DIFFERENTIATION

Application of Differentiation
v Equation of tangent and normal
At a point (h,k),
(a) Gradient of a tangent
dy
dx
=
Equation of tangent: ( )
dy
y k x h
dx
| |
=
|
\ .

(b) Gradient of a normal =
dy
dx

| |
|
\ .
1

Equation of a normal: ( ) y k x h
dy
dx
=
| |
|
\ .
1

EXERCISE
1. Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve ( ) y x x = +
3
2 at (1,1).
Solution











2. The gradient of the tangent to the curve
2
x
q
px y + = at ( ) 5 2, is 1.
Find the values of p and q.
Solution













3. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
2
3 2 6 x x y + = at ( ) 2 1, .
Solution


Example 4
The straight line 0 5 3 = x y is the tangent to the curve ( )
3
1 + = x y at point R.
Find the coordinates of R.
Solution
Given 0 5 3 = x y
5 3 + = x y
Thus, gradient of tangent, 3 =
dx
dy

Given ( )
3
1 + = x y

( )
( )
( )
1 1 2
1 1
3 1 3
1 3
2
2
2
2
= + +
= +
= +
+ =
x x
x
x
x
dx
dy


( ) 0 2
0 2
2
= +
= +
x x
x x


x x
x
= + =
=
0 or 2 0
2

Substitute 2 = x in 5 3 + = x y , ( ) 1 5 2 3 = + = y
Substitute 2 = x in ( )
3
1 + = x y , ( ) 1 1 2
3
= + = y
Thus, the coordinates of R = ( ) 1 2 ,



2. Equations of Normal at a Point on a Curve.
Example 5
The gradient of the normal to the curve 5 4 2
2
+ = x x y at point P is
4
1
.
Find the coordinates of P.
Solution

2
2 4 5 y x x = +
Thus, gradient of the tangent to the curve 4 4
dy
x
dx
=
Given gradient of normal
4
1
= ,
gradient of the tangent to the curve;
Using power rule:

1 n
dy du
nu
dx dx

| |
=
|
\ .

Gradient of tangent
gradient of normal
=
1


dy
dx
= =
| |

|
\ .
1
4
1
4

4 4 4 x =

x
x
=
=
4 8
2

( ) ( ) y = + =
2
2 2 4 2 5 5.
Point P is ( ) 5 2,

Example 6
Find the equation of the normal to the curve
( )
y x x =
2
2
4 at the point where
x = 3.
Solution

( )
( )( )
y x x
dy
x x x
dx
=
=
2
2
2
4
2 4 4 2

when x = 3,
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
dy
dx
=
2
2 4 3 3 4 2 3

( ) ( ) =
=
2 3 2
12

when x = 3,
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
4 3 3 9 y = =
Gradient of normal = =

1 1
12 12

Equation of normal is ( )
1 1
x x m y y =
( )
1
9 3
12
y x =
12 105 y x = +
Example 7
Find the equation of the normal to the curve ( )
2
1 2 = x y which is
perpendicular to the straight line 3 4 + = x y .
Solution
( )
2
1 2 = x y ;
( )( ) ( ) 1 2 4 2 1 2 2 = = x x
dx
dy

gradient of the normal
( ) 1 2 4
1

=
x

Given 3 4 + = x y ;
Using power rule:

1 n
dy du
nu
dx dx

| |
=
|
\ .


m
dy
dx
=
1


m
dy
dx
=
1

gradient of the line 3 4 + = x y is 4
gradient of the normal
4
1
=

( )
1
1 1 2
4
1
1 2 4
1
=
=
=

x
x
x

( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2
2
= = y
Equation of the normal at ( ) 1 1, with gradient
4
1
is
( )
1 1
x x m y y =

( )
5 4
1 4 4
1
4
1
1
+ =
+ =
=
x y
x y
x y


Alternative Method
( )
2
1 2 = x y ;
( )( ) ( ) 1 2 4 2 1 2 2 = = x x
dx
dy

Given 3 4 + = x y , thus gradient of the line 3 4 + = x y is 4
gradient of the tangent 4 =

( )
1
1 1 2
4 1 2 4
=
=
=
x
x
x

( ) ( )
y = =
2
2 1 1 1
gradient of the normal =
1
4


Equation of the normal at ( ) 1 1, with gradient
4
1
is

( )
5 4
1 4 4
1
4
1
1
+ =
+ =
=
x y
x y
x y



MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

MINDA KREATIF (SET INDUKSI)
Normal to the curve
( )
2
1 2 = x y is
perpendicular to the
line 3 4 + = x y

The straight line 4 3 y x = + is
perpendicular to the normal, thus
gradient of the line = gradient of
the tangent


Zakis mother promises to make a pizza
for Zaki on the condition that he makes a
tray with the largest volume from a piece of
rectangular piece of metal sheet of length 16cm
and width 10cm.

He is required to cut four squares, each of side x cm
from each corner as shown in the diagram on the right.

Can you help Zaki to find out the correct measurements of the tray in order to
obtain the maximum volume?

Solution
From the diagram, length of tray = 16 2x
width of tray = 10 2x
height of tray = x

Thus Volume of tray,
( )( ) 16 2 10 2 V x x x =

3 2
4 52 160 V x x x = +

At maximum point, 0
dV
dx
=

( )( )
,
2
2
12 104 160 0
3 26 40 0
3 20 2 0
20
2
3
x x
x x
x x
x
+ =
+ =
=
=

The second derivative,
2
2
24 104
d V
x
dx
=
When
20
3
x = ,
2
2
0
d V
dx
> , V has a minimum value
When 2 x = ,
2
2
0
d V
dx
< , V has a maximum value. Hence, Zakis tray should be of
length = 16 2(2) = 12 cm, width = 10 2(2) = 6 cm, and height = 2 cm so that
the volume of the tray is maximum.



RUJUKAN- NOTA PENTING
1. Second Derivative
x
x
16 cm
10 cm
v The second derivative of a function ( ) x f y = is the differentiation of the
second order and is written as
2
2
dx
y d
or ( ) x f ' ' .
v The second derivative can be obtained by differentiating
dx
dy
or ( ) x f ' with
respect to x.
If ( ) x f y = , then ( ) x f
dx
dy
' =
( ) x f
dx
y d
dx
dy
dx
d
' ' = = |
.
|

\
|
2
2


2. Turning Points of a Curve
v The turning point of a curve ( ) x f y =
is the point where ( ) 0 = ' = x f
dx
dy

Example: Point P and point Q in the
diagram are known as turning points
of the curve ( ) x f y = .





3. Maximum and Minimum Points
v The turning points can either be a maximum or a minimum point.

v It is a minimum point when

dx
dy
changes from a negative value
to zero and then to a positive value.



v It is a maximum point when

dx
dy
changes from a positive value
to zero and then to a negative value.




4. Determining minimum and maximum point using second derivative.
v At minimum point,
Differentiation of
the first order
Differentiation of
the second order

y = f(x)
y
x
0
-
-
P

Q

0
dy
dx
=

0
dy
dx
=

-
0 =
dx
dy

0 <
dx
dy

0 >
dx
dy

0 =
dx
dy

0 <
dx
dy

0 >
dx
dy

-
0
dy
dx
= and
2
2
0
d y
dx
>
v At maximum point
0
dy
dx
= and
2
2
0
d y
dx
<


LATIHAN-BIMBINGAN

1. Second Derivative
Example 1:
Find
2
2
dx
y d
for each of the following.
(a) 3 6 4 2
2 3
+ + = x x x y
(b)
9
3 y
x
= +
(c) ( )
4
1 + = x y
Solution
(a) 3 6 4 2
2 3
+ + = x x x y

2
2
2
6 8 6
12 8
dy
x x
dx
d y
x
dx
= +
= +


(b)
1
9
3 3 9 y x
x

= + = +

2
2
3
2 3
9
18
18
dy
x
dx
d y
x
dx x

=
= =


(c) ( )
4
1 + = x y

( )
( )
3
2
2
2
4 1
12 1
dy
x
dx
d y
x
dx
= +
= +




2. Turning Points
Example 2:
8
Find the coordinates of the turning points of the curve
3 2
1
2 3
3
y x x x = + .
Solution

3 2
2
1
2 3
3
4 3
y x x x
dy
x x
dx
= +
= +

At the turning points, 0 =
dx
dy


( )( )
2
4 3 0
1 3 0
x x
x x
+ =
=

1or 3 x x = =
When x = 1, ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1 4
1 2 1 3 1
3 3
y = + =
When x = 3, ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1
3 2 3 3 3 0
3
y = + =
Hence, the turning points are ,
4
1
3
| |
|
\ .
and
( ) , 3 0

3. Maximum and Minimum Point
Example 3:
Find the turning point of the curve
2
3 12 x x y = and determine whether the
turning point is a maximum or a minimum point.
Solution

x
dx
dy
x x y
6 12
3 12
2
=
=

At the turning point, 0 =
dx
dy


2
12 6
0 6 12
=
=
=
x
x
x

( ) ( )
2
12 2 3 2 12 y = =
Hence
( ) , 2 12 is the turning point





Method 1: Tangent Sketching Method

Choose x < 2
Choose x > 2
9


Value of x 15 2 25
Value of
dx
dy
( ) 12 6 1 5 3 0 = >
0 ( ) 12 6 2 5 3 0 = <
Sketch of
tangent

(The value of
dy
dx
changes from a positive value to zero and then to a negative value)
Thus, ( ) 12 2, is a maximum point
Method 2: Second- Order Differentiation Method

2
2
12 6
6 0 (negatif)
dy
x
dx
d y
dx
=
= <

Thus, ( ) 12 2, is a maximum point

Example 4:
The curve
( )
2
3 f x px qx = + + has a maximum point (3,12).
Find the values of p and q.
Solution

( )
( )
2
3
2
f x px qx
f x px q
= + +
' = +

At the point (3,12),
( ) 0 f x ' =

( ) 2 3 0
6
p q
q p
+ =
=

Substitute (3,12) in
( )
2
3 f x px qx = + +

( ) ( )
2
12 3 3 3
12 9 3 3
9 3 9
3 3
p q
p q
p q
p q
= + +
= +
=
=

Substitute 6 q p = in 3 3 p q =

3 6 3
3 3
1
p p
p
p
=
=
=


( ) 6 1 6 q = =
Problems Involving Maximum and Minimum Values
Example 5:
10
Given
2
P x y = and 6 = + y x , find the maximum value of P such that 0 > x
and 0 > y .
Solution
From 6 = + y x ,
x y = 6
Substitute x y = 6 in
2
P x y =

( )
2
2 3
6
6
P x x
P x x
=
=


2
2
2
12 3
12 6
dP
x x
dx
d P
x
dx
=
=

At turning point, 0
dP
dx
=
( )
2
12 3 0
3 4 0
4 since 0
x x
x x
x x
=
=
= >

When 4 = x , ( )
2
2
12 6 4 12 0
d P
dx
= = <
Therefore, P has a maximum value when 4 = x .
When 4 = x ,
2 3
6 P x x =

( ) ( )
88
2 4 6
3 2
=
=

Therefore, the maximum value of P is 88.

Example 6:
A cuboid has a height h cm and a square base with sides x cm each. The volume
of the cuboid is 8 cm
3
.
(a) Show that the total surface area of the cuboid, A cm
2
, is given by

2
32
2 A x
x
= +
(b) Find the value of x that makes the value of A a minimum.
(c) Hence, find the minimum value of A.
Solution
(a)Volume of the cuboid 8 = cm
3


2
8
8
x
h
h x x
=
=

Total surface area,
2
2 4 A x xh = +
Substitute
2
8
x
h = in
2
2 4 A x xh = + .
x cm
x cm
h cm
11

2
2
2
8
2 4
32
2
A x x
x
A x
x
| |
= +
|
\ .
= +

(b)
2 1
2 32 A x x

= +

2
2
2
3
2 3
32
4 32 4
64
4 64 4
dA
x x x
dx x
d A
x
dx x

= =
= + = +

At turning point, 0
dA
dx
=

2
8
32 4
0
32
4
3
3
2
=
=
=
=
x
x
x
x
x

When 2 x = ,
( )
2
3 2
64
4 12 0
2
d A
dx
= + = >
Therefore, A has a minimum value when 2 x = .

(c) When 2 x = ,

( )
2
2
32
2 2
2
16cm
A
A
= +
=

Therefore, the minimum value of
2
16cm A =







TIP
The second-order differentiation method is used if the second-order differentiation
is not complicated. The tangent sketching method is used when the second-order
differentiation is complicated.





RUMUSAN
12












































PENILAIAN
1 Find ( ) x f ' ' for each of the following functions.
Maximum and Minimum Values
A turning point of a curve is a
point on the curve with 0
dy
dx
=
Maximum point







Minimum point


Second Derivatives
( ) x f y =
( ) x f
dx
dy
' =
( )
2
2
d y
f x
dx
'' =
At maximum point,
0
dy
dx
= and
2
2
0
d y
dx
<
At minimum point,
0
dy
dx
= and
2
2
0
d y
dx
>

-
0 =
dx
dy

0 <
dx
dy

0 >
dx
dy

0 =
dx
dy

0 <
dx
dy

0 >
dx
dy

-
13
(a) ( ) ( )
4
1 3 = x x f
(b) ( )
x
x x x f
4
5
3
+ =
2 Find the coordinates of the turning points of the curve ( )
2
3 = x x y . Hence,
determine whether each of the turning points is a maximum or a minimum
point.
3 The curve
2
k
y x h
x
= + + has a turning point (1,7).
(a) Find the values of h and k.
(b) Determine whether the turning point is a maximum or a minimum point.

4 Diagram 1 shows a piece of rectangular card with length x cm and
breadth h cm is being rolled into the shape of an open cylinder of height
h cm as shown in Diagram 2.








The perimeter of the piece of rectangular card is 50 cm.
(a) Show that the volume of the cylinder, V cm
3
, is given by ( )
2
25
4
x
V x
t
=
(b) Find the values of x and h such that the volume of the cylinder is a
maximum.

Jawapan
1 (a) ( ) ( )
3
12 3 1 f x x ' =
( ) ( )
2
108 3 1 f x x '' =
(b)
( )
2 2
15 1 4 f x x x

' = + +
( )
3
8
30 f x x
x
'' =

2 The turning points are (1,4) and (3,0)
(1,4) is a maximum point
(3,0) is a minimum point

3 4 h = , 2 k = , ( ) 7 1, is a minimum point
4 (a) Perimeter = 50
x cm
h cm
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
h cm
14

2 2 50
25
25
x h
x h
h x
+ =
+ =
=

Circumference of the base of the cylinder = x

2
2
r x
x
r
t
t
=
=

Volume of cylinder,
2
V r h t =

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
25
2
25
4
25 (shown)
4
x
V x
x
x
x
V x
t
t
t
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=

(b)
50
cm
3
x = ,
25
cm
3
h = .

0 <
dx
dy

- P(x
1
,y
1
)