1

| , , = - - , |






The respected Shaykh Dr. V. Abdur Rahim, was asked:








Question



Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah yaa Ustadh!

Can you please explain to me the concept of Badal?

I was studying tuhfatus sinniyya with one Shaykh but he had to
stop the lessons before he got to that part.

jazaakallahu khairan

wassalamu alaikum






- = - =
Q & A
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Answer



The Shaykhs reply is in the form of the following beneficial
extracts from his Arabic course teaching the topic:



Source : _. , , _|| _-| -,,-| -- | :




Arabic Course for English-Speaking Students (Book 3), Key to
Lessons 1 & 21






Quote :

Key to Lesson 1

_ , ,|



Nouns of Dependent Declension


There are four grammatical elements which have no
independent declension ( =-, ) of their own; they are
dependent on other nouns for their declension. These are



[The Shaykh mentions the elements. From them is (quote) :]








, = ,| badal i.e., a noun in apposition to another, e.g.,

` , = =, - | _ |

Has your brother Haashim passed?

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. |=| = _ |

Has this student passed?

. = = - | = - |

I know your brother Haashim.

. . |=| = = - |

I know this student.

, = c, - | - - , |

Where is your brother Haashims room?

. |=| = - - , |

Where is the room of this student?





* * *
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Key to Lesson 21


We have learnt the badal , = ,|, in lesson 1 e.g.,

=, - | , | ` , =

Where is your brother Haashim?


The badal is of four kinds:

1) total badal, , = , | - |

e.g., =, - | _ ` = - .

Your brother Muhammad has passed.

Here ` = - is the same as =, - | .


2) partial badal, - ,| , = , | -






- - -=| . | = . ,

I ate the chicken, half of it.

Here . = is part of - - -=| .
e.g.,
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3) comprehensive badal, , = v , = ,







= | = _ , - | ,, = | . -

I like this book, its style.

Here =, = | is not the same as = |, nor is it part of it,
but it is something contained in it.

Here is another example:

. - v - , . ., , . ,

We are asking each other about the examination, how it will
be.



4) dissimilar badal, , , ' , = ,|




= | _ = - | =|

Give me the book - I mean - the notebook.

Here, the intended word is =| , but by mistake the speaker
said = |, then he corrected himself.





* * *

e.g.,
e.g.,
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The noun for which the badal , = ,| is the substitute is called
the mubdal minhu - - , = , '.







In , : , c. . , , |

the word , : , is the badal, and c. . , is the mubdal
minhu.


* * *
The badal need not agree with the mubdal minhu in being
definite or indefinite, e.g.,

, - | = - | . | -,. . , ., = -,

I know two languages, French and Spanish.

Here , - | is indefinite, and ., = , .-,. .| -,
are definite.



* * *
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The badal and the mubdal minhu may:


a) both be nouns,

e.g., -, , | ; - ,=| - c , | | . ,

They ask you regarding the sacred month - regarding warfare
in it (Quraan, 2: 217).






b) both be verbs,

e.g., _... = = -| - | . - = , ' -| , c | . - , -

And whoever does this shall receive punishment : the torment
will be doubled for him (Quraan, 25: 68-69).









c) both be sentences,




_... _ , ; - | , , = - | ' ., - , , = - | =| ,

And fear Him Who has provided you with (all good things) that
you know : has provided you with cattle and sons (Quraan, 26:
132-133).

e.g.,
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d) be different; the mubdal minhu being a noun and the
badal being a sentence,

e.g., _ . - . , , , _ | , . = , : |

Dont they look at the camels : how they have been created
(Quraan, 88: 17).






(End extracts)



_- ,= = ;- .













Admin.s note : For more on badal from the Quraan, and aHaadiith, please see for
example, the Shaykhs works: Selections From the Glorious Quraan With Lexical and
Grammatical Notes (advanced course), and:
= _,=| , - = , - - . ., =| ` , ,| ., = - - ` , = . ,,-| =,- .
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