ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. A.V. Ratnaprasad, Principal, Dr. B. Panduranga Rao,
Professor and Dean, Dr. C. Srinivas, Professor and HOD, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Velagapudi Ramaris!na "idd!art!a Engineering College, #anuru, Vi$aya%ada for allo%ing
me to do pro$ect %or at "ERC, C!ennai.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Nags! R. "#r, Director, C"IR& "tructural Engineering
Researc! Centre, C!ennai, for permitting me and providing t!e necessary facilities to carry
out t!e pro$ect %or at C"IR&"ERC.
I express my deep sense of gratitude and inde'tedness to my external guide
Dr. $. Ra%asan&ar, C!ief "cientist and Head, "!oc and Vi'ration (roup, C"IR& "tructural
Engineering Researc! Centre, C!ennai and my internal guide Dr. B. Panduranga Rao,
Professor and Dean, Velagapudi Ramaris!na "idd!art!a Engineering College, #anuru,
Vi$aya%ada for t!eir valua'le guidance and sincere advice given during my dissertation.
I express my profound gratitude to Mr. A'ar Pra&as!, "enior "cientist, "!oc and
Vi'ration (roup, C"IR&"ERC, C!ennai for !is valua'le guidance, assistance and constant
encouragement during my dissertation %or. I am t!anful to t!e entire "!oc and Vi'ration
(roup team for t!eir continuous support and !elp t!ey rendered during t!e t!esis %or.
I express my sincere t!ans to Mr. V. Ra's!, )ssociate Professor, Civil Engineering
Department, Velagapudi Ramaris!na "idd!art!a Engineering College, #anuru, Vi$aya%ada,
for !is immense !elp, valua'le advices and suggestions.
I am very muc! grateful to '# (a'i)# and (rinds for t!eir moral support and encouragement
t!ey !ave given me.
& C* B V *AREEN
i
ABSTRACT
Pipeline, conduits and tunnels carry t!e services on %!ic! our economies depend and t!e
strengt! and resilience of suc! structures is of vital importance. *arger underground
construction is 'ecoming more common in cities and to%ns, and in defence and army
installations for storing of %eapons.
) numerical study on underground structures su'$ected to air 'last +"!oc load, is performed.
Dynamic explicit analysis is executed 'y considering t!ree geometrical s!apes of cross
sections namely circular, s-uare and !orses!oe. .!ese t!ree structures are considered %it!
same internal dimensions and simulation is done simultaneously %it! soil surrounding t!e
structure is said to 'e distur'ed soil and soil a%ay from t!e structure is considered as
undistur'ed soil. .!ese structures are of lengt! /0m in 1 direction and analysis is done 'y
taing one metre strip. Dynamic soil properties are calculated for 'ot! distur'ed soil and
undistur'ed soil.
.!e material for t!e structure is of fi're reinforced cement composites. .!e structure is
modelled %it! nonlinear material properties called concrete damage plasticity %it!
compression damage and tension damage.
.!ese structures are su'$ected to 'last pressures +i.e. pressure pro'lem, t!at are calculated for
a c!arge %eig!t of 200#. +.3., and /4ile distance from t!e structure and 200 feet a'ove
t!e ground level. .!e underground structure is su'$ected only to general overpressure P
so,
reflected and dynamic pressure due to drag 'eing neglected.
.!e calculated pressure follo%s triangle lie pressure distri'ution +Ideali5ed, for certain time
interval. .o capture t!e maximum response t!e time duration is increased 'eyond t!e 'last
pressure duration i.e. t!e extended time duration !as 5ero pressure in t!e analysis.
.!ere %ill 'e interaction 'et%een t!e structure and soil so t!at t!e normal contact and
tangential contact properties are added to t!e model. ) parametric study %as done 'y
c!anging t!e c!arge %eig!t, distance of explosion from t!e point of interest and 'y
implementing soil structure interaction +""I, effects t!roug! spring and das!pots at 'oundary
regions.
3umerical analysis is carried out 'y using )6)78"9C)E Explicit models.
ii
CONTENTS
Tit) Pag No.
ACKNOWLEDGEEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
CONTENTS iii
L"ST O+ TABLES vii
L"ST O+ +"G,RES viii
NOTAT"ONS xii
C*APTER - "NTROD,CT"ON
/./ (E3ER)* /
/.: 4O.IV).IO3 /
/.; PRO6*E4 DE<I3I.IO3 :
/.= O6>EC.IVE" =
/.2 "COPE 2
/.? OR()3I1).IO3 O< .HE"I" 2
C*APTER . L"TERAT,RE REV"EW
:./ (E3ER)* ?
:.: CRI.IC)* REVIE@ O< *I.ER).8RE ?
:.; "844)RA B
C*APTER / BLAST LOAD"NG
;./ I3.ROD8C.IO3 C
;.: <OR4).IO3 O< 6*)". @)VE C
;.; E78IV)*E3. .3. /0
;.= "C)*I3( *)@" /0
iii
;.2 )IR6*)". //
;.? PRI3CIP*E" O< 6*)".& RE"I".)3. DE"I(3 /=
;.D C8RRE3. DE"I(3 PR)C.ICE )3D COD)* PROVI"IO3" /=
;.B "844)RA /2
C*APTER 0 MODEL"NG O+ CONCRETE BE*AV"O,R ,NDER
BLAST LOAD"NG
=./ I3.ROD8C.IO3 /?
=.: CO3CRE.E D)4)(E P*)".ICI.A 4ODE* /D
=.; 83I&)EI)* ".RE"" ".R)I3 6EH)VIO8R /D
=.= 83I&)EI)* CAC*IC 6EH)VIO8R )3D ".I<<3E"" RECOVERA :0
=.=./ I**8".R).IO3 <OR *O)D RECOVERA <)C.OR :/
=.2 48*.I&)EI)* 6EH)VIO8R ::
=.? CO3CRE.E P*)".ICI.A ::
=.?./ AIE*D <83C.IO3 :;
=.?.: P*)".IC <*O@ :2
=.D VI"CO &P*)".IC RE(8*)RI1).IO3 :?
=.B DE<I3I.IO3 O< .E3"IO3 6EH)VIO8R :D
=.C DE<I3I.IO3 O< CO4PRE""IO3 6EH)VIO8R :B
=./0 DE<I3I.IO3 O< D)4)(E ;0
=.// "844)RA ;0
C*APTER 1 +"N"TE ELEMENT MODELL"NG
2./ (E3ER)* ;/
2.: <I3I.E E*E4E3. 4ODE* ;/
2.; 4).ERI)* PROPER.IE" ;:
2.= )""E46*I3( .HE P)R." ;=
2.2 P)R.I.IO3 4E.HODO*O(A ;=
2.2./ P)R.I.IO3I3( .HE )""E46*A ;=
iv
2.2.: I3DEPE3DE3. P)R. I3".)3CE ;=
2.? 4E"HI3( ;2
2.?./ 4E"HI3( 4E.HODO*O(A ;2
2.?.: E*E4E3. .APE ;2
2.D DA3)4IC EEP*ICI. )3)*A"I" ;?
2.D./ OVERVIE@ O< )3 EEP*ICI. DA3)4IC )3)*A"I" ;D
2.B I3.ER)C.IO3" ;D
2.B./ "8R<)CE .O "8R<)CE CO3.)C. EEP*ICI. ;D
2.B.: 4ECH)3IC)* CO3".R)I3. <OR48*).IO3 ;C
2.B.; "*IDI3( <OR48*).IO3 ;C
2.C I3.ER)C.IO3 PROPER.IE" ;C
2.C./ 4ECH)3IC)* CO3.)C. =0
2.C.: 3OR4)* 6EH)VIO8R =0
2.C.; .)3(E3.I)* 6EH)VIO8R =0
2./0 I4P8*"E *O)D" =/
2./0./ 6*)". PRE""8RE C)*C8*).IO3 =/
2./0.: DE<I3I3( *O)D ".EP" =:
2.// 6O83D)RA CO3DI.IO3" =;
2./: "844)RA ==
C*APTER 2 RES,LTS O+ +"N"TE ELEMENT ANAL3S"S
?./ (E3ER)* =2
v
?.: RE"PO3"E O< ".R8C.8RE" <OR / 4I*E 6*)".
?.:./ DI"P*)CE4E3. F .I4E HI".ORA =2
?.:.: VO3 4I""E" ".RE"" V". .I4E =B
?.:.; ".R)I3 E3ER(A V". .I4E 2=
?.; RE"PO3"E O< CIRC8*)R CRO"" "EC.IO3 <OR 0.2 4I*E
6*)".
?.;./ DI"P*)CE4E3. F .I4E HI".ORA 2D
?.;.: VO3 4I""E" ".RE"" V". .I4E 2B
?.;.; ".R)I3 E3ER(A V". .I4E ?0
?.= "844)RA ?/
C*APTER 4 S,MMAR3 5CONCL,S"ONS
D./ "844)RA ?:
D.: CO3C*8"IO3" ?:
D.; "COPE <OR <8.8RE @OR# ?;
RE+ERENCES ?=
APPEND"6 ??
vi
L"ST O+ TABLES
Ta7) No. Tit) Pag No.
2./ Dynamic soil properties for Distur'ed and 8ndistur'ed "oil ;:
2.: Density and poisons ratio of t!e soil ;:
2.; .!e material parameters of CDP model for <i're reinforced
Cement composites of grade 4B0
;;
2.= *oad steps in )6)78" for / 4ile 'last pressure =:
2.2
*oad steps in )6)78" for 0.2 4ile 'last pressure =:
L"ST O+ +"G,RES
+igur No. Tit) Pag No.
/./ "c!ematic Plan of t!e Pro'lem Definition :
vii
/.: Circular cross section ;
/.; Horses!oe cross section ;
/.= "-uare cross section ;
/.2 .op Vie% of 8nderground "tructures ;
;./ .ypical pressure&distance curves for successive times after an
explosion
C
;.: <ree&field pressure&time variations //
;.; .ypical reflected pressure&time !istory /:
;.= 6last environment from an air'urst /;
=./ 8ni&axial response of concrete under compression /B
=.: 8ni&axial response of concrete under tension /C
=.; 8ni axial cyclic load considering stiffness recovery :0
=.= Effect of compression recovery factor @
c
:/
=.2 Aield surface in deviatoric plane corresponding to different
values
:=
=.? 6iaxial yield surface in t!e constitutive model Gconcrete damage
plasticityHH
:2
=.D Drucer&Prager !yper'olic plastic potential function in t!e
meridional plane
:?
=.B Definition of cracing strain in tension :B
=.C Definition of inelastic strain in compression :C
viii
2./ (eometric modelling of t!e pro'lem ;/
2.: )ssem'led model of structure,undistur'ed soil and distur'ed soil ;=
2.; < E mes! for Circular cross section, distur'ed and undistur'ed
soil regions
;2
2.= < E mes! for !orses!oe cross section, distur'ed and undistur'ed
soil regions
;?
2.2 < E mes! of s-uare cross section, distur'ed and undistur'ed soil
regions
;?
2.? "urface to surface contact for distur'ed soil region and structure ;B
2.D "urface to surface contact for undistur'ed soil and distur'ed soil ;B
2.B )ssignment of interaction properties ;C
2.C 6last pressure applied on distur'ed soil region =/
2./0 Ideali5ed P&t !istory for / 4ile 'last =/
2.// Ideali5ed P&t !istory for 0.2 4ile 'last =/
2./: .ype of load steps =:
2./; 4odel of circular s!ape cross section %it! 6CHs and pressure =;
2./= < E model %it! spring and das!pot at 'oundary regions ==
?./ Displacement time !istory of circular cross section =2
?.: Displacement time !istory of circular cross section using ""I =?
?.; Displacement time !istory of !orses!oe cross section =?
?.= Displacement time !istory of !orses!oe cross section using ""I =D
?.2 Displacement time !istory of s-uare cross section =D
?.? Displacement time !istory of s-uare cross section using ""I =B
?.D von 4isses "tress contour in a circular cross section of t!icness
0.0Cm at 0.22?Bsec
=B
ix
?.B von 4isses stress vs. time for a region of circular cross section at
0.22?Bsec
=C
?.C von 4isses "tress contour in a circular cross section of t!icness
0./2m at 0.22?Bsec using ""I !aving a maximum tensile stress
of D.0:; +39mm
:
,
=C
?./0 von 4isses stress vs. time for a region of circular cross section
using ""I at 0.22?Bsec
20
?.// von 4isses "tress contour in a !orses!oe cross section of
t!icness 0.Cm at 0.22?Bsec !aving a maximum tensile stress of
D.0D: +39mm
:
,
20
?./: von 4isses stress vs. time for a region of !orses!oe cross section
at 0.22?Bsec
2/
?./; von 4isses "tress contour in a !orses!oe section of t!icness
0./2m at 0.22?Bsec using ""I reac!ing a maximum tensile stress
of B +39mm
:
,
2/
?./= von 4isses stress vs. time for a region of !orses!oe cross section
of t!icness 0./2m using ""I at 0.22?Bsec
2:
?./2 von 4isses "tress contour in a s-uare cross section at 0.22?Bsec
of t!icness 0./Bm !aving a maximum tensile stress of D.B
+39mm
:
,
2:
?./? von 4isses stress vs. time for a region of s-uare cross section at
0.22?Bsec
2;
?./D von 4isses "tress contour in a s-uare cross section of t!icness
0./Bm at 0.22?Bsec using ""I !aving a maximum tensile stress
of ?.2 +39mm
:
,
2;
?./B Von 4isses stress vs. time for a region of s-uare cross section
using ""I at 0.22?Bsec
2=
?./C "train energy vs. time for a circular cross section 2=
?.:0 "train energy vs. time for a circular cross section using ""I 22
?.:/ "train energy vs. time for a !orses!oe cross section 22
x
?.:: "train energy vs. time for a !orses!oe cross section using ""I 2?
?.:; "train energy vs. time for a s-uare cross section 2?
?.:= "train energy vs. time for a s-uare cross section using ""I 2D
?.:2 Displacement time !istory of circular cross section 2D
?.:? Displacement time !istory of circular cross section using ""I 2B
?.:D 4isses "tress contour in a circular cross section of t!icness
0.;2m at 0.2/?; sec !aving a maximum tensile stress of =.0=
+39mm
:
,
2B
?.:B Von 4isses stress vs. time for circular cross section of t!icness
0.;2m at 0.2/?;sec
2C
?.:C 4isses "tress contour in a circular cross section of t!icness
0.=0m at 0.2/?; sec using ""I !aving a maximum tensile
stressof?./ +39mm
:
,
2C
?.;0 Von 4isses stress vs. time for a region of circular cross section
using ""I at 0.2/?;sec
?0
?.;/ "train energy vs. time for a circular cross section ?0
?.;: "train energy vs. time for a circular cross section using ""I ?/
xi
NOTAT"ONS
.3. & .rinitrotoluene
I & )ngle of incidence
HO6 8 Heig!t of 'urst
R 8 Radial distance from c!arge
1 8 "caled distance
@ 8 C!arge %eig!t or @eig!t of explosive
P
so
8 pea positive incident pressure
P
so
&
8 pea negative incident pressure
P
r
8 pea positive normal reflected pressure
P
r
&
8 pea negative normal reflected pressure
i
s
9 %
+/9;,
8 scaled unit positive incident impulse
i
s
&
9 %
+/9;,
8 scaled unit negative incident impulse
i
r

9 %
+/9;,
8 scaled unit positive normal reflected impulse
i
r
&
9 %
+/9;,
8 scaled unit negative normal reflected impulse
t
)

9 %
+/9;,
8 scaled time of arrival of 'last %ave
t
o

9 %
+/9;,
8 scaled positive duration of positive p!ase
t
o
&
9 %
+/9;,
8 scaled negative duration of positive p!ase
*
%

9 %
+/9;,
8 scaled %ave lengt! of positive p!ase
*
%
&

9%
+/9;,
8 scaled %ave lengt! of negative p!ase
u 8 s!oc front velocity
v 8 particle velocity
xii
J 8 density of t!e soil
V
s
8 "!ear %ave velocity of t!e soil
K 8 Poisons ratio of t!e soil
( 8 "!ear modulus of t!e soil
E 8 AoungHs modulus of t!e soil
#
x
8 "pring stiffness of t!e soil
C
x
8 Das!pot coefficient of t!e soil
8 )ngle of friction
L
c
8 8ni axial compressive strengt! of concrete
L
ut
8 "plit tensile strengt! of concrete
L
ft
8 <lexural strengt! of concrete
E
f
8 AoungHs modulus of fi're
E
m
8 AoungHs modulus of matrix
K
f
8 Poisons ratio of fi're
K
m
8 Poisons ratio of matrix
V
f
8 Volume of fi'res
V
m
8 Volume of matrix
E
*
8 AoungHs modulus in longitudinal direction
E
.
8 AoungHs modulus in transverse direction
K
*
8 Poisons ratio in longitudinal direction
K
.
8 Poisons ratio in transverse direction
8 Dilation angle
xiii

'0 9

c0
8 Ratio of initial e-ui'iaxial compressive yield
stress to initial uniaxial compressive yield stress
#
c
8 Ratio of distance '9% t!e !ydrostatic axis and
respectively compressive meridian and tension
meridian in t!e deviatoric cross section
8 <lo% potential eccentricity
M 8 viscosity
CONVERS"ONS
/ Psi N ?BC2 39m
:
/ <eet N 0.;0=B m
/ l' N 0.=2;? #g
/ 4ile N /.?0C #m
/ sec N /000 millisecond
xiv