Khanate of Khiva: an historical outline

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Khanate of Khiva

Semi-independent state
(under Russian protection 18731917)



15111920

Flag
Te !anate o" !i#a (green)$ c% 17&&%
Capital !i#a
Languages '()e*$ Tur*men$!ara*alpa*$ !a(a*and +ersian
,1-
eligion .slam
!ove"n#ent /)solute monarc0
Khan
-11111118 .l)ars . ("irst)
-1918192& Sa0id /)dulla (last)
$isto"%
-3sta)lised 1111
-!ungrad
d0nast0
esta)lised 18&4
-5on6uered
)0Russia 12 /ugust 1873
-7isesta)lised 2 Fe)ruar0 192&
&"ea
-1911
,3-
87$121 *m9(28$&7& s6 mi)
'opulation
-19&2
,2-
est% 7&&$&&&
-1911
,3-
est% 11&$&&&
7ensit0 8%1 :*m9 (21%1 :s6 mi)
The Khanate of Khiva (Persian: Uzbek: ) was the name of
an Uzbek
[!
state that e"isted in the historical re#ion of $hwarezm from %&%% to %'(),
e"cept for a period of Persian occ*pation by +adir ,hah between %-).%-/0 The $hans
were the patrilineal descendants of ,hayban (,hiban), the fifth son of 1ochi and #randson
of2en#his $han0 3entered in the irri#ated plains of the lower 4m* 5arya, so*th of the 4ral
,ea, with the capital in$hi6a 3ity, the co*ntry was r*led by the $*n#rads, a T*rkic tribe of
7on#olian ori#in that came from 4strakhan0 8t co6ered present western Uzbekistan,
so*thwestern $azakhstan and m*ch of T*rkmenistan before 9*ssian arri6al at second half
of %'th cent*ry0
8n %:-;, the $hanate of $hi6a was m*ch red*ced in size and became
a 9*ssian protectorate0 Followin# the 9*ssian 9e6ol*tion of %'%-, $hi6a had a re6ol*tion
too, and in %'() the $hanate was replaced by the $horezm People<s ,o6iet 9ep*blic0 8n
%'(, the area was formally incorporated into the ,o6iet Union and today is lar#ely a part
of$arakalpakstan and =orazm Pro6ince in Uzbekistan0
Contents
% >istory
o %0% ?arly history
o %0( 9*ssian ?mpire period
o %0; 3i6il war and ,o6iet 9ep*blic
( $hans of $hi6a (%&%%.%'())
o (0% 4rabshahid 5ynasty (@adi#arid ,habanid 5ynasty, %&%%.%:))
[:!
o (0( A*n#rat 5ynasty (%:).%'())
; ,ee also
9eferences
& ?"ternal links
History
Early history
The re#ion that wo*ld become the $hanate of $hi6a was a part of the 3ha#atai
$hanate with its capital at Bld Ur#ench, one of the lar#est and most important tradin#
centers in 3entral 4sia0 >owe6er, Tim*r re#arded the state as a ri6al to ,amarkand,
and o6er the co*rse of & campai#ns, he destroyed Bld Ur#ench completely in %;::0 8n
%&)&, Uzbeks *nder 7*hammad ,haybani capt*red $hwaerzm from the Tim*rids0
4fter ,haybaniCs defeat to the,afa6ids in %&%), Persians capt*red this re#ion0 D*t in
%&%%, the Uzbek #ro*p the @adi#arid ,haybanids installed themsel6es as khans of the
re#ion after rebellion a#ainst Persian r*le0 Bnce Bld Ur#ench was finally abandoned
d*e to a shift in the co*rse of the 4m*E5arya in %&-/, the center of the re#ion shifted
so*thward, and, in %/%', the khan, 4rab 7*hammad 8, chose $hi6a as the capital of
the khanate0
Russian Empire period
$hanate of $hi6a (labeled Karasm), on a %-; French map0 The $hanate on the map s*rro*nds
the 4ral ,ea(depicted as m*ch smaller than it act*ally was in those days) and incl*des m*ch of the
todayCs$azakhstanCs and T*rkmenistanCs3aspian coast
7*ch of $hi6aCs later history was framed a#ainst the khanateCs relationship with
the #reat powers 9*ssia and Dritain0 The disco6ery of #old on the banks of the 4m*
5arya d*rin# the rei#n of 9*ssiaCs Peter the 2reat, to#ether with the desire of
the 9*ssian ?mpire to open a trade ro*te to 8ndia, prompted an armed trade e"pedition
to the re#ion in %-%-E%:, led by Prince 4le"ander Deko6ichE3herkassky and consistin#
of -&)E,))) men0 Upon recei6in# the men, the $hi6an khan, ,hir 2hazi, set *p camp
*nder the pretense of #oodwill, then amb*shed and sla*#htered the en6oys, lea6in#
ten ali6e to send back0 Peter the 2reat, indebted after wars with the Bttoman
?mpire and ,weden, did nothin#0 The khanate was a dependency of +adir
,hahCs Persia between %-)E%--0
Tsar Pa*l 8 also attempted to conF*er the khanate, b*t his e"pedition was woef*lly
*ndermanned and *nders*pplied, and was recalled en ro*te d*e to his assassination0
Tsar 4le"ander 8 had no s*ch ambitions, and it was *nder Tsars +icholas
8and 4le"ander 88 that serio*s efforts to anne" $hi6a started0
Persian sla6e in the $hanate of [$i6a!, %'th cent*ry
9*ssian 3ossack forces *nder 2eneral Gerebkine crossin# the ,hah 4bat canal into $hi6a, 7ay (&,
%:-;
4 notable episode d*rin# The 2reat 2ame in6ol6ed a 9*ssian e"pedition to $hi6a in
%:;'0 The nominal p*rpose of the mission was to free the sla6es capt*red and sold
by T*rkmen raiders from the 9*ssian frontiers on the 3aspian ,ea, b*t the e"pedition
was also an attempt to e"tend 9*ssiaCs borders while the Dritish ?mpire entan#led
itself in the First 4n#loE4f#han War0 The e"pedition, led by 2eneral G040 Pero6sky, the
commander of theBrenb*r# #arrison, consisted of &,()) infantry, and ten tho*sand
camels0 5*e to poor plannin# and a bit of bad l*ck, they set off in +o6ember %:;', into
one of the worst winters in memory, and were forced to t*rn back on % Febr*ary %:),
arri6in# back into Brenb*r# in 7ay, ha6in# s*ffered o6er a tho*sand cas*alties0
The painter Gasily Gereshcha#in was present at the takin# of $hi6a by 9*ssian forces in %:-;0
4t the same time, Dritain, an"io*s to remo6e the prete"t for the 9*ssian attempt to
anne" $hi6a, la*nched its own effort to free the sla6es0 7aHor Todd, the senior
Dritish political officer stationed in >erat (in 4f#hanistan) dispatched 3aptain 1ames
4bbott, dis#*ised as an 4f#han, on 3hristmas ?6e, %:;', for $hi6a0 4bbott arri6ed in
late 1an*ary %:) and, altho*#h the khan was s*spicio*s of his identity, he s*cceeded
in talkin# the khan into allowin# him to carry a letter for the Tsar re#ardin# the sla6e
iss*e0 >e left on - 7arch %:), for Fort 4le"andro6sk (4Fta*), and was s*bseF*ently
betrayed by his #*ide, robbed, then released when the bandits realized the ori#in and
destination of his letter0 >is s*periors in >erat, not knowin# of his fate, sent another
officer, Iie*tenant 9ichmond ,hakespear, after him0 ,hakespear had more s*ccess
than 4bbott: he con6inced the khan to free all 9*ssian s*bHects *nder his control, and
also to make the ownership of 9*ssian sla6es a crime p*nishable by death0 The freed
sla6es and ,hakespear arri6ed in Fort 4le"andro6sk on %& 4*#*st %:), and 9*ssia
lost its primary moti6e for the conF*est of $hi6a, for the time bein#0
4 %'); Polish map showin# $hi6a (Chiwa, in Polish) within the m*ch red*ced borders the $hanate
had d*rin# %:-E%'()
4 permanent 9*ssian presence in $hwarezm be#an in %:: with the b*ildin# of Fort
4ralsk at the mo*th of the ,yr 5arya0 The ?mpireCs military s*periority was s*ch that
$hi6a and the other 3entral 4sian principalities, D*khara and $okand, had no chance
of repellin# the 9*ssian ad6ance, despite years of fi#htin#0
[&!
$hi6a was #rad*ally
red*ced in size by 9*ssian e"pansion in T*rkestan and, in %:-;,
after 9*ssia conF*ered the nei#hbo*rin# cities of Tashkent and ,amarkand,
2eneralGon $a*fman la*nched an attack on $hi6a consistin# of %;,))) infantry and
ca6alry0 The city of $hi6a fell on (: 7ay %:-; and, on %( 4*#*st %:-;, a peace treaty
was si#ned that established $hi6a as a F*asiEindependent 9*ssian protectorate0
The first si#nificant settlement of ?*ropeans in the $hanate was a #ro*p of 7ennonites
who mi#rated to $hi6a in %::(0 The 2ermanEspeakin# 7ennonites had come from
the Gol#a re#ion and the 7olotschna colony *nder the leadership of 3laas ?pp, 1r0 The
7ennonites played an important role in modernizin# the $hanate in the decades prior
to the Bctober 9e6ol*tionby introd*cin# photo#raphy, which res*lted with the
de6elopment of the Uzbek photo#raphy and filmmakin#, more efficient methods for
cotton har6estin#, electrical #enerators, and other technolo#ical inno6ations0
[/!
Civil war and Soviet Republic
Fla# *sed by the khanate of $hi6a d*rin# the ci6il war (%'%-.%'(()0
[-!
4fter the %'%- Dolshe6ik seiz*re of power in the Bctober 9e6ol*tion, antiEmonarchists
and T*rkmen tribesmen Hoined forces with the Dolshe6iks at the end of %'%' to depose
the khan0 Bn ( Febr*ary %'(), $hi6aCs last $*n#rad khan, ,ayid 4bd*llah, abdicated
and a shortEli6ed Khorezm Peoples Soviet Republic (later the Khorezm SSR) was
created o*t of the territory of the old $hanate of $hi6a, before it was finally incorporated
into the ,o6iet Union in %'(, with the former $hanate di6ided between the
new T*rkmen ,,9 and Uzbek ,,90 Followin# the collapse of the ,o6iet Union in
%''%, these becameT*rkmenistan and Uzbekistan respecti6ely0 Today, the area that
was the $hanate has a mi"ed pop*lation of Uzbeks,$arakalpaks, T*rkmens,
and $azakhs0
Khans of Khiva (15111920)[edit]
rabshahid !ynasty "#adi$arid Shabanid !ynasty% &'&&(&)*+,
[)]

The borders of the 9*ssianimperial territories of $i6a, D*kharaand $okand in the time period of %')(.
%');0
8lbars 8 (%&%%.%&%:)
,*ltan >aHi (%&%:.%&%')
>asan A*li (%&%'.%&()
D*H*#ha (%&(.%&(')
,*fyan (%&('.%&;&)
46nik (%&;&.%&;:)
Aal (%&;'.%&')
4Fatay (%&'.%&&-)
5*st 7*hammad (%&&-.%&&:)
>aHi 7*hammad 8 (%&&:.%/)()
4rab 7*hammad 8 (%/)(.%/(;)
8sfandiyar (%/(;.%/;)
4b* alE2hazi 8 Dahad*r (%/;.%//;)
4n*sha (%//;.%/:&)
$h*daydad (%/:&.%/:-)
7*hammad 4wran# 8 (%/:-.%/')
3h*chaF (%/'.%/'-)
Gali (%/'-.%/':)
8shaF 4#ha ,hah +iyaz (%/':.%-)%)
4wran# 88 (%-)%.%-)()
7*sa (%-)(.%-%()
@adi#ar 8 (%-%(.%-%;)
4wran# 888 (c0 %-%; . c0 %-%)
>aHi 7*hammad 88 (c0 %-%)
,hir 2hazi (%-%.%-(-)
,ari#h 4y#hir (%-(-)
Dahad*r (%-(-.%-(:)
8lbars 88 (%-(:.%-))
Tahir (%-).%-()
+*rali 8 (%-()
4b* 7*hammad (%-()
4b* alE2hazi 88 7*hammad (%-(.%--)
2haib (%--.%-&:)
4bd*llah Aara De# (%-&:)
Tim*r 2hazi (%-&:.%-/)
Tawke (%-/.%-//)
,hah 2hazi (%-//.%-/:)
4b* alE2hazi 888 (%-/:.%-/')
+*rali 88 (%-/')
1ahan#ir (%-/'.%--))
DJlekey (%--))
4Fim (first time, %--).%--%)
4bd alE4ziz (c0 %--%)
4rt*F 2hazi (c0 %--()
4bd*llah (c0 %--()
4Fim (second time, c0 %--( . c0 %--;)
@adi#ar 88 (first time, c0 %--;.%--&)
4b*Cl Fayz (%--&.%--')
@adi#ar 88 (second time, %--'.%-:%)
P*lad 2hazi (%-:%.%-:;)
@adi#ar 88 (third time, %-:;.%-'))
4b* alE2hazi 8G (%-').%:)()
4b* alE2hazi G ibn 2haCib (%:)(.%:))
-un$rat !ynasty "&)*+(&./*,
8sfandiyar 1*rHi Dahad*r circa %'%%0
8ltazar 8naF ibn 8waz 8naF Diy (%:).%:)/)
4b* alE2hazi G ibn 2haCib (%:)/)
7*hammad 9ahim Dahad*r (%:)/.%:(&)
4llah A*li Dahad*r (%:(&.%:()
7*hammad 9ahim A*li (%:(.%:/)
4b* alE2hazi 7*hammad 4min Dahad*r (%:/.%:&&)
4bd*llah (%:&&)
A*tl*#h 7*hammad 7*rad Dahad*r (%:&&.%:&/)
7ahm*d (%:&/)
,ayyid 7*hammad (%:&/ . ,eptember %:/)
7*hammad 9ahim Dahad*r (%) ,eptember %:/ . ,eptember %'%))
8sfandiyar 1*rHi Dahad*r (,eptember %'%) . % Bctober %'%:)
,ayid 4bd*llah (% Bctober %'%: . % Febr*ary %'())
References
%0 0ump up1 +ancy 9osenber#er (()%%), Seeking Food Rights: Nation, Inequality
and Repression in Uzekistan, p0(-
(0 0ump up1 Ge#etation 5e#radation in 3entral 4sia Under the 8mpact of >*man
4cti6ities, +ikolaK 2a6rilo6ich $harin, pa#e ', ())(
;0 0ump up1 The Politics of 7*slim 3*lt*ral 9eform: 1adidism in 3entral 4sia,
4deeb $halid, pa#e %/, %'':
0 0ump up1 http:LLwww0britannica0comL?DcheckedLtopicL/(%)%LUzbekE
khanateMref%%-:&/ Uzbek khanate
&0 0ump up1 1ohn 4yde, Indian Frontier !oli"y0
/0 0ump up1 9atliff, Walter (()%))0 !ilgrims #n $he Silk Road: % &uslim'
Christian (n"ounter in Khi)a0 Wipf N ,tock0 8,D+ '-:E%E/)/):E%;;E0
-0 0ump up1 4fter the ori#inal fla# on display in the m*se*m of $hi6a0 5escribed
by 10 9ena*lt and >0 3al6arin, Fran"iae *e+illa M &L&% (4pril %''-), cited after 86an
,ache on the $hi6a pa#e at Fla#s of the World (FBTW)0 4ccordin# to 5a6id ,tra*b
(%''/) on FBTW, OThe fla# of the $hi6an $hanate in the preE,o6iet period is
*nknown0O
:0 0ump up1 3ompiled after @0 Dre#el, ed0 (%'''), Firdaws al'iqal, -istory o.
Khorezm0 Ieiden: Drill0