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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
Chapter 8:
Part 1 and 2
SPREAD SPECTRUM AND CDMA
K THUT TRI PH V CDMA
Lectured by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien
Objective to Master students
May, 2014
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Part 1: An Overview on Spread Spectrum and
Code Division Multiple Access
Shannon bound
Where:
R: Data rate;
W: signal bandwidth;
E
b
: Signal energy/bit;
N
0
: one-side power
spectral density of a
Gaussian noise
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From the Shannon bound, if E
b
/N
0
increased, we need to improve R/W
If T: Signal duration
The Gabor uncertainty principle (time-frequency product) WT>a, where
the constant a depends on the exact way in which duration and BW are
Specified,
* if WT=1, duration and bandwidth linked to each other can be
called plain (non-spread spectrum)
* If WT>>1 and bandwidth can be governed independently of
duration is a spread spectrum.
Example: Mobile GSM with the rate of primary digitized speech data
of 9.6kbits/s, the users signal has bandwidth 200Khz, which may
mislead someone to classify as a spread spectrum system?
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Probably the first patent on the radar treated as spread spectrum by
G. Guanella in 1938
During and after World War II, intensive reaserch in radar spread
spectrum systems had been undertaken in Germany, USA, UK and
USSR.
Giant step in pratical implementation of SS concept in time-distance
measuring systems was taken with the creation of the 2-G space-
based global navigation networks GPS (USA, 1980s) and
GLONASS (USSR, 1990s). Signals with very large time-freq
products, measured in thousands, which today constitute an
integraal part of human civilixzation as satellite television and mobile
radio.
The commercial SS era started around the late 1970s. The first
proposal for CDMA cellular networks in USA and Europe (1978-
1980) yielded to alternative projects, which later evolved into the
GSM and DAMPS standards.
Mid 1990s, the IS-95 was put forward, fully SS/CDMA platform
(CDMA one)
3G mobile radio specifications: UMTS and CDMA2000
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Part 2:
Reception problems and Signal designs
2.1. Gaussian channel and optimal decision rules
AWGN channel in which the transition probability drops exponentially with
The grow of the squared Euclidean distance between sent and output signals
Having done the same with observation y(t), the n-dimensional vector
Equivalent and find the Euclidean distance between
vector s and y by Pythagorean theorem for the n-dimensional vector space:
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(2.1)
(2.2)
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The Maximum Likelyhood MLH decision in Gaussian
channel as the minimum distance rule (2.3)
or
Scalar or inner product
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: the decision is made in favour of signal number j
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The minimum distance rule (2.9)
(2.10)
Rewritten correlation-based
Probability of error
(2.11)
Figure 2.4. Signal plane and decision half-plane
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(2.12)
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(2.13)
(2.14)
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(2.15) using then
(2.16)
(2.17)
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Error probability : large of distance high data transmission fidelity
(a) (b)
(c)
a) BPSK
b) FSK: frequencies are chosen so that signals are
orthogonal
c) ASK: bit1 transmitted by signal s
1
(t)=s(t), E
1
(t)=E and
bit 0 by signal s
0
(t), E
0
=0
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2.3 M-ary data transmission: deterministic signals
(2.22)
(2.23)
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2.7. Example of orthogonal signal sets
2.7.1. Time-shift coding
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Figure 2.10 Orthogonal time-shift coded (a) and frequency-shift coded (b) signals
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2.7.1. Frequency-shift coding
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Figure 2.11 Resource Distribution in Orthogonal time-shift
(a) and frequency-shift (b) coding
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2.7.2. Frequency shift coding
2.7.3. Spread spectrum orthogonal coding
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Inner product of signals u(t), v(t) and their spectra coincide
See figure 2.10 (b)
(2.50)
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(2.51)
(2.52)
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(2-54)
2.8. Signal parameter estimation
2.8.1. Problem statement and estimation rule
Figure 2.13. Resource allocation in
Orthogonal spread spectrum
signalling
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or
Figure 2.14. Illustration of ML estimation
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2.8.2. Estimation accuracy
Correlation coefficient for the case of non-energy parameter .
And it is evident that
(2.57)
Magnitude of deviation
Figure 2.15. Typical of in dependence on
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(2.59)
2.9. Amplitude estimation
Measuring unknown Amplitude A
Let E be the energy of the reference signal. Then the energy E(A) of the
signal with amplitude A, its correlation z(A) with observation y(t):
For the case of non-energy parameter l the Cramer-Rao bound acquires on
Especially simple form and provides a practical tool to calculate the ML
Estimate variance:
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2.10 Phase estimation
Separating the constant (during the observation interval) initial phase
which is unknown and to be measured
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2.11. Autocorrelation function (ACF) and matched filter response
The ACF and correlation coefficient are:
For any bandpass signal, ACF
(2.66)
That is the ACF of the complex envelope S`(t) or , in the words, the modulation law
The normalized version of ACF (2.66)
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Matched filter
And any ACF can be obtained physically as an output of the correlator
Figure 2.17 Illustration to the destination of ACF and its forming by the matched filter