MAE 101

Statics and Strength of Materials

Giacomo Po
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
University of California, Los Angeles
Lecture 1
October 6, 2014
Course info
Instructor: Giacomo Po (gpo@ucla.edu)
Lecture: M & W 2:00-3:50pm DODD 121
Ofce: E-IV 46-127K
Ofce hours: M & W 12:00-1:50pm
TA (sec 1A): Ryan Crum (rycrum@ucla.edu)
Discussion: F 2:00-3:50pm KNSY PV 1200B
Ofce: E IV 43-147
Ofce hours: M & W 12:00-1:00pm, Tu 1:00-2:00pm
TA (sec 1B): Kevin Wood (kevinwood777@gmail.com)
Discussion: F 2:00-3:50pm WGYOUNG 4216
Ofce: E IV 43-147
Ofce hours: Tu & Th 10:00am-12:00pm
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 2 / 25
Course info
Textbook: Bedford, Fowler, and Liechti, Statics and
Mechanics of Materials, Prentice Hall
Grading:

homework 20%

midterm 35%

nal 45%
Midterm and nal exams are closed book and closed notes.
Only a one-page (two sides) cheat sheet is allowed during the
exams.
Homework: problems from the textbook will be posted each Wednesday on the
course web page:
https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/14F-MECHAE101-1
All homework is due on Friday of the following week, during discussion (unless
otherwise stated). Electronic submission is also allowed.
Math quiz (30-45 mins): will appear soon on the course web page. The quiz
assess your level of math. It counts as a homework.
PTE #: see me during the break.
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 3 / 25
Syllabus
See most recent pdf le on course web page
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 4 / 25
Background math: differentiation and integration
Some Background Mathematics
n n 1
n 1
n
d d d d 1
x nx , sin(ax) a cos(ax), cos(ax) a sin(ax), ln x
dx dx dx dx x
d
|I (x)g(x)| I (x)g (x) I (x)g(x) (Leibnitz Iormula)
dx
x cos(ax)
x dx , sin(ax)dx , cos(a
n 1 a

Differentiation and integration formulas
sin(ax)
x)dx
a
I (x)g(x)dx I (x) g(x)dx I (x)| g(x)dx|dx (integration by parts)

Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 5 / 25
Background math: ODE
Some Background Mathematics (cont.)
2
2
1 2
2
2
2
1 2 P
2
P
:
dy
I (x) y I (x)dx c
dx
d y
k y 0 y c cos(kx) c sin(kx)
dx
d y
k y I (x) y c cos(kx) c sin(kx) y (x)
dx
y (x) is the "particular solution".

ODE
2
2 1
1 2
2
2
2
1 2
2
Euler's Equations:
d y dy
x x y 0 y c x c x
dx dx
d y dy
x x y 0 y c x c x ln x
dx dx

Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 6 / 25
Background math: trigonometry
Some Background Mathematics (cont.)
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
cos sin 1
cos 2 2cos 1 1 2sin
sin 2 2sin cos
cos(A B) cos Acos B sin Asin B
sin(A B) sin Acos B cos Asin B
x r cos , y r sin r x y
y y
tan n tan , n depends on the signs oI x and y.
x x

Trigonomtry :
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 7 / 25
Physical units
We shall use the International System of Units (SI).
In Si units mechanical quantities of interest are measured as:

length: meters (m)

mass: kilograms (kg)

time: seconds (s)

force: Netwon (N)

1 N = 1 kg 1
m
s
2
(1)

pressure: Pascal (Pa)

1 Pa = 1
N
m
2
(2)

energy: Joule (J)

1 J = 1N 1m (3)

power: Watt (W)

1 W = 1
J
s
(4)
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 8 / 25
Outline of the lecture
1
Introduction
2
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1)
Vectors
Vector components
Magnitude and direction of a vector
Direction cosines
Vector Addition
Product between a scalar and a vector
Dot product between two vectors
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 9 / 25
Introduction
Introduction
Mechanics is branch of science that studies the relationship
between motion of physical bodies and forces applied to
them.
Isaac Newton laid the foundation of modern classical
mechanics in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy), in 1687. Three laws
1
Inertia There is at least one frame of reference (inertial
reference frame), relative to which the motion of a particle not
subject to forces is a straight line at a constant speed.
2
Motion. In an inertial reference frame, the net force on a
particle is equal to the rate of change of its linear momentum:
F =
d
dt
(mv) = ma (5)
3
Action and Reaction. The force exerted by two particles on
each other are equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction).
Isaac Newton
1642-1726
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 10 / 25
Introduction
Introduction
In this course we study statics and strength of solid structures.
Statics refers to the branch of mechanics that focuses on physical bodies in force
equilibrium.
Strength refers to the analysis and prevention of structural failure.
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 11 / 25
Introduction
Example of static/strength problems (1)
Suppose that you have do design a crane for civil construction. The crane must be able
to lift a load of 1000 kg.
1000 kg
At what maximum distance d can the load be lifted before stability is
compromised?
What cross section should the steel cables be?
What is the optimal arrangement of the elements in the truss structure?
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 12 / 25
Introduction
Example of static/strength problems (2)
Design of an internal combustion engine
What is the minimum cylinder wall-thickness to contain the combustion pressure?
What is the maximum speed that the connecting rods can withstand?
What is the minimum diameter of the engine shaft to safely transmit the maximum
torque?
For a certain component, what material should be used?
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 13 / 25
Introduction
Example of static/strength problems (3)
Design of a plane wing
What is the lighter structure that can safely support the weight of the plane?
What materials should be used for each component?
What is the maximum vertical deection that the wing can safely accommodate?
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 14 / 25
Introduction
Statics and Strength of Materials
Our goal is to understand how solid structures behave under applied forces.
This understanding will allow to design safe structures that resist failure.
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 15 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Vectors
Vectors
A vector is a mathematical representation of a physical quantity that has the
following properties:
1
a magnitude
2
an oriented direction
Among others, examples of physical quantities that can be represented by vectors
include position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle, and the force acting on a
particle.
We use arrows to graphically represent vectors
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 16 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Vector components
Vectors in Cartesian reference systems
In order to represent a vector analytically, we need to introduce a reference
system.
We introduce a three-dimensional Cartesian
1
(right-handed
2
) reference system
x-y-z.
We use , , and

k to identify unit vectors along the x, y, and z axes, respectively.
1
Cartesian means that the reference axes are xed and mutually orthogonal
2
Right-handed means that the axes are oriented as one of the following:
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 17 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Magnitude and direction of a vector
Vectors in Cartesian reference systems
With respect to the Cartesian reference system, a vector F can be written as
F = F
x
+ F
y
+ F
z

k (6)
The scalar values F
x
, F
y
, and F
z
are the scalar components of F with respect to
the reference system.
In terms of components, the magnitude (or norm) of F is
F = F =

F
2
x
+ F
2
y
+ F
2
z
(7)
Dividing a vector by its magnitude one obtains a unit vector in the direction of
the original vector

F =
F
F
(8)
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 18 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Magnitude and direction of a vector
example
Given the vector
F = 2 + 3 + 4

k (9)
Determine:
1
its magnitude
2
its direction (unit vector)
Solution:
1
magnitude
F = F =

F
2
x
+ F
2
y
+ F
2
z
=

4 + 9 + 16 =

29 (10)
2
direction (unit vector)

F =
F
F
=
2 + 3 + 4

29
=
2

29
+
3

29
+
4

29

k (11)
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 19 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Direction cosines
Direction Cosines
The cosines of the angles between a vector U and the reference axes are known
as direction cosines
The components of a vector U are the projection of U onto the reference axes.
Therefore
U
x
= U cos
x
U
y
= U cos
y
U
z
= U cos
z
(12)
Squaring and summing the relationships above we obtain the identity
U
2
x
+ U
2
y
+ U
2
z

U
2
= U
2
(cos
2

x
+ cos
2

y
+ cos
2

z
) (13)
or
cos
2

x
+ cos
2

y
+ cos
2

z
= 1 (14)
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 20 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Vector Addition
Vector Addition
The sum of two vectors U and V is a vector obtained summing the corresponding
components of U and V :
U +V = (U
x
+ U
y
+ U
z

k) + (V
x
+ V
y
+ V
z

k)
= (U
x
+ V
x
) + (U
y
+ V
y
) + (U
z
+ V
z
)

k (15)
Graphically, this corresponds to the parallelogram rule:
Vector addition is commutative:
U +V = V +U (16)
Vector addition is associative:
U + (V +W) = (V +U) +W (17)
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 21 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Product between a scalar and a vector
Product between a scalar and a vector
The product of a vector U by a scalar a is the vector:
aV = a(U
x
+ U
y
+ U
z

k) = aU
x
+ aU
y
+ aU
z

k (18)
Graphically, this corresponds to a (signed) scaling of the original vector:
Properties

The product is associative with respect to scalar multiplication:

a(bU) = (ab)U (19)

The product is distributive with respect to scalar addition:

(a + b)U = aU + bU (20)

The product is distributive with respect to vector addition:

a(U +V ) = aU + aV (21)
We can now dene the difference between two vectors:
U V = U + (1)V (22)
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 22 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Dot product between two vectors
Dot product between two vectors
The dot product between two vectors U and V is the scalar
U V = UV cos (23)
Properties:

The dot product is commutative

U V = V U (24)

The dot product is associative with respect to scalar multiplication

a(U V ) = (aV ) U = V (aU) (25)

The dot product is distributive with respect to vector addition

U (V +W) = U V +U W (26)
These properties are now used to determine the dot product in terms of
components
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 23 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Dot product between two vectors
Dot product in terms of components
Using vector components, the dot product reads:
U V = (U
x
+ U
y
+ U
z

k) (V
v
+ V
y
+ V
z

k)
= U
x
V
x
+ U
x
V
y
+ U
x
V
z


k
+ U
y
V
x
+ U
y
V
y
+ U
y
V
z


k
+ U
z
V
x

k + U
z
V
y

k + U
z
V
z

k

k (27)
Now recall that , , and

k are mutually perpendicular, therefore
=

k =

k = 0 (28)
= =

k

k = 1 (29)
Therefore the dot product between U and V becomes:
U V = U
x
V
x
+ U
y
V
y
+ U
z
V
z
(30)
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 24 / 25
Review of Vector Algebra (Ch. 1) Dot product between two vectors
Dot product and vector norm
The dot product between a vector U and itself is:
U U = U
x
U
x
+ U
y
U
y
+ U
z
U
z
= U
2
(31)
therefore
U =

U U (32)
This property can be applied to nd the norm of the sum of two vectors:
U +V =

(U +V ) (U +V ) =

U U +V V + 2U V
=

U
2
+ V
2
+ 2UV cos (33)
where is the angle between U and V .
Giacomo Po (UCLA) MAE 101, lecture 1 October 6, 2014 25 / 25