Sentence Correction Notes TOC

Parallelism......................................................................................................................2
Active vs. Passive Voice....................................................................................................2
That vs. Which................................................................................................................3
No vs. Not......................................................................................................................4
Usage of One...............................................................................................................5
et!een vs. Among" er vs. est forms" more vs. most.....................................................#
One or other vs. One or another........................................................................................#
Whether vs. $f.................................................................................................................%
Use of eing in &'AT....................................................................................................%
(i)e vs. As......................................................................................................................*
(i)e vs. +,ch As..............................................................................................................*
Partici-le . Partici-ial Phrases.........................................................................................../
+,01,nctive 'oo2............................................................................................................/
+ho,l2 vs. Wo,l2...........................................................................................................34
$nfinitives . +-lit $nfinitive..............................................................................................34
5om-are !ith vs. 5om-are to.........................................................................................33
Altho,gh6 Tho,gh6 7ven tho,gh6 8es-ite6 $n s-ite of..........................................................33
5o,nt Vs Non co,nt.......................................................................................................32
O01ective case of Prono,ns.............................................................................................33
Who vs. Whom..............................................................................................................33
+ing,lar Prono,ns . 5ollective No,ns..............................................................................34
What 9+ing,lar or Pl,ral:;..............................................................................................34
eca,se vs. 8,e to........................................................................................................35
<e2,n2ant Phrases........................................................................................................35
Other...........................................................................................................................35
$2iomatic......................................................................................................................23
Uni2iomatic..................................................................................................................23
+,01ect" Ver0 $nversion..................................................................................................24
GR SC Notes - 1 -
Sentence Correction Notes
Parallelism
Phrases or cla,ses m,st 0e -arallel in form !hen the= are in a series or !hen the= are 1oine2
0= a con1,nction. i.e. $f there is one ver0 !ith ing or !ith a who-clause6 then all of the ver0s
m,st have ing or m,st 0e in the form of a who-clause.
$f there is a com-arison6 ,se the com-arison !or2s as a hint for -arallel constr,ction.
Incorrect: The -olice came to arrest >ones6 a 2evo,t ch,rch?goer !ho also 0elongs to the
fraternal or2er of the eagles.
Correct: The -olice came to arrest >ones6 a 2evo,t ch,rch?goer an2 a mem0er of the fraternal
or2er of the eagles.
@irst sentence matches an a--ositive a 2evo,t ch,rch?goer !ith a !ho?cla,se.
Also maintain -arallelism !ith correlative con1,nctions s,ch asA either" or6 neither" nor an2 not
onl=" 0,t also.

3. $n a series of t!o or more elements6 !hat =o, 2o on B2 2etermines !hat =o, 2o on 3C. $n
other !or2s6 ever=thing after B2 m,st match B2A
$ li)e to s!im6 to r,n6 an2 to 2ance.
$ li)e to s!im6 r,n6 an2 2ance.
are o)a=.

$ li)e to s!im6 r,n6 an2 to 2ance.
$ li)e to s!im6 to r,n6 an2 2ance.
are NOT o)a=.
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2. T!o ger,n2s C no,n is o)a=
7DA Fe li)e2 sailing6 s!imming an2 girls.
,t t!o infinitives C no,n is NOT o)a=
7DA Fe li)e2 to sail6 to s!im an2 girls.
We live in a !orl2 in !hich crime is ram-ant6 chil2ren are recalcitrant6 change is the onl=
constant6 an2 ,ncertaint= -revails.
9A; chil2ren are recalcitrant6 change is the onl= constant6 an2 ,ncertaint= -revails.
9; chil2ren are recalcitrant6 change is the onl= constant6 an2 ,ncertaint= is -revalent.
95; in !hich chil2ren are recalcitrant6 in !hich change is the onl= constant6 an2 in !hich
,ncertaint= is -revalent.
98; !here chil2ren are recalcitrant6 !here change is the onl= constant an2 !here ,ncertaint= is
-revalent.
97; !here chil2ren are recalcitrant6 change is the onl= constant6 an2 ,ncertaint= is -revalent
OA is C
What is wrong with B?
Gin !hichG is -art of a -re-ositional -hrase. $f !e start the -arallelism after Gin !hichG !e are
,sing -arallel fragments. Also !itho,t in !hich the s,0seH,ent -hrases seem to mo2if= the
no,n crime as o--ose2 to !orl2.
Active vs. Passive Voice
Active voice is -referre2 over -assive voice. $n active voice6 the s,01ect -erforms the action of
the ver0.
7DA $ !rote a song
GR SC Notes - 2 -
$n -assive voice6 the s,01ect receives the action eD-resse2 0= the ver0. Normall=6 -assive voice
is forme2 !ith some form of the ver0 0e an2 the -ast -artici-le 9a ver0 that ,s,all= en2s !ith
Ie2 or Ien;.
7DA A song !as !ritten 0= me.

Passive is acceta!le i" it is #se$ to maintain "oc#s an$ ermit the correction o" a
non%grammatical sentence.
7DA Tr=ing to fin2 a -ar)ing s-ace6 the= !ere accoste2 0= a vagrant.
That vs. Which
3. A testmagic ti-A &'AT almost al!a=s 9$ sa= almost al!a=s 0eca,se $Jve seen two H,estions
that 2i2 not follo! this r,le6 0,t the r,le !as violate2 in all five ans!er choices; !ants =o,
to -,t a comma !e"ore which. $n other !or2s6 if =o, see which !itho,t a comma 0efore
it6 itJs -ro0a0l= !rong.
$f the -erson =o,Jre tal)ing to6 or the -erson !hoJs rea2ing !hat =o,Jve !ritten6 nee2s that
eDtra 0it of information to )no! !hich no,n =o,Jre referring to6 !e sa= that that eDtra
information is non%restrictive. This !or2 2oesnJt reall= 2escri0e the f,nction clearl=6 so
man= teachers sa= that this information is eDtra.G
On the other han26 if =o, nee2 that information to )no! !hich no,n =o, are tal)ing a0o,t6
!e sa= that the information is restrictive. Again6 this !or2 is not reall= a goo2 choice for
clarit=6 an2 man= teachers ,se the term Gnecessar= informationG instea2
We nee2 a comma !e"ore non%restrictive cla#ses an$ hrases 0,t it is not nee2e2
0efore restrictive cla,ses an2 -hrases.
oth the sentences 0elo! are correct accor2ing to &'AT6 0,t have 2ifferent meanings.
Please go into the room an2 get me the 0ig 0oo)6 !hich is mine. 97DA of non?restrictive;
Please go into the room an2 get me the 0ig 0oo) that is mine. 97DA of restrictive;
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2. &That' almost alwa(s re"ers to a restrictive cla#se or hrase an$ &which' to a non%
essential hrase.
7DA The 0ananas that $ left on the ta0le have gone 0a2.
ananas6 !hich are high in -otassi,m6 are consi2ere2 i2eal for 2ieting.
3. Also6 the relative -rono,n &which' sho#l$ !e #se$ to re"er to a no#n an2 not an i2ea or
an action -resente2 in an entire cla,se. 97DA K.4/6 K.%* from O&;
K.%*A The root s=stems of the most flo!ering -erennials either 0ecome too cro!2e26 !hich
res,lts in loss of vigor6 an2 s-rea2 too far o,t!ar26 -ro2,cing a 0are center. ?L Use of
!hich is incorrect.
4. Omitting &that'
Mo, can omit that in a relative cla,se !hen the s,01ect of the cla,se is 2ifferent from
the !or2 or -hrase the cla,se refers to. Th,s6 =o, can sa= either
The book that I was reading 9or;
The book I was reading
Mo, can also omit that !hen it intro2,ces a s,0or2inate cla,se
Ex: I think we should try again.
Mo, sho,l2 NOT omit &that, ho!ever6 !hen the s,0or2inate cla,se 0egins !ith an
a2ver0ial -hrase or an=thing other than the s,01ectA
7DA She said that under no circumstances would she allow us to ski the meeting.
GR SC Notes - 3 -
The book argues that e!entually the housing suly will increase.
This last sentence !o,l2 0e am0ig,o,s if that !ere omitte26 since the a2ver0 e!entually
co,l2 then 0e constr,e2 as mo2if=ing either argues or will increase.
htt-A""!!!.0artle0=.com"#4"5443"4#2.html
No vs. Not
No is a 2eterminer eD-ressing H,antit= li)e JallJ6 Jever=J6 Jman=J6 JsomeJ6 Jan=J6 JeachJ6 JeitherJ6
JoneJ6 JanotherJ an2 is ,se2 0efore sing,lar an2 -l,ral no,ns. $t is similar in meaning to Jnot aJ
or Jnot an=J an2 is often o,r -referre2 choice if !e !ant to give em-hasis to !hat !e are
sa=ing. 5om-areA
$ have no i2ea !hat he is referring to. 9more em-hatic;
$ $on)t have an= i2ea !hat he is referring to. 9less em-hatic;
No st,2ents from the secon2ar= school in Ne! To!n achieve2 the highest gra2es in their
en2?of?=ear eDam. 9more em-hatic;
There weren)t an= st,2ents from the secon2ar= school in Ne! To!n !ho achieve2 the
highest gra2es in their en2?of?=ear eDam. 9less em-hatic;
$Jm sorr=. $Jve got no time for that this afternoon. 9more em-hatic;
$Jm sorr=. $ haven)t an= time for that this afternoon. 9less em-hatic;
Not is ,se2 to ma)e a cla,se or sentence negative an2 ,s,all= com0ines !ith the ver0 Jto 0eJ
an2 !ith a21ectives6 a2ver0s6 no,n gro,-s or -re-ositional -hrases. Ver( is often ,se2 after
not to mo2erate the negative as-ect of the cla,se. Th,s6 !e haveA
$t !as not 2iffic,lt to ,n2erstan2 !h= she !as in love !ith him.
$t is not al!a=s tr,e that -eo-le !ho are in love li)e the same things.
Fe s!ims !ell6 0,t not ver= evenl=.
$t !as not a h,ge meal6 0,t eno,gh for t!o -eo-le.
$ )no! $Jll -ro0a0l= fail m= 2riving test6 0,t $Jm not in the least 0it nervo,s a0o,t it.
J&oo2J is -ro0a0l= ,niH,e as an a21ective in that it can com0ine !ith no an2 an( an2 also !ith
not6 altho,gh there are sometimes s,0tle 2istinctions in ,sage or meaning. 5om-areA
J$s the mil) goo2:J JNo6 itJs not goo2.J 9The 2isc,ssion here is a0o,t ho! fresh the mil)
is an2 not for me !o,l2 0e the -referre2 negative;
JWas the -la= an= goo2:J J$t !as no goo2 at all. The acting !as -oor an2 the 2irection
!as terri0le.J 9Fere6 no goo$ in the ans!er reflects an( goo$ in the H,estion.;
J$tJs no goo2. $ canJt see ho! !e can re-air this fence. We shall have to 0,= a ne! one. 9Fere6
J$tJs no goo2J co,l2 0e re-lace2 0= J$tJs no ,seJ.;
Note that goo$6 li)e #se or oint is often ,se2 !ith %ingA
J$tJs no goo2 tr=ing to a-ologise. Mo, have reall= offen2e2 me.J
J$tJs no ,se com-laining a0o,t the service in this hotel. $t !ill never im-rove.J
JThere !as no -oint 9in; carr=ing on !ith this. We 2eci2e2 to en2 the investigation.
<emem0er to ,se JthereJsJ !ith Jno -ointJ an2 JitJsJ !ith Jno goo2"no ,seJ.
htt-A""!!!.00c.co.,)"!orl2service"learningenglish"grammar"learnit"learnitv44.shtml
@ree2manNs s,rve= sho!e2 that -eo-le living in small to!ns an2 r,ral areas consi2er
themselves no ha--ier than 2o -eo-le living in 0ig cities.
9A; no ha--ier than 2o -eo-le living
9; not an= ha--ier than 2o -eo-le living
95; not an= ha--ier than 2o -eo-le !ho live
GR SC Notes - 4 -
98; no ha--ier than are -eo-le !ho are living
97; not as ha--= as are -eo-le !ho live
OA is A
*sage o" &One'
As a 2eterminer6 the !or2 &one is sometimes #se$ !e"ore a roer no#n to $esignate6
-artic,larl=6 this -ersonA GFe 2elivere2 the -ac)age to one <onal2 Pe-in of 5olchester.G The
article GaG !ill also f,nction in that -osition for the same -,r-ose.
+ometimes !e ,se the !or2 &one as an a$+ective6 as in G$Jll have 1,st one scoo- of ice?
cream6G an2 !e sel2om have tro,0le !ith that ,sage. ,t !e also ,se one as a -rono,n6 an2
this is !here one 0ecomes s,r-risingl= com-leD.
+ometimes the -rono,n &one "#nctions as a n#merical e,ressionA
Those are lovel= scarves. $ thin) $Jll 0,= one.
The three 0rothers get along H,ite !ellO in fact the= a2ore one another.
One of the senators !ill lea2 the gro,- to the front of the ca-itol.
As a -rono,n6 one can also "#nction in an imersonal- o!+ective manner
The =o,ng come2ian !as a!f,lO one felt em0arrasse2 for him.
$f one fails6 then one m,st tr= har2er neDt time.
"#nesel$ is ,se2 in formal !riting an2 s-eech as the -ro-er refleDive form of oneA
$f one sli--e2 on this ic= !al)6 one co,l2 h,rt oneself 0a2l=.
Notice there is ,s,all= no a-ostro-he ,se2 in the s-elling of onesel$. The constr,ction oneJs self
is ,se2 to refer to the conce-t of self.
The hrases .one in /l#ral n#m!er0. an$ .more than one. alwa(s ta1e a sing#lar
ver!:
One in fo,r 2entists recommen2s this tooth-aste.
One o,t of ever= five instr,ctors gets this H,estion !rong.
There is more than one reason for this.
'ore than one la2 has lost his heart to this lass.
The GoneG in the -hrase Gmore than oneG a--arentl= controls the n,m0er of the ver0.
htt-A""!e0ster.commnet.e2,"grammar"one.htm
&one or more': 5onstr,ctions ,sing one or more or one or two al!a=s ta)e a -l,ral ver0A
One or more cars !ere -ar)e2 in front of the ho,se each 2a= this !ee).
One or t!o st,2ents from o,r 2e-artment have !on -riPes.
Note that when "ollowe$ !( a "raction- &one' or$inaril( gets a l#ral ver!:
One an2 a half =ears have -asse2 since $ last sa! her.
The "raction r#le has an e,cetion in that amo,nts are sometimes treate2 as sing,lar
entitiesA
One an2 a half c,-s is eno,gh s,gar.
A =ear an2 a half has -asse2 since $ last sa! her
Note also that the -l,ral r,le 2oes not a--l= to these one?-l,s?a?fraction constr,ctions that are
intro2,ce2 0= the in2efinite article 9a or an; in the 2
n2
eDam-le a0ove.
GR SC Notes - 5 -
&one o" those who': Sing#lar or l#ral ver!? $t is a matter of !hich !or2 =o, feel is most
a--ro-riate as the antece2ent of the relative -rono,nQone or the -l,ral no,n in the o$
-hrase that follo!s it.
Note also that when the hrase containing &one is intro$#ce$ !( the $e"inite article-
the ver! in the relative cla#se m#st !e sing#lar:
Fe is the onl= one of the st,2ents !ho has alrea2= ta)en (atin.
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Between vs. Among2 &er' vs. &est' "orms2 more vs. most
$f a sentence com-ares t!o items ,se 0et!een or the er form6 0,t if it com-ares more than
t!o ,se among or est form.
A21ectives an2 a2ver0s !ith three or more s=lla0les reH,ire com-arison !ith more an2 most.
Thos !ith t!o s=lla0les can reH,ire either Ier" ?est or more"most.
7DA eas=6 easier6 an2 easiest
,t6 rea2=6 more rea2= an2 most rea2=
When in $o#!t ic1 the more2most "orm.
Incorrect: 5o,l2 =o, 2rive slo!er:
Correct: 5o,l2 =o, -lease 2rive more slo!l=:
NOT3: Avoi2 amongst in &'AT.
One or other vs. One or another
one or other ? means 0et!een first or secon2 that is o,t of t!o choices
one or another ? 0et!een m,lti-le choices not restricte2 to t!o
&enerall=6 Gthe otherG means Gthe secon2 one.G $n other !or2s6 !e can onl= ,se Gthe other
oneG !hen !e are tal)ing a0o,t onl= t!o things6 s,ch as o,r e=es6 feet6 ears6 han2s6 or legs.
7DA $ have t!o sisters. One is a 2octor6 an2 the other one is an artist. ? Test'agic 7rin
$f the claims of coastal nations to 244?mile territorial seas !ere acce-te2 on a !orl2!i2e 0asis6
more than thirt= -er cent of the !orl2Ns ocean area !o,l2 come ,n2er the 1,ris2iction of one or
other national states.
9A; one or other national states
9; one or another national state
95; one or the other national state
98; some or another of the national states
97; each an2 ever= national state
OA is B
The three -la=s in Preston >onesNs A TeDas Trilog= are com-letel= in2e-en2ent6 an2 each has
onl= a -eri-heral relationshi- !ith the other.
9A; in2e-en2ent6 an2 each has onl= a -eri-heral relationshi- !ith the other
9; in2e-en2ent6 an2 each has onl= a -eri-heral relationshi- one !ith another
95; in2e-en2ent6 an2 the= have onl= a -eri-heral relationshi- !ith the others
GR SC Notes - 6 -
98; in2e-en2ent an2 have onl= a -eri-heral relationshi- !ith one another
97; in2e-en2ent an2 have onl= a -eri-heral relationshi- each !ith the other
OA is 4
Whether vs. I"
On the 56AT- &whether' is more re"erre$ than &i"'
&Whether' is ,se2 !hen there are alternative choices.
7DA $ 2onNt )no! whether $ !ill ta)e the &'AT this month 9or not;.
Incorrect: Fer client 2i2nNt tell her if he ha2 sent his -a=ment =et.
Correct: Fer client 2i2nNt tell her !hether he ha2 sent his -a=ment =et.
&I7' is ,se2 in a conditional sense.
7DA $f =o, -re-are !ell =o, !ill get a goo2 score.
*se o" &Being' in 56AT
$n &'AT6 "being in an ans!er choice is !rong more often than it is right.
Or2er -f -referenceA !eing 8 since 8 !eca#se
There are a fe! eDce-tions to the "being r,le in !hich being is often the right ans!er.
3,amles when &being is correct:
9. Some i$ioms allow onl( one str#ct#re: 'ost often6 i2eas can 0e eD-resse2 in more than
one !a=. @or eDam-le6 $ can sa=R
I%m a$raid o$ being late. 9or;
I%m a$raid that I%ll be late.
7ach has its o!n em-hasis6 0,t the -oint is that these t!o str,ct,res eDist. When there is NO
other alternative li)e i2ioms than ,sage of 0eing is o).
,t6 the i2iomatic str,ct,re in addition to 2oes not have a co,nter-art that ,ses a s,01ect an2
a ver06 so o,r onl= o-tion here is to ,se being6 !hich is grammaticall= a no,n6 0,t is 2erive2
from a ver0.
$n a22ition to 0eing one of the first resta,rants to com0ine 'e2iterranean an2 American
tastes6 5heP Panisse in er)ele= is also one of the a= AreaJs most esta0lishe2 resta,rants.
:. In the case o" an a!sol#te hrase ;with < no#n < no#n comlement=
$n the eDam-le 0elo! with increased career rosects being the most im-ortant for man= 'A
a--licants is an a0sol,te -hrase.
There are man= reasons to get an 'A6 with increased career rosects being the most
im-ortant for man= 'A a--licants.
htt-A""!!!.sentencecorrection.com"for,ms"in2eD.-h-:sho!to-icE323
Note:
No#n Comlement: A !or2 or -hrase that co,l2 logicall= an2 grammaticall= com-lete this -atternA
NOUN C ($NS$N& V7< C NOUN 5O'P(7'7NT
Ex: She is a $riend. ?L Gfrien2G is a no,n com-lement. $n this case6 !e can see that a no,n can 0e a no,n
com-lement.
A!sol#te Phrase: A mo2ifier 9H,ite often a PA<T$5$P(7;6 or a mo2ifier an2 a fe! other !or2s6
that attaches to a sentence or a no,n6 !ith NO con+#nction. An a0sol,te -hrase cannot
contain a @$N$T7 V7<.
GR SC Notes - 7 -
Ex: 3; The train running late6 !e 2eci2e2 to get off at the neDt sto- an2 ta)e a taDi home.
2; &ll things being e'ual6 the active voice ten2s to 0e correct more often than the -assive.
htt-A""!!!.testmagic.com"grammar"eD-lanations"-hrases"a0sol,te?-hrases?intro2,ction.as-
The n,rses !ent on stri)e to -rotest their 0eing over!or)e2
9A; their 0eing over!or)e2
9; themselves 0eing over!or)e2
95; themselves as over!or)e2
98; their over!or)ing
97; over!or)ing themselves
OA is A
'ore 2isc,ssion at htt-A""!!!.gmatcl,0.com"-h-00"vie!to-ic.-h-:tE32*43
>i1e vs. As
>i1e is ,se2 to comare no#ns.
As is ,se2 to comare actions.
$n T,r)e=6 coffee is tra2itionall= 2r,n) ver= strong6 m,ch as the french 2o.
A; m,ch as the @rench 2o
; m,ch li)e the @rench 2o
5; m,ch as it is 0= the @rench
8; m,ch as it is in @rance
7; m,ch li)e it is in @rance
OA is 4
The com-arison is 0et!een t!o co,ntries T,r)e= an2 @rance6 so the choice is no! 8 or 7.
The foc,s of the sentence is on the action 9of 2rin)ing;6 so it sho,l2 0e GasG an2 not Gli)eG.
>i1e vs. S#ch As
"like means similar to6 an2 such as means $or examle.
5an =o, 0,= me some fr,it li1e oranges or gra-efr,it:
This sentence !o,l2 mean that =o, 2o NOT !ant oranges or gra-efr,itO instea26 =o,J2 -refer
some fr,it similar to oranges an2 gra-efr,it. @or eDam-le6 =o, ma= !ant -omelo6 lemons6 or
limes.
5an =o, 0,= me some fr,it s#ch as oranges or gra-efr,it:
Oranges an2 gra-efr,it are eDam-les of the t=-e of fr,it !e !ant.
As 0,siness gro!s more com-leD6 st,2ents ma1oring in s-ecialiPe2 areas li)e those of finance
an2 mar)eting have 0een 0ecoming increasingl= s,ccessf,l in the 1o0 mar)et.
a; ma1oring in s-ecialiPe2 areas li)e those of finance an2 mar)eting have 0een 0ecoming
increasingl=
0; !ho ma1or in s,ch s-ecialiPe2 areas as finance an2 mar)eting are 0ecoming more an2 more
c; !ho ma1ore2 in s-ecialiPe2 areas s,ch as those of finance an2 mar)eting are 0eing
increasingl=
2; !ho ma1or in s-ecialiPe2 areas li)e those of finance an2 mar)eting have 0een 0ecoming
more an2 more
e; having ma1ore2 in s,ch s-ecialiPe2 areas as finance an2 mar)eting are 0eing increasingl=
OA is B ;O5 ::?=
GR SC Notes - 8 -
Note: &S#ch' is also re"era!le to &these' "or resenting e,amles or instances.
Particile @ Particiial Phrases
Particile: A ver0 used as an a21ective. There are t!o )in2s of -artici-les. The ast articile
has the -ast form of the ver0 !hich !o,l2 go !ith the ver0 have an2 !o,l2 ,s,all= en2 in %e$.
The resent articile en2s in %ing.
Particiial hrase: $t consists of -artici-le -l,s mo2ifier9s;6 o01ect9s;6 an2"or com-lement9s;.
The same logic of s-a!ne2 an2 m,shroom !ala H,estion ..
Astronomers have theoriPe2 that the ig ang governs the 0ehavior of interstellar 2,st6
-articles that com-rise the atoms an2 molec,les create2 in the -rogenitive eD-losion an2
-ersisting in even the em-tiest regions of s-ace
A. -ersisting
. -ersists
5. -ersiste2
8. the= -ersist
7. are -ersisting
OA is A
This sentence 0asicall= has t!o -artici-ial -hrasesA
3. create2 in the -rogenitive eD-losion
2. -ersisting in even the em-tiest regions of s-ace.
oth mo2if=ing Gatoms an2 molec,lesG
+o6 =o, can maintain -arallelism onl= 0= ,sing the t!o -artici-les Gcreate2G 9-ast -artici-le;
an2 G-ersistingG 9-resent -artici-le;.
'ore 2etaile2 eD-lanation at htt-A""!!!.gmatcl,0.com"-h-00"vie!to-ic.-h-:tE32*34
S#!+#nctive 6oo$
The s#!+#nctive moo$ is ,se2 in 2e-en2ent cla,ses that 2o the follo!ingA
9. e,ress a wish6 mostl= follo!e2 0= !ere
She wishes her boy$riend were here.
:. 0egin !ith if an2 e,ress a con$ition that $oes not e,ist ;is contrar( to "act=
I$ (uan were more aggressi!e, he%d be a better hockey layer.
I$ she were coming, she would be here by now.
I$ I were you, I would not go there.
?. 0egin !ith as if an2 as though !hen s,ch cla,ses $escri!e a sec#lation or con$ition
contrar( to "act
)e acted as i$ he were guilty.
A. 0egin !ith that an2 e,ress a $eman$- reB#irement- reB#est- or s#ggestion.9O&
K.345; an2 secon2 ver0 is in infinitive form
I re'uested that he be resent at the hearing.
I insist that the chairman resign*
Their main demand was that the lawsuit be droed
GR SC Notes - 9 -
& I"' cla#ses: Accor2ing to tra2itional r,les6 =o, ,se the s,01,nctive to $escri!e an
occ#rrence that (o# have res#ose$ to !e contrar( to "act. The ver0 in the main
cla,se of these sentences m#st then contain the ver! would or 9less freH,entl=; should:
I$ I were ten years younger, I would consider entering the marathon.
I$ &merica were still a +ritish colony, we would all be drinking tea in the a$ternoon.
When the sit,ation 2escri0e2 0= the &if cla#se is NOT res#ose$ to !e "alse6 ho!ever6
that cla,se m#st contain an in$icative ver!. The form of ver0 in the main cla,se !ill 2e-en2
on =o,r inten2e2 meaningA
I$ Famlet was really written by ,arlowe, as many ha!e argued, then we ha!e
underestimated ,arlowe-s genius.
I$ .e!in was out all day, then it makes sense that he couldn-t answer the hone.
Note: <emem0er6 1,st 0eca,se the mo2al ver0 would a--ears in the main cla,se6 this 2oesnNt
mean that the ver0 in the i$ cla,se m,st 0e in the s,01,nctive if the content of that cla,se is
not -res,--ose2 to 0e falseA
I$ I was 9not were ; to accet their o$$er-which I-m still considering-I would ha!e to start
tomorrow.
)e would always call her $rom the o$$ice i$ he was 9not were ; going to be late $or dinner.
Another tra2itional r,le states that =o, are not s,--ose2 to ,se the s,01,nctive follo!ing ver0s
s,ch as ask or wonder in i$ cla,ses that eD-ress in2irect H,estions6 even if the content of the
H,estion is -res,me2 to 0e contrar= to factA /e wondered i$ dinner was 9not were; included in
the room rice. Some o$ the eole we met e!en asked us i$ 0ali$ornia was 9not were; an
island.
htt-A""!!!.0artle0=.com"#4"5443"4#3.html
Note: 8o NOT #se &sho#l$' in +,01,nctive moo2.
Sho#l$ vs. Wo#l$
The t!o ver0s are not al!a=s interchangea0le. Mo, can #se either should or would in the
"irst erson to e,ress the "#t#re "rom the oint o" view o" the ast. The same -rinci-le
a--lies to the ver0 in sentences that eD-ress a f,t,re con2ition.
)e swore that I should 9or would; ay $or the remark.
I$ I had known that, I would 9or more formall=6 should; ha!e answered di$$erently.
In the secon$ an$ thir$ ersons- however- (o# onl( #se would:
She assured us that she would 9not should; return.
I$ he had known that, he would 9not should; ha!e answered di$$erently.
Onl( sho#l$ is correct: To e,ress $#t( or o!ligation6 =o, ,se should as the eH,ivalent of
ought to: I 9or you or he; should go.
Onl( wo#l$ is correct: Mo, ,se would 9an2 not should; to e,ress willingness or romise
9I agreed that I would do it; an2 to e,ress ha!it#al action in the -ast 9/e would walk along
the canal at night;. /ould also has the a2vantage of 0eing a -olite s,0stit,te for will in
reH,estsA /ould you lend me a dollar1
htt-A""!!!.0artle0=.com"#4"5443"45%.htmlB+FOU(8
In"initives @ Slit In"initive
In"initive: the root of a ver0 -l,s the !or2 to. To slee-6 -erchance to 2ream.
The resent in"initive 2escri0es a -resent con2itionA G$ li)e to slee-.G
GR SC Notes - 10
-
The er"ect in"initive 2escri0es a time earlier than that of the ver0A G$ !o,l2 li)e to have !on
that game.G
Slit In"initive: An infinitive is sai2 to 0e Gs-litG !hen a !or2 9often an a2ver0; or -hrase
snea)s 0et!een the to of the infinitive an2 the root of the ver0A Gto 0ol2l= go6G
+-lit infinitive is not consi2ere2 acce-ta0le in stan2ar2 American 7nglish.
$f -resent metal -rices contin,e to shar-l= rise6 the val,e of the co--er in a -enn= !ill soon 0e
greater than the face val,e of the coin.
a. $f -resent metal -rices contin,e to shar-l= rise6
0. $f -resent metal -rices are contin,ing their shar- rise6
c. +ho,l2 -resent metal -rices contin,e their shar- rise6
2. 5ontin,ation of shar-l= rising metal -rices sho,l2 mean that
e. 'etal -ricesN shar- rise contin,ing sho,l2 mean that
OA is C
WhatCs wrong with A?
A ,ses slit in"initive6 if A ha2 sai2 to rise shar-l= it !o,l2 have 0een acce-ta0le.
Comare with vs. Comare to
D#le 9A Comare to com-ares #nli1e things6 !hereas comare with com-ares li1e things .
D#le :A Comare to is ,se2 to stress the resem!lance. Comare with can 0e ,se2 to
sho! either similarit= or 2ifference 0,t is #s#all( #se$ to stress the $i""erence.
Comare with A To eval,ate things relative to each otherO for eDam-le6 I%m thinking o$ buying
either a )onda &ccord or a Toyota 0amry, so I%m comaring each with the other, trying to
$igure out which to buy. This meaning is m,ch more common.
Comare ta)es with !hen it refers to the act of eDamining t!o li1e things in or2er to 2iscern
their similarities or 2ifferencesA
T The -olice comare$ the forge2 signat,re with the original.
T The committee !ill have to comare the +enateJs version of the 0ill with the version that
!as -asse2 0= the Fo,se.
Comare to A To sa= that one thing is li)e another thing6 often to tr= to eD-lain !hat one is li)e6
0,t sometimes as an ins,ltO for eDam-le6 ,y $riend didn%t know what a omelo was, so I
comared it to a grae$ruit. Then she was able to understand what it was. or ,y $riend got
mad at the way I handled her bags, so she comared me to a gorilla. This meaning is less
common.
Comare ,s,all= ta)es the -re-osition to !hen it refers to the activit= of 2escri0ing the
resem0lances 0et!een #nli1e thingsA
T Fe comare$ her to a s,mmer 2a=.
T +cientists sometimes comare the h,man 0rain to a com-,ter.
Altho#gh- Tho#gh- 3ven tho#gh- 4esite- In site o"
Altho#gh6 tho#gh an2 even tho#gh are all con+#nctions6 !hilst in site o" an2 $esite are
0oth reositions. +o ,sage reH,iresA
GR SC Notes - 11
-
altho#gh < cla#se
tho#gh < cla#se
even tho#gh < cla#se
$esite < no#n
in site o" < no#n
Altho#gh an2 tho#gh can 0e ,se2 in the same !a=. Tho#gh is -erha-s more common in
informal s-eech an2 !riting6 !hereas altho#gh can 0e ,se2 in a !i2e variet= of st=les.
O,r ne! neigh0ors are H,ite nice6 tho#gh their 2og is a 0it of a n,isance.
+he insiste2 on )ee-ing her coat on6 altho#gh it !as eDtremel= !arm in the ho,se as the
central heating !as on.
Altho#gh she !as commen2e2 for com-leting the 'illenni,m 8ome -ro1ect on time an2
!ithin 0,2get6 management felt that it !as no! time for a ne! -erson !ith 2ifferent talents
to ta)e over.
3ven tho#gh: Tho#gh is often ,se2 !ith even in or2er to give em-hasisA
$ manage2 to get goo2 res,lts in m= eDams6 even tho,gh $ !ent o,t fo,r times a !ee)
!hen $ !as s,--ose2 to 0e revising.
4esite might 0e tho,ght more formal than in site o" 0,t there is reall= ver= little 2ifference
in ,sage 0et!een the t!oA
4esite the a--alling !eather6 the= s,ccee2e2 in !al)ing to the to- of en Nevis.
The= 2eci2e2 to get marrie2 in site o" the h,ge 2ifferences in their ages.
4esite an2 in site o" are normall= ,se2 as -re-ositions6 the= can also 0e ,se2 in a2ver0ial
constr,ctions !ith %ing6 th,sA
$ manage2 to -ass m= eDams6 $esite going o,t fo,r times a !ee) 2,ring the revision
-erio2.
In site o" "eeling terri0l= sic)6 $ !ent to !or) ever= 2a= that !ee).
4esite !eing severel= han2ica--e26 he manage2 to com-lete the race.
htt-A""!!!.00c.co.,)"!orl2service"learningenglish"grammar"learnit"learnitv43.shtml
Co#nt Vs Non co#nt
5oncrete things s,ch as ta0les6 st,2ents6 0ottle6 -erson etc are co,nt no,ns.
While others !hich refer to a0stract i2eas s,ch as air6 0ea,t=6 mone=6 !ater6 f,rnit,re6
information6 soa- etc are non?co,nt no,ns. Non?co,nt no,ns 2o not ,s,all= -l,raliPe. @or
instance !hile -l,ral of 0ottle is 0ottles6 there is no -l,ral of !ater.
To H,antif= these !or2s 2ifferent !or2s are ,se2 for co,nt an2 non?co,nt no,ns.
$f there !ere fewer cars on the roa26 there !o,l2 0e less tra""ic.
The number o" cars on the roa2 contri0,tes to the amount o" tra""ic.
ThereNs too much tra""ic on this roa2 0eca,se there are too many cars.
Co#nta!le: n#m!er- "ew- "ewer- man(- ma+orit(- several
Not co#nta!le: amo#nt or B#antit(- little- less- m#ch- an(- a lot o"
3,cetion: When referring to time or mone=6 less is often ,se2 even !ith n,m0ers. +-ecific
,nits of time or mone= ,se fewer onl= in cases !here in2ivi2,al items are referre2 to.
Non co,nt no,ns generall= ta)e sing,lar ver0s an2 co,nt no,ns ta)e sing,lar or -l,ral
2e-en2ing on the n,m0er.
GR SC Notes - 12
-
7DA 'ost -eo-le areO 'ost of the !ater is
Percentages an2 fractions ta)e -l,ral ver0 if referring to co,nt no,ns. 7Dce-tion to this !o,l2 if
the -ercentage or fraction res,lts in a single H,antit=.
A H,arter of m= home!or) remains to 0e 2one.
T!o thir2s of the st,2ents !ere familiar !ith the H,estion.
O!+ective case o" Prono#ns
There is no o01ective form for =o, an2 it
+,01ective $ Fe" +he We The= Who
O!+ective 6e Eim2 Eer *s Them Whom
Possessive '= Fis" Fer O,r Their Whose
Pre2icative 'ine Fis" hers O,rs Theirs Whose
D#le 9: O01ective forms of -rono,ns are #se$ a"ter reositions s,ch asA to6 at6 in6 of6
0et!een6 among6 over etc.
Incorrect: The co-s ha2 nothing on 5hris an2 I.
Correct: The co-s ha2 nothing on 5hris an2 me.
Incorrect: The 7nglish6 among who are some fine m,sicians6 cannot !rite o-era.
Correct: The 7nglish6 among whom are some fine m,sicians6 cannot !rite o-era.
D#le :: O01ective forms of -rono,ns are #s#all( #se$ a"ter ver!s.
Incorrect: The co-s li1e$ 5hris an2 I
Correct: The co-s li1e$ 5hris an2 me.
Incorrect: The +miths !elieve 0oth the( an2 their stor=.
Correct: The +miths !elieve 0oth them an2 their stor=.
Test: The sentence sho,l2 ma)e sense if =o, remove2 the con1,nction either -rono,n. 7DA
The co-s ha2 nothing on me ma)es more sense than The co-s ha2 nothing on $.
3,cetion to D#le :: The eDce-tion to this r,le is ver0 !e.
Incorrect: $t is me" $tNs me
Correct: $t is $" $tNs $
Incorrect: The= nee2 the H,arter0ac) to !e him !ho has a cool hea2 an2 a strong thro!ing
arm.
Correct: The= nee2 the H,arter0ac) to !e he !ho has a cool hea2 an2 a strong thro!ing arm.
Note: $tNs is contraction of it C is. $ts is the -ossessive of it. Never ,se it to re-lace a
com-lete i2ea6 cla,se or a -hrase.
Who vs. Whom
Use .who. when someone is the S*BF3CT of a sentence6 cla,se6 or -hrase.
3,: Who calle2 the meeting:
Use .whom. when someone is the OBF3CT of a ver0 or -re-osition.
3,: Whom 2i2 =o, invite to the meeting:
GR SC Notes - 13
-
NoteA Tr= the H,estion test. $f =o, ans!er the H,estion !ith &he' or &the(' ic1 &who' if =o,
ans!er the H,estion !ith &him' or &them' ic1 &whom'.
Presenters at the seminar6 one !ho is 0lin26 !ill
2emonstrate a2a-tive eH,i-ment that allo!s vis,all= im-aire2 -eo-le to ,se com-,ters.
9A; one !ho
9; one of them !ho
95; an2 one of them !ho
98; one of !hom
97; one of !hich
OA is 4
$n this statement6 =o, are tr=ing to sa= one of the -resenters is 0lin2. 9ieA one of them is 0lin2;
When in 2o,0t s,0stit,te the !hom !ith them or the=.
Sing#lar Prono#ns @ Collective No#ns
No one No!o$( Nothing
Someone Some!o$( Something
3ver(one 3ver(!o$( 3ver(thing
An(one An(!o$( An(thing
None 3ach An(
Another 3ither 3ver(
The n#m!er Neither
Collective no#n e,amles: @amil=6 +chool6 5ommittee
+ing,lar -rono,ns sho,l2 al!a=s 0e follo!e2 0= sing,lar ver0s. @or collective no,ns6 ,se a
sing,lar ver0 if =o, !ant to stress the gro,- as a !hole an2 ,se -l,ral ver0 if =o, !ant to
em-hasiPe the in2ivi2,al ,nits in the gro,-.
What ;Sing#lar or Pl#ral?=
When what is the s,01ect of a cla,se6 it ma= either ta)e a sing,lar or -l,ral ver0.
/hat is sing#lar !hen ta)en as the eB#ivalent o" &that which or &the thing which:
I see what seems to be a dead tree.
What is l#ral !hen ta)en as the eB#ivalent o" &those which or the things which:
)e sometimes makes what seem to be thoughtless mistakes.
When a cla,se that has what as its s,01ect is itself the s,01ect of a sentence6 it ma= ta)e a
sing,lar or -l,ral ver0. 'ost of these what cla,ses are sing,lar6 $n fact6 what cla,ses are ,s,all=
sing,lar even !hen the ver0 is a lin)ing ver06 s,ch as be or seem, follo!e2 0= a -l,ral no,n or
a series of no,nsA
/hat she ket in her drawer was ten sil!er dollars.
/hat truly commands resect is a large air $orce and a resolute $oreign olicy.
$n some cases6 =o, can treat a cla,se !ith what as the s,01ect as sing,lar or -l,ral6 2e-en2ing
on the em-hasis =o, !ant to conve=. $n /hat eDcite him most are money and ower, the
im-lication is that mone= an2 -o!er are 2istinct elementsO in /hat eDcites him most is money
and ower, the im-lication is that mone= an2 -o!er are a single entit=.
The what cla,se as a !hole is l#ral i" it has a l#ral ver!A
/hat seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road.
htt-A""!!!.0artle0=.com"#4"5443"4%2.html
GR SC Notes - 14
-
The -erio2 !hen the great -ainte2 caves at (asca,D an2 Altamira !ere occ,-ie2 0= U--er
Paleolithic -eo-le has 0een esta0lishe2 0= car0on?34 2ating6 0,t !hat is m,ch more 2iffic,lt to
2etermine are the reason for their 2ecoration6 the ,se to !hich -rimitive -eo-le -,t the caves6
an2 the meaning of the magnificientl= 2e-icte2 animals.
a; has 0een esta0lishe2 0= car0on?34 2ating6 0,t !hat is m,ch more 2iffic,lt to 2etermine are
0; has 0een esta0lishe2 0= car0on?34 2ating6 0,t !hat is m,ch more 2iffic,lt to 2etermine is
c; have 0een esta0lishe2 0= car0on?34 2ating6 0,t !hat is m,ch more 2iffic,lt to 2etermine is
2; have 0een esta0lishe2 0= car0on?34 2ating6 0,t !hat is m,ch more 2iffic,lt to 2etermine are
e; are esta0lishe2 0= car0on?34 2ating6 0,t that !hich is m,ch more 2iffic,lt to 2etermine is
OA is B.
Wh( &is' an$ not &are'?
To sim-lif= the r,le hereA To fig,re o,t !hether the ver0 is sing,lar or -l,ral6 we loo1 to the
le"t6 not to the right.
No,n cla,ses are generall= sing,lar 9canJt thin) of an= eDce-tions6 0,t $ seem to recall one
sometime in the -ast;6 so !eJ2 ,se a sing,lar ver0 !hen the no,n cla,se is the s,01ect. @or
eDam-leA
/hat I need is many eole to hel me mo!e.
Of co,rse6 man= native s-ea)ers !ill sa= something li)e thisA
/hat I need are many eole to hel me mo!e.
,t again6 itJs the s#!+ect- not the o!+ect that $etermines the n#m!er o" the ver!.
htt-A""!!!.sentencecorrection.com"for,ms"in2eD.-h-:sho!to-icE3#/
Beca#se vs. 4#e to
Beca#se is ,se2 as an a2ver0 !hile6 4#e to is ,se2 as an a21ective. Tr= to s,0stit,te !ith
ca,se2 0= if it !or)s then 8,e to is the right ,sage.
The eventNs -ost-onement !as 2,e to rain
The event !as -ost-one2 0eca,se of rain.
Possi!le str#ct#res: U8,e to C No,n PhraseN an2 U8,e to the fact that C 'ain 5la,seN6 an2
Ueca,se C 'ain 5la,seN an2 Ueca,se of C No,n PhraseN.
NOT3: +ince is less -referre2 than 0eca,se.
De$#n$ant Phrases
7liminate an= choices !ith re2,n2ant -hrases. +ome eDam-les
3. reasonR0eca,se
2. co?o-erateRtogether
3. free gift
4. consens,s of o-inion
5. retros-ectiveRrefers 0ac)
#. fe! in n,m0er
%. gro,-e2 together
*. en2 res,lt
/. ne! initiative
34. serio,s crises
33. ,ltimate concl,sion
32. 2eli0eratel= chose
33. at least as man= as
GR SC Notes - 15
-
34. 0othRas !ell as
Other
3. The 2octrinal 2is-,te res,lte2 in the 2ismissal of the -resi2ent of the seminar=6 !ho !as
charge2 !ith teaching false 2octrine an2 !ith a2ministrative miscon2,ct.
9A; charge2 !ith teaching false 2octrine an2 !ith a2ministrative miscon2,ct
9; charge2 !ith teaching false 2octrine an2 a2ministrative miscon2,ct
95; 0eing charge2 that he ta,ght false 2octrine an2 a2ministrative miscon2,ct
98; charge2 !ith 0oth false 2octrine teaching an2 a2ministrative miscon2,ct
97; teaching false 2octrine an2 a2ministrative miscon2,ct as charge2
OA: A
Wh( is OA A- an$ not 4 or B?
In 4: The )e= here is to notice that $octrine is the o01ect of teaching an2 sho,l2 therefore 0e
)e-t as the o01ect6 not as an a21ective 9or6 as !e sometimes sa=6 Gin attri0,tionG;.
$n other !or2s6 !e sho,l2 follo! this -atternA P<7P C &7<UN8 C O>75T O@ &7<UN8
Of co,rse a goo2 eDam-le !ill ma)e this r,le clearer. 5onsi2er the follo!ing sentencesA
The !oman !as fire2 "or !#(ing +#n1.
or
The !oman !as fire2 "or +#n1 !#(ing.
Fere are t!o moreA
A"ter eating l#nch6 $ felt slee-=.
or
A"ter l#nch eating6 $ felt slee-=.
In B: if !e 2onJt ,se with6 !e !o,l2 have am0ig,it= a0o,t !hether miscon$#ct !as -arallel
!ith teaching or !ith $octrine. $n other !or2s6 it so,n2s li)e the -resi2ent !as teaching
a2ministrative miscon2,ctVV
2. The legislat,re seems to tal) at great length a0o,t reform 0,t to 2o almost nothing to
achieve that.
9A; to 2o almost nothing to achieve that
9; to 2o almost nothing achieving s,ch
95; to 2o almost nothing to achieve $t
98; 2oing almost nothing in achieving an=
97; 2oing almost nothing to achieve that
OA is C
Well6 the grammatical eD-lanation for !h= it is 95; is H,ite sim-le??that is !hat !e call a
2emonstrative6 !hich means that it is ,se2 to sho! !hich one6 )in2 of li)e -ointing at
something6 sa=ing that one.
it is a sim-le -rono,n??it sim-l= re-laces a sing,lar no,n that came 0efore. +o6 if =o,Jre not
-ointing o,t a no,n6 =o, sho,l2 ,se it.
3. Unli)e mo2ern feminism6 !hich 2erives m,ch of its strength from re1ection of an o--ressive
home6 'arietta Folle= in her novels ma2e 2omesticit= the 0asis of !omenNs li0eration.
9A; Unli)e mo2ern feminism6 !hich 2erives m,ch of its strength from re1ection of an o--ressive
GR SC Notes - 16
-
home6 'arietta Folle= in her novels
9; Unli)e the mo2ern feminist !ho 2erives m,ch of her strength from re1ection of an
o--ressive home6 'arietta Folle=N s novels
95; Unli)e mo2ern feminism6 2eriving m,ch of its strength from re1ection of an o--ressive
home6 'arietta Folle=Ns novels
98; Unli)e those of the mo2ern feminist !ho 2erives m,ch of her strength from re1ection
of an o--ressive home6 novels of 'arietta Folle=
97; Unli)e those of mo2ern feminism6 !hich 2erive m,ch of their strength from re1ection of an
o--ressive home6 'arietta Folle=N s novels
OA is 3
WhatCs wrong with 4?
8 is almost correct6 0,t it 2oes have a co,-le of errors. One of the easiest to -oint o,t is the
missing 2eterminer the reH,ire2 for the -hrase no!els o$ ,arietta )olley.
Fo!ever6 there are still a co,-le other things to -a= attention too6 things that are act,all= more
im-ortant if =o,Jre shooting for %44C.
5om-are the follo!ing t!o -hrasesA
!ho 2erives m,ch of her strength from re1ection of an o--ressive home
!hich 2erive m,ch of their strength from re1ection of an o--ressive home
$n the first cla,seA "who deri!e s much o$ her strength $rom re2ection o$ an oressi!e home !e
are sa=ing that the mo2ern feminist gains strength.
$n secon2 cla,seA which deri!e much o$ their strength $rom re2ection o$ an oressi!e home
!e are sa=ing that the novels gain strength.
We )no! !hatJs referring to !hat 0eca,se of the relative -rono,ns an2 the form of the ver0.
We )no! that !e sho,l2 0e tal)ing a0o,t the novels an2 Gthe feminist6G 0eca,se the latter -art
of the sentence sho!s the contrast??Folle=Js novels 9not Gthe feministG;.
@inall=6 if !e 2o in2ee2 !ant to tal) a0o,t feminism6 then it !o,l2 0e 0etter to 2o so 0=
referring 2irectl= to $eminism6 an2 not to the $eminist 9to re-resent all of feminism;.
4. T!ent=?t!o feet long an2 34 feet in 2iameter6 the A'?3 is one of the man= ne! satellites
that is a -art of 35 =ears effort of s,01ecting the interactions of 7arthNs atmos-here6 oceans6
an2 lan2 s,rfaces to 2etaile2 scr,tin= from s-ace.
9A; satellites that is a -art of 35 =ears effort of s,01ecting the interactions of 7arthNs
atmos-here6 oceans6 an2 lan2 s,rfaces
9; satellites6 !hich is a -art of a 35?=ear effort to s,01ect ho! 7arthNs atmos-here6 oceans6
an2 lan2 s,rfaces interact
95; satellites6 -art of 35 =ears effort of s,01ecting ho! 7arthNs atmos-here6 oceans6 an2 lan2
s,rfaces are interacting
98; satellites that are -art of an effort for 35 =ears that has s,01ecte2 the interactions of 7arthNs
atmos-here6 oceans6 an2 lan2 s,rfaces
97; satellites that are -art of a 35?=ear effort to s,01ect the interactions of 7arthNs atmos-here6
ocean6 an2 lan2 s,rfaces
OA is 3
Wh( not B?
http://www.gmatclub.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?p=75641#75641
GR SC Notes - 17
-
5. The com-,ter soft!are 0eing 2esigne2 for a -ro1ect st,2=ing Native American assess to
higher e2,cation !ill not onl= meet the nee2s of that st,2=6 0,t also has the versatilit= an2
-o!er of facilitating similar research en2eavors.
9A; 0,t also has the versatilit= an2 -o!er of facilitating
9; 0,t also have the versatilit= an2 -o!er to facilitate
95; 0,t it also has the versatilit= an2 -o!er to facilitate
98; an2 also have the versatilit= an2 -o!er of facilitating
97; an2 it also has s,ch versatilit= an2 -o!er that it can facilitate
OA is B
Wh( not A?
Fere the -arallel constr,ction !ith not onl=R0,t also com-ares !ill meetG !ith G!ill haveG
GFe meetsG WW !ith Ghe hasG. +o6 here soft!are nee2s the -l,ral have.
htt-A""!!!.gmatcl,0.com"-h-00"vie!to-ic.-h-:tE33334
goo2 H,estion R.
#. 5it= Planners in 8etroit ho-e that the rene!al -ro1ect eDten2ing along the eastern riverfront
!ill esta0lish a -o-,lation that lives an$ wor1s $owntown an$ also rovi$es the office
s-ace nee2e2 to attract ne! 0,sinesses.
A; that lives an2 !or)s 2o!nto!n an2 also -rovi2es
; to live an2 !or) 2o!nto!n an2 also -rovi2e
5; that lives as !ell as !or)s 2o!nto!n an2 also -rovi2e
8; !hich lives as !ell as !or)s 2o!nto!n an2 also -rovi2es
7; !ho live as !ell as !or) 2o!nto!n an2 also -rovi2es
OA is C
Wh( not A?
$n A6 8 an2 7 the G-rovi2esG im-lies that the -o-,lation -rovi2es the office s-ace !hile it sho,l2
0e the Gcit= -lannersG.
+o6 the -arallel constr,ction is !ith G!ill esta0lishG an2 G!ill -rovi2eG.
htt-A""!!!.gmatcl,0.com"-h-00"vie!to-ic.-h-:tE33334
htt-A""!!!.testmagic.com"for,ms"sho!threa2.-h-:mo2eEh=0ri2.tE33244
%. The $mmigration +ervice no! has the 2iscretionar= -o!er to )ee- families ,nite2 even
tho,gh all their mem0ers 2o not meet the five?=ear resi2enc= reH,irement.
9A; all their mem0ers 2o not meet the five?=ear resi2enc= reH,irement
9; not all their mem0ers meet the five?=ear resi2enc= reH,irement
95; all their mem0ers have not met the reH,irement for a five?=ear resi2enc=
98; not all their mem0ers have resi2e2 for five =ears6 a reH,irement
97; all their mem0ers have not resi2e2 for five =ears6 as reH,ire2
OA is B
Wh( not A?
$t is im-lie2 !ith G)ee- families togetherG that onl= some of the mem0ers 2o not meet the
reH,irements.
Onl= ans!ers an2 8 ma)e that 2istinction. The others s,ggest that the !hole famil= mem0ers
2o not meet the reH,irements 9in that case the= co,l2 all 0e 2e-orte2 together an2 the famil=
GR SC Notes - 18
-
!o,l2 still 0e ,nite2 right:;.
*. Art historians are ,sing a -rocess )no!n as infrare2 scanning in anal=Ping the 'ona (isa to
2etermine if it has 0een altere2 since com-letion an2 if (eonar2o 2a Vinci first s)etche2 the
fig,re in 0lac)6 as 2one 0= man= artists of the time.
9A; if it has 0een altere2 since com-letion an2 if (eonar2o 2a Vinci first s)etche2 the fig,re in
0lac)6 as 2one
9; if it ha2 0een altere2 since com-letion an2 if (eonar2o 2a Vinci first s)etche2 the fig,re in
0lac)6 a -ractice em-lo=e2
95; !hether it has 0een altere2 since com-letion an2 !hether (eonar2o 2a Vinci first s)etche2
the fig,re in 0lac)6 a -ractice em-lo=e2
98; !hether it !as altere2 since com-letion an2 !hether (eonar2o 2a Vinci first s)etche2 the
fig,re in 0lac)6 as !as 2one
97; !hether it ha2 0een altere2 since com-letion an2 !hether (eonar2o 2a Vinci first s)etche2
the fig,re in 0lac)6 a -ractice 2one
OA is C
Wh( not 4?
Fas 0een altere2 is correct ? , nee2 -resent -erfect !ith GsinceG
@e! -ointsA
3. Which one is 0etter here ? J$@J or JWhetherJ. +ince J$@J is not follo!e2 0= a JTF7NJ cla,se6
JWhetherJ is right. This means A an2 are o,t.
2. (oo)ing at 86 !e have J!hether it !as 2one......6 as was done% . Jas !as 2oneJ s,rel= is
a!)!ar2. +o 8 is o,t.
3. 0"! 5 an2 7...6 7 has Ja -ractice 2oneJ an2 5 has Ja -ractice em-lo=e2J. JA Practice em-lo=e2J
seems right. 5 also has Jhas 0eenJ ? !hich is right. Jha2 0eenJ an2 Ja -ractice 2oneJ together
2oesJnt )ee- the tenses intact.
/. Asset allocators create -ortfolios6 often in the form of m,t,al f,n2s6 !ith the intention to
t,rn in goo2 res,lts in 0oth 0,ll an2 0ear mar)ets.
9A; !ith the intention
9; the intention of !hich is
95; inten2e2
98; an2 inten2ing
97; so inten2e2 as
OA is C.
Wh( not A?
G!ith the intention ofG is the correct i2iom. A ,ses !ith the intention to.
34. Altho,gh a0o,t // -ercent of the more than 54 million T,r)s are ',slims6 the re-,0lic
fo,n2e2 0= ',stafa Semal Atat,r) in 3/23 is resol,tel= sec,lar.
a; Altho,gh a0o,t // -ercent of the more than 54 million
0; Altho,gh a0o,t // -ercent of over 54 million of the
c; Altho,gh a0o,t // -ercent of more than 54 million
2; 8es-ite the fact that a0o,t // -ercent of more than 54 million
e; 8es-ite the fact that a0o,t // -ercent of over 54 million
OA is A
GR SC Notes - 19
-
WhatCs the $i""erence !etween A @ C?
$f !e ,se Gthe6G !e are sa=ing that there are onl= 54 million T,r)s in the !hole !orl2O if !e
2onJt ,se Gthe6G !e are sa=ing that there are -ossi0l= more than 54 million T,r)s in the !orl2
GR SC Notes - 20
-
I$iomatic *ni$iomatic
A lot alot
A!le < in"initive
Access to
Acco#nt "or
A$ate$ to2 "or2 "rom
Agree to9i2ea or -ro-osal;2 with9-eo-le;
All o" which O" which all
Allows "or
AllowGto !e !ase$ on Allow thatG"ees !e !ase$ on
Aeal to
al( to
As an instance o"
As goo$ as...or !etter than
as m#ch as ;as...as=
Associate with
attemt to
Atten$ to ;someone=
Attri!#te to Attri!#te as
Attri!#te , to (2, is attri!#te$ to (
Base$ on
Begin < in"initive
!elieve , to !e (
!etter serve$ !( , than !( (
!etween , an$ (
Both , an$ (
call ...to consi$er
Care a!o#t2 "or
Center on Center aro#n$
Choose < in"initive
Comare a to !
Comare a with !
Comose$ o"
Concerne$ with
Con"orm to Con"orm with
Connection !etween x an$ y Connection o" x an$ y
Consi$er ;< nothing= Consi$er as
Conten$ that
Contrast a with !
Co#nt on < erson2thing
cre$it with
GR SC Notes - 21
-
$e!ate over
4i""erent "rom 9com-are -eo-le an2 things; 4i""erent than;comare cla#ses%less
re"erre$=
$i""ic#lt < in"initive ;to=
4isclose to < erson2organiHation
$isting#ish !etween , an$ (
$isting#ish , "rom (
4o#!t that 4o#!t whether
4rawn to erson2thing
4ream o"2a!o#t
4win$le "rom
3merges "rom
3ssential to
estimate$ to !e
3,cet "or 3,ceting
7ascinate$ !(
7lee "rom
7oc#s on < thing2erson
7or!i$ , to $o (
"rom , to (
5et cre$it "or2give cre$it "or
I$entical with I$entical to
In an attemt to As attemt in
In contrast to In contrast o"
In regar$ to In regar$s to
In site o" 4esite
In$een$ent o" In$een$ent "rom
In$icate that2 to
In$i""erent towar$s
inten$ to
intent on
Invest in Invest into2 "or
>ea$s to
>ess on x than on y
li1en , to ( li1en to !e
metho$ o".. metho$ to
6istoo1 x "or y 6istoo1Gto
more ...than ever
native o"
native to Native in
Nee$ "or2 to
no less ...than
Not onl( G !#t also not onl(G an$ also
GR SC Notes - 22
-
Not so m#chGas
or$ere$ ( to $o H
Originate in
Potential to
Prohi!its , "rom $oing (
Promise o" < thing
Promise to
range "rom , to (
rates "or .rates o". when rates=> .rices charge$.
De"er to
regar$ as
Degar$less Irregar$less
reB#ire < thing2erson < in"initive reB#ire o" , to (
Desonsi!le "or
Desonsi!ilit( to
Des#lt2Des#lting in
Des#lts "rom
Sacri"ice , "or (
same to , as to (
Save "or
Save "rom
See1 to2thing2erson
seem < in"initive
So in"reB#entl( that
so , as to (
sea1 to2 with
state ...that
S#!scri!e to
S#ch...as
Ta1e a$vantage o"
Targete$ at Targete$ to
Thin1 o" , as ( Thin1 o" , to !e (
Tr( to Tr( an$
#se ...as #sing , to !e (
*se$ < in"initive
With the intention o"
(o# ha$ !etter $o it
GR SC Notes - 23
-
S#!+ect2 Ver! Inversion
htt-A""!!!.sentencecorrection.com"for,ms"in2eD.-h-:sho!to-icE3#%
There are at least eighteen t=-es of inversionA
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
3. neg intro
Never 2o $ slee-.
Onl= at night can $ st,2=.
$n no !a= co,l2 $ hel- =o, !ith =o,r
>a-anese grammar H,estion.
$ 0elieve that onl= rarel= !ill $ nee2
=o,r hel-.
Not ,ntil $ got home 2i2 $ realiPe that
m= shoes !ere ,ntie2.
K,estion form is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
This one is ver= common on the TO7@( an2
some!hat common on the &'AT an2 &<7.
We nee2 to learn the vario,s t=-es of
!or2s an2 -hrases that reH,ire this t=-e of
inversion.
Notice that sometimes the inversion occ,rs
right after the neg intro form an2
sometimes it occ,rs in the neDt s,01ect
an2 ver0.
+ee Neg $ntro for more info.
2. intro a2ver0ial
$nto the room ran the la2=.
@irst comes love6 then comes
marriage.
After A comes 6 then comes 56 neDt
comes 8.
$nversion is o-tional.
Use2 !ith 0e?ver0s6 lin)ing ver0s6 an2
ver0s of 2irection.
This one is less common on the TO7@(6 0,t
GR SC Notes - 24
-
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
8o!n came rain an2 !ashe2 the
s-i2er o,t.
more common on the &'AT an2 &<7.
Notice that sometimes !e have an a2ver06
li)e first an2 2o!n an2 sometimes !e
have an a2ver0 -hrase li)e into the
room or after A. These a2ver0s an2 a2ver0
-hrases ,s,all= sho! location or 2irection.
This t=-e of inversion ,s,all= onl= occ,rs
!ith 0e?ver0s6 lin)ing ver0s an2 ver0s that
sho! 2irection or movement6 li)e
come6 go6 r,n6 etc.
3. intro Ie2
@o,n2 in +an @rancisco is (om0ar2
+treet6 the so?calle2 croo)e2est street
in the !orl2.
(ost among the ol2 ta0les an2 chairs
!as the -riceless Victorian 2es).
(ocate2 0et!een +an @rancisco an2
'arin 5o,nt= is the &ol2en &ate
ri2ge.
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith 0e?ver0s.
This one is ver= common on the TO7@(6
&'AT6 an2 &<7.
This t=-e of inversion ,s,all= occ,rs !ith
0e?ver0s6 0,t sometimes !ith lin)ing
ver0s.
Notice that the -hrase is the com-lement
of the 0e?ver0.
4. com-aratives
5heetahs r,n faster than 2o
antelo-es.
$nversion is o-tional.
GR SC Notes - 25
-
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
Mo, s-ea) 5hinese 0etter than 2o $.
>essica is more intereste2 in 5om-,ter
+cience than is en1amin.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
This form of inversion is common on the
TO7@(6 &'AT6 an2 &<7.
We normall= onl= have inversion here if !e
are com-aring s,01ects of the ver06 not
o01ects. @or eDam-le6 in the follo!ing
t!o sentences6 !e are com-aring o01ects6
carrots an2 -otatoes6 not the s,01ect $.A
$ li)e carrots
more than $ 2o -otatoes.
$ li)e carrots
more than 2o $ li)e -otatoes.
No!6 in this sentence6 !e are com-aring
s,01ects6 $ an2 m= frien2 5arlA
$ li)e carrots
more than 2oes m= frien2 5arl.
5. intro com-arative
igger than an a-atosa,r is
the 0l,e !hale.
'ore im-ortant than
=o,r -ersonal statement is
=o,r &PA.
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith 0e?ver0s.
This form is more common on the &'AT
GR SC Notes - 26
-
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
No less im-ressive
than the invention of the laser !as
the 2evelo-ment of the !heel.
an2 &<7 than it is
on the TO7@(.
Notice that !e can onl= ,se this form of
inversion !hen
the ver0 is a 0e?ver0 since in ever= case6
the com-arative
is the com-lement of the 0e?ver0.
<emem0er that less than is also a
com-arative.
#. as
'eg,mi is from >a-an6
as is +ato.
+o?e,n !ants to leave earl= to2a=6 as
2oes Oi.
$f thro!n into the !ater6 camels can
s!im6 as can cats.
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
We can onl= ,se inversion if !e are ,sing
as for com-arisons.
as is one of the tric)iest !or2s in 7nglishO
it can have man= 2ifferent meanings.
%. soR thatR
+o ha--= !as $ that $ 0o,ght flo!ers
for ever=0o2= in class.
+o H,ic)l= 2i2 she leave
that !e 2i2 not even realiPe !as gone.
K,estion form is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
This is not so common on the TO7@(6 0,t is
GR SC Notes - 27
-
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
+o rarel= 2oes a comet a--ear
visi0le to the na)e2 e=e that !hen one
2oes6 it is consi2ere2
a ma1or event.
fairl= common on the &'AT an2 &<7.
The soR thatR cla,se m,st 0efore the ver0
in for this t=-e of inversion.
*. had, should,
were for i$?cla,ses
Fa2 $ remem0ere2 TomomiNs 0irth2a=6
she !o,l2nNt 0e ma2 at me no!.
+ho,l2 =o, nee2 a han26 $ !ill 0e
more than ha--= to hel- =o,.
Were $ =o,6 $ thin)
$ !o,l2 st,2= more for =o,r eDam
tomorro!.
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
This is some!hat common on the TO7@(
an2 more common on
the &'AT an2 &<7.
This t=-e of inversion is )in2 of s-ecial.
Notice that !e can onl= ,se this t=-e of
inversion !hen !e are ,sing an if?cla,se.
$n other !or2s6 if is omitte2A even tho,gh
the !or2 if 2oes not a--ear in the cla,se6
!e still have the meaning of an
if?cla,se.
@or more information6 see ha26 sho,l26
!ere.
/. there is6 there
are6 there eDists6
there comes6 etc.
There is a goo2 resta,rant
near0=.
There comes a time in ever= -ersonNs
life !hen she realiPes that she is
res-onsi0le for her o!n ha--iness6 not
other -eo-le.
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Us,all= ,se2 onl= !ith these ver0s.
This form of inversion is common on the
TO7@(6 &'AT6 an2 &<76 as !ell as in
s-o)en an2 !ritten 7nglish.
GR SC Notes - 28
-
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
+cientists h=-othesiPe that there
eDists
a certain t=-e of -article
that can travel faster than the s-ee2
of light.
'ost -eo-le remem0er there is an2 there
are. UT !e m,st also remem0er that
there are other ver0s that !e can ,se
instea2 of is an2 are. The most common
ones are eDist6 come6 an2 go.
34. here is6 here
are6 here comes6
here come
Fere is some goo2 foo2 for =o, to tr=.
Fere are the 0oo)s that $ 2onNt nee2
an=more.
Fere comes the 0,sV
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Us,all= ,se2 onl= !ith these ver0s.
Mo, !ill -ro0a0l= not see this on the
grammar section of the TO7@( or on the
&'AT or &<7. $t co,l26 ho!ever6 a--ear
on the (istening 5om-rehension +ection of
the TO7@(. We ,se this form mostl= in
s-o)en 7nglish.
33. intro ?ing
,rning o,t of control !as the forest
locate2 in the foothills of the +ierra
Neva2a mo,ntains.
5oming in last in the race !as >oe
7le-hant (egs lo!.
Not hel-ing the sit,ation
!as little +,sie6 !ho !as thro!ing
ne!s-a-er on the s-rea2ing
fire.
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Use2 onl= !ith 0e?ver0s.
This form is not common on the TO7@(6
0,t might sho! ,- on the &'AT or &<7.
Notice the intro Iing -hrase is the
com-lement of the 0e?ver0.
32. em-hasis
o= am $ h,ngr=. $nversion is o-tional.
GR SC Notes - 29
-
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
$s it ever hot in hereV
8o =o, )no! ho! to coo)V
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
Mo, !ill -ro0a0l= not see this on the
grammar section of the TO7@( or on the
&'AT or &<7. $t co,l26 ho!ever6 a--ear
on the (istening 5om-rehension +ection of
the TO7@(. We ,se this form mostl= in
s-o)en 7nglish.
33. the 0igger6 the
0etter
The closer an o01ect is to another
o01ect6 the greater is the gravit=
0et!een the t!o o01ects.
K,estion form is o-tional.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
34. H,estions
$s this the last eDam-le:
8o =o, en1o= rea2ing these lists:
Are !e finishe2 =et:
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
$t !o,l26 ho!ever6 a--ear on the (istening
5om-rehension section of the TO7@(. Not
for &'AT
35. Gstor= s-eechG
$ thin) itNs time to go6 sai2 +,san.
$tNs time for =o,6 0,t not for me6
re-lie2 &ar=.
'a=0e !e sho,l2 collect o,r tho,ghts
for a moment6 commente2 (an=.
$nversion is o-tional.
Use2 !ith ver0s that re-ort s-eech.
Mo, !ill -ro0a0l= not see this on the
grammar section of the TO7@( or on the
&'AT or &<7.
GR SC Notes - 30
-
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
3#. nor
No one has vol,nteere2 for the 1o06
nor 2o !e eD-ect an=one to vol,nteer
in the f,t,re.
Fo)?ming cannot s-ea) Port,g,ese6
nor can >osX s-ea) 5antonese.
The Poo reg,lations !ill not -ermit
=o, to to,ch the animals6 nor !o,l2
most -eo-le a2vise =o, to 2o so.
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
Mo, might see this on the a2a-tive TO7@(
if =o, are scoring high an2 it co,l2 a--ear
on the &'AT or &<7.
<emem0er that nor is consi2ere2 a
con1,nction6 0,t !e ,se it 0et!een t!o
sentences 9not 0et!een an= t!o elements
li)e the other con1,nctions;.
3%. Gso 2o $G"
Gneither 2o $.G
+o 2o $.
+o can Terr=.
Neither 2o most -eo-le $ )no!.
$nversion is o0ligator=.
Use2 !ith all ver0s.
Mo, !ill -ro0a0l= not see this on the
grammar section of the TO7@( or on the
&'AT or &<7.
GR SC Notes - 31
-
T=-e 7Dam-les Notes
3*. intro a21ective
ea,tif,l 0e=on2 0elief !as m= 0a0=
2a,ghter.
Fa--= a0o,t their acce-tance into
their 2ream schools !ere (an= an2
Tomo.
K,ic) an2 -ainless !ill 0e =o,r
me2ical -roce2,re.
$nversion is o0ligator= in most cases.
Use2 !ith 0e?ver0s.
This one is fairl= rare an2 -ro0a0l= !o,l2
not a--ear on the TO7@(6 0,t =o, might
see it on the &'AT or &<7.
$nversion is sometimes not ,se2 in -oetic
lang,age.
$f -resent metal -rices contin,e to shar-l= rise6 the val,e of the co--er in a -enn= !ill soon 0e
greater than the face val,e of the coin.
O-tion A has the s-lit infinitive 9to shar-l= rise;
9A; $f -resent metal -rices contin,e to shar-l= rise6
9; $f -resent metal -rices are contin,ing their shar- rise6
95; +ho,l2 -resent metal -rices contin,e their shar- rise6
98; 5ontin,ation of shar-l= rising metal -rices sho,l2 mean that
97; 'etal -ricesN shar- rise contin,ing sho,l2 mean that
OA is C ;(oo) at +,01ect"Ver0 inversion notes6 B*6 had, should, were.;
GR SC Notes - 32
-