for other bacteria!
*ectors for yeasts and other fungi2 higher plants2 animal cells!
/! ;ationale for the design of vectors for the over expression of recombinant proteins
'! %election of suitable promoter sequences2 ribosome binding sites2 transcription terminator2
fusion protein tags2 purification tags2 protease cleavage sites and en1ymes2 plasmid copy
number2 inducible expression system2 promoter probe vectors!
&! (xperiments using model systemsC ,. coli+ <east+ 1aculo.irus+ Agro(acterium tumi9aciens.
6! Basic idea of transformation2 conFugation and transduction! )ntroduction of #=A into host
cells!
3! "ransformation and identification of recombinants2 transfaction and identification of
recombinants2 transformation of nonEbacterial cells!
,! Kbtaining clone of a specific geneC the problem of selection2 direct selection2 methods of
identification of clone from gene library!
.! 0ocating the cloned gene in plasmid and in chromosomes using southern hybridi1ation and
chromosome waling!
+-! "ranscript analysis2 regulation of the gene expression and identifying and studying the
translation product of a cloned gene 5>;" and >A;" techniques7!
++! #=A sequencing methodsC %angerE$oulson method I MaxamE 8ilbert method! Automated
sequencing!
+4! Ahole genome analysisE preparation of ordered cosmid libraries2 bacteria artificial
chromosome libraries! P$; I its application! #=A finger printing 5;90P I ;AP#2 ;(PE
P$; etc!7! Bioinformatics!
Suggested Reading:
+! Kld I Primrose! Principals of 8ene Manipulation!+..'! Blacwell %cientific Publisher
4! %ambroo I ;ussel! Molecular $loning! / *olumes! 4---! $>%0 Press!
/! 8enome Analysis! 9our volumes 4--- $>% Press!
'! "!A! Brown! 8ene $loningC An )ntroduction! ))) ed! %tanley "hrones Publ!
BSE 115. Paper XV b. ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS, GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
ANALYSIS
Aerial Photography and Photogrammetry (AP&P):
+! 9undamentals of Aerial Photography2 >istory2 Aerial film processing2 Procurement2 and
%ecurity of Aerial photographs2 (nergy source and atmospheric effects in aerial
photography! Principles of Aerial Photos 5flight planningon7!
4! )ntroduction to Photogrammetry2 8eometry of Aerial photos2 %tereoscopic photography2
Measurement of >eight2 Aerial "riangulation!
/! Principles and fundamentals of Aerial photo interpretation! Basics of $artography!
Remote Sensing (RS):
'! )ntroduction to ;emote %ensing! "he electromagnetic spectrum2 (nergy instruction with
atmosphere and earth surface2 satellite and sensors2 ;emote sensing data acquisition!
&! Principles and basic concepts of Multi spectral2 "hermal and hyperspectral %canningC
AcrossEtrac and Along "rac multispectral %canning! >istory of %pace )maging
6! )mage )nterpretationC "ype of )magery2 elements of )nterpretation, "echniques of *isual
)nterpretation2 ;ole of remote sensing in ecological research!
Digital Image Processing (DIP):
3! 9undamentals of digital image processing2 )mage rectification2 ;estoration and
(nhancement!
,! )mage classificationC %upervised classification2 unsupervised classification2 >ybrid
classification2 PostEclassification smoothing and $lassification accuracy assessment!
.! Principles of microwave sensing2 8eometric characteristics2 %patial resolution! %paceborne
;adar %ystem2 Application of passive microwave sensing!
Geoinformatics (GIS):
+-! Basics of $omputer2 >ardware and software2
++! Principles and basics of 8eographic )nformation %ystemC ;aster and *ector 8)%2 #atabase
creation and management! =etwor Analysis2 %patial data integration and Modelling!
+4! Basics of 8lobal Positioning %ystem2 8P% %atellites and 8P% utility!
Suggested Readings:
+. 0illesand I Gieffer2 ;emote %ensing and )mage )nterpretation! Hohn Ailey I %ons2
=ew Jor!
4! %abins2 9!9!2 Hr! ;emote %ensingC Principles and interpretation!
/! Bhatia2 %!$! 9undamentals of ;emote %ensing!
'! $handa2 #atta2 MaFumdar! #igital )mage Processing I Analysis!
&! $hang2 G!"! )ntroduction to 8eographic )nformation %ystems!
6! ;ao2 et al!2 8eographic )nformation %ystem!
3! Hohnston $!A! 8eographic )nformation %ystems in ecology!
,! Ahmed2 (! ) I ;abbany! )ntroduction to 8lobal Positioning %ystem!
.! Aronoff2 %! +..+! 8eographic )nformation %ystemsC A Management Perspective! Kttawa
A#0 Publ!
+-! Barrett2 (!$! +.,4! )ntroduction of (nvironmental ;emote %ensing! $hapman and >all!
++! Burrough2 P!A! +.,6! Principle of 8eographic )nformation %ystem for 0and ;esources
Assessment! Kxford University Press!
+4! $olwell2 ;!=! +.,/! Manual of ;emote %ensing! *ol! )!)) American %ociety of
Photogrammetry!
+/! $urran2 P!H! +.,&! Principle of ;emote %ensing! 0ongman 8roup!
+'! #ury2 %!A! +..-! A 8uide to %ensing! )nterpreting )mage of (arth! Ailey and %ons!
+&! >ord2 ;!M! +.,6! ;emote %ensingC Method and Application2 Hohn Ailey and %ons!
+6! Henson2 H!;! +..6 )ntroductory #igital )mage Processing2 Prentice >all! =ew #elhi!
+3! Hohnson2 P!l! +.6.! ;emote %ensing in (cology! Univ! 8eorgia Press2 Athens!
+,! ;ampal2 G!G! +.,4! "ext Boo of Photogrammetry! Kxford and )B> Press!2
+.! ;ees2 A!8! +..-! Physical Principles of ;emote %ensing2 $ambridge University Press!
4-! %chander2 (! +.362 ;emote %ensing for (nvironmental %ciences! %pringer *erlag!
4+!Ulaby2 9!"! Moor2 ;!G! and 9ung2 A!G! +.,4! Microwave ;emote %ensing Active and
Passive! *ol! ) and )) Aesley Pub!
BSE 115. Paper XV c: FOREST ECOLOGY
+ 9orests2 forestry and manC #efinition2 forests in geological ages2 forests in prehistoric era2
shifting cultivation2 forests in historical time2 scientific forestry2 forest policy2 natural forest
policy2 private forest policy2 panned forest development2 forestry education in )ndia!
4! (ssential elements of forest ecologyC (xtent and boundaries2 physical features2 geology2
river system2 soil2 landEuse pattern2 role in countrys economy2 forests and wild lands!
/! 9orests and treesC 0ocality factors of the forests2 forest influences2 forest composition2 stand
structure2 dynamics and growth2 classification2 forest types and their distribution2 species
diversity
'! Aild 0ifeC %pecies and distribution2 %anctuaries2 Biosphere reserves2 wild life and
recreation!
&! 9orest conservancy and Potential ProductivityC %oil2 Aater relation and nutrition2 soil
erosion and conservation2 potential productivity of forests2 site quality evaluation!
6! 9orest $onservation and ManagementC
i7 )mpact of deforestation on soil and water2 ;ole of fireC type2 extent and cause of fire2
fuel load2 fire and different forest types of >imalaya!
ii7 9orest resource management and forest resource information system!
iii7 9orest cover in )ndiaE%tate of Art2 8round inventory! Application of ;emote %ensing
and 8eographic )nformation %ystem 58)%7 in 0and cover mapping! *egetation and
forest type maps!
3! (nvironmental )mpact AssessmentC Maintenance and conservational policies such as Hoint
9orest Management 5H9M7 and Agroforestry in the region!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Bir2 %!%! and $hatha2 8!%! +.,,! 9orest *egetation $haracteristics of )ndian >ills!
"oday and "omorrows Printers I Publ!2 =ew #elhi!
4! #wivedi2 A!P! 9orestry in )ndia! Hugal Gishor and $ompany2 #ehradun!
/! Misra2 ;! (cology Aor Boo! Kxford I )B> Publishing $o! =ew #elhi!
'! Mishra2 ;! and 8opal2 B! ;ecent Advances in "ropical (cologyC Part ) I ))!
)nternational %ociety for "ropical ecology2 *aranasi!
&! =egi2 %!%! +.,/! 9orest (cology! Bishen %ingh Mahendra Pal %ingh2 #ehradun!
6! Puri2 8!%!2 8upta2 ;!G!2 MeherE>omFi2 *!M! and Puri2 %! +.,.! 9orest (cologyC
Plant9orm2 #iversity2 $ommunities and %uccession! Kxford and )B> Publishing $o!
Pvt! 0td! =ew #elhi!
3! Puri2 8!%!2 MeherE>omFi2 *!M!2 8upta2 ;!G! and Puri2 %! 9orest (cologyC *ol ) I ))!
Kxford and )B> Publishing $o! Pvt! 0td! =ew #elhi!
,! %ingh2 8! +.,3! 9orest (cology of )ndia! ;awat Publications2 Haipur
.! %ingh2 H!%! and %ingh2 %!P! +..4! 9orests of >imalaya! $onsul Boo #epot!
8yanodayaPraashan2 =ainital! )ndia!
+-! %ingh2 H!%! %ingh2 %!P! and 8upta2 %!;! 4--&! (cology2 (nvironment and ;esource
$onservation! Anamaya Publ!2 9E+&'/4 0adosarai2 =ew #elhiE ++- -/-
++! %ingh2 M!P! and *ishwaarma2 *! +..3! 9orest (nvironment and Biodiversity! #aya
Publ! >ouse2 #elhi!
+4! Aareing2 ;!>! and %chlesinger2 A!>! +.,&! 9orest (cosystemsC $oncepts
andManagement! Academic Press2 =ew Jor!
BSE 115. Paper XV d. NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE
HIMALAYA
+! )ntroduction of )ndian and 8arhwal >imalaya2 "opographic2 geomorphic2 socioEeconomic
and demographic profile of Uttarahand!
4! =atural resources and their classification! Utili1ation2 consumption pattern emphasi1ing with
sustainability of natural resource!
/! =atural resource use and management2 policy and strategies for appropriate and sustainable
natural resource management and its sustainable management and its potential to livelihood
security!
'! %tatus of natural resources and its sustainable management in 8arhwal >imalaya! )ntegrated
approaches of natural resource management2 natural resource issue and strategies for their
management!
&! $oncept of environment management2 environmental protection and fundamental rights2
man I environment!
6! )ntroduction to environment impact assessment2 planning and significance!
3! #isaster management2 classification2 concept of landslide and earthquae in 8arhwal
>imalaya!
,! 8lobal warming and climate change2 weather I modification2 loss of biodiversity! )ndicators
of climate change and consequences of climate changes! ;etreating of glaciers!
.! )mpact of climate change on natural resources with special reference to 8arhwal >imalaya
and strategies for mitigation!
+-! Aater resources2 status and conservation in )ndia!
++! Aatershed management techniques 5vegetation type conversion2 water harvesting2 reservoir
construction2 drainage channeli1ation etc7!
+4! Aater resources in Uttarahand 5glaciers2 laes and rivers of Uttarahand72 utili1ation
patternB #rainage systems of 8anga2 Jamuna and ;amganga!
+/! (nvironment and prospects of hydropower development2 >ydroEelectric proFects and their
effects on natural resource management in Uttarahand! %trategies and policy for water
conservation in Uttarahand!
+'! Agroecosystem2 farming system2 traditional agriculture practices2 crop rotationB 0and use
pattern2 landEform2 landEuse change2 soil erosion and productivity2 problems and curative
measures!
+&! (ffect of climate change on agroEecosystemB $onservation of crop diversity in 8arhwal
>imalaya2 challenges of managing agroEbiodiversity in 8arhwal >imalaya!
+6! "raditional seed supply system of mountain farmers2 diversity and riss to crop genetic
resources2 agriculture policy!
%U88(%"(# ;(A#)=8%C
+! >eywood2 >!*! +..&! 8lobal Biodiversity Assessment!
4! 0ochwood2 M!2 Aorboys2 8!0! and Ashish2 G! 4--6! Managing Protected AreasC A 8lobal
8uide!
/! %ingh2 H!%! %ingh2 %!P! and 8upta2 %!;! 4--&! (cology2 (nvironment and ;esource
$onservation! Anamaya Publ!2 9E+&'/4 0adosarai2 =ew #elhiE ++- -/-!
anamayapubPvsnl!net!in
BSE 115. Paper XV e: PALYNOLOGY AND POLLINATION BIOLOGY
+! 8eneral )ntroduction2 microsporogenesis2 microspore tetrads and polarity of spores
and pollen grains!
4! Pollen wall development and pollen chemistry2 $hemical nature of sporopollenin2
development of pollen wall2 Ubisch body2 pollen wall proteins2 origin and formation
exineless pollen grainsB pollen expressed and pollen specific genes!
/! Spore-pollen morphology: %ymmetry2 shape2 si1e2 aperture patterns2 =P$ %ystem
for numerical expression of apertural details2 exine stratification2 surface structures
and sculptures of sporodermB 0KEanalysis and edgeEanalysis!
'! Paynotaxonomy: %ystematic palynology2 identification ey and evolutionary trends
among pollen grains based on palynotaxonomical wors!
&! Aeropalynology with reference to allergy: Aeroal)ergens2 introductory idea of
)mmune %ystem with special reference to )g(! %tudy of airspora2 identification of
allergic taxa by in=.i.o and in=.itro tests with sporeEpollen extracts2 chemical nature
of exineEborne allergens2 allergic taxa of =orthEAest >imalaya!
6! Melissopalynology: )ndian species of honey bees2 importance of pollen grains as
constituent of beeEbread2 pollenEcollecting mechanism of honey bees2 analysis of
pollen load and honey sample in understanding bee forage2 obFectives of
melissopalynological studies2 important bee plants of =orthE Aest >imalaya!
3! Palaeopalynology: )ntroductory idea about palaeopalynological remains2
significance of palaeopalynology!
,! Forensic palynology: #efinition and significance2 a few wellEnown case studies!
.! Pollination Biology: Pollen dispersal unitsB pollination types2 contrivances for crossE
and selfEpollinationB pollen vectors2 pollination modes and flora organi1ation2 Pollen
viability and storage2 evolutionary trends in pollination modes!
+-! Breeding systems2 selfEincompatibility and compatibility control with reference to
pollenEpistil interactions and pollen biotechnology!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! $rane2 (vaB Aaler2 Penelope and #ay ;osemany!+.,'! #irectory of )mportant Aorld
>oney %ourcesC )nternational Bee ;esearch Association2 0ondon!
4! (rdtman2 8! +.&4! Pollen Morphology and Plant "axonomy2 AngiospermsB Almquist and
Aisell2 %tocholm!
/! Gnut %egril2 Hohnson )verson! +.3&! "ext boo of pollen analysis /
rd
edition! Blacwell Publ!
'! =air2 P!G!G! +.66! (ssentails of PalynologyB Asia Publication >ouse 0ucnow!
&! Aoodhouse2 ;!P! +./&! Pollen 8rainsC >afner Publication $o!

BSE 115. Paper XV f: PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES
+! (nvironmental factors of PropagationC 9undamental microclimate and edaphic factors in the
propagation environmentB Managing the propagation environmentB Management of edaphic
factors in propagationB Management of Biotic factorsEPathogen and Pest ManagementB Post
propagation care
4! %eed PropagationC %ources of seed2 >arvesting and processing seeds2 %eed testing and seed
storageB #ormancy and regulation of germinationB 9ield nurseries for transplant production
/! *egetative PropagationC %election and management of clones in vegetative propagationB
;easons for using clonal cultivarsB 8enetic basis of clonesB =onEgenetic variation within
clonesB Propagation sources of their management
'! Propagation by $uttingsC Kbservations of Adventitious root and bud formationB 9actors
affecting regeneration of plants from cuttingsB Biochemical basis for Adventitious root
formationB )mportance and advantages of propagation by cuttingsB "ypes of cutting2 stoc
plants2 rooting mediaB Management practicesE $utting nutrition2 care of cuttingsB >andling
field propagated plants and container grown plants!
&! Propagation by 8raftingC ;easons for grafting and budding2 =atural graftingB Polarity and
genetic limits of grafting2 8raft incompatabilityB "ypes of graftsC #etached scion graftage2
Approach graftage2 ;epair graftageB %cionErootstoc relationshipB Aftercare of grafted
plants!
6! "echniques of BuddingC ;ootstoc for buddingB "ime of buddingB "ypes of buddingB Micro
budding!
3! 0ayering and its natural modificationsC Physiology of regeneration by layeringB Procedures
in 0ayeringB Management of plants during layeringB Plant modifications resulting in natural
layeringB
,! MicroEpropagationC MicroEpropagation of plantlets from tissue cultureB "ypes of systems
used to regenerate plantlets by microEpropagation $allus2 cell and protoplast culture
systems!


SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! BaFaF JP%! 5ed7! +.,,! 1iotechnology in Agriculture and 0orestry! %pringerE*erlag!
4! 8upta P!G! 4---! ,lements o9 1iotechnology! ;astogi Pub!
/! Gumar %! and %ingh M!P! 4--,! Plant !issue Culture! AP> Pub!
'! Mandal A!G and 8ibson 8!0! 5ed!7! +..3! 0orest "enetics and !ree 1reeding! $B%!
&! >ong2 "! #! and (llis2 ;! >! +..6! A protocol to determine seed storage (eha.iour!
)P8;) "echnical Bulletin =o! +! 5H! M! M! (ngels and H! "oll2 vol! (ds!7 )nternational
6! Ghullar2 P! et al! +..4! 0orest seed! )$9;(2 =ew 9orest2 #ehra #un!
3! 0eadem2 $!0! +.,'! >uic# !ests 9or !ree Seed ?ia(ility! B!$! Ministry of 9orests and
0ands2 $anada!
,! %chmidt2 0! 4---! "uide to handling o9 tropical and su(tropical 9orest seed!
#A=)#A 9orest %eed $entre2 #enmar!
.! )%"A! +../! International Rules 9or Seed !esting! )nternational %eed "esting
Association2 Durich2 %wit1erland!
+-! >artman2 >!H! et al!2 +..- C Plant propagation ! Principles and practices! Prentice >all2
=ew #elhi!
++! %chwal1! M! +.3&! 8uide to commercial hydrophonics! )srael Univerisity2 Herusalem!
+4! %harma2 *!G! +..6! Plant =urseriesC "echniques2 production and management! )ndian
Pub! =ew #elhi!
+/! %adhu2 M!G! +.,. C Plant propagation! =ew Age Pub! =ew #elhi!
+'! %! %! BhoFwani and M! G! ;a1dan! +..6! Plant tissue cultureC "heory and Practice!
(lsevier Publishers2 Amsterdam!
+&! #ixon ;! A! and 8on1ales ;! A! 5(d!7 +..'! Plant cell culture2 a practical approach!
%econd (dition! Kxford University Press2 Kxford!
+6! 8amborg K! 0!and 8! $! Phillips! +..&! Plant cell2 tissue and organ culture2
fundamental methods! %pringer )nternational student (dition!
+3! Sharma,R.R. and Manish Srivastava. Plant Propagation and Nursery
Management (Hardcover).
+,! Aldriance 8A and Brison 9; 54---7 Propagation of horticultural plants! Mc 8row
>ill Boo $ompany! )nc2 =ew Jor!
+.! Bose "! G!2 Mitra %!G!2 %adhu M!G! and #as P! 5+..37 Propagation of "ropical and
%ub tropical >orticultural $rops! ))nd (dition2 =aya Praash2 $alcutta!
4-! %harma ;; 54--47 Propagation of >orticultural cropsC Principles and Practices!
Galyani Publishers2 =ew #elhi!

BSE 116 Paper XVIa. PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT
+! Basic procedure in diagnosis of plant diseasesC %ignificance of plant diseases! (ffects of
changes in agricultural methods and human society on the development and spread of plant
diseases!
4! %eed PathologyC %eed borne fungi! #isease transmitted through seeds! Biodeterioration of
seed in storage! $ontrol of seed borne fungi!
/! =ursery diseaseC )mportant disease of nursery plants!
Plantation diseaseC Plantation disease of $hir pine2 ,ucalyptus2 %al2 "ea2 %hisam2 Populus2
Acacia 5$atechu7!
)mportant disease of cash cropsC %ugarcane2 Potato and 8inger! >ow plants defend
themselves against pathogen! $ontrol of crop and forest disease! "reatment of wounds!
)ntroduction and various forms of Mycorrhi1a! ;ole of Mycorrhi1a in 9orestry!
#iseases of cereals and Millets!
#iseases of vegetables and fruit trees!

SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Bilgrami2 G!%! +.,&! "ext Boo of Modern Plant Pathology! Bishen %ingh Mahendra
Pal
4! %ingh #ehradun!
/! Butler2 (!H! +.3/! 9ungi and #isease in Plants2 )ntern2 Boo #istributers! #ehradun!
'! %ingh2 ;!%!+.,/! Plants #iseases! Kxford and )B> Publ! $o! =ew #elhi!
&! %ingh2 ;!%! Principle of Plants Pathology! Kxford and )B> Publ! $o! =ew #elhi
6! %trobel2 8!A! and #!(!2 Mathre +.3-! Kutlines of Plant Pathology! *an =ostrand
3! ;einhold $o! =ew Jor!
,! "arr2 %!A!H! +.34! "he Principle of Plants Pathology! Ainchester Press2 =ew Jor!
.! Aestern2 H!>! +.3+! #iseases of $rop Plants! Mc Millan Press 0ondon!
BSE 116 . Paper XVI b. DIVERSITY AND CULTIVATION OF MUSHROOMS
+! 8eneral characteristics and life historyC ;eproduction2spore print2 dissemination2 growth
si1e2 colour and surface textures2 odour2 taste2 (xudation and fairy ringsB Bioluminescence
and economic importance!
4! Biodiversity of Mushrooms!
/! %tatus of Mushroom research in )ndia!
'! (thnomycological approach of mushrooms2 especially in Uttarahand >imalaya!
&! (dible and poisonous mushrooms! Mushroom recipes2 mushroom toxins2 disease and pests
of mushrooms!
6! )ntroduction to mushroom groups!
3! "axonomic study of order AgaricalesE %ystematics of dar spored families vi1!2
Boletaceae2 Bolbiteaceae2 Boudar1ewiaceae2 $ortivariaceae2 $oprinaceae2 $repidotaceae2
(ntomataceae2 8omphideaceae2 Paxillaceae2 ;ussulaceaeB %ystematics of light spored
families! Agaricaceae2 Amanitaceae2 >ygrophoraceae2 Pluteaceae2 "richolomataceae!
,! Krder AphyllophoralesC )ntroduction and %ystematics of $antharelloid forms2 "helephoroid
forms2 $upuloid forms2 $lavarioid forms2 hydnoid forms and poroid forms!
.! 8asteromycetesC )ntroduction and %ystematics of order >ymenogastrales2 0ycoperdales2
=idulariales2 Phallales2 Podaxales and %clerodermatales!
+-! #=A isolation2 amplification and )"%B ;(0P2 ;AP# AnalysisB #=A Primers and marersB
P$; machine and woring nowledgeB 8el (lectrophoresis2 Use of 8eldoc2 %equence and
Phylogenetic data analysis!
++! $omputer application in Mushroom %cience2 9ormation of clade2 dendrograms and
sequence alignmentB Gnowledge to submit mushroom sequence data online2 =$B)2
M(8A' and Muttalign!
+4! (cology of mushrooms! ;ole of mushrooms in forest ecosystem!
+/! Mycorrhi1a B endomycorrhi1a 5arbuscular mycorrhi1a72 (ctendomycorrhi1a 5arbutoid
mycorrhi1a72 (ricoid mycorrhi1a2 Monotropoid mycorrhi1a and orchid mycorrhi1a!
+'! "issue culture in wild mushrooms!
+&! Preparation of compostE paddy straw2 saw dust!
+6! $ultivation of edible and medicinal mushroomsC Agaricus+ Calocy(e+ 0lammulina+
"anoderma+ Hericium+ Lentinus+ Pleurotus !

SUGGESTED READINGS:
+! Allen2 M!9! +..+! "he (cology of Mycorrhi1a! $ambridge Univ! Press2 $ambridge!
4! Bashi2 B!G! +.3'! Mycorrhi1a and its role in forestry2 9;)2 #ehradun!
/! $hang2 %!"! and A!A! >ayes! +.3,! !he 1iology and Culti.ation o9 ,di(le Mushrooms!
Academic Press!
'! >acsaylo2 (! +.3+! Mycorrhi1ae2 U%#A 9orest %ervice Publ! =o! ++,.! U% 8ovt!
Printing Kffice2 Aashington2 #$!
&! >awsworth2#0B %utton2 B!$! and Ainsworth 8!$! +.,/! #ictionary of the 9ungi! Gew,
Surrey, England!
6! Grieger2 0$$! +.63! "he Mushroom >andboo! #over Publications! )=$ =ew Jor!
3! 0argent2 #!0! +.33! >ow to identify Mushrooms to genusQ ) Macroscopic features!
Mad ;iver Press! )nc! (urea!
,! Miller2 K!G! Hr! +.,+! Mushrooms of =orth America! (P #utton2 =ew Jor!
.! %inger2 ;! +.,6! "he Agaricales in Modern "axonomy! B%MP%2 #ehradun!
+-! %tamets2 P! and H!%! $hitton +.,/! "he Mushroom $ultivator2 Agarion Press2 Klympia2
Aashington!
BSE 116. Paper XVIc ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND BASICS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
+! )ntroduction to the (nvironmental Management2 MaFor (nvironmental Problems2
(nvironmental ethicsB ;esource and conflicts2 (nvironmental 0awsB %tocholm
$onference2 "he (arth summit2 "he $openhagen $onference2 (nvironmental Protection
and 9undamental rights2 (nvironmental 8overnance in )ndia2 Man and (nvironment2 "rade
and (nvironmentB the A"K and 8A"%2 (nvironment $oncerns and A"K!
4! )ntroduction to the (nvironmental )mpact AssessmentB Planning and %ignificance2 ()A
practices and future trends in )ndiaB 0egal frame wor for ()A! )mpact of forest fires2
9orest 9ire Assessment and ;is Donation! "hermal power stations2 Power line and roads2
;iver valley proFects2 Urbani1ation and )ndustriali1ation2 Mining activities2 8>8s2 $9$s2
fossil fuels etc!2 9lood monitoring2 %now melt and 8laciers2 K1one 0ayer #epletion!
Principles of (nvironmental Analysis2 ;ole of remote sensing in ()A!
/! (nvironmental Management and =atural ;esources2 Air Pollution 2 Aater Pollution and its
Management2 (nvironmental Pollution ActB Aaste disposal and management2 )ntegrated
solid waste management2 ;ecycling2 )ncineration2 %anitary landfill2 %ewage disposal and
sewage treatmentB >a1ardous wastes!
'! (nvironmental policy and environmental management system2 Audit items and audit
procedures2 )%K $ertification!
&! Aatershed managementC #efinition and basic concepts2 Aims and Principles2 )mportance of
integrated watershed management2 Principal watershed problems of )ndia!
6! Basic concept of ecosystem and community2 Biological populations and communities2
(cological niches2 interaction among species2 Gey stone species2 %pecies diversity and
edge effects2 MaFor terrestrial and aquatic biomes2 (nergy 9low2 9ood webs and trophic
levels2 (cosystem diversity2 $limate shifts2 %pecies movements!
3! Biodiversity and conservation2 In=situ and e6=situ conservation2 )ndigenous nowledge and
biodiversity conservation2 0oss of biodiversityE causes and its impactB $onvention on
biodiversity2 MaFor Biodiversity resources! 8lobal trends of invasive species2 threats and
managing invasive plants!
,! Protected areas concept and purpose2 type of protected areas and threats2 )n situ
conservation and protected areasB ;ole of local communities in protected area
management!
.! ;enewable (nergy Production and ManagementC (nergy concepts2 present global energy
use2 future energy needs2 renewable needs2 energy conservation!
+-! Biofuel plantsE 7atropha2 sugarcane and oil crops2 Biofuel plantation2 energy criteria for
species selection2 achievement of sustainable Biofuel productionB Bioconversion2
utili1ation of biomass sources2 )ncineration of organic wastes for energy! Alien invasive
species and bioenergy productionB Bioenergy and food production controversies! $arbon
sequestration and carbon pools!
++! )ntroduction to nanotechnology and nanomaterials2 special nanomaterials!
+4! %ynthesis of nanomaterialsC Physical methods 5Mechanical and vapour72 chemical methods
5colloids2 solEgel2 0angmuirE Blodgett films2 microemulsion72 biological methods 5using
biomembranes2 #=A2 en1ymes and micro organisms7! Properties of nanomaterials2
mechanical2 structural2 electrical2 optical2 magnetic and melting properties!
+/! Analytical techniquesE Microscopes2 electron microscopes2 scanning probe microscopes
5%PM72 #iffraction techniques2 %pectroscopy2 magnetic measurements!
+'! Application of nanotechnology in tissue repair2 biotechnology2 medical fields and cleaning
up environment!
SUGGESTED READINGS
+! 9AK $onservation 8uide =os! +42 +//+2 +///2 +//'2 +//62 +'! ;ome!
4! >eywood2 >!*! +..&! 8lobal Biodiversity Assessment!
/! 0ochwood2 M!2 Aorboys2 8!0! and Ashish2 G! 4--6! Managing Protected AreasC A
8lobal 8uide!
'! ;amarishnan2 P!%!2 %axena2 G!8! and $handrasheara2 U!M! +..,! $onserving the
sacred for Biodiversity Management! Kxford and )B> Publ! $o! =ew #elhi
&! ;ichard2 P!P! +..,! (ssentials of $onservation Biology! Boston University!
6! Gularni2 %ulabha! %! 4--3! =anatechnologyC Principles and Practices! $apital
Publishing $o! =ew #elhi!
BSE 116. Paper XVI d. BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOLOGICAL DATA BASE
+! $oncepts2 overview and scope of bioinformatics2 Bioinformatics and the )nternet2 Basic
principles of computing in bioinformatics2 Use of databases in BiologyC primary databasesC
8ene Ban2 %A)%%P;K"2 P#BB speciali1ed databasesC P9AM2 %$KP2 P;K%)"(B database
querying using eywords and search engines!
4! Annotated sequence databases2 8enome and organismEspecific databases2 miscellaneous
databases2 %equencing #=A2 ;=A and proteins2 determination of protein structure2 8ene
and protein extraction data!
/! #ata retrieval with (ntre12 #B8("/0in #B and %;% 5sequence retrieval system72
%equences similarity searches2 Amino acid substitution matrices2 databases searches with
9A%"A and B0A%"2 Multiple sequences alignment and family relationships2 Protein
families and pattern databases!
'! Principles of genome annotation2 Annotation tools and resources2 $onceptual models of
protein structure2 protein structure and function2 Kbtaining2 viewing and analysing
structural data2 $lassification of proteins of nown threeEdimenstional structureC $A"> and
%$KP2 Protein structure prediction2 %econdary structure prediction!
&! Microarray data analysis2 tools and resources2 %equences sampling and %A8(2 Analysing
data from 4#EPA8( gels2 Analysing protein mass spectrometry data2 modeling and
restructuring molecular pathways2 Protein interaction informatics2 >igherEorder models!
6! Phylogenetics2 cladistics and ontologyB Building phylogenetic treesB (volution of
macromolecular sequences!
3! $hemoinformatic resources2 $onventions in representing molecules2 Pharmainformatics!
SUGGESTED READINGS
+! Attwood2 "!G! I ParryE%mith2 #!H! +...! )ntroduction to Bioinformatics! Addison
Aesley 0ongman2 >arlow2 (ssex!
4! Baxevanis2 Andreas #! I Nuellette2 B!9! 9rancis 4--'! BioinformaticsC A Practical
8uide to the Analysis of 8enes and Proteins2 /rd edition! Ailey Blacwell!
/! Brown2 "!A! 4--6! 8enomes /! 8arland %cience!
'! 0es2 A!M! 4--&! )ntroduction to Bioinformatics2 /rd edition! Kxford University Press2
Kxford!
&! Mount2 #!A! 4--'! BioinformaticsC %equence and 8enome Analysis! $old %pring
>arbor 0aboratory Press2 U!%!
6! Parish2 H!A! I "wyman2 ;!M! 4--4! )nstant =otes in Bioinformatics! "aylor I 9rancis!
3! Patthy2 0! +...! Protein (volution! Blacwell %cience 0td!2 Kxford!
,! Primrose2 %!B! I "wyman2 ;! Principles of 8enome Analysis and 8enomics!
Blacwell2 Kxford!
.! Dyelibil2 M I Baum2 H!K! 4--3! Understanding Bioinformatics! 8arland %cience!
Database Sites
www!ncbi!nlm!nih!gov
www!dnalc!org
www!hugoEinternational!org
www!enseml!org
Paper XVIe: SEED PATHOLOGY
+! )ntroduction2 terminology and historical development2 seed health and its importance!
4! Ginds of seed borne pathogensC fungi2 bacteria2 viruses2 viroides and nematodes!
/! "ypes of damage caused by the seed borne fungi to seeds and crops!
'! =ature of seed infection! %ystemic infection through flower2 fruit and seed stoc! Penetration
through seed coat2 natural openings and inflicted openings!
&! 0ongevity of seed borne pathogens! 9actors influencing longevity!
6! (piphytology of seed borne diseases2 monocyclic and polycyclic diseases
3! #etection of seed borne pathogens2 obFectives of seed health testing! "esting methods for
seed borne fungi2 seed borne bacteria2 seed borne viruses and seed borne nematodes!
,! %tudy of seed borne diseases of certain specific crops2 cereals2 millets2 pulses2 oil crops2
fibre crops2 and vegetable and timber crops
.! $ontrol of seed borne pathogensC selection of seed production areas2 crop management2 seed
treatment2 certification2 plant quarantine and disease resistance!

SUGGESTED READINGS
+! =eegard P! +.33! %eed Pathology *ol ) and ))! MacMillan Press2 0ondon
4! %uryanarayan2 #! +.3,! %eed Pathology! *ias Publ! >ouse! Pvt! 0td! =ew #elhi!
/! Hha2 #!G! +..&! A "ext Boo of %eed Pathology! *ias Publ! >ouse! Pvt! 0td! =ew
#elhi!
'! Agarwal2 *!G! +.3,! Principles of %eed Pathology! )n 5ed!7 Hames B!%! %indair!$;$
Press! )) (dition!
&! #esai2 B!B! %eed >andboo! $;$ Press!
6! %ingh2 8urnam2 %eed Pathology! Pointer Publisher2 Haipur!
3! %ing2 "! %eed "echnology and %eed Pathology ! Pointer Publisher2 Haipur!
,! =ene2 J!0! and Agarwal2 *!G! +.3,! %ome seed borne diseases and their control! )$A;2
=ew #elhi
XVI f: APPLIED PLANT ANATOMY
+! #ifferent types of microscopes2 their woring and utility!
4! %ources of "imber! )mportance of nowledge of wood structure!
/! >ow wood is formedC $ambium and its derivations2 secondary growth2 Fuvenile wood and
mature wood!
'! Physical features of wood visible on the cross surface of log2 sapwood and heart wood2
growth rings and growth mars2 colour2 luster2 odour and taste2 weight2 grain2 texture!
&! 8ross features of wood visible on longitudinal surface of wood!
6! Ultra structure of wood and techniquesC (lectron microscope2 ultra structure of cell wall2
microEfibril angle!
3! =atural defects of woodC ;eaction wood2 Gnots2 %ilica content and other defects due to
stress! #efects of timbers to utili1ation!
,! Aood structure in relation to properties and uses!
.! $riteria and methods of assessment of wood quality in plantation grown timbers2 vi1C
,ucalyptus and Poplar for pulp and timber!

SUGGESTED READINGS
+! Ailson and Ahyte "ext Boo of Aood "echnology! >P Brown2 Mc8raw >ill2 =ew
Jor!
4! )ndian 9orest Utili1ation! 9;) *ol! ) and ))! $omparative Aood Anatomy! %herwin
$arlquist!
/! ;amesh ;ao2 G and HuniFa! 9ield )dentification of &- important timbers of )ndia2 9;)!
'! "ieman Pitman! Aood "echnology! =ew Jor!
&! 9oster2 A%2 =ostrand2 # *an! Practical Plant Anatomy! =ew Jor!
6! 8upta2 %! Atlas of )ndian >eartwoodsE their anatomical features and photomicrographs!
3! 9ahn2 A! Plant Anatomy! Pergamon Press!
BSC 117 XVII LABORATORY COURSE I
A! Practical (xercises based on B%$ ++/
+! "o study the effect of temperature upon the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane!
4! "o determine the osmotic pressure 5potential7 of cell saps of living cells by plasmolytic
method and also by using G=K/ and sugar solution and to calculate the isotonic coefficient
of sugar!
/! "o determine the diffusion pressure deficit of plant cells!
'! "o set up a Ailmotts bubbler and to study the effect of the following on the rate of
photosynthesis 5a7 varying $K4 concentration and 5b7 different wavelengths of light!
&! "o extract the four pigments i!e! chlorophyll a I b2 carotene and xanthophylls from the
green leaves and preparation of their absorption spectrum!
6! "o separate the four pigments i!e! chlorophyll a I b2 carotene and xanthophylls from the
green leaves by paper chromatography and column chromatography!
3! "o determine the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio in $/ and $' plants!
,! "o study the effect of time and en1yme concentration on the rate of reaction of en1yme
5acid phosphatase2 nitrate reductase7!
.! "o study the effect of substrate concentration on activity of any en1yme and determination
of its Gm value!
+-! "o separate the amino acids by paper chromatography!
++! Principles of colorimetry2 spectrophotometry and flourimetry!
B! Practical (xercises based on B%$ ++'
+! "o determine the minimum si1e of the quadrat by species area curve method and minimum
number of quadrats to be laid down in the field under study!
4! "o determine the frequency2 density and abundance of each species present in community!
/! "o calculate relative frequency and relative density of each species in a given area!
'! "o calculate mean basal cover and total basal cover of each species in a given area!
&! "o compute the relative dominance and )*) 5)mportance *alue )ndex7 of each species in a
given area!
6! "o calculate the Alpha 57 diversity2 Beta 57 diversity and total diversity of given
community!
3! "o calculate water holding capacity of three samples of various soil types and to find the
percolation percentage of water in the given soil!
,! "o find out the bul density and porosity of different soil types
.! %tereo test!
+-! "o test the p> and the buffering properties of soils!
++! %tudy of types of aerial photos and satellite data products!
+4! Krientation of stereo model under mirror stereoscope!
Suggested Manuals for Physiological Exercises
+! BaFracharya2 #! +...! (xperiments in Plant PhysiologyC A 0aboratory Manual! =arosa
Publishing >ouse2 =ew #elhi!
4! $opeland2 ;!A! +..6! (n1ymesC A Practical )ntroduction to %tructure2 Mechanism and
#ata Analysis! *$> Publishers2 =ew Jor!
/! #ryer2 ;!0! and 0ata2 8!9! +.,.! (xperimental Biochemistry! Kxford University Press2
=ew Jor!
'! >arborne2 "!$! 5+.,+7! Phytochemical MethodsC A 8uide to Modern "echniques of
Plant Analysis! $hapman I >all2 0ondon!
&! =infa2 A!H! and Ballou2 #!P! +..,! 9undamental 0aboratory approaches for
Biochemistry and Biotechnology! 9it1gerald %cience Press2 )nc!2 Maryland2 U%A!
6! Plummer2 #!"! +.,,! An )ntroduction to Practical Biochemistry! "ata Mc8rawE >ill
Publishing co! 0td!2 =ew #elhi!
Suggested Manuals for Ecological Exercises:
+! AP>AE %tandard Methods for the (xamination of Aater and Aaste Aater! American
Public >ealth Association2 Aashington2 #$!
4! #ownie2 =!M! and >eath2 ;!A! +.,,! Basic %tatistical Methods!
/! Gapoor /8ovil! 4---! (xperimental Plant (cology!
'! Grebs2 $!H! +.,.! (cological Methodology! >arper and ;ow2 =ew Jor2 U%A!
&! Misra2 ;! +.6,! (cology Aor Boo! Kxford I )B> =ew #elhi!
6! Moore2 P!A! and $hapman2 %!B! +.,6! Methods in Plant (cology! Blacwell %cientific
Publications
3! Pielou2 (!$! +.,'! "he )nterpretation of (cological #ata! Ailey =ew Jor!
BSE 118. LABORATORY COURSE II
(Based on elective papers)
XVa:
+! )solation of #=A and plasmid!
4! ;estriction digestion of vector and #=A!
/! 0igation of #=A construct and vector!
'! #emonstration of transformation and selection of recombinant clones!
XVb:
+! %tereo test and study of different types of aerial photos2 Krientation of %tereomodel for
interpretation and mapping!
4! #etermination of %cale2 #etermination of >eight and %lope!
/! *isual interpretation of aerial photos and satellite data on different scales2 %tudy of
different types of satellite data products!
'! %tudy of Multispectral data2 %tudy of )mage Processing %ystems2 #isplay of raw data2
>istogram analysis!
&! #igital classification and (nhancement of satellite data2 )nformation extraction using #)P
techniques!
6! %tudy of 8eographic )nformation %ystem2 8eoEreferencing2 designing 8)% database2
(diting spatial and attribute data2 out put presentation!
XVc:
+! "o undertae studies on stand analysis2 dominance2 diversity and similarity coefficient!
4! "o mae studies on gradient analysis!
/! "o identify different forest types of the locale!
'! $alculate the Pateron wee index of any natural forest stand!
&! %tudy ordination and continuum of different forest stands!
6! %tudy interspecific Association in forest stands using Plot less technique!
3! $alculate analytical and synthetic characters of different forest stands!
,! Prepare profile diagram of forest stands using %ingle Plot Method!
XVd:
+! 9ield surveys to study various types of natural resources in Uttarahand >imalaya!
4! %tudy on the pressures impinging on the natural resources!
/! Kbservations on the (nvironment )mpact Assessment of >ydroelectric Power ProFect in
Uttarahand >imalaya!
/! Kbservations on =atural disasters vi1!2 floods2 landslides2 forest fires frequent in >imalayas
'! *isits to =ational Pars2 Aild life %anctuaries and Biosphere ;eserves!
XVe:
+. Pollen morphological studies of some pterodophytes2 gymnosperms2 and
angiosperms representing different morphological types using acetolysis / alali
maceration method!
4! (xtraction of pollen grains from honey sample and study of the frequency of
different morphoEtypes!
/! %tudy of in vivo and in vitro germination of pollen grains!
'! MorphoEanatomical study of stigma and style!
&! %tudy of the growth of pollen tube through stigma and style!
6! %tudy of allergy producing pollen morphoEtypes!

XV f:
+! %eed testing of different species for variability
4! Aoring out the germination percentage of different types of seeds!
/! "o study Plant propagation by seed 5scarification2 stratification7
/! (ffect of pretreatments on germination of seeds!
'! Propagating different plants by using budding and layering in the field at some
horticultural station2
&! Plant propagation by cutting and layering techniques!
6! Propagation through speciali1ed vegetative structures and micro propagation!
3! Preparation of different types of tissue culture media!
,! #evelopment of callus from different explants!
.! ;egeneration of plants from callus!
+-! Micropropagation of plants using different explants!
++! #eveloping somatic embryos!
+4! #evelopment of synthetic seeds!

XVIa:
+! )solation and inoculation of mycorrhi1a!
4! %tudy of seed borne pathogen! #escription of pathogen2 symptoms and section cutting!
/! )solation of some important pathogens!
'! Procedure of equipments uses!
&! "o establish a plant disease clinic in the department for advise to local people!
XVIb:
+! $ollection2 preservation and identification of wild mushrooms
4! Morphological featuresC field notes2 chemical spot tests2 photography2 sporeprint2 colour
change2 smell2 taste2 etc!
/! Anatomical featuresC Microscopic studies2 Mycorrhi1al studies!
'! (cological Kbservation!
&! "issue culture techniquesC Media preparation2 solid and liquid culture media preparation!
Pure culture techniques! %ub culturing2 0yophili1ation2 Maintenance of mushroom culture!
6! $ultivation of Agaricus+ Calocy(e+ 0lammulilna+ "anoderma+ Lentinus and ?ol.ariella.
3! #=A )solation2 amplification and )"%2 ;(0P2 ;AP# analysis2 #=A primers
and marers! P$; and 8el electrophoresis!
XVIc:
+! )dentification of Gey stone species!
4! "o study phytoplanton and benthos in aquatic bodies!
/! Analysis of water for dissolved oxygen!
'! (stimation of biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand!
&! $ase study of any hydroelectric power proFect in Uttarahand with ()A prospective using
remote sensing and 8)%!
XVId:
+! )ntroduction to bioinformatics softwares and their downloading and installation!
4! >ands on experience on the database B0A%"2 9A%"A!
/! %earching sequences2 data analysis and modeling molecular pathways!
'! $onstructing Phylogenetic trees!
XVIe:
+! 9ield inspection of seed crops and visual examination of seeds for infections!
4! %eed soaing for the detection of certain seed borne pathogens 5fungi7 and nematodes!
/! %eed washing tests and incubation methods!
'! %eedlings symptomatology tests!
&! #etection of bacteria by Agar Plate methods!
6! *iruses C Physical examination2 8row out tests2 (n1yme lined immunoabsorbent assay
5(0)%A7 and Polymerase $hain ;eaction 5P$;7!
3! *isit to seed processing plants and seed testing laboratory!
,! ;eduction of seed inoculum by chemical seed treatments!
.! "esting amount of pesticides in treated seeds!
Manual for Laboratory Exercises:
+! %rinivas2 P!2 %ingh2 G!P! and BiFendra Gumar! 0aboratory Manual on %eed Pathology!
8B Pant University of Agricultural %cience and "echnology2 >ill $ampus2 ;anichauri!
*irant Kffset2 >aldwani!
XVI f:
+! #ifferent types of Microscopes2 their woring and utility! ;esearch2 Polari1ed and (lectron
Microscopes!
4! Huvenile wood and mature woodC Maceration techniques!
/! %ection cutting and mounting of different types soft and hard woods 5locally available7!
Microscopic and anatomical features of wood vi1C bamboo2 canes and coconut!
'! Ultra structure of the wood and techniques! %tudy of cell wall2 microfibril angle and
proportion of tissues!
&! All physical features visible on cross surface of log!
6! 8ross features of wood visible on longitudinal surface!
SEMESTER IV
BSC 119. PAPER XIX: CONSERVATIONAL BIOLOGY
+! $onservationC "he basic concept2 >istory of conservation biology!
4! "he origin and evolution of organismB genetic plasticity a factor in evolutionB the invasion
of unoccupied ecological niches!
/! Patterns of biodiversityC 8lobal and regional patterns of biodiversity2 #istribution2 8radients2
Magnitude of biodiversity2 >otspots2 eystone species2 effects of species deletion and
addition on maintenance of biodiversity!
'! Uses of biodiversityC food2 fodder2 timber2 fibre2 medicine2 etc!B biodiversity based products
and industriesB wild relatives of cultivated plantsB scientific role of biodiversity!
&! "hreats to biodiversityC >abitat loss and fragmentation2 8enetic drift2 )nbreeding2
#isturbance2 Pollution2 $limate $hange2 Kverexploitation2 )nvasive %pecies2 #isease2
6! 8lobal environmental problemsC 8lobal warming2 o1one depletion2 desertification!
3! (xtinction to speciesC %usceptibility to extinction causes of species extinction2 endangered
species2 ;ed and 8reen #ata Boos!
,! (nvironmental )mpact Assessment 5()A7 origin and development2 development in )ndia2
Purpose and aims of ()A2 $ore values and principles2 ()A process2 components of ()A2
Participants in ()A process2 )mpact identification methods!
.! $onservation of Biological diversityC 8enetic principles in conservation2 biodiversity
assessment and inventory!
+-! %urvey and monitoring of biological resourcesC sampling population for biological
conservationB $ollection and analysis of inventory data2 criteria on choice of species for
conservation! People participation2 biodiversity registers and their maintenance!
++! $onservation of energy resourcesB conservation and maintenance of non renewable fossil
fuel resourcesB $onservation of biodiversity based renewable energy resources!
+4! $onservation of biological resourcesC )n situ and (x %itu $onservation %trategies2
#esigning =etwors of Protected AreasB ;estoration of endangered species2 Problems of
%mall Populations2 (stablishing =ew PopulationsB %ustainable use and public participation2
8uidelines for %uccessful Monitoring2 politics and economics in the decisionEmaing
process2 $hallenges for the future!
+/! Protected Area =etwor2 PA= with special reference to Uttarahand and )ndia! )ndian
biodiversity and its conservationC )nternational efforts for conserving biodiversity vi1!2
$)"(%2 $B#2 )U$=2 MAB2 U=(P2 UPK* 5Union for the Protection of =ew Plant
*arieties72 A"K etc!7! )nternational treaty on Plant 8enetic ;esources2 )nternational
Agreement for conserving marine biodiversity2 Aetland conservation2 ;angeland
management!
+'! (cosystem restoration2 %trategies and plans for restoration2 Passive restoration 5natural
recovery7 and active restoration!
+&! =ational 9orest Policy +.4.2 Aildlife 5Protection7 act +.3&2 9orest 5$onservation7 Act
+.,-2 (nvironment 5Protection7 Act +.,62 9isheries Act +.,32 Aildlife 5Protection7
Amendment Act +..+2 Biodiversity Act 4--/2 etc!
SUGGESTED READINGS
+! $ain2 M!0!2 Bowman2 A!#! I >acer2 %!#! 4--,! (cology! %inauer Associates2 )nc!
4! #har2 U! +../ 5(d!7! >imalayan BiodiversityC $onservation %traegies2 8yanodaya
Praashan2 =ainital
/! 8roombridge2 B! and Henins2 M!#! 4---! 8lobal Biodiversity! (arths living resources
in the 4+th century2 UG! Aorld conservation Monitoring $enter! Pp 4'6!
'! >unter2 M!0!H! +..-! Aildlife2 forest and forestryC Principals of Managing forests for
biological diversity! Prentice >all! (nglewood! $liffs! =ew Hersey! /3- pp!
&! >unter2 Hr2 M!0! I 8ibbs2 H!P! 4--6! 9undamentals of $onservation Biology! Ailey
Blacwell!
6! Pullin2 A $onservation Biology! $ambridge University Press2 "he (dinberg Building2
$ambridge $B4D;U2 UG!
3! Primac2 ;!B! 4--6! (ssentials of $onservation Biology! %inauer Associates2 )nc!
,! Primac2 ;!B! 4--,! A Primer of $onservation Biology! %inauer Associates2 )nc!
.! %ingh2 H!%!2 %ingh2 %!P! I 8upta2 %!;! 4--3! (cology2 (nvironment and ;esource
$onservation! Anamaya Publishers2 =ew #elhi!
+-! Aestern2 #! and Pearl2 M!$! +.,.! $onservation for twentyEfirst century! Kxford
University Press2 Kxford UG! Pp +-.E+4-!
BSC 120 Paper XX BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING OF
PLANTS AND MICROBES
+! BiotechnologyC Basic concepts2 principles and scope!
4! Plant cell and tissue cultureC 8eneral introduction2 history2 scope2 concept of cellular
differentiation2 totipotency!
/! Krganogenesis and adventive embryogenisisC 9undamental aspects of morphogenesis2
somatic embryogenesis and androgenesis2 mechanisms2 techniques and utility!
'! %omatic hybridi1ationC Protoplast isolation2 fusion and culture2 hybrid selection and
regeneration2 possibilities2 achievements and limitations of protoplast research!
&! Applications of plant tissue cultureC clonal propagation2 artificial seed2 production of
hybrids and somaclones2 production of secondary metabolites/natural products2
cryopreservation and germplasm preservation!
6! ;ecombinant #=A technologyC 8ene cloning principles and techniques2 construction of
genomic and c#=A libraries2 choice of vectors2 #=A synthesis and sequencing2
polymerase chain reaction2 #=A finger printing!
3! 8enetic engineering of plantsC Aims2 strategies for development of transgenics 5with
suitable examples72 Agro(acteriumE the natural genetic engineer2 "E#=A and transposon
mediated geneEtagging2 chloroplast transformation and its utility2 intellectual property
rights2 possible ecological riss and ethical concerns!
,! Microbial genetic manipulationC Bacterial transformation2 selection of recombinants and
transformants2 genetic improvement of industrial microbes and nitrogen fixers2
fermentation technology!
.! 8enomics and proteomicsC 8enetic and physical mapping of genes2 molecular marers for
introgression of useful traits2 artificial chromosomes2 high throughout sequencing2 genome
proFects2 bioinformatics2 functional genomics2 microarrays2 protein profiling and its
significance!
SUGGESTED READINGS:
BhoFwani2 %!%! and ;a1dan2 M!G! +..6! Plant "issue $ultureC "heory and Practice 5a
revised edition7! (lsevier %cience Publishers2 =ew Jor2 U%A!
BhoFwani2 %!%! +..-! Plant "issue $ultureC Applications and 0imitations! (lsevier
%cience Publishers2 =ew Jor2 U%A!
Brown2 "!A! +...! 8enomes! Hohn Ailey I %ons 5Asia7 Pvt! 0td!2 %ingapore!
$allow2 H!A!2 9ordE0ioyd2 B!*! and =ewbury2 >!H! +..3! Biotechnology and Plant 8enetic
;esourcesC $onservation and Use! $ab )nternational2 Kxon2 UG!
$hrispeels2 M!H! and %adava2 #!(! +..'! Plants2 8enes and Agriculture! Hones I Bartlett
Publishers2 Boston2 U%A!
$ollins2 >!A! and (dwards2 %! +..,! Plant $ell $ulture! Bioscientific Publishers2 Kxford2
UG!
8la1er2 A!=! and =iaido2 >! +..&! Microbial Biotechnology! A!>! 9reeman I $ompany2
=ew Jor U%A!
8ustafson2 H!P! 4---! 8enomes! Gluwer Academic Plenum Publishers2 =ew Jor2 U%A!
>enry2 ;!H! +..3! Practical Applications of Plant Molecular biology! $hapman I >all2
0andon2 UG!
Hain2 %!M!2 %opory2 %!G! and *eilleux2 ;!(! +..6! )n *itro >aploid Production in >igher
Plants2 *ols2 +E&!2 9undamental Aspects and Methods! Gluwer Academic Publishers2
#ordrecht2 "he =etherland!
Holles2 K! and Hornvall2 >! 5(ds7! 4---! Proteomics in 9unction 8enomics! Birhauser
*erlag2 Basel2 %wit1erland!
Gartha2 G!G! +.,&! $ryopreservation of Plant cells and Krgans! $;$ Press2 Boca ;aton2
9lorida2 U%A!
Kld2 ;!A! and Primrose2 %!B! +.,.! Principles of 8ene Manipulation! Blacwell %cientific
Publications2 Kxford2 UG!
Primrose2 %!B! +..&! Principles of 8enome Analysis! Blacwell %cience 0td!2 Kxford2 UG!
;aghavan2 *! +..3! Molecular Biology of 9lowering Plants! $ambridge University Press2
=ew Jor2 U%A!
%hantharam2 %! and Montgomery2 H!9! +...! Biotechnology2 Biosafety I Biodiversity!
Kxford I )B> Publishing $o! Pvt! 0td!2 =ew #elhi!
*asil2 )!G! and "horpe2 "!A! +..'2 Plant $ell and "issue $ulture! Gluwer Academic
Publishers2 "he =etherlands!
BSC. 121 XXI. LABORATORY COURSE I
A. Laboratory/Field Exercises in Conservation Biology.
+! "o study the pattern of regional biodiversity!
4! "o study the >ot spots and ey stone species!
/! %urvey of biological resources!
'! %tudy of habitat loss with respect to plant species! "o observe factors expediting habitat loss
vi1!2 floods2 forest fires2 land slides2 natural and anthropological activities!
&! *isits to national pars2 sanctuaries and biosphere reserves of Uttarahand!
6! *isit to ecosystem restoration sites in mined areas in Uttarahand >imalayas!
B. Laboratory/Field Exercises in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.
+! 8rowth characteristics of ,. coli using plating and turbidimetric methods!
4! )solation of plasmid of ,. coli by alaline lysis method and its quantitation
spectrophotometrically!
/! ;estriction digestion of plasmid and estimation of the si1e of different #=A fragments!
'! $loning of a #=A fragment in a plasmid vector2 transformation of the given bacterial
population and selection of recombinants!
&! #emonstration of #=A sequencing by %angers dideoxy method!
6! #emonstration of protoplast fusion employing P(8!
3! Krganogenesis and somatic embryogenesis using appropriate explants and preparation of
artificial seed!
,! $oEcultivation of the plant material 5e!g! leaf discs7 with Agro (acterium and study 8U%
activity histoEchemically!
Manuals for Laboratory Exercises
+! Buteno2 ;!8! 4---! Plant $ell $ulture! University Press of Pacific!
4! $ollin2 >!A! and (dwards2 %! +..,! Plant $ell $ulture! Bioscientific Publishers2
Kxford2 UG!
/! #ixon2 ;!A! 5(d!7 +.,3! Plant $ell $ultureC A Practical Approach! );0 Press2 Kxford!
'! 8elvin2 %!B! and %chilperoort2 ;!A! 5(ds!72 +..'! Plant Molecular Biology Manual2 4
nd
edition2 Gluwer Academic Publishers2 #ordrecht2 "he =etherlands!
&! 8eorge2 (!9! +../! Plant Propagation by "issue $ulture! Part +! "he "echnology2 4
nd
edition2 (xegetics 0td!2 (dington2 UG!
6! 8eorge2 (!9! +../! Plant Propagation by "issue $ulture! Part 4!)n Practice2 4
nd
edition2
(xegetics 0td!2 (dington2 UG!
3! 8lic2 B!;! and "hompson2 H!(! +../! Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology! $;$ Press2 Boca ;aton2 9lorida!
,! 8lover2 #!M! and >ames2 B!#! 5(ds72 +..&! #=A $loning +C A Practical ApproachB
$ore "echniques2 4
nd
edition2 PA%2 );0 Press at Kxford University Press2 Kxford!
.! >acett2 P!B!2 9uchs2 H!A! and Messing2 H!A! +.,,! An )ntroduction to ;ecombinant
#=A "echniquesC Basic (xperiments in 8ene Manipulation! "he BenFamin/ $ummings
Publishing $o!2 )nc Menlo Par2 $alifornia!
+-! >all2 ;!#! 5(d!72 +...! Plant $ell $ulture Protocols! >umana Press2 )nc!2 =ew Hersey2
U%A!
++! %haw2 $!>! 5(d!7 +.,,! Plant Molecular BiologyC A Practical Approach! );0 Press2
Kxford!
+4! %mith2 ;!>! 4---! Plant "issue $ultureC "echniques and (xperiments! Academic Press2
=ew Jor!
Dissertation/ Project Work
#issertation is an elective one mandatory for every student! "he dissertation is to be allotted in
the beginning of ))) %emester and would be submitted at the time of the examination of )*
%emester! "he distribution of mars for the #issertation will be as belowC
Periodical presentation C 4- Mars
#issertation C 6- Mars
*iva*oce C 4- Mars
"otal C +-- Mars
"he #issertation would carry -. credits in all!
"he dissertation/ ProFect report shall be evaluated Fointly by the supervisor and one external
examiner!
9ollowing topics/research fields are proposed to undertae #issertation/ ProFect Aor!
Any other current trends / topics suggested by the #epartmental committee may also be
considered for the dissertation/proFect wor!
Anatomy of >imalayan woods
$hromosome Analysis and )ndexing of >imalayan 9lora
$onservation of (ndangered %pecies
(nvironment )mpact Assessment
>igh Altitude (cology and $limate $hange
)nvasion (cology
)nventori1ation of unexplored Areas and >otspots
0imnology
Plant Biodiversity Assessment
Pollution Monitoring
Population/weed/ ;eproductive Biology
%urvey of 0ess nown (conomic Plants

SYLLABUS
HNB GARHWAL UNIVERSITY, SRINAGAR-GARHWAL
2011-2012 ONWARDS
Department of Botany and Microbiology
Master of Science
2. MICROBIOLOGY

(Two Year Course- Semester System)
Admission of the Masters Program in Microbiology shall be through entrance examination
conducted by the University and the program shall be based on the choice based credit system
in which credit defines the quantum of content/ syllabus prescribed for a course system and
determines the number of hours of instruction per wee!
"he student shall be eligible for admission to a Masters #egree Program in Microbiology after
he/she has successfully completed a three year undergraduate degree or earned prescribed
number of credits through the examinations conducted by University as equivalent to an
undergraduate degree! "he fee structure would be as per University ordinances for Professional
$ourses but the fee once deposited by the candidate would not be refundable under any
circumstances barring security fee!
$ore courses prescribed for every %emester shall be mandatory for all students registered for
the Masters Program in Microbiology and shall carry minimum &' credits! "here shall be
(lective courses offered in semester ))) and )* and shall carry a minimum of +, credits! A self
study course would comprise of maximum -. credits of which one minimum -/ credits shall
be mandatory which shall not be included while calculating grades!
)n order to qualify for a two year masters degree2 a student must acquire a minimum of 34
credits including a minimum of +, credits in electives choosing at least two elective 5leading to
a minimum -6 credits7 offered by other disciplines/departments and one qualifying self study
course of minimum -/ credits!
"he dissertation is an elective course and is mandatory for every student! "he dissertation
would be allotted in the beginning of the ))) %emester and the candidate would submit the
report during )* %emester examination! "he dissertation may be in the form of a minor
;esearch Aor/ ProFect wor/ Practical "raining or 9ield Aor! "he students may complete the
dissertation wor in the #epartment/ other ;esearch )nstitutes/ )ndustries/ >ospitals2 etc!
M. Sc. Semester I
Code Paper Credit
MB$+-+ Bacteriology -/
MB$+-4 *irology -/
MB$+-/ Mycology I Phycology -/
MB$+-' Biochemistry I Microbial Physiology -/
MB$+-& 0aboratory $ourse ):: -/
MB$+-6 0aboratory $ourse )) -/
Core Credits 18
M. Sc. Semester II
Code Paper Credit
MB$+-3 Molecular Biology I Microbial 8enetics -/
MB$+-, Medical Microbiology -/
MB$+-. )mmunology -/
MB$++- 9ood Microbiology -/
MB$+++ 0aboratory $ourse ) -/
MB$++4 0aboratory $ourse )) -/
Core Credits 18 with additional 03 Credits of Self Study (Seminar)
M. Sc. Semester III
Code Paper Credit
MB$++/ (nvironmental Microbiology -/
MB$++' )ndustrial Microbiology -/
MB(++& a! ;ecombinant #=A "echnology
b! %oil Microbiology
c! (lective offered by other #epartment
-/
MB(++6 a! $ellular Microbiology
b! (cology
c! (lective offered by other #epartment
-/
MB$++3 0aboratory $ourse ) -/
MB(++, 0aboratory $ourse )) -/
Core Credits 09+ Elective Credits 09; Total Credits 18+ 03 Credits of Self Study
M. Sc. Semester IV
Code Paper Credit
MB$++. Microbial #iversity including (xtremophiles -/
MB$+4- Biostatics I $omputer Application -/
MB$+4+ 0aboratory $ourse ) -/
MB(+44 #issertation -.
Core Credits 09+ Elective Credits 09; Total Credits 18+ 03 Credits of Self Study
Grand Total: $ore $redits &'? (lective $redits +,@ 34
Aith a total of -. $redits 5/?/?/ $redits in ))2 ))) and )* semester7 of %elf %tudy 5%eminar7
: -+ $redit@ -+ hour of lecture/instructions per weeB -+ $redit course@ +& hours of
lectures per semester!
:: -/ hours of laboratory course shall be considered equivalent to -+ hour of lecture!
SEMESTER I
MBC101 Bacteriology
Unit I
>istory of Microbiology2 #ifference between proaryotic and euaryotic organisms2
spontaneous generation vs biogenesis2 morphology and ultra structure of bacteria2 structure and
properties of cell wall of eubacteria and archaebacteria! 0Eforms! $ell wall synthesis2 capsule
types2 composition and function! %tructure and function of flagella2 cilia pili2 gas vesicles2
chromosomes2 carboxysomes2 magnetosomes and phycobilisomes2 nucleoid2 cell division2
spores2 reserve food materialsEpolyhydroxybutyrate2 phosphate granules2 oil droplets2
cynophysin granules and sulfur inclusion!
Unit II
Methods in MicrobiologyC Pure culture techniques2 sterili1ation techniques2 principle of
microbial nutrition2 preparation of culture media2 enrichment culture techniques for isolation of
bacteria! $ultivation of bacteriaE aerobic2 anaerobic2 shaer and still2 growth curve2 generation
time2 growth inetics2 asynchronous and synchronous growth! Batch and continuous cultures!
Measurement of growth2 factor affecting growth! Preservation methods! $ontrol of bacteriaE
physical and chemical agents!
Unit III
Microbial evolution2 Basic principle and techniques used in bacterial classification2
classification of microorganismsE >aecels three ingdom concept2 Ahittaers five ingdom
concept2 eight ingdom classification2 three domain concept of $arl Aoese! Bergeys system of
bacterial classification2 brief account of 8racilicutes2 9ermicutes2 Mendosicutes and
"enericutes! Phylogenetic and numerical taxonomy!
Unit IV
$haracteristic features and taxonomic characteri1ation of ArchaebactreiaB photosynthetic
eubacteria 5$yanobacteria2 Purple and 8reen bacteria7B $hemoautotrophic and methophilic
bacteriaB 8ram negative aerobic eubacteria 5Pseudomonas+ Rhio(ium2 A1otobacter2 Acetic
acid bacteria etc!7B gliding bacteria 5Myxobacteria2 $ytophaga group etc7B (nteric group and
related eubacteria!
Unit V
$haracteristic features and taxonomic characteri1ation of 8ram negative anaerobic eubacteria
5?eillonella+ Megasphaera+ 1acteroids+ 0uso(acterium etc and %ulfurEreducing bacteria72 8ram
negative eubacteria 5%pirochetes2 ;icettsias and $hlamydias7B 8ram positive unicellular
endospore formersB 8ram positive fermentative eubacteria 5%taphylococcus2 0actic Acid
Bacteria etc7B 8ram positive eubacteria 5Actinomycetes7B the Mollecutes 5Mycoplasma etc!7!
Suggested Reading:
+! Pelc1ar2 M!H!2 (!$!%! $han I =!;! Greig! Microbiology! Mc 8raw >ill!
4! Prescott2 0!H!2 H!P!M! >arley I A!#! Glein! Microbiology! Am! $! Broun Publisher!
/! %tanier2;J!2 H0 )ngraham2 M0 Aheelis! 8eneral Microbiology! MacMillan Press!
'! %clegel2 >!8! 8eneral Microbiology! $ambridge University Press!
&! Bridge2 (!A! Modern Microbiology! AM$ Brown Publisher2 Kxford (ngland!
6! 8uinsales2 )!2 %tanier ;!J! "he Bacteria! *ol! )2 )) and )))! Academic Press!
3! Broc2 "!#!2 I M" Madigen! Biology of Microorganisms! Printise >all )nc!
,! #ubey2 ;!$! I #!G! Maheshwari! A text Boo of Microbiology! %! $hand I $o! =! #elhi!
MBC102 Virology
Unit I
8eneral *irologyC Brief outline of discovery of viruses2 nomenclature and classification of
viruses! Morphology and ultrastructure2 capsids and their arrangements2 types of envelopes and
their compositions! *iral genome2 their types and structures! *irus related organisms 5viroids2
virusoids and prions7! $ynophagesC morphology2 growth cycle! Mycoviruses!
Unit II
8eneral methods of diagnosis and serologyC isolation and cultivation of viruses! (xperimental
animals and cell culture! Primary and secondary cell culture2 suspension of cell culture and
monolayer cell culture2 cell strain2 cell lines and transgenic systems! %erological tests2 >aem
Agglutination and >A)2 complement fixation2 immunofluorescence methods! (0)%A and ;)A2
=A%> using probes! Assay of virusesE physical and chemical methods 5protein2 nucleic acid2
radioactivity tracers2 electron microscopy7! )nfectivity assay 5Plaque method2 end point
methods72 infectivity assay of plant viruses!
Unit III
Bacterial virusesC Bacteriophage structural organi1ation2 life cycle2 one step growth curve2
transcription 2 #=A replication2 eclipse phase 2 phage production 2 burst si1e2 lysogenic si1e2
bacteriophage typing2 application in bacterial genetics2 brief details on M+/2 Mu2 "'2 0embda!
Unit IV
Plant virusesC $lassification and nomenclature2 symptoms2 viral structure2 protein synthesis2
effects of viruses on plants2 histology2 physiology and cytology of plants! $ommon viral
diseases of plantsE paddy2 cotton2 tomato2 and sugarcane! "ype species of plant viruses lie
"M*2 cauliflower mosaic virus and potato virus <! "ransmission of plant viruses with vectors
5insects2 nematodes2 fungi7 and without vectors 5contact2 seed dodder2 and pollens7!
Preservation of crop loss due to virus infection2 virus free planting material2 vector control!
Unit V
Animal virusesC $lassification and nomenclature of animal viruses2 multiplication of animal
viruses2 epidemiology2 lifecycle pathogenecity2 diagnosis2 prevention and treatment of ;=A
virusesEPicorna2 Krthomyxo2 ;etrovirus2 Adenoviruses2 "oga and other anthropods viruses2
;habdo2 ;ota2 >)*2 and other oncogenic viruses! #=A virusesEPox2 >erpes2 %*'-2 >epatitis!
)nterferon and antiviral drugs!
Suggested Reading:
+! Morag2 $! I M!$! "imbury! +..'! Medical *irology! $hurchill 0ivingstone2 0ondon!
4! #immoc2 =!H!2 P!$! Primrose! +..'! )ntroduction to modern virology! Blacwell
%cientific Publications2 Kxford!
/! $onrat2 >!9!2 P!$! Gimbell I H!A! 0evey! +..'! *irology! /rd ed! Prentice >all!
'! Mathews2 ;!(! +..4! 9unctionals of plant virology! Academic Press2 %an #iego!
&! "opley I Ailson! +..&! "ext boo on principles of bacteriology2 virology and
immunology! (dward Arnold2 0ondon!
MBC103 Mycology and Phycology
Unit I
>istorical introduction to mycology2 structure and cell differentiation! $lassification2 general
features2 mycelial organi1ation and structure2 nutrition and reproduction in fungi! %alient
features of divisionsE MyxomycotaC Acrasiomycetes2 >ydromyxomycetes2 Myxomycetes2
PlasmodiophoromycetesB Mastigomycotina 5Doosporic fungi7C $hytridiomycetes2
>ypochytridiomycetes2 KomycetesB DygomycotinaC Dygomycetes2 "richomycetes!
(volutionary tendencies in lower fungi!
Unit II
%alient features ofC AscomycotinaE hemiascomycetes2 plectomycetes2 pyrenomycetes2
discomycetes2 leboulbeniomycetes2 loculoascomycetesB BasidiomycotinaE teliomycetes2
hymenomycetes2 gastromycetesB #eutromycotinaE hypomycetes2 coelomycetes2 blastomycetes!
(conomic importance! Plants diseasesE Pythium seed rot2 grapes downy mildew2 potato early
and late blights2 tomatoE fusarial wilt2 wheatEsmut and rust! Animal diseasesE mycosesB
systemic and subcutaneous2 candidiasis2 pnemocystis2 blastomycoses2 dematophytoses!
Unit III
>eterothallism2 sex hormones in fungi2 Physiological speciali1ation2 %axuality in
ascomycetesphylogeny of fungi! 0ichensE ascolichens2 basidiolichens2 deutrolichens!
Mycorrhi1aE ectomycorrhi1a2 endomycorrhi1a2 vesicular arbuscular mycorrhi1a! 9ungi as
insect symbionts! 9ungi and ecosystemC saprophytes2 substrate groups2 and nutritional
strategies2 substrate successionsB fungi and bioremediation! Attac on fungi by other
microorganisms and antifungal agents!
Unit IV
#istribution of algae2 ecology2 cytology2 basis of classification of algae2 various systems of
classification2 thallus structure2 nutrition2 reproduction2 life cycle in algae and their types2
0aboratory culture and staining2 fossil records of algae!
Unit V
#istinguishing characters2 classification of Myxophyceae2 $hlorophyceae2 <anthophyceae2
Bacillariophyceae2 Phaeophyceae and ;hodophyceae! $onflicts on classification of
Myxophyceae2 speciali1ed structure of Myxophyceae 5>ormogones2 >omocyst2 (ndospore2
(xospore2 =anocyst2 Ainetes2 >eterocysts72 nitrogen fixation in myxomycetes2 "axonomic
treatment of myxophyceae 5cyanobacteria7 in Bergeys Manual! (conomic aspects of algae and
algal biotechnology!
Suggested Reading:
+! Mehrotra2 ;!%! I G!;! AneFa! +..-! An introduction to mycology! =ew Age
)nternational!
4! Burnett2 H!>! 9undamentals of Mycology! PublisherC (dward2 Arnold2 $rane ;usse!
/! $harlie2 M!2 I %!$! Aatinson! "he 9ungi! Academic Press!
'! Alexopoulos $!H! I Mims $!H! /
rd
ed! Ailley (astern 0td! =! #elhi!
&! %harma2 K!P! Algae! Pragati Praashan!
6! *ashishth B!;! Algae! %! $hand I $o!
MBC104 Biochemistry & Microbiology Physiology
Unit I
8eneral structural features and chemistry of macromoleculesB nucleic acid2 proteins2
carbohydrates and lipids and biomolecules such as vitamins2 antibiotics2 pigments2 alaloid and
toxins! %tructure of chromatin and chromosomes2 heterochromatin and euchromatin!
%tabili1ing interactions 5*an der Aalls2 electrostatic2 hydrogen bonding2 hydrophobic
interaction2 etc!7B principles of biophysical chemistry 5p>2 buffer2 reaction inetics2 colligative
properties2 etc7! %tructure of biological membrane2 diffusion2 osmosis2 ion channels2 active
transport2 ion pumps2 mechanism of regulation of intracellular transport2 electrical properties of
membrane
Unit II
(n1ymesC (n1yme nomenclature2 en1yme commission numbers and classification of en1ymes!
(n1yme activity2 %pecific activity and turn over number2 iso1yme! (n1yme ineticsC MichaelisE
Menton equation for simple en1ymes2 determination of inetic parameters! Multistep reaction
and rate limiting steps! (ffects of p> and temperature on en1yme action2 en1yme inhibition2
allosterism2 Ginetic analysis of allosteric en1ymes2 Principles of allosteric regulation 5%imple
%equential Model and $oncerted Model7!
Unit III
Brief account of bacterial photosynthesis2 classification of photosynthetic bacteria2
photosynthetic pigments2 $hlorophyll2 bacteriochlorophyll2 rhodopsin2 carotenoid2
phycobilliproteins! Autotrophy2 oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and their
mechanism! Photosynthetic electron transport system2 photophosphorylation2 dar reaction2 $/2
$' pathways! $hemolithotrophyE sulfur2 iron2 hydrogen2 nitrogen oxidations2 methanogenesis!
Unit IV
Principles of energy productionC KxidationEreduction reactions2 coupled reaction and group
transfer2 the respiratory chain2 energy production by anaerobic processes 58lycolysis2 PP
Pathway2 (# pathway2 fermentation7B energy production by aerobic processes 5"$A cycle2
aerobic respiration2 respiration without K4 in bacteria2 heterotrophic $K4 fixation2 glyoxylates
cycle7B energy production by photosynthesis 5cyclic and nonEcyclic photophosphorylation7B the
mechanism of A"P synthesisB utili1ation of energy in biosynthesis and nonEbiosynthetic
processes!
Unit V
Microbial metabolismC $atabolism of carbohydrates2 lipids2 proteins2 and nucleic acids!
Anabolism of amino acids2 proteins2 nucleic acids2 lipids and carbohydrates! *itamins and their
role as coen1ymes! Assimilation of nitrogenE dinitrogen2 nitrate nitrogen2 ammonia
assimilation!
Suggested Reading:
+! $aldwell2 #;! Microbial Physiology I Metabolism! +..&! Brown Publishers!
4! Moat I 9oster! Microbial Physiology! +...! Ailey!
/! %tanier2 ;!J!2 H!0! 8rahm2 M!0! Aheelis I P!;! Painter! 8eneral Microbiology! +.,6!
McMillan!
'! Burn2 J!*! I 0!H! %himets! Proaryotic #evelopment! 4---! A%M Press!
&! %tryer! 4--+! Biochemistry! &
th
ed! A> 9reeman!
6! =elson I $ox! 4--4! 0ehinenger Principles of Biochemistry! /
rd
ed! Aorth Publisher!
3! >arpers Biochemistry! +...! Mc8raw >ill!
,! Hain2 H!0! Biochemistry! %! $hand I $o!
MBC105 Laboratory Course I
+! )solation of bacteria and actinomycetes from given sample!
4! Biochemical characteri1ations used in the identification of bacterial isolates!
/! *arious types of bacterial cell staining 5%imple staining2 8ram %taining2 =egative
%taining2 Acid 9ast %taining etc!7!
'! %taining of spore and flagella!
&! "o determine the motility of bacteria!
6! #etermination of si1e of bacterial cell using Micrometer!
3! "o perform preservation methods of bacterial cultures!
,! "o determine the growth curve of bacteria!
.! $ollection2 symptomatology and identification of Plant viruses on beans2 papaya2
potato2 tobacco2 etc!
+-! )solation of bacteriophage and determination of Plaque 9orming Unit 5P9U7!
++! )solation of cyanophage and determination of Plaque 9orming Unit 5P9U7!
+4! #etermination of one step growth curve of viruses!
+/! #etermination of burst si1e of virus!
MBC106 Laboratory Course II
+! )solation and identification of fungi from given sample!
4! )solation of aquatic fungi using bait technique!
/! )solation and identification of various plant pathogens!
'! "o perform preservation methods of bacterial cultures!
&! )solation and purification of cyanobacteria!
6! (ducational trip for mushroom collection 5Mushroom >unting7 in monsoon
season! %pore printing and identification of mushroom!
3! (stimation of protein using 0owry or Biurate method!
,! (stimation of sugar concentration in given sample!
.! (stimation of lipid concentration in given sample!
+-! #etermination of isoelectric point of amino acid!
++! #etermination of en1ymatic activity and Gm value!
+4! %tudy of red light induced ainete formation in cyanobacteria!
+/! #etermination of catalase and oxidase activity of given bacteria!
+'! %tudy of sugar fermentation by bacteria!
+&! %tudy of red light induced ainete formation in cyanobacteria!
+6! #etermination of catalase and oxidase activity of given bacteria!
+3! %tudy of sugar fermentation by bacteria!
+,! "o study of effect of p>2 temperature and salt concentration on bacterial growth!
SEMESTER II
MBC107 Molecular Biology & Microbial Genetics
Unit I
=ucleic acids as genetic information carrierC (xperimental evidence! #=A structure2 >istorical
aspects and current concepts! Melting of #=A2 #=A replicationB general principles2 various
modes of replicationB isolation and properties of #=A polymerase2 proof reading2 continuous
and discontinuous synthesis2 )nhibitors of #=A replication 5Blocing precursor synthesis2
nucleotide polymeri1ation2 altering #=A structure7! Asymetric and dimeric nature of #=A
polymerase2 exonuclease activity in euaryotic #=A polymerases!
Unit II
8ene as a unit mutation and recombination! Molecular nature of mutations! Mutagens!
%pontaneous mutation origin! #=A damage and repairC type of #=A damage 5deamination2
oxidative damage2 alylation2 pyridine dimers7! ;epair pathwaysE methyl directed mismatch
repair2 very short patch repair2 nucleotide excision repair2 base excision repair2 recombination
repair! %K% system!
Unit III
%tructural features of ;=A 5r;=A2 t;=A I m;=A7 and relation of function! )nitiator and
elongator class of t;=A2 ribosome binding site on m;=A and corresponding site on r;=A!
Peptidyltransferase activity of 4/% r;=A! "ranscriptionC general principles2 basic apparatus2
type of ;=A polymerases2 Mechanism of transcription in proaryotes and euaryotes2 stepsB
initiation2 elongation and termination! )nhibitors of ;=A synthesis! Polycistronic and
monocystronic ;=As! Basic features of genetic code! Protein synthesis and its stepB initiation2
elongation and termination! )nhibitors of protein synthesis! "ranslational mechanism in
proaryotes and euaryotes2 Post translational modification and transport2 Protein targeting
5signalling7! =on ribosomal polypeptide synthesis!
Unit IV
8ene transfer mechanismsE transformation2 transduction2 conFugation and transfection2
mechanism and applications! PlasmidsC 9 factor description and their use in genetic analyses!
$olicine and col factors! Plasmid as vectors for gene cloning! ;eplication of plasmidsE
compatibility! BacteriophasesC 0ytic phagesE"'! 0ysogenic phage lambda and P+2 M+/ and R<
+3'! 0ife cycle and their uses in microbial genetics!
Unit V
;egulation of 8ene (xpression in Proaryotes and (uaryotesC Kperon concept2 Positive and
negative control2 %tructure and regulation of lac2 trp and ar( operon2 regulation of gene
expression in euaryotes 5a brief account72 antiEsense ;=A2 ;=Ai2 8ene conversion2 site
specific recombination2 transposable elements2 nomenclature2 insertation sequences2
transposons 5structure2 mechanism and genetics of transcription7!
Suggested Reading:
+! 0ewin! 8enes *2 *)2 *))2 *))) I )<! Kxford University Press!
4! 0odish2 B! I Dippursy! Molecular $ell Biology! A! >! 9reeman!
/! 8ardner et al! Principles of 8enetics! Hohn Ailly I %ons!
'! 9riefelder! Microbial 8enetics! Hones I Bartlett Pub!2 Boston!
&! %tryer! 4--+! Biochemistry! &
th
ed! A> 9reeman!
6! =elson I $ox! 4--4! 0ehinenger Principles of Biochemistry! /
rd
ed! Aorth Publisher!
MBC108 Medical Microbiology
Unit I
(arly discovery of pathogenic microorganisms2 development of bacteriology as scientific
discipline2 contribution made by eminent scientists! $lassification of medically important
microorganisms! =ormal micro flora of human body2 role of resident flora and the human host!
(pidemiologyC #isease cycle 5sources of disease! ;eservoirs I carriers7! "ransmission of
Pathogens2 routes of infection! Primary I secondary infections2 epidemic2 endemic2 pandemic!
Unit II
(stablishment2 spreading2 tissue damage I antiphagocytic factors! Mechanism of Bacterial
adhesion2 coloni1ation I invasion of mucus membranes of respiratory2 enteric I urogenital
tracts! ;ole of aggresins2 depolymeri1ing en1ymes2 organotrophisms2 variation I virulence!
Krgans I cells involved in immune system I immune response!
Unit III
$lassification of pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus+ Streptococcus+ Pneumococcus 2eisseria+
Corny(acterium+ 1acillus+ Clostridium! =on sporing anaerobes2 organism belonging to
(nterobacteriaceae2 vibrios non fermenting gram negative bacilli2 <ersinia+ Haemophillus+
1ordetella+ 1rucella+ Myco(acterium2 %pirochaetes2 Actinomycetes2 ;icettsiae2 $hlamydiae!
Unit IV
8eneral properties of viruses! *iruses host interactions! Pox viruses2 Adeno viruses2 Picorna
viruses2 Krthomyxo viruses2 Paramixo viruses2 Arbo viruses2 ;habdo viruses2 >epatitis viruses2
Kncogenic viruses2 >)*! 9ungal diseasesC #ermatophytes2 #imorphic fungi2 opportunistic
fungal pathogensE $andidiasis2 Pneumocystis2 Blastomycosis2 >istoplasmosis!
Unit V
Proto1oal infectionC Plasmodium2 "rypanosoma2 (ntamoeba2 Balantidium2 Pneumocystis!
0aboratory control of antimicrobial therapyE various methods of drug susceptibility testing2
action of antibiotics I drug resistance2 antibiotic assay in body fluids! Brief account on
available vaccines I schedules2 passive prophylactic measures! $ommon types of hospital
infections I their diagnosis I control! #ifferent staining techniques such as 0effers
polychrome methylene blue I negative staining2 9luorochrome staining2 0eishmans staining2
8iemsas staining etc!
Suggested Reading:
+! Ananthanarayan I Panicer! +..3! "ext Boo of Microbiology! Krient 0ongman!
4! Macie I Mc$artney! Medical Microbiology! *ol!+! Microbial infection! *ol!4! Practical
Medical Microbiology! $hurchill 0ivingston!
/! %hanson2 #!$! I Aright2 P%8! Microbiology in clinical Practice! +.,4!
'! Baron! (!H!2 Peterson 0!;! I 9inegold2 %!M! Bailey I %cotts #iagnostic Microbiology!
+..-! Mosby Publ!
&! Murrey2 P!;!2 ;osenthal2 G!%!2 Gobayashi2 8!%! I Pfaller2 M!A! Medical Microbiology!
Mosbay Publ!
MBC109 Immunology
Unit I
)mmunity system and immunityC >istory of immunology2 composition and functions of cells
and organs involved in immune system! )mmune responseE innate immunity2 acquired
immunity! #eterminants of innate immunityC species and strains2 individual differences2
influence of age2 hormonal influence2 nutritional factors2 and mechanical barriers and surface
secretions! =on specific immune mechanismsC surface defenses2 tissue defenses2 opsoni1ation2
inflammatory reactions2 hormonal balance!
Unit II
Antigens and antibodiesC AntigensE structure and properties2 types2 iso and allo haptens2
adFuvents2 antigens specificity! )mmunoglobulinE structures2 heterogeneity2 types and subtypes2
properties 5Physiochemical and biological7! "heories of antibody production $omplementsE
%tructure2 components2 properties and functions of different components! $omplement
pathways 5$lassical2 alternate and lectine pathways7 and biological consequences of
complements activation! AntigenE antibody reactionsC in vitro methodsE Agglutination2
precipitation! $omplement fixation2 immunofluorescence2 (0)%A2 ;adio immuno assay!
Unit III
0ymphocytes2 their sub population2 their properties and functions! Membrane bound receptors
of lymph cells! >elper " cells in immune response! " cell suppression in immune response!
#evelopment and differentiation of B and " cells! recognition of antigens by " I B cells2 " L
cell receptor complex2 BL cells receptor complex! Mechanisms of cell mediate immunity2
immune tolerance to self antigen! monoclonal antibodies 5hybridoma technology72 recombinant
antibodies2 classEswitching!
Unit IV
MaFor >istocompatibility $omplex 5M>$7 and "umor )mmunologyC %tructure and functions
of M>$ and >0EA system! 8ene regulation and )rEgenes! >0A and tissue transplantation2 graft
vs! host reaction and reFection2 immune suppressionEspecific and non specific autoimmunityE
theories mechanisms and diseases! "umor immunologyE tumor specific antigens2 immune
response to tumor!
Unit V
>ypersensitivity reactionsC antibody mediated type )2 Anaphylaxis type ))2 antibody dependent
cell cytotoxicity2 type )))2 immune complex mediate reactions2 type )* cell mediated
hypersensitivity reactions! cytoines2 #efects in immune systemC primary and secondary
defects2 defects in complements2 defective phagocyte mechanisms!
Suggested Reading:
+! ;oitt2 )!M! +..,! (ssentials of )mmunology! (0B%2 Blacwell %cientific Pub!
4! Guby2 H! +..'! )mmunology! ))ed! A!>! 9reemen I $ompany2 =ew Jor!
/! Glaus #! (lgert! +..6! )mmunologyC Understanding of )mmune %ystem2 Ailly!
'! $hristopher I #avid! Principle I Practice of )mmunoassay 4nd (d! L
&! "i1ard2 )!;! )mmunology L An )ntroduction 54--'7! "hompson Pub!
MBC110 Food Microbiology
Unit I
9ood as substrate for microorganismsC Microorganisms important in food microbiologyE
Molds2 Jeast and Bacteria2 general characteristics2 classification and importance2 principles of
food preservation! AsepsisE removal of microorganism2 5anaerobic conditions2 high
temperature2 low temperatures2 dying7! 9actors influencing microbial growth in food2 extrinsic
and intrinsic factorsB chemical preservatives and food additives! $anning2 processing for heat
treatmentE#2 D2 and 9 values and woring out treatment parameters!
Unit II
$ontamination and spoilageC $ereals2 sugar products2 vegetables2 fruits2 meat and meat
products2 mil and mil products2 fish and sea foods2 poultry! %poilage of canned foods!
#etection of spoilage and characteri1ation!
Unit III
9ood bourn infections2 intoxicationsC bacterial and nonbacterial with examples of infective and
toxic typesE 1rucella+ 1acillus+ Clostridium+ ,scherichia+ Salmonella+ Shigella+
Staphylococcus+ ?i(rio+ <ersinia+ nematodes2 proto1oa2 algae2 fungi and viruses! 9ood born
outbreas2 laboratory testing procedures2 prevention measures2 food sanitation in manufacture
and retail trade2 food control agencies and its regulations! AflatoxinsE structures and function!
Unit IV
9ood fermentationsC bread cheese2 vinegar2 fermented vegetables2 fermented dairy products!
(xperimental and industrial production methods! %poilage and defects of fermented dairy
products2 oriental fermented foods2 their quality standards and control 5>A$$P and )%K
standards7!
Unit V
9ood produced by microbesC fermented foods2 microbial cells as food 5single cell proteins72
mushroom cultivation! BioconversionsB production of alcohol2 fermented beveragesE beer and
wine! %teroid conversion2 industrial en1ymes productionE amylase2 proteinase2 cellulases!
Amino acid2 glutamic acid and lysine productions! Kriental foodsC Mycoprotein2 "empeh2 %oya
%auce2 )dli2 =atto and Poi! Alcoholic or nonEalcoholic beverages of >imalayan ;egion!

Suggested Reading:
+! Adams2 M!;!2 I M!K! Moss!+..&! 9ood Microbiology! ;oyal %ociety of $hemistry
Publication2 $ambridge!
4! 9ra1ier2 A!$! I #!$!Aesthoff! +.,,! 9ood Microbiology! "ata Mc 8raw >ill!
/! %tanbuty2 P!9!2 I %!H! >all! +..&! Principles of 9ermentation "echnology! Pergamon
Press!
'! Banwart2 8!H! +.,.! Basic 9ood Microbiology! $%B Publication!
&! >obbs2 B!$! I ;oberts2 #! +../! 9ood Poisoning I 9ood >ygiene! (dward Arnold 5a
division of >odder I %tughton72 0ondon!
6! ;obinson2 ;!G! +..-! #airy Microbiology! (lsevier Applied %ciences2 0ondon!
MBC111 Laboratory Course I
+! )solation of plasmid and chromosomal #=A from bacteria culture!
4! #igestion of bacterial #=A using restriction en1ymes!
/! (lectrophoresis of #=A and proteins!
'! "o perform #=A ligation reaction!
&! #emonstration of transformation of bacteria!
6! U* induced mutation and demonstration of photo and dar repair in bacteria!
3! )solation of antibiotic resistant bacteria!
,! )solation of U* induced auxotrophic mutants by replica plating technique!
.! #emonstration of Polymerase $hain ;eaction 5P$;7!
+-! )solation of Shigella and Salmonella sp! and Staphylococcus sp! from given samples!
++! Preliminary identification of enteric pathogens using )M*)$ and "ripal %ugar )ron
Agar 5"%)A7 medium!
+4! (stimation of urinary tract infecting bacteria!
+/! #emonstration of Gochs postulates!
+'! #etermination of antibacterial susceptibility!
+&! )solation of dermatophytic microflora and their identification!
+6! #etermination of dental carries susceptibility!
+3! Microbiological examination of sputum of "B patient!
MBC112 Laboratory Course II
+! #emonstration of agglutination reaction of bacterial cultures by slide agglutination
reaction!
4! #emonstration of precipitin reaction using immunodiffusion or ring test!
/! #etermination of blood group and ;h factor!
'! #etection of specific antigen by using (0)%A technique!
&! #etermination of quality of mil using Methylene Blue ;eductase ;eaction "est
5MB;"7!
6! #emonstration of *#;0 serological and ;P; card tests for syphilis!
3! #etection of specific antigen using (0)%A test!
,! #emonstration of the >)* tri #K" test for A)#% patients!
.! Microbiological examination of food!
+-! #emonstration of microbial production of curd!
++! Production of wine from fruits or grain!
+4! Microbiological examination of traditional beverages of Uttarahand
+/! Kbservation of spoiled food samples 5i!e! rotten egg2 food2 fruit or spoiled caned food7
and isolation of bacteria or fungi
SEMESTER III
MBC113 Environmental Microbiology
Unit I
AerobiologyC #roplet nuclei2 aerosol2 assessment of air quality2 solid liquid impingement
methodsE brief account of air born transmission of microbesB viruses2 bacteria and fungi2 their
diseases and preventive measures! Aeroallery and aeroallergens! ;umen microbiology!
Unit II
Aquatic microbiologyC water ecosystem2 types2 fresh water 5ponds2 laes strams72 marine
habitats 5estuaries2 mangroves2 deep sea2 hydrothermal vents saltpans2 coral reefs7! Donations
of water ecosystems2 upwelling2 eutrophication2 food chain! Potability of water microbial
assessment of water quality2 water purification2 brief account of maFor water born diseases and
their control measures! >eavy metal tolerance in microbes!
Unit III
%oil microbiologyC classification of soil2 physical and chemical characteristics2 micro flora of
soil2 bacteria and nematodes in relevance to soil typesB rhi1osphere2 phyllosphere2 brief account
of microbial interactions2 symbiosis2 mutualism2 commensalisms2 competition2 amensalism2
synergism2 parasitism2 predation! Biogeochemical cycles and the organismsB carbon2 nitrogen2
phosphorous and sulfur! Biological nitrogen fixation2 nitrogenase en1yme2 ni9 genes2 symbiotic
nitrogen fixation M0ran#ia+ Rhio(ium2 nonsymbiotic microbes MAoto(acter+ Aospirilium;.
*esicular Arbuscular Micorrhi1ar 5*AM72 ecto2 endo2 ectendo mycorrhi1ae!
Unit IV
Aater treatmentC wastes2 types2 solid and liquid wastes characteri1ation2 solidEliquid treatment2
physical2 chemical2 biologicalEaerobic2 anaerobic2 primary2 secondary2 tertiary solid waste
treatment2 saccharification2 gasification2 composting2 utili1ation of solid wastesE food 5%$P2
mushroom2 yeast72 fuel 5ethanol2 methane72 fertili1er 5composting72 liquid waste treatmentE
tricling2 activated sludge2 oxidation pond2 oxidation ditch! %ubterranean microbes and
bioremediation!
Unit V
Positive and negative roles of microbes in environmentC Biominerali1ation2 biodegradation of
recalcitrant compounds 5xenobiotic compounds7E lignin2 pesticides! Bioaccumulation of metals
and detoxificationE biopesticides! Bioremediation of paper2 leather2 wood2 textiles2 cosmetics!
Metal corrosion2 mode of deterioration2 organism involved2 its disadvantages2 mode of
prevention! 8MK and their impact2 microbial plastics!
Suggested Reading:
+! Alexaander2 M! +.3+! Microbial (cology! Hohn Ailley I %ons!
4! Alexaander2 M! +.33! )ntroduction to %oil Microbiology! Hohn Ailley I %ons!
/! (c2 (ldowney2 %!2 I %! Aaites! +../! PollutionC (cology I Biotreatment! 0ongman
%cientific "echnical!
'! Baer2 G!>! I #!%! >erson! +..'! Bioremediation! Mc 8raw >ill2 =ew Jor!
&! Marshal2 G!$!+.,&! Advances of Microbial (cology! *ol ,! Plenum Press!
6! Burns2 ;!8! I H!>! %later! +.,4! (xperimental Microbial (cology! Blacwell Publ!
3! *anghan2 #! I ;( Malcom! +.,& %oil Krganic Matter I Biological Activity! Martinus
=ighoff A! Hun Publishers!
,! Broc2 "!#! I M!"! Madigen! Biology of Microorganisms! Prentice >all!
MBC114 Industrial Microbiology
Unit I
8eneral considerationsC Metabolic Pathways and metabolic control mechanisms2 primary and
secondary metabolites! Biotechnological innovations in the chemical industry2 biocatalyst in
organic chemical synthesis2 efficiency of growth and product formation2 growth stoichiometry2
maintenance energy requirement and maximum biomass yield! P/K quotient!

Unit II
%hae flas culture2 fermentation in batch culture2 microbial growth inetics2 measurement of
5cell number2 direct and indirect method72 growth and nutrient2 growth and product formation2
heat evolution2 effect of environment 5temp!2 p>2 >igh nutrient concentration72 media
formulation! %terili1ation2 inetics of thermal death of microorganisms2 batch and continuous
sterili1ation2 %tirred tan2 airlift fermenter2 9ed batch2 continuous and immobili1ed cell
reactors! 9ermenter design2 instrumental and control!
Unit III
Aeration and agitation2 oxygen transfer inetics2 concept of =ewtonian and =onE=ewtonian
9luids2 foam and antifoam! )ndustrial production of antibiotics5bElactam and refamycin72 citric
acid2 acetic acid2 lactic acid2 ethanol2 en1ymes 5pectnase2 amylase2 lipase2 protease2 cellulase72
steroids2 Biofertili1ers2 Biopesticides2 mushroom production2 fermented food I beverages2
Biopolymers!
Unit IV
)ndustrial strains! %trategies for selection and improvement2 preservation and maintenance2
aseptic operation and containment of recombinant organisms! %cale up! Product recovery
5down stream process7!
Unit V
;ecombinant moleculesC )n pharmaceuticals2 health2 agriculture2 industrial sectors2 research
labs! #etermination of purity and activity of over expressed proteins! Kver expression
conditions2 production of inclusion bodies2 solubili1ation of insoluble proteins2
Suggested Reading:
+! Brian $urrell2 ;!$! I *an #am Mieras! Biotechnological innovations in $hemical
synthesis! +..3! (lsevier!
4! )ndustrial Microbiology! 8! ;eed 5(ditor7!$B% Publi 5A*) Publishing $o!7
/! #emin2 A!0! Biology of )ndustrial Microorganisms!
'! $!0! >ershnergev2 %!A! Nueener I N! >edemen! 8enetics and Biotechnology of
industrial microorganisms! A%M Press!
&! $rueger I $rueger! Biotechnology! Panima Publ!
6! Adams M!;! I M!K! Moss!+..&! 9ood Microbiology! $ambridge!
3! 9ra1ier2 A!$! I #!$! Aesthoff! +.,,! 9ood Microbiology! "ata Mc8raw >ill!
,! %tanbury2 P!9!2 I %!H! >all! +..&! Principles of 9ermentation "echnology! Pergamon
Press!
MBE115a Recombinant DNA Technology
Unit I
%cope of r#=A technology in various sectors! *ehiclesC Plasmid and BacteriophageB
Purification of #=AC total #=A2 plasmid #=A and bacteriophage #=AB en1ymes used in
manipulation of purified #=A! $loning vectors based on ,. coli plasmids2 cloning vectors
based on M+/ bacteriophage and O bacteriophage2 vectors for genomic library construction2
vectors for other bacteria! *ectors for yeasts and other fungi2 higher plants2 animal cells!
Unit II
;ationale for the design of vectors for the over expression of recombinant proteinsC selection of
suitable promoter sequences2 ribosome binding sites2 transcription terminator2 fusion protein
tags2 purification tags2 protease cleavage sites and en1ymes2 plasmid copy number2 inducible
expression system2 promoter probe vectors! (xperiments using model systemsC ,. coli+ <east+
1aculo.irus+ Agro(acterium tumi9aciens.
Unit III
Basic idea of transformation2 conFugation and transduction! )ntroduction of #=A into host
cellsC "ransformation and identification of recombinants2 transfaction and identification of
recombinants2 transformation of nonEbacterial cells!
Unit IV
Kbtaining clone of a specific geneC the problem of selection2 direct selection2 methods of
identification of clone from gene library! 0ocating the cloned gene in plasmid and in
chromosomes using southern hybridi1ation and chromosome waling! "ranscript analysis2
regulation of the gene expression and identifying and studying the translation product of a
cloned gene 5>;" and >A;" techniques7!
Unit V
#=A sequencing methodsC %angerE $oulson method I MaxamE 8ilbert method! Automated
sequencing! Ahole genome analysisE preparation of ordered cosmid libraries2 bacteria artificial
chromosome libraries! P$; I its application! #=A finger printing 5;90P I ;AP#2 ;(PEP$;
etc!7! Bioinformatics!
Suggested Reading:
+! Kld I Primrose! Principals of 8ene Manipulation!+..'!2 Blacwell %eientific Publisher
4! %ambroo I ;ussel! Molecular $loning! / volumes! 4---! $>%0 Press!
/! 8enome Analysis! 9our volumes 4--- $>% Press!
'! "!A! Brown2 8ene $loningC An )ntroduction! ))) ed! %tanley "hrones Publ!
MBE115b Soil Microbiology
Unit-I
%oil as a habitat for microorganismC soil genesis! 9actors involved in soil genesis! %oil profile2
physiochemical properties of soil 5mechanical composition of soil2 organic matter2 soil water I
air7! %oil microbesE algae2 bacteria2 actinomycetes2 fungi2 proto1oa I nematodes! Microbial
balance in soil! Molecular marers for ecological studies of soil microorganisms!
Unit-II
;hi1osphere I rhi1oplane microorganismsC ;easons for increased microbial activity in
rhi1osphere2 composition of root exudates2 factors affecting exudation! ;hi1osphere
microorganisms! ;hi1osphere effect! (ffect of microflora on host plants! 9actor affecting
microbial community in soilL soil moisture2 organic I inorganic chemicals2 %oil organic
matter2 "ypes of vegetation I its growth stages2 #ifferent seasons!
Unit-III
Biogeochemical cycleC $2 =2 P2 % cycles! =itrogen fixationE symbiotic I asymbiotic!
%ignificance of nitrogenase I ni9 genes! Phosphate solubil1ation I its mechanism! Pesticide
degradation in soil! %oil microbial biomass as an index of soil fertility!
Unit-IV
Krganic matter decompositionC composition of litter 5cellulose2 hemicellulose2 lignin water
soluble components2 ether I alcohol soluble components I proteins7! Krganic matter
dynamics in soilE microbial decomposition of cellulose2 hemicellulose2 lignin! Microbial
successions on decomposing litter! 9actors affecting organic matter decomposition 5litter
quality2 temperature2 areation2 soil2 p>2 inorganic chemicals and moisture7!
Unit-V
Microbial interactionsC negative interactionsE amensalism2 competition parasitism I predation
5mycoprasitism2 mycophagy2 nematophagyE predaceous fungi72 commensalisms2 positive
interactionEmutualism! %ynergism! Associative symbiosisE symbiosis2 cyanobacterial2 bacterial
5Rhio(ium legume symbiosis72 Actinomycetes 5actinorhhi1alE 9rania nonElegume root
symbiosis7 I fungal symbiosisE mycorrhi1a types I significance of mycorhi11a!
BioinoculantsL biopesticides I bioinsecticides!
Suggested Reading:
+! %ubbarao2 =! %! 5+..'7! %oil Microorganisms I Plant 8rowth! Kxford I )B> Pvt! 0td!
=ew #elhi!
4! Burges2 A! I ;aw2 9! 5+.637! %oil Biology! Academic Press2 0ondon
/! *angham2 # I Malcolm2 ;!(! 5+.,&7! %oil organic Matter I Biological Activity! Martinus
=ighoff2 and A! Hun Publishers!
MBE116a Cellular Microbiology
Unit-I
8eneral structure of $ell! >istorical origins of cell biologyC "he discovery of cell2 development
of the cell theory! Bacterial diseases and emergence of cellular microbiology! $ellular biology
underlying proaryotic I euaryotic interactionsC bacterial ultra structure2 gene expression2
pathogenicity islands!
Unit-II
Proaryotic I euaryotic signaling mechanismC euaryotic cell to cell signaling2 endocrine
signaling2 cytoines Proaryotic signalingC quorum sensing I pheromones intracellular
signaling! %ignaling pathways! $ell signalingC (xocrine2 (ndocrine2 Paracrine and %ynaptic
strategies of chemical signaling2 surface receptor mediated transduction 5#A82 $a?42 cEAMP2
8EProteins7
Unit-III
)nfection I cellEcell interactionB bacterial adherenceC basic principles2 effect of adhesion on
bacteria2 effect of adhesion on host cell! Bacterial invasion of host cellsB mechanism2
consequence of invasion2 survival after invasion! Protein toxinsC classification of toxins2 agents
of disease!
Unit-IV
)mmune response to bacterial infectionC innate responseC complement2 acute phase proteins2
macrophagesC cytoines I interferon! Acquired immune response2 cell mediated immune
response2 humoral response!
Unit-V
$ellular microbiology future directionsC comparative genomics! 9unctional genomics toolbox2
genome evolution in microbes! $ellular microbiology in future direction2 web resources for
databases!
Suggested Reading:
+! >enderson et! al!2$ellular Microbiology! +...! Ailey!
4! de BruiFn et! al!2 Bacterial 8enomics! +..,! $hapman I >all!
/! #orman $!H! +..'! 8enetics of bacterial *irulence! Blacwell!
'! ;!$! #ubey I #!G! Maheshwari! A "ext boo of microbiology! %! $hand $o! 4--&!
&! $ooper2 8!M! "he $ellC A molecular Approach 54--'7!
6! 0odish et al! Molecular $ell Biology 54--'7!
MBE116b Ecology

Unit I
$limate2 soil and vegetation pattern of the worldC 0ife 1onesB maFor biomes2 maFor vegetations
and soil types of the world! *egetation organi1ationC $oncepts of community and continuumB
analysis of communities 5analytical and synthetic characters7B community coefficientB
interspecific associationsB ordinationB concept of ecological niche2 =iche concept in
microbiology!
Unit II
*egetation developmentC "emporal changes 5cyclic and non cyclic7B mechanism of ecological
succession 5relay floristics and initial floristic compositionB 9acilitation2 tolerance and
inhibition models7B changes in ecosystem properties during succession! (cosystem
organi1ationC %tructure and functionsB primary production 5methods of measurement2 global
pattern2 controlling factors7B energy dynamics 5trophic organi1ation2 energy flow pathways2
ecological efficiencies7!
Unit III
0itter fall and decomposition 5mechanism2 substrate quality and climatic factors72 global
biogeochemical cycles of $2 =2 P and %B mineral cycle 5pathways2 processes2 budgets7 in
terrestrial ecosystems!
Unit IV
Biological diversityC $oncepts and levelsB role of biodiversity in ecosystem functions and
stabilityB speciation and extinctionB )U$= categories of threatB distribution in global patternsB
terrestrial biodiversity hot spotsB inventory! Air2 water and soil pollutionC GindsB sourcesB
quality parametersB effects on plants and ecosystems! $limate changeC 8reenhouse gases 5$K42
$>'2 =4K2 $9$sB sources2 trends and role7B K1one layer and o1one holeB consequences of
climate changes 5$K4 fertili1ation2 global warming2 sea level rise2 U* radiation7!
Unit V
(cosystem stabilityC $oncept 5resistance and resilience7B ecological perturbation 5natural and
anthropogenic7 and their impact on plants and ecosystemsB ecology of plant invasionB
environmental impact assessmentB ecosystem restoration! 9ire as an ecological factorC "ypes2
role of fire2 controlled burning2 fire as management tool! (ffect of fire on microbiota!
(cological managementC $onceptB sustainable development2 sustainability indicators!
Suggested Readings:
+! Barbour2 M!g!2 Bur2 H!>! and Pitts2 A!#! +.,3! "errestrial Plant (cology! BenFamin/
$ummings Publication $ompany2 $alifornia!
4! Begon2 M!2 >arpor2 H!0! and "ownsend2 $!;! +..6! (cology! Blacwell %cience2
$ambridge2 U!%!A!
/! $hapman2 H!0! and ;eiss2 M!H! +.,,! (cologyC Principles and Applications! $ambridge
University Press2 $ambridge2 U!G!
'! >eywood2 *!>! and Aatson2 ;!"!+..&! 8lobal Biodiversity Assessment! $ambridge
University Press!
&! Gershaw G!A! Nuantitative and #ynamic (cology! Kxford and )B>!Gormondy2
(!H!+..6! $oncepts of (cology! PrenticeE>all of )ndia Pvt! 0td!2 =ew #elhi!
6! Kdum2 (!P! +.,/!Basic (cology! %aunders2 Philadelphia!
3! %mith2 ;!0! +..6! (cology and 9ield Biology! >arper $ollins2 =ew Jor!
MBC117 Laboratory Course I
$. #etermination of air microflora from different habitat using air sampler!
%. #etermination of Most Probable =umber 5MP=7 of given water sample!
&. #etermination of #issolve Kxygen 5#K7 and Biochemical Kxygen #emand
5BK#7 of given water sample!
'. #etermination of rhi1ospheric effect!
). )solation of =itrogenEfixing bacteria!
*. )ndustrial visit to understand woring and handling procedures used in various
microbiological product formations!
3. Mushroom cultivation2 spawn production of Agaricus (isporous.
@. %ingle $ell Protein and Spirulina production!
A. #etermination of growth inetics of bacteria!
$B. %creening of various industrial en1ymes from soil bacteria using plate assay
5Done of >ydrolysis7!
$$. #emonstration of catabolite inhibition using amylase producing bacterial culture!
MBE118 Laboratory Course II
&! )solation of #=A and plasmid!
6! ;estriction digestion of vector and #=A!
3! 0igation of #=A construct and vector!
,! #emonstration of transformation and selection of recombinant clones!
.! #emonstration of inducible en1yme SEgalactosidase in ,. coli!
+-! #emonstration of =$B) database!
++! #emonstration of B0A%"!
+4! #emonstration of identification of bacteria using the +6% r#=A sequence
similarity!
+/! #emonstration of animated and three dimensional diagrams related to cellular
microbiology!
+'! #etermination of rhi1ospheric effect!
+&! #emonstration of bacterial commensalisms and synergism!
+6! )solation of antibiotic producing microbes from soil sample!
+3! )solation and identification of symbiotic bacteroids of Rhio(ium sp! from root
nodules of leguminous plants!
+,! Microscopic observation of root coloni1ation of *AM fungi!
+.! >istochemical locali1ation of chemicals in endomycorrhi1al symbiosis!
4-! #etermination of physicochemical parameters of given soil samples!
4+! #emonstration of symbiosis and antagonism!
44! "o determine the minimum si1e of the quadrat by species area curve method and
minimum number of quadrats to be laid down in the field under study!
4/! "o determine the frequency2 density and abundance of each species present in
community!
4'! "o calculate relative frequency and relative density of each species in a given
area!
4&! "o calculate mean basal cover and total basal cover of each species in a given
area!
46! "o compute the relative dominance and )*) 5)mportance *alue )ndex7 of each
species in a given area!
43! "o calculate the Alpha 572 Beta 57 and total diversity of given community!
4,! "o calculate water holding capacity of three samples of various soil types and to
find the percolation percentage of water in the given soil!
4.! "o find out the bul density and porosity of different soil types
/-! "o observe the buffering property of the soils!
SEMESTER IV
MBC119 Microbial Diversity including Extermophiles
Unit II
)ntroduction to microbial diversityE #istributionEabundanceEecological niche! Kxidative
transformation metalsE %ulfur oxidation2 iron oxidation2 ammonia oxidation and hydrogen
oxidation!
Unit II
=onEculturable and culturable bacteriaB conventional and molecular methods of studying
microbial diversity!
Unit III
Microbial diversity of anoxic ecosystemE methanogens2 reduction of carbon monoxide2
reduction of iron2 sulfur2 manganese2 nitrate and oxygenE Microbes and metal reduction2
bioleaching of ore2 metal corrosion! Microbial transformation of carbon2 phosphorous2 sulfur
nitrogen and mercury!
Unit IV
(xtrmophilesE acidophiles2 alalophiles2 psychrophiles2 thermophiles2 barophiles and
osmophiles! Physiology2 molecular adaptation and application! >alophilesEmembrane variation2
electron transport!
Unit V
%ubterranean microbesE ground water contamination and microbial transformations!
Bioaugmentation2 biomagnification2 bioaccumulation and bioremediation! $atabolic pathway
of recalcitrant molecule2 degradation and minerali1ation!
Suggested Reading:
+! Hohri B!=! 4---! (xtremophiles! %pringer *erlag2 =ew Jor!
4! $olwd2 #! +...! Microbial #iversity! Academic Press!
/! #ubey2 ;!$! I #!G! Maheshwari! A text Boo of Microbiology! %! $hand I $o!
MBC120 Biostatics & Computer Application
Unit I
)ntroductionC definition of biostatistics2 population and universe2 the sample and population2
statistical inference2 parameter and statistics! )nterval #ataC $onstruction of histogram2
interpretation of histogram2 normal distribution2 the mean2 mode! Median and standard
deviation2 representing the normal curve2 uncertainties in estimation of mean2 comparison of
means and variance!
Unit II
Proportion #ataC (xamples of proportion data 5MP=2 sterlity testing of medicines2 animal
toxicity2 therapeutic trial of drugs and vaccines2 animal toxicity2 infection and immuni1ation
studies7 statistical treatment to proportion data! $hiEsquare test2 students test and fE
distributions 5derivations not required7 their properties and uses! $oncept of standard error2
goodness of fit! $ount #ataC (xamples of count data 5Bacterial cell count2 radioactivity count2
colony and plaque counts72 statistical treatment to count dataC Poison distribution2 standard
error2 confidence limits of counts!
Unit III
Measures of dispersionC ;ange2 quartile deviation2 mean deviation2 standard deviation!
$oefficient of variation2 sewness and urtosis! ProbabilityC ;andom experiment2 events2
sample space2 mutually exclusive events2 independent and dependent events! *arious
definitions of probability2 addition and multiplication theorems of probability 5only statement72
;andom variables 5discrete and continuous7! Probability density functions and its properties!
Unit IV
Analysis of varianceC KneE way and twoEway classifications with single observation per cell!
$orrelation and regression and line fitting through graph pointsB standard curvesB correlation2
linear regression 5fitting of best line through a series of points7 M0;2 Multiple collinearity!
%tandard curves and interpolation of unnown JEvalues!
Unit V
$omputer Basics2 Kperating %ystems2 Aindow and Unix! >ardware2 %oftware2 #is Kperating
%ystem2 Multimedia =etwor $oncepts! $EprogrammingB obFect oriented programming! >ow
the internet worsC 0ocal Area =etwor2 Aide Area =etwor! >"M0 I <M0 concepts!
Suggested Reading:
+! Bliss2 $!)!G! +.33! %tatistics in Biology! *ol!)! Mc 8raw >ill2 =ew Jor!
4! $ampbell ;!$! +.3'! %tatistics for biologists! $ambridge University Press!
/! Aardlaw2 A!$! +.,&! Practical %tatistics for (xperimental Biologists! Hohn Ailey!
'! ( Balaguru %wamy! Programming in $!
&! H! 0iberty! $
??
from scratch!
6! >ow $omputer Aor! 4---! ;on Ahite! "echmedia!
3! >ow )nternet Aor! 4---! Preston 8ralla! "echmedia!
MBC121 Laboratory Course I
+! )solation of extremophilic microbes from different habitats!
4! $ultivation of anaerobic bacteria!
/! (nrichment culture technique for isolation of xenobiotic compound degrading bacteria!
'! $alculation of mean2 median and mode of given data!
&! $alculation of chiEsquare and tEtest of given data!
6! $alculation of A=K*A of given data!
3! Basic handling and various applications of computer software!
HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar-Garhwal, Uttarakhand
SYLLABUS
B. Sc. Microbiology Course (2009 onwards)
(Annual System)
MARK-SCHEME
Class Paper
Marks Distribution
Total
Marks
Theory
Practical

I Year
)! 9undamentals of Microbiology &-
&- 4--
II. Bacteria, Virus & Protozoa &-
)))! Algae2 9ungi I Plant Pathology &-
II Year
)*! Microbial Physiology I Biochemistry &-
&- 4--
*! Microbial 8enetics I Molecular Biology &-
*)! Biostatistics2 Bioinformatics I $omputer
application
&-
III Year
*))! (nvironmental Microbiology &-
&- 4-- *)))! )ndustrial Microbiology &-
)<! Medical Microbiology I )mmunology &-
B. Sc. I Year Microbiology
Paper I. General Microbiology
Unit I
>istory of microbiology2 scope and relevance of microbiology2 future of microbiology2 Kutline
classification of living organismsC >ecel2 Ahittaer and $arl Aoese systems classification of
microbial worldB bacteria2 cyanobacteria2 archaea2 actinomycetes2 fungi2 algae and proto1oa!
Unit II
Principle2 types and application of microscopes2 0A9 cabinet2 autoclave2 oven2 colony counter2
spectrophotometer2 p> meter2 anaerobic chamberB Principle2 basic apparatus and applications
of electrophoresis2 thermocyclar 5P$;72 centrifuge2 blotting2 $hromatography I its types2
Unit III
)solation2 cultivation and )dentification techniques for microorganisms2 aerobic and anaerobic
cultivation2 biochemical methods for identifications2 culture media I its type2 maintenance I
preservation of pure cultures!
Unit IV
%tudy of Morphology of microbes by staining methodsE staining2 %imple 50effers polychrome
methylene blue I negative staining7 8rams staining2 DielEneelson staining2 9luorochrome
staining2 0eishmans staining2 8iemsas staining2 %pecial staining methods to demonstrate
granules2 capsules I spores!
Unit V
Principles and methods of sterili1ation and disinfectionB physical method and disinfection2
radiation method2 chemical method and fumigation! Antibiotics and their mechanisms of action
on microbes!
Suggested Readings:
.! #ubey2 ;!$! I #!G! Maheshwari! A text Boo of Microbiology! %! $hand I $o!
+-! Pelc1ar2 M!H!2 (!$!%! $han I =!;! Greig! Microbiology! "ata Mc8raw >ill!
++! Prescott2 0!H!2 H!P!M! >arley I A!#! Glein! Microbiology! "ata Mc8raw >ill!
+4! %harma B!G! )nstrumental Methods of $hemical Analysis! %! $hand I $o!
+/! Ailson and Aaler! Biochemistry and Molecular Biology! $ambridge!
Paper II. Bacteria, Virus & Protozoa
Unit I
Microbial diversity and evolution2 classification of microorganismsE >aecels three ingdom
concept2 Ahittaers five ingdom concept! Modern trends of bacterial taxonomy2 Bergeys
system of bacterial classification!
Unit II
Morphology and ultra structure of bacteriaB structure2 properties and function of cell wall2 cell
membranes2 flagella2 cilia2 pili2 gas vesicles2 chromosomes2 carboxysomes2 magnetosomes and
phycobilisomes2 nucleoid!
Unit III
8eneral *irologyC Brief outline of discovery of viruses2 nomenclature and classification of
viruses! Morphology and ultrastructure2 capsids and their arrangements2 types of envelopes and
their compositions! *iral genome2 their types and structures! *irus related organisms 5viroids2
virusoids and prions7! $ynophagesC morphology2 growth cycle! Mycoviruses
Unit IV
Bacterial virusesC Bacteriophage structural organi1ation2 life cycle2 one step growth curve2
transcription2 #=A replication2 eclipse phase2 phage production2 burst si1e2 lysogenic si1e2
bacteriophage typing2 application in bacterial genetics2 brief details on M+/2 Mu2 "'2 0embda!
Unit V
"he origion of proto1oa! 9lagellate proto1oaC the Mastigophora2 ameboid proto1oaC the
;hi1opoda2 ciliate proto1oaC the $iliophora. Proto1oal diseaseC malaria2 8iardiasis2
"richomoniasis, "oxoplasmosis2 Pneumocystis pneumonia and disease caused by 0eishmania2
"rypanosomes!
Suggested Readings:
+! #ubey2 ;!$! I #!G! Maheshwari! A text Boo of Microbiology! %! $hand I $o! =ew
#elhi!
4! Pelc1ar2 M!H!2 (!$!%! $han I =!;! Greig! Microbiology! "ata Mc 8raw >ill!
/! Prescott2 0!H!2 H!P!M! >arley I A!#! Glein! Microbiology! "ata Mc8raw >ill!
Paper III. Algae, Fungi & Plant Pathology
Unit 1
Algae: General account of habitat, cell structure, pigments, flagellum, reserve food. Various
systems of classification. Conflicts of taxonomic position of cyanobacteria. Algal growth and
reproduction.
Unit II
Cultivation of algae in laboratory. =ittrogen fixation! Biological and economic aspects of
algae2 algal biotechnology! 9ossil records of algae! Algal blooms and eutropication!
Unit III
Fungi: >istorical introduction to mycology! Habitat, fungal structure and thallus organization,
wall structure, hyphal growth, sexual and asexual reproductive structures, various systems of
classification.
Unit IV
=utrition and reproduction in fungi2 Mycorrhi1a2 0ichens2 >eterothallism2 sex hormones in
fungi! (volutionary tendencies in lower fungi! (conomic importance! 9ungal diseases!
Unit V
Concept of plant disease; signs and symptoms associated with microbial
plant pathogens. Microbial enzymes, toxins, growth regulators &
suppressors of plant defenses in plant diseases, efects of pathogens on
plant physiology, concepts of passive and active resistance mechanisms in
plants. Concepts of monocyclic & polycyclic diseases, physical, chemical
and biological control, integrated ecofriendly approach of plant disease
control.
Suggested Readings:
3! Mehrotra2 ;!%! I G!;! AneFa! +..-! An introduction to mycology! =ew Age
)nternational Publisher!
,! $harlie2 M!2 I %!$! Aatinson! "he 9ungi! Academic Press!
.! Alexopoulos $!H! I Mims $!H! Mycology! Ailley!
+-! %harma2 K!P! Algae! Pragati Praashan!
++! *ashishth B!;! Algae! %! $hand I $o!
Practical recommended for B. Sc. I Year (Microbiology) course
+! Principle operation and study of various components of Microscopes!
4! $alibration of ocular microscope for different obFectives of microscope!
/! Measurement of microEorganism by the use of an ocular micrometer!
'! #emonstration of p> meter!
&! "o prepare buffer solution from buffer tablets as well as from reagents!
6! %terili1ation techniques for glassware and culture media!
3! Preparation of culture plates and tubes 5liquid broth2 potato dextrose agar medium2 agar
deep tubes2 agar slants7
,! #emonstration of techniques for isolation of pure culture of bacteria from water and soil
samples!
.! #emonstration of techniques for isolation of pure culture of fungi from water and soil
samples!
+-! )solation of actinomycetes from soil!
++! Purification of microEorganism by strea plate method!
+4! Microbial growth measurement by serial dilution method and standard plate count!
+/! )dentification of bacteria by simple staining2 gram staining2 negative staining!
+'! Nuantification of bacteriophage by plaque assay techniques!
+&! #emonstration of preservation techniques for microorganisms!
+6! $ounting of spores/ cells of microbes!
+3! %tudy of important cyanobacteria and algae2 their morphological features2 identification
and classification!
+,! %tudies including morphology2 symptomatology and identification of plant pathogens
5Bacterial2 viral2 fungal and proto1oans7
B. Sc. II Year Microbiology
Paper IV. Microbial Physiology & Biochemistry
Unit I
%tructural feature and functions of biological macromoleculesB proteins2 lipids2 carbohydrates2
nucleic acids! Proaryotic genetic material2 ;=A as genetic material!
Unit II
(n1ymes as biocatalyst2 en1ymes classification2 properties! en1yme ineticsC MichaelisEMenton
equation for simple en1ymes2 (ffects of p> and temperature on en1yme action2 en1yme
inhibition (lectron carriers2 artificial electron donors2 inhibitors2 uncouplers2 energy bond and
phosphorylation!
Unit III
Microbial metabolismC anabolism and catabolism2 energy production in aerobic2 anaerobic
process and photosynthesis2 chemiosmotic hypothesis of A"P synthesis! Bacterial electron
transport chain! Autotrophy2 heterotrophy2 chemolithotrophy2 fermentation! "ransport of
nutrients by active and passive transport!
Unit IV
;espiratory metabolismE 8lycolysis2 (MP Pathway2 (# pathway2 8lyoxallate pathway2 Grebs
cycleE oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation! ;everse "$A cycleE 8luconeogenesis2
fermentation and carbohydratesE homo and heterolactic fermentations!
Unit V
Assimilation of nitrogenE dinitrogen2 nitrate nitrogen2 ammonia assimilation2 synthesis of maFor
amino acids2 synthesis of polysaccharidesE peptidoglycan2 bipolymers as cell components!
Suggested Readings:
+! %tryer! 4--+! Biochemistry! &
th
ed! A> 9reeman!
4! =elson I $ox! 4--4! 0ehinenger Principles of Biochemistry! Aorth Publ!
/! >arpers Biochemistry! +...! Mc 8raw >ill!
'! $aldwell2 #;! +..&! Microbial Physiology I Metabolism! Brown Publishers!
&! Moat I 9oster! Microbial Physiology! +...! Ailey!
Paper V. Microbial Genetics & Molecular Biology
Unit I
=ucleic acid s as genetic information carrierC (xperimental evidence! #=A tructure2 >istorical
aspects and current concepts! #=A replication2 8eneral principles2 various modes of
replication!
Unit II
8ene as a unit mutation and recombination! Molecular nature of mutations! Mutagens!
%pontaneous mutation origin! #=A damage and and repairC type of #=A damage
5deamination2 oxidative damage2 alylation2 pyridine dimers7! ;epair mechanismsE methyl
directed mismatch repair2 very short patch repair2 nucleotide excision repair2 base excision
repair2 recombination repair2 %K% system!
Unit III
8ene expression and protein synthesisC %tructural features of ;=A 5r;=A2 t;=A I m;=A7
and relation of function! "ranscriptionC general principles2 type of ;=A polymerases2 stepsB
initiation2 elongation and termination! )nhibitors of ;=A synthesis! Polycistronic and
monocystronic ;=As! Basic features of genetic code! Protein synthesis and its stepB initiation2
elongation and termination! )nhibitors of protein synthesis!
Unit IV
8ene transfer mechanismsE transformation2 transduction2 conFugation and transfection2
mechanism and applications! PlasmidsC 9 factor description and their use in genetic analyss!
BacteriophagesC 0ytic phagesE "'! 0ysogenic phageE lambda R<+3'C uses in microbial
genetics!
Unit V
8ene conversion2 site specific recombination2 transposable elements2 nomenclature2 insertation
sequences2 transposons!
Suggested Readings:
3! 8ardner2 %immons I %nustad! Principles of 8enetics! Hohn Ailly I %ons!
,! 9riefelder2 Hones I Bartlett! Microbial 8enetics! =arosaEPanima!
.! 8lic2 B!;! I H!H! Pasterna! Molecular Biotechnology! Panima!
+-! "amrin! Principles of 8enetics! "ata Mc8raw >ill!
Paper VI. Biostatistics, Bioinformatics & Computer application
Unit I
)ntroductionC definition of statistics2 population and universe2 the sample and population2
statistical inference2 parameter and statistics! Measures of central tendencyC Mean median2
mode and their relationship2 standard deviation2 representing the normal curve2 $hiEsquare test2
students t test2 goodness of fit!
Unit II
ProbabilityC ;andom experiment2 events2 sample space2 mutually exclusive events2 independent
and dependent events! *arious definitions of probability2 addition and multiplication theorems
of probability 5only statement72 ;andom variables 5discrete and continuous7! Probability
density functions and its properties! %ome probability distributions such as binomial2 Poisson
and normal 5Basic idea about these distributions7 and their applications!
Unit III
Analysis of varianceC Analysis of coEvarianceB )ntroduction2 procedure and tests2 multiple
comparisons! $orrelation and regression and line fitting through graph pointsB standard curvesB
correlation2 linear regression 5fitting of best line through a series of points72 Multiple
colinearity! %tandard curves and interpolation of unnown JEvalues!
Unit IV
Ahat is bioinformatics2 )mportance of bioinformatics2 Biological databaseB primary and
secondary database! #=A sequence database! #=A sequence analysis2 pair wise alignment2
multiple sequence alignment!
Unit V
$omputer BasicsC $omponent of computer system! MemoryC primary and secondary! $PU2
Kperating systemC definition2 importance2 #isc Kperating %ystem! =etworC "ypes of networ2
0ocal Area =etwor 50A=72 Aide Area =etwor 5AA=72 Metropolitan Air =etwor 5MA=7!
)nternetC basic idea!
Suggested Readings:
+! ;on Ahite! >ow $omputer Aor! 4---! "echmedia!
4! Preston 8ralla! >ow )nternet Aor! 4---! "echmedia!
/! Bliss2 $!)!G! +.33! %tatistics in Biology! *ol!)! Mc 8raw >ill2 =ew Jor!
'! $ampbell ;!$! +.3'! %tatistics for biologists! $ambridge University Press!
&! Aardlaw2 A!$! +.,&! Practical %tatistics for (xperimental Biologists! Hohn Ailey I
%ons!
6! 8lover! An )ntroduction Biostatistics!
3! Mishra I Mishra! An )ntroduction Biostatistics! Galyani Publication!

Practical recommended for B. Sc. II Year (Microbiology) course
+! Analysis of carbohydrates in given samples!
4! (stimation of protein in given samples!
/! Analysis and estimation of lipid in given samples!
'! Blood group and ;h factor determination!
&! #emonstration of A)#A0 test!
6! )solation of normal micro flora of sin and mouth teeth crevices!
3! "esting of antimicrobial activity of the sin on bacteria!
,! Microscopic observation of infected tissues for pathogenic fungi and bacteria in plants and
animal!
.! #etermination of quality of mil samples by Methylene Blue ;eduction test!
+-! Microbiological examination of food samples!
++! Microscopic observation of starter culture for curd!
+4! Kbservation of eutrophication in stagnant water and its microscopic study!
+/! Microscopic observation of root nodules of leguminous plants for nitrogen fixing bacteria!
+'! *isit of waste water treatment plant!
B. Sc. III Year Microbiology
Paper VII. Environmental Microbiology
Unit I
Air PollutionC %ources2 types2 effect of pollutants2 control measures brief account of air born
transmission of microbesB viruses2 bacteria and fungi2 their diseases and preventive measures!
Aeroallergy and aeroallergens! assessment of air quality!
Unit II
Aquatic microbiologyC water ecosystem and its type2 marine microorganisms and their
importance2 eutrophication2 brief account of maFor water born diseases and their control
measures!
Unit III
%oil microbiologyC classification of soil2 physical and chemical characteristics2 micro flora of
various soil types2 brief account of microbial interactions2 symbiosisEmutulism2
commensalisms2 competition2 amensalism2 synergism2 parasitism2 predation!
Unit IV
Biogeochemical cycles and the microorganismsE carbon2 nitrogen2 phosphorous and sulfurB
biofertili1erB *esicular Arbuscular Micorrhi1ae 5*AM7B ecto2 endo2 ectendo mycorrhi1ae!
Unit V
Aater treatmentE wastes2 types2 solid and liquid wastes characteri1ation2 primary2 secondary2
tertiary solid waste treatment2 Bioaccumulation2 Bioremediation2 Bioleaching of copper and
uranium2 (nvironmental impact assessmentC )ntroduction2 Assessment I $ontrol!
Suggested Readings:
+! Atlas I Bartha! Microbial (cology! 4--3! Pearson (ducation!
4! Paul I $lar! %oil Microbiology I Biochemistry! Academic Press!
/! Hogdand %!=! (nvironmental Biotechnology! >imalaya Publishing >ouse!
'! Powar I #aginawala! Microbiology! >imalaya Publishing >ouse!
&! #ubey ;!$! I #!G! Maheshwari! A text Boo of Microbiology! %! $hand I $o!
Paper VIII. Industrial Microbiology
Unit I
!solation of industrially important microbial strains, strain improvement,
preservation and maintenance of industrial microbes, scaleup. Criteria
used for selection of microorganisms for fermentation. "rowth #inetics of
industrially important microorganisms.
Unit II
$ermentation processes% &atch, fedbatch and continuous fermentations;
solid state and submerged fermentations. Components in a typical
bioreactor and types. Maintenance of p', temperature, dissolved oxygen
and aeration.
Unit III
(ubstrate for industrial fermentation% Molasses, corn steep li)uor, sul*te
waste li)uor, whey, yeast extract. +etection and assay of fermentation
product. +own (tream ,rocessing, immobilization & its applications.
-ntifoams.
Unit IV
Microbial production of industrial products; citric acid, ethanol, acetone,
penicillin, streptomycin, vitamin &./, ribo0avin, amylase, single cell
protein. &iofertilizers, bioinsecticides.

Unit V
$ood as a substrate for microorganisms, microbial spoilage of diferent
foodstufs, principles and methods of food preservation. Microbiology of
mil#, dairy products and fermented foods. (ingle cell protein. $oodborne
diseases. Mycotoxins with reference to a0atoxins.
Suggested Readings:
+! $rueger I $rueger! Biotechnology! Panima Publ!
4! Adams M!;! I M!K! Moss!+..&! 9ood Microbiology! $ambridge!
/! 9ra1ier A!$! I #!$! Aesthoff! +.,,! 9ood Microbiology! "ata Mc8raw >ill!
'! %tanbuty2 P!9!2 I %!H! >all! +..&! Principles of 9ermentation "echnology! Pergamon
Press!
Paper IX. Medical Microbiology & Immunology
Unit I
>istorical bacground of medical microbiology2 $lassification of medically important
microorganisms! +isease cycle, transmission of pathogen and its routes.
!nfection and its type. 'ostparasite relationships, pathogenicity and
virulence in relation with bacteria, virus fungi and parasites
Unit II
(ilent features of the diseases caused bacteria% Clostridium, Bacillus,
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E.coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella,
Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Neisseria, Mycobacteria. 1iral disease 'epatitis, '!1,
dengue fever, small pox, polio. ,rotozoan disease- Malaria & -moebiasis.
Unit III
Protein toxins types and disease, early diagnosis and detection of disease
by serological methods 2!-, 34!(-, complement *xation, agglutination;
chemotherapy types and action mechanisms of antimicrobialsB antimicrobial
assay and drug resistanceB vaccinesB interferon!
Unit IV
>istory of immunology2 composition and functions of cells and organs involved in immune
systemB )mmune response and its typeE innate 5non specific72 acquired 5cell mediated and
humoral7 immunity!
Unit V
AntigensE structure and properties2 )mmunoglobulinE structures2 properties I functions2
AntigenE antibody reactionsE(0)%A2 ;)A2 Agglutination I precipitateB $omplementsE
%tructure and functionsB MaFor >istocompatibility $omplex 5M>$7C %tructure and functionsB
Autoimmunity and >ypersensitivity reactions.
Suggested Readings:
3! Ananthanarayan I Panicer! +..3! "ext Boo of Microbiology! Kriental 0ongman!
,! #ubey ;!$! I #!G! Maheshwari! A text Boo of Microbiology! %! $hand I $o!
.! Prescott 0!H!2 H!P!M! >arley I A!#! Glein! Microbiology! "ata Mc8raw >ill!
+-! Guby H! +..'! )mmunology! A!>! 9reemen I $ompany2 =ew Jor!
++! Baron (!H!2 Peterson 0!;!2 9inegold2 %!M! Mosby! +..-! Bailey I %cotts #iagnostic
Microbiology!
6! $harabarty! )mmunology I )mmunotechnology. Kxford!
Practical recommended for B. Sc. III Year (Microbiology) course
+! "wo to three different exercises in biostatics!
4! "wo to three different exercises for demonstration of hardware2 software and internet!
/! )solation of crude bacterial #=A!
'! #emonstration of electrophoresis!
&! #emonstration of P$;!
6! #emonstration of lethal effect of U* 5to explain the U* induced mutation7!
3! #emonstration of )ndole production by bacterial culture!
,! #emonstration of Methyl ;ed and *ogesEProsauer test!
.! #emonstration of $itrate utili1ation test!
+-! #emonstration of $atalase test!
++! #emonstration of amylase production by bacterial cultures!
B.Sc. Botany Syllabus 2006 Onwards
B. Sc. I Year
Paper- I Fungi, Microbiology and Elementary Plant Pathology
Unit I
+! Brief history and salient features of fungi!
4! Kutlines of classification of Alexopoulos and salient features of the important
group!
/! >abit2 habitat2 structure and methods of reproduction of fungi based on the
following representatives! Stemonitis+ Synchytrium+ Saprolegnia+ Mucor+
Penicillium+ Phyllactinia+ ,urotium+ Sacchromyces+ Morchella+ Puccinia+
Agaricus and Alternaria!
Unit - 2
+! #istribution and classification of the microorganisms!
4! (lementary principles of isolation and purification of the microorganisms!
)dentification and differentiation of bacteria on the basis of morphology and stains
5=egative staining2 8rams stain and Acid 9ast7!
/! #ecomposition of organic matter in soil and the role of the microorganisms in
carbon and nitrogen cycles in nature2
Unit - 3
+! 9ine structure of bacteria2 their classification2 nutrition and reproduction!
(conomic importance of bacteria!
4! *irusesC =ature2 structure transmission2 multiplication and economic importance!
BacteriophagesE a brief idea!
/! MycoplasmaC a general account!
Unit -4
+! 0ichensC Kccurrence2 physiology 5symbiotic relationship7 and general structure!
4! =utrition and reproduction in lichens with special reference to Parmella!
/! (conomic importance of 0ichens!
Unit - 5
+! 8eneral symptoms of plant diseases!
4! 8eneral principles of infection and resistance!
/! 8eneral methods of chemical and biological control of the plant diseases!
'! "he symptoms2 morphology of the causal organism2 disease cycle and control
measures of the following diseaseC Ahite rust of $rucifers2 0ate blight of potato2
0oose smut of wheat2 Blac rust of wheat2 and Aart disease of potato2 ;ed rot of
sugarcane!

Paper- II Algae and Bryophytes
Unit-1
+! 8eneral characteristic of the group 5Algae7 and its position in Plant Gingdom!
4! $lassification of algae2 basic outlines of 9ritschs and %miths classification!
/! (lementary nowledge of organi1ation of thallus in algae!
Unit-2
+! Kccurrence2 structure of thallus and mode of reproduction in the following
generaC
$hlamydomonals2 *olvox2 >ydrodictyon2 $ladophora2 Kedogonium2 *aucheria
and $hara!
4! 8eneral account of the Bacillariophyceae!
/! (cology of Algae L A brief idea of fresh water2 marine and terrestrial algae2
phytoplantons2 epiphytic2 parasitic and symbiotic algae!
Unit-3
+! Kccurrence2 structure and mode of reproduction of the following generaC
%argassum2 (ctocarpus2 Batrachospermum2 Polsiphonia!
4! $ynobacteriaC A general account2 =ostoc and %pirulina!
/! (conomic importance of Algae as food and fodder in agriculture2 industry and in
public health!
Unit-4
+! Kutlines basic principles of classification of the Bryophytes in accordance with
the )nternational $ode of Botanical =omenclature!
4! $omparative account of the gross morphology2 anatomy2 vegetative and sexual
reproduction2 development and structure of the sporophytes and mechanism of
spore dispersal based on ;iccia and Marchantia!
/! >abitat2 distribution and economic importance of Bryophytes!
Unit-5
+! $omparative account of the gross morphology2 anatomy of the gametophyte2
vegetative and sexual reproduction2 development and structure of the sporophytes
and mechanism of spore dispersal in Anthoceros!
4! 8eneral account of the Fungermenniales 5Pellia and Porella7 and Moses 59unaria
and Pogonatum7!
/! A brief account of the alternation generationin bryophytes!
Paper- III Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Elementary Palaeobotany
Unit-1
+! 8eneral characters of pteridophytes and classification as proposed by PichiE
%ermoli!
4! A comparative study ;hynia2 selaginella2 0ycopodium2 (quisetum2 Adiantum and
marsilea on the basis of following features!
/! Morphology and anatomy of the vegetative plant body and spore production
organs 5strobilus2 sporocarp2 sporophyll2 sporangium and spores72 sexual
reproduction2 male and female gametophytes2 fertili1ation!
Unit-2
+! A brief account of "elome theory2 %telar system and its evolution!
4! >eterospory and seed habit in Pteridophytes!
/! Apogamy2 agamospory and apospory in ferns!
Unit-3
+! Kutlines classification as proposed by #!#! Pant and distinguishing features of
8ymnosperms!
4! $omparative account of the structure2 life history2 and evolutionary trends based
on the following examplesC
$ycas2 Pinus and (phedra!
/! 8eneral anatomyEtypes of wood thicening2 trachieds2 medullary rays2 pitting and
resin canals2 mesarch and pseudomesarch2 foliar bundles and stomata in three
types!
Unite-4
+! #istribution of 8ymnosperms in )ndia!
4! (conomic importance of the 8ymnosperms
Unite- 5
+! 9ossilsC Process of fossili1ation and types of fossils!
4! A general idea about 8eological era!
/! 0iving fossils!
B. Sc. II Year
Paper I Taxonomy of Angiosperms
Unite-1
+! Angiosperms origin and evolution! %ome examples of primitive angiosperms!
Angiosperm taxonomyE fundamental components!
4! >istorical development in plant taxonomy in preE0innaeus and postE0innaeus
periods!
/! $omparison and evolution of the systems of classification as proposed by
0innaeus2 Bentham and >ooer and >uchinson!
Unit-2
+! =omenclatureC )nternational $ode of Botanical =omenclature 5)$B=72 history2
scientific naming of plants2 priority2 types2 validity2 nomina conservanda!
4! $ollection and preservation techniques of specimens for herbarium and museum!
/! Botanical gardens and >erbaria! A brief idea of Botanical %urvey on )ndia B%)7!
Unit-3
+! "axonomy2 important distinguishing characters2 classification and economic
importance of the following familiesC
#icotyledonaeC
PolypetalaeC ;anunculaceae2 Papaveraceae2 $aryophyllaceae2 Malvaceae2
Meliaceae2 ;utaceae2 9abaceae2 ;osaceae2 $ucurbitaceae2 Apiaceae!
Unit-4
+! 8amopetalaeC ;ubiaceae2 %olanaceae2 $onvolvulaceae2 Apocynaceae2
Asclepiadaceae2 Acanthaceae and 0amiaceae!
4! MonochlamydaeC (uphorbiaceae2 Moraceae and Polygonaceae!
/! MonocotyledonaeC Krchidaceae2 0iliaceae and Poaceae!
Unit-5
+! BiodiversityC Basic concept2 biodiversity at global and national level2 causes of
loss of biodiversity!
4! Biodiversity conservation Action planC in situ conservation2 gene ban2
introductory account of Biosphere ;eserves2 =ational Pars and %anctuaries!
/! 9loristic ;egions of )ndia2 flora and vegetation2 )ndian flora and endemism2
characteristics of Aest >imalayan flora with reference to Uttarahand >imalaya!
Paper II Anatomy, Embryology and Elementary Morphogenesis
Unit-1
+! "he techniques for the study of plany anatomy!
4! MeristemsEPrimary and secondary meristems2 characteristics and functions!
*arious types of permanent tissues!
/! ;ootEstem transistion!
Unit-2
+! %ecretory structure!
4! Krigin2 structure and function of vascular cambium including anomalous behavior
with special reference to the following taxaC Bougainvillea2 %alvadora2
=yctanthes2 #racaena2 Beta2 9icus2 Krchids and "inospora!
/! %tructure of xylem and phloem including the electron microscopic view2 cor
cambium2 its activity and products!
Unit-3
+! %tructure of anther2 micro sporogenesis and development of male gametophytes in
angiosperms!
4! %tructure of ovule2 mega sporogenesis and development of the female
gametophytes with reference to the Polhtonum type2 comparison with the bisporic
and tetrasporic types!
/! Pollination2 fertili1ation and life history of a typical angiosperm!
Unit-4
+! (ndosperm and embryo development with special reference to the onagrad type!
4! Polyembryony and apomixis!
/! %eed germination and dormancy2 elementary plant movements!
Unit-5
+! Basic body plan of a flowering plantEmolecular type of growth!
4! #iversity in plant form in annuals2 biennials2 and perennials2 development of tree
habit in higher plants!
/! Plant growth regulators2 Auxins2 8ibberellins2 $ytoinins and Abscissic acid!
'! Physiology of flowering L Photoperiodism and vernali1ation!
Paper III Ecology and Biostatistics
Unit-1
+! #efinition and scope of ecology!
4! (cosystemC type2 abiotic and biotic components2 food chain2 foodEweb and
ecological pyramids2 speciali1ed ecosystems2 >omoeostasisEfluctuation in
ecosystem!
/! (nergy flow and ecological energetic2 0indemans concept of energy flow!
'! Productivity2 type2 measurement of primary productivityB turn over2 food chain2
food web!
Unit-2
+! Biogeochemical cyclesC A brief discussion of concept by giving examples of
carbon2 nitrogen and phosphorus cycles!
4! (cological niche2 BioEindicators and their role in environmental monitoring2
guide!
/! Population ecologyC #efinition2 population characters2 survivorship curves2
population age distribution2 basic concept of growth rate2 growth forms and
growth curvesB carrying capacity2 population fluctuation!
'! $ommunity ecologyC $ommunity characteristics2 ecological succession2 structure2
composition and trophic organi1ation2 quantitative2 qualitative and synthetic
features2 life forms and biological spectrum!
Unit-3
+! Applied ecologyC %oil erosion and conservation2 conservation and management of
some =atural ;esourcesC 9orest and rangeland management!
4! Pollution of air2 water and soil2 environmental toxicology2 noise incidenceB
"hermal and radioactive pollutionB Prevention and control of pollution!
/! 8lobal warming2 desertification and o1one depletion!
'! Biogeographical regions of )ndiaB *egetation types in Uttarahand!
Unit-4
+! Aerial photoEinterpretation and remote sensingE an outline with special reference
to the types of aerial photography and maps!
4! Physical basis for remote sensingB aerial and space platforms!
/! Application of remote sensing in ecology!
Unit-5
+! Methods of representation of statistical data diagrams!
4! Measurements of central tendenciesE mean2 median2 mode2 harmonic mean and
geometric mean!
/! Measures of dispersionErange2 mean deviation and standard deviation2 standard
error!
'! $oefficient of correlation!
&! "est of significanceE chi square test!
B. Sc. III Year
Paper-1 Cytogenetics,molecular biology And Biotechnology
Unit-1
+ %tructure and function of nucleusC Ultra %tructure2 nuclear membraneB =ucleous
%tructre and function of other organellesC 8olgi2 (;2 peroxisomes2 *acuoles2 "he
$ell envelopesC envelopesC plasma membrane2 bilayer lipid %tructure2functions of
$ell!
4 $ell division C mitosis2 meiosis2 comparison!
/ $hromosome organi1ationC morphology2 centromere and telomere2 chromosome
alteration in chromosome numbers2 anenploidy2 polyploidy2 sex chromosomes!
' (xtranuclear genomeC Presence and function of mitrochondial and plastid #=A2
plasmids!
Unit-II
+! 8enetic )nheritanceC MendelismC 0aw of segregation and independent assortment2
incomplete dominance!
4! )nteraction assortment2 incomplete linage2 lindage groupsB $rossing over!
/! %ex lined inheritanceB #etermination of sex!
'! 8enetic variationC Mutations2 transposable genetic elements2 #=A damage and
repair!
Unit- III
+! #=A the genetic materialC #=A structure2 replication #=A L#=A!
4! ;=A structure and type!
/! 8ene conceptC classical and modern concept of gene2 operon concept!
Unit- IV
+! Protein structureC +#2 4# and /# %tructure!
4! 8enetic code and protein synthesis!
/! ;egulation of gene expression in proaryotes and euaryotes!
Unit- V
+! 8enetic engineeringC "ool and techniques of #=A technology2 cloning vectors2
genome and c#=A libraries2transposable elements2 techniques of gene mappiong
and chromosome waling!
4! BiotechnologyC 9unctional definition2 basic concept of tissue culture2 storage of
germ plasm 5cryopreservation72 differentiation and morphogenesis2 biology of
agrobacterium2 vectors for gene delivry and marer!
/! A brief account of industrial biotechnology 5fermentation and alcohol production72
Agriculture biotechnology 5biofertili1ers and biopesticides 7 and =utritional
biotechnology 5Mycotoxin and health ha1ards2 control of mycotoxin production2
single cell protein7!
'! (lementary idea of 5i7 8ene ban2 5ii7=if gene2 5iii7 =od gene2 5iv7 "otipotency
5v7Antibiotics and 5vi7Mycoprotein!
Paper-II Phisiology and Biochemistry
Unit-1
+! $ell Physiology2 diffusion2 permeability2 plasmolysis2 imbibition2 water potential
and osmotic potential!
4! "ypes of soil water2 water holding capacity2 water requirement2 wilting
coefficient!
/! Active and passive absorption2 anatomical features of xylem in relation to path of
water transport ascent of sap!
UnitE2
+! 0oss of water from plants2 transpiration2 factors affecting transpiration2 guttation2
anatomy of the leaf with reference to the loss of water!
4! %tructure of stomata2 mechanism of stomatal movement and diffusion capacity of
the stomata!
/! Mechanism of absorption of mineral salts!
'! "ranslocation of solutes2 theories and mechanism of translocation2 anatomical
features of the phloem tissue with reference to the translocation of solutes!
Unit-3
+! (lementary nowledge of the macro and micronutrients!
4! %ymptoms of mineral deficiency2 techniques of water and send culture!
/! =itrogen cycle and nitrogen fixation2 )mportance of nitrate reductase and its
regulation2 Ammonium assimilation!
Unit-4
+! Photosynthesis2 historical bacground and importance of the process2 role of
primary pigments2 $oncepts of two photosystems2 DEscheme2
Photophosphorylation $alvin cycleB 9actors affecting photosynthesis2
chemosynthesis!
4! ;espiration2 glycolysis2 Grebs cycle2 (lectron transport mechanism
5$hemiosmotic theory72 A"PE the biological energy currency2 ;edox potential2
oxidative phosphorylation2 pentose phosphate pathway2 $AM plantsB 9actor
affecting respiration2 fermentation!
Unit-5
+! "ypes and strength of solutions2 acid base and salts2 p>2 buffer solutions and
their importance2 redox potential!
4! (n1yme action
/! Ginetics2 active sites2 MichaelisEMenton constant2 classification of en1ymes2
factors affecting the en1ymes activity2 coen1ymes and cofactors!
'! $arbohydratesE classification2 properties2 structures and biological role!
&! Proteins and amino acidsE classification2 %tructure and chemical bonds in protein
%tructure and properties!
6! 0ipidsC structures and functions2 fatty acid biosynthesis2 BEoxidation2 saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids2 storage and mobali1ation of fatty acids!
Paper-III Economic Botany and Plant breeding
Unit-1
+! )mportance of plants to manEind!
4! Krigin of cultivated plants2 monophyletic and polyphylaticoriginB centre of origin
of some important crop plants!
Unit-2
+! Krigion2 history2 botanical features and cultivation of cerealsE wheat2 paddy2
mai1e2 baFra!
4! 0egumesE An introduction to the economically important legumes!
/! KilE castor oil2 linseed oil2 mustard oil and mint oil!
Unit-3
+! 8eneral account of fruit 5Apple2 banana2 citrus2 litchi and mango7 and vegetable
5root2 stem2 leaf and fruit vegetable7 plants!
4! fibres5 coir2 cotton2 flex2 hemp7 and medicinal 5 Aconitum2 Atropa2 $inchona2
(phedra and ;auwolfia 7 plants!
/! $ommon timber yielding plants 5$hir2 #eodar2 %al2 %hisham and "ea7 of western
>imalaya!
Unit-4
+! Plant breedingC Aims and obFectives2 basic technique of plant breeding!
4! $rop improvement methodE plant introduction2 selection2 acclimati1ation2
hybridi1ation! *egetative propagation and grafting!
/! Mutational breeding and breeding of disease resistance
Unit-5
+! )mproved seedsE production2 multiplication and distribution!
4! Maintenance and seed testing!
/! =ational %eed $orporation and seed testing laboratories!