Species: It is a group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with

members of other groups.

Populations: A population comprises all the individuals of a given species in a
specific area or region at a certain time. Populations
Habitat: A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a
particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism.

It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical
environment that surrounds a species population. A habitat is made up of physical
factors such as soil, moisture, range f temperature, and availability of light as well
as biotic factors such as the availability of food and the presence of predators.
Communities: Plant communities are groups of plants sharing a common
environment that interact with each other, animal population, and the physical
environment. The components of each plant community are influenced by soil
type, topography, climate and human disturbance.
Ecosystems: An ecosystem is a community of plants, animals and smaller
organisms that live, feed, reproduce and interact in the same area or environment.
Ecosystem: It is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes)
in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air,
water and mineral soil) interacting as a system.
Major Components of Ecosystems: Ecosystems are composed of a variety of
abiotic and biotic components that function in an interrelated fashion. Some of the
more important components are: soil, atmosphere, Sun radiation, water,
and living organisms.
Soils provide nutrients, water, a home, and a structural growing medium for
organisms. The vegetation growing on top of a soil is closely linked to the soil
through nutrient cycling.
Nutrient cycle: The nutrient cycles describes how nutrients move from the
physical environment into living organisms and subsequently are recycled back to
the physical environment.
Atmosphere: The atmosphere provides carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and
oxygen for respiration.
The hydrological cycle: It includes the processes of evaporation, transpiration
and precipitation occurring between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface.
Solar radiation: It is used in ecosystems to heat the atmosphere and
to evaporate and transpire water into the atmosphere. Sunlight is also necessary
for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis provides the energy for plant growth and
metabolism, and the organic food for other forms of life
Water: Most living tissue is composed of a very high percentage of water, up to
and even exceeding 90%. The protoplasm of a very few cells can survive if their
water content drops below 10%, and most are killed if it is less than 30-50%.
Water is the medium by which mineral nutrients enter and are distributed in
different parts of plants. It is also necessary for the maintenance of leaf turgidity
and is required for photosynthetic chemical reactions. Energy and Matter Flow in
Ecosystems: Many of the most important relationships between living organisms
and the environment are controlled by the amount of energy received from the Sun.
This energy helps to drive biotic systems. The Sun's energy allows plants to
convert inorganic chemicals into organic compounds. The organic compounds are
also called the organic energy.
The organic energy can move within the ecosystem through the consumption of
living or dead organic matter. The decomposition of the organic compounds
produces inorganic compounds and plants can again use these inorganic
compounds.
Ecological niche: The total requirements of a species for all resources and
physical conditions determine where it can live and how abundant it can be at any
one place within its range. These requirements are termed abstractly the ecological
niche.
Ecological Niche: It is all of the physical, chemical and biological conditions
required by a species for survival, growth and reproduction.