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International Codes

British Codes - Steel Design Per BS5950:2000


2B.6 Design Parameters
Available design parameters to be used in conjunction with BS5950 are listed in table 2B.1 along with their default values. The
following items should be noted with respect to their use.
1. (PY Steel Design Strength )
The design parameter PY should only be used when a uniform design strength for an entire structure or a portion thereof is required.
Otherwise the value of PY will be set according to the stipulations of BS5950 table 9 in which the design strength is seen as a function
of cross sectional thickness for a particular steel grade (SGR parameter) and particular element considered. Generally speaking this
option is not required and the program should be allowed to ascertain the appropriate value.
2. (UNL, LY and LZ - Relevant Effective Length)
The values supplied for UNL, LY and LZ should be real numbers greater than zero in current units of length. They are supplied along
with or instead of UNF, KY and KZ (which are factors, not lengths) to define lateral torsional buckling and compression effective
lengths respectively. Please note that both UNL or UNF and LY or KY values are required even though they are often the same values.
The former relates to compression flange restraint for lateral torsional buckling while the latter is the unrestrained buckling length for
compression checks.
3. (TRACK - Control of Output Formats )
When the TRACK parameter is set to 0.0, 1.0 or 2.0, member capacities will be printed in design related output (code check or
member selection) in kilonewtons per square metre.
TRACK 4.0 causes the design to carry out a deflection check, usually with a different load list to the main code check. The members
that are to be checked must have the parameters, DFF, DJ1 and DJ2 set.
An example of each TRACK setting follows:-
TRACK 0.0 OUTPUT STAAD CODE CHECKING - (BSI )
--------------------------- ******************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KNS METR (UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED)
MEMBER TABLE RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/
LOADING/
FX MY MZ LOCATION
=================================================================
1 ST UB686X254X170 PASS BS-4.8.3.2 0.036
3
86.72 C 0.00 -22.02
4.50
---------------------------------
TRACK 1.0 OUTPUT STAAD CODE CHECKING - (BSI )
--------------------------- ******************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KNS METR (UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED)
MEMBER TABLE RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/
LOADING/
FX MY MZ LOCATION
=================================================================
1 ST UB686X254X170 PASS BS-4.8.3.2 0.036
3
86.72 C 0.00 -22.02
4.50
TRACK 2.0 OUTPUT STAAD.Pro CODE CHECKING - (BSI )
--------------------------- ***************************
ALL UNITS ARE - KN METE (UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED)
MEMBER TABLE RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/
LOADING/
CALCULATED CAPACITIES FOR MEMB 1 UNIT - KN,M SECTION CLASS 4
MCZ= 1141.9 MCY= 120.4 PC= 3451.5 PT= 5739.9 MB= 1084.1 PV=
1597.5
BUCKLING CO-EFFICIENTS M AND N : M = 1.000 N = 1.000
PZ= 5739.90 FX/PZ = 0.02 MRZ= 1141.9 MRY=
120.4

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_________________________
4. (MX, MY, MYX and MLT Equivalent Moment Factors)
The values for the equivalent moment factors can either be specified directly by the user as a positive value between 0.4 and 1.0 for
MX, MY and MYX and 0.44 and 1.0 for MLT.
The program can be used to calculate the values for the equivalent moment factors by defining the design member with a GROUP
command (see the Technical Reference Manual section 5.16 Listing of Members/Elements/Joints by Specification of GROUPS). The
nodes along the beam can then be defined as the location of restraint points with J settings.
Additionally for the MLT parameter, the joint can be defined as having the upper flange restrained (positive local Y) with the a U
setting or the lower flange restrained (negative local Y) with a L setting.

For example, consider a series of 5 beam elements as a single continuous member as shown below:
FX MY MZ LOCATION
===================================================================
1 ST UB533X210X92 PASS BS-4.3.6 0.902 100
0.00 0.00 585.41
0.00
===================================================================
MATERIAL DATA
Grade Of Steel = S 275
Modulus Of Elasticity = 205 KN/Mm2
Design Strength (Py) = 275 N/Mm2
SECTION PROPERTIES (Units - Cm)
Member Length = 325.00
Gross Area = 117.00 Net Area = 117.00
Major Axis Minor Axis
Moment Of Inertia : 55229.996 2389.000
Plastic Modulus : 2360.000 356.000
Elastic Modulus : 2072.031 228.285
Shear Area : 58.771 53.843
DESIGN DATA (Units - KN,M) BS5950-1/2000
Section Class : PLASTIC
Major Axis Minor Axis
Moment Capacity : 649.0 94.2
Reduced Moment Capacity : 649.0 97.9
Shear Capacity : 969.7 888.4
BUCKLING CALCULATIONS (Units - KN,M)
(Axis Nomenclature As Per Design Code)
LTB Moment Capacity (KNm) And LTB Length (M): 649.00, 0.001
LTB Coefficients & Associated Moments (KNm):
MLT = 1.00 : Mx = 1.00 : My = 1.00 : Myx = 1.00
Mlt = 585.41 : Mx = 585.41 : My = 0.00 : My = 0.00
CRITICAL LOADS FOR EACH CLAUSE CHECK (Units- KN,M):
CLAUSE RATIO LOAD FX VY VZ MZ MY
BS-4.2.3-(Y) 0.329 100 - 292.3 - - -
BS-4.3.6 0.902 100 - 292.3 - 585.4 -
BS-4.8.3.2 0.814 100 0.0 68.0 0.0 585.4 0.0
BS-4.8.3.3.1 1.027 100 0.0 - - 585.4 0.0
BS-4.8.3.3.2 0.902 100 0.0 - - 585.4 0.0
Annex I.1 0.902 100 0.0 - - 585.4 0.0
Torsion And Deflections Have Not Been Considered In The Design.
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To enable the steel design, the beam needs to be defined as a group, called MainBeam:
Note that this can be done in the GUI by selecting the beams and clicking on the menu option:
Tools | Create New Group
Therefore, this 5 beam member has 6 joints such that:-
Joint 1 = Node 3
Joint 2 = Node 1
Joint 3 = Node 33
Joint 4 = Node 14
Joint 5 = Node 7
Joint 6 = Node 2
a. Consider MX, MY and MYX
Say that this member has been restrained in its major axis (local Y) only at the ends. In the minor axis (local Z) it has been
restrained at the ends and also at node number 33 (joint 3). For local flexural buckling, it has only been restrained at its ends.
Hence:-
For the major axis, local Y axis:-
MX _MainBeam J1 J6
For the minor axis, local Z axis:-
MY _ MainBeam J1 J3 J6
For the lateral flexural buckling, local X axis:-
MYX _ MainBeam J1 J6
b. Consider MLT
Say that this member has been restrained at its ends against lateral torsional buckling and the top flange has been restrained at node
number 33 (joint 3) and only the lower flange at node number 7, (joint 5). Hence:-
MLT _MainBeam J1 T3 L5 J6
To split the beam into two buckling lengths for L
y
at joint 14:-

MY _groupname J1 J4 J6

5. (LEG - Table 25 BS5950 for Fastener Control)
The slenderness of single and double angle, channel and tee sections are specified in BS 5950 table 25 depending on the connection
provided at the end of the member. To define the appropriate connection, a LEG parameter should be assigned to the member.
The following list indicates the value of the LEG parameter required to match the BS5950 connection definition:
Clause 4.7.10.2 Single Angle:
a. 2 Bolts: Short leg = 1.0, Long Leg = 3.0
b. 1 Bolt: Short Leg = 0.0, Long Leg = 2.0
For single angles, the slenderness is calculated for the geometric axes, a-a and b-b as well as the weak v-v axis. The effective
lengths of the geometric axes are defined as:-
La = KY * KY
START GROUP DEFINITION
MEMBER
_MainBeam 11 2 38 12 3
END GROUP DEFINITION
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Lb = KZ * LZ
The slenderness calculated for the v-v axis is then used to calculate the compression strength p
c
for the weaker principal axis (z-z for
ST angles or y-y for RA specified angles). The maximum slenderness of the a-a and b-b axes is used to calculate the compression
strength p
c
for the stronger principal axis.
Alternatively for single angles where the connection is not known or Table 25 is not appropriate, by setting the LEG parameter to 10,
slenderness is calculated for the two principal axes y-y and z-z only. The LVV parameter is not used.
For double angles, the LVV parameter is available to comply with note 5 in table 25. In addition, if using double angles from user
tables, (Technical Reference Manual section 5.19) an eleventh value, r
vv
, should be supplied at the end of the ten existing values
corresponding to the radius of gyration of the single angle making up the pair.
6. (SWAY Sway Loadcase)
This parameter is used to specify a load case that is to be treated as a sway load case in the context of clause 4.8.3.3.4. This load
case would be set up to represent the k
amp
M
s
mentioned in this clause and the steel design module would add the forces from this
load case to the forces of the other load case it is designed for.
Note that the load case specified with this parameter will not be designed as a separate load case. The following is the correct syntax
for the parameter:-
Example
Parameter Name Default Value Description
SWAY (load case number) ALL
MEMBER (member list)
_(group name)
SWAY 5 MEM 1 To 10
SWAY 6 _MainBeams
Table 2B.1 - British Steel Design BS5950:2000 Parameters
Parameter
Name
Default Value Description
CODE BS5950 Design Code to follow. See section 5.47.1 of the Technical Reference
Manual.
SGR 0.0 Steel Grade per BS4360
0.0 = Grade S 275
1.0 = Grade S 355
2.0 = Grade S 460
3.0 = As per GB 1591 16 Mn
AD Depth at end/2 Distance between the reference axis and the axis of restraint. See G.2.3
PY * Set according to
steel grade (SGR)
Design strength of steel
KY 1.0 K factor value in local y - axis. Usually, this is the minor axis.
KZ 1.0 K factor value in local z - axis. Usually, this is the major axis.
LY * Member Length Length in local y - axis (current units) to calculate (KY)(LY)/Ryy
slenderness ratio.
LZ * Member Length Length in local z - axis (current units) to calculate (KZ)(LZ)/Rzz
slenderness ratio.
UNF 1.0 Factor applied to unsupported length for Lateral Torsional Buckling
effective length per section 4.3.6.7 of BS5950.
UNL * Member Length Unsupported Length for calculating Lateral Torsional Buckling resistance
moment section 4.3.6.7 of BS5950.
NSF 1.0 Net section factor for tension members.
SBLT 0.0 Identify Section type for section classification
0.0 = Rolled Section
1.0 = Built up Section
2.0 = Cold formed section
MAIN 0.0 Slenderness limit for members with compression forces, effective length/
radius of gyration, for a given axis:-
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0.0 = Slenderness not performed.
1.0 = Main structural member (180)
2.0 = Secondary member. (250)
3.0 = Bracing etc (350)
TRACK 0.0 0.0 = Suppress all member capacity info.
1.0 = Print all member capacities.
2.0 = Print detailed design sheet.
4.0 = Deflection Check (separate check to main select / check code)
BEAM 3.0 0.0 = Design only for end moments or those locations specified by the
SECTION command.
1.0 = Calculate forces and moments at 12th points along the member.
Establish the location where Mz is the maximum. Use the forces and
moments at that location. Clause checks at one location.
2.0 = Same as BEAM = 1.0 but additional checks are carried out for
each end.
3.0 = Calculate moments at 12th points along the member. Clause
checks at each location including the ends of the member.
LEG 0.0 Valid range from 0 7 and 10. See section 2B.6.5 for details. The values
correspond to table 25 of BS5950 for fastener conditions.
LVV * Maximum of Lyy
and Lzz
(Lyy is a term
used
by BS5950)
Used in conjunction with LEG for Lvv as per BS5950 table 25 for double
angles, note 5.
CB 1.0 1.0 = BS5950 per clause B.2.5 (continuous) to calculate Mb.
2.0 = To calculate Mbs (simple) as per Clause 4.7.7 as opposed to Mb.
DFF None
(Mandatory for
deflection check,
TRACK 4.0)
"Deflection Length" / Maxm. allowable local deflection
DJ1 Start Joint
of member
Joint No. denoting starting point for calculation of "Deflection
Length" (See Note 1)
DJ2 End Joint of
member
Joint No. denoting end point for calculation of "Deflection Length" (See
Note 1)
CAN 0 0 = deflection check based on the principle that maximum deflection
occurs within the span between DJ1 and DJ2.
1 = deflection check based on the principle that maximum deflection is
of the cantilever type (see note below)
ESTIFF 0.0 Clauses 4.8.3.3.1 and 4.8.3.3.2
0.0 = Fail ratio uses MIN of 4.8.3.3.1, 4.8.3.3.2. and Annex I1 checks.
1.0 = Fail ratio uses MAX of 4.8.3.3.1, 4.8.3.3.2. and Annex I1 checks.
WELD 1.0 closed
2.0 open
Weld Type, see AISC steel design
1.0 = Closed sections. Welding on one side only (except for
webs of wide flange and tee sections)
2.0 = Open sections. Welding on both sides (except pipes
and tubes)
TB 0.0 0.0 = Elastic stress analysis
1.0 = Plastic stress analysis
PNL * 0.0 Transverse stiffener spacing (a in Annex H1)
0.0 = Infinity
Any other value used in the calculations.
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Once a parameter is specified, its value stays at that specified number till it is specified again. This is the way STAAD works for
all codes.
* current units must be considered.
**For angles, if the original section is an equal angle, then the selected section will be an equal angle and vice versa for unequal
angles.
There was an NT parameter in STAAD.Pro 2005 build 1003 which is now automatically calculated during the design as it is load
case dependant.
NOTES:
1. When performing the deflection check, the user can choose between two methods. The first method, defined by a value 0 for
the CAN parameter, is based on the local displacement. Local displacement is described in section 5.43 of this manual.
If the CAN parameter is set to 1, the check will be based on cantilever style deflection. Let (DX1, DY1, DZ1) represent the nodal
displacements (in global axes) at the node defined by DJ1 (or in the absence of DJ1, the start node of the member). Similarly,
(DX2, DY2, DZ2) represent the deflection values at DJ2 or the end node of the member.
Compute Delta = SQRT((DX2-DX1)**2 + (DY2-DY1)**2 + (DZ2-DZ1)**2)
Compute Length = distance between DJ1 & DJ2 or, between start node and end node, as the case may be.
Then, if CAN is specified a value 1, dff = L/Delta
Ratio due to deflection = DFF/dff
2. If CAN = 0, deflection length is defined as the length that is used for calculation of local deflections within a member. It may be
noted that for most cases the Deflection Length will be equal to the length of the member. However, in some situations, the
Deflection Length may be different. For example, refer to the figure below where a beam has been modeled using four joints
and three members. The Deflection Length for all three members will be equal to the total length of the beam in this case.
The parameters DJ1 and DJ2 should be used to model this situation. Also the straight line joining DJ1 and DJ2 is used as the
reference line from which local deflections are measured. Thus, for all three members here, DJ1 should be "1" and DJ2 should
be "4".

3. If DJ1 and DJ2 are not used, "Deflection Length" will default to the member length and local deflections will be measured from
original member line.
4. It is important to note that unless a DFF value is specified, STAAD will not perform a deflection check. This is in accordance
with the fact that there is no default value for DFF (see Table 2.1).
5. The above parameters may be used in conjunction with other available parameters for steel design.
Related Topics
SAME** 0.0 Controls the sections to try during a SELECT process.
0.0 = Try every section of the same type as original
1.0 = Try only those sections with a similar name as original, e.g. if the
original is an HEA 100, then only HEA sections will be selected, even if
there are HEMs in the same table.
MX 1.0 Equivalent moment factor for major axis flexural buckling as defined in
clause 4.8.3.3.4
MY 1.0 Equivalent moment factor for minor axis flexural buckling as defined in
clause 4.8.3.3.4
MYX 1.0 Equivalent moment factor for minor axis lateral flexural buckling as
defined in clause 4.8.3.3.4
MLT 1.0 Equivalent moment factor for lateral torsional buckling as defined in
clause 4.8.3.3.4
SWAY none Specifies a load case number to provide the sway loading forces in clause
4.8.3.3.4 (See additional notes)
DMAX * 100.0cm Maximum allowable depth
DMIN * 0.0 cm Minimum allowable depth
RATIO 1.0 Permissible ratio of the actual capacities.
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