1.

CONVERSION TABLE FOR IMPORTANT UNITS

Length
12 inches = 1 foot 1 inch = 2.54 cm
3 feet = 1 Yard 1 foot = 0.3048 m
1 State the trapezoidal rule. hat are the considerations and limitations of this rule!
"#o the sum of the first and the last ordinate$ t%ice the sum of the intermediate ordinates
is added. #his total sum is multiplied &' the common distance. (alf of this product is the
re)uired area*. #his is the trapezoidal rule.
#he &oundaries &et%een the ends of ordinates are assumed to &e straight lines.
#here is no limitation in this rule. +t can &e applied at an' num&er of ordinates.
2. State Simpson,s rule. hat are the considerations and limitations of this rule!
#o the sum o f the first and the last ordinate$ four times the sum of e-en ordinates and
t%ice the sum of ldd ordinates are added. #his total sum is multiplied &' the common
distance. .ne/third of this product is the re)uired area. "#his is Simpson,s rule
#he &oundar' &et%een the ordinates id assumed to form an arc of a para&ola. #o
appl' this rule$ the num&er of ordinates must &e odd.
3. hat is a contour line!
0 line 1oining points of e)ual ele-ation is 2no%n as a contour line
4. 3efine the terms 4contour inter-al, and 4horizontal e)ui-alent,!
#he -ertical distance &et%een t%o consecuti-e contours is called a contour inter-al. #he
horizontal distance &et%een t%o consecuti-e contours is 2no%n as horizontal e)ui-alent.
5. h' is the horizontal e)ui-alent not constant!
#he horizontal distance &et%een points -aries according to the -ariation of slope. 0s the
slope of the ground &et%een t%o consecuti-e contours is not constant in all directions$ the
horizontal e)ui-alent is not constant.
5. +n some places consecuti-e contours run close together and in some places the' are
%ide apart. hat does this mean!
6ontours running close together indicate a steep slope. hen the' run %ide apart$ it
indicates a flatter slope.
7. (o% %ill 'ou distinguish &et%een a depression and a summit &' stud'ing the nature of
the contour!
+n case there is a depression$ the contours run close together near the &an2 8outside9 and
%ide apart at the center. +n the case of a summit$ the contours run close together near the
pea2 8center9 and %ide apart at the &ase 8outside9.
8. +n a map$ it is found that t%o consecuti-e contours cross each other. hat %ould 'ou
comment!
+n general$ contour lines cannot cross each other$ e:cept in the case of an o-erhanging
cliff. #herefore$ the area represented in the map includes an o-erhanging cliff. ;ut the
contour line should &e dotted line at the point of crossing to indicate that one location is
&elo% the other.
<. (o% %ill 'ou distinguish &et%een a -alle' line and a ridge line!
hen the lo%er -alues are inside the loop$ it indicates a -alle' line. hen the higher
-alues are inside the loop$ it indicates a ridge line.
10. hat is contour gradient!
+n a hill' area$ the center line of a road in a gi-en gradient is mar2ed &' some points. #he
line 1oining such points is 2no%n as contour gradient.
11. hat is the o&1ect of preparing a contour map!
=rom a contour map$ the nature of the ground surface of an area can &e 2no%n. So$ for
identif'ing a suita&le site for a dam or reser-oir and for mar2ing the tentati-e alignment
of engineering pro1ects in-ol-ing roads$ rail%a's$ etc.$ a contour map is essential.
12. hat are the methods of plane ta&ling!
#he methods of plane ta&ling are radiation$ intersection$ tra-ersing and resection
13. hen %ould 'ou appl' resection!
#o esta&lish a ne% station %ith the help of t%o points or stations.
14. hat is intersection! hen it is re)uired!
#he method of locating an o&1ect &' the intersection of ra's dra%n from t%o stations is
called the intersection method.
#he method is applied for locating inaccessi&le points$ that is$ %hen it is not possi&le to
measure the distance from the station to the o&1ect.
15. hen %ould 'ou appl' the t%o/point and three/point pro&lem!
+f it is found after completion of the plane ta&le sur-e' that an important o&1ect has not
&een plotted$ then the t%o/point or three/point pro&lem is applied to locate a ne% station.
#hese pro&lems can &e applied e-en if all the station pegs ha-e &een remo-ed.
15. hat do the terms 4great triangle, and 4great circle, mean!
+n the three/point pro&lem$ the triangle formed &' 1oining three %ell/defined points is
2no%n as the great triangle and the circle passing through them is called the great circle.
17. .ne month after the completion of a plane ta&le sur-e'$ it is detected that one
important o&1ect %as not plotted. (o% %ill 'ou plot the o&1ect on going to the field!
0 ne% station has to &e esta&lished %ith the help of the t%o/point or three/point pro&lem.
#he o&1ect can then &e located %ith reference to that ne% station.
18. hat t'pe of orientation %ould 'ou prefer and %h'!
.rientation &' &ac2sighting is al%a's preferred$ &ecause it is more relia&le than the
magnetic needle method. +n this method$ magnetic su&stances do not affect the %or2.
1<. hat method %ould 'ou appl' for locating inaccessi&le points!
#he method of intersection should &e applied in order to locate inaccessi&le points.
20. hat do 'ou mean &' the 4fiducial edge, of the alidade!
#he %or2ing &e-eled edge of the alidade is 2no%n as the fiducial edge.
21. hat are the different t'pes of alidade!
#here are t%o t'pes of alidade > ?lain and telescopic.
22. hat do 'ou mean &' 4strength of fi:,!
+n the three/point pro&lem$ the relati-e positions of 0$ ;$ 6 and the re)uired point ?
should &e such that the re)uired point can &e located -er' )uic2l' and accuratel'. #he
accurac' %ith %hich the point can &e fi:ed is termed the strength of fi:.
23. hat are the precautions 'ou ha-e to ta2e %hile centering the alidade %ith the station
pin!
#he alidade should &e centered on the same side of the station pin throughout the
tra-erse. @eeping the alidade on the left of station pin is ideal.
24. 0t the e)uator the dip of the needle is
a9 180
o
&9 0
o
c9 <0
o
25. 0t the magnetic pole$ the dip is
a9 0
o
&9 45
o
c9 <0
o
25. #he true meridian passes through
a9 Aeographical poles &9 Bagnetic ?oles c9 0r&itrar' poles
27. #he line passing through 4zero, declination is 2no%n as the
a9 +sogonic line &9 0gonic line c9 6ontour line
28. +n the 6; s'stem$ a line is said to &e free from local attraction if the difference
&et%een the =; and ;; is
a9 0
o
&9<0
o
c9180
o
2<. +n the C; s'stem$ a line is said to &e free from local attraction$ if the =; and ;; are
a9 numericall' e)ual &9 numericall' e)ual$ %ith opposite )uadrants
c9 0n'thing
30. #he accurac' of open tra-erse is chec2ed &' the
a9 cut/off line &9 0u:iliar' line c9 Dandom line
31. #he angular error of closure should not e:ceed
a9 15, E min &30, E min c9 E min
32. #he closing error in a closed tra-erse is ad1usted &'
a9 Lehmann,s rule &9 ;o%ditch,s rule c9 Slide rule
33. #he relati-e closing error should not e:ceed
a9 1F500 &9 1F400 c9 1F1000
34. hat is the principle of chain sur-e'ing!
#he principles of chain sur-e'ing is triangulation.
35. hat do 'ou mean &' triangulation!
#he method of di-iding an area into a num&er of triangles is 2no%n as triangulation.
35. h' is the triangle preferred to the )uardrilateral!
#he triangle is preferred 1ust it is a simple figure %hich can &e dra%n &' 1ust 2no%ing the
lengths of its sides.
37. (o% is the le-el centered!
+n a le-eling operation$ the le-el is ne-er centered. +t can &e set up at an' suita&le
position. #he le-el is centered onl' %hen the magnetic &earing of an' line is ta2en %ith
the compass attached to the le-eling instrument.
38. (o% %ill 'ou continue le-eling across a ri-er!
Deciprocal le-eling should &e underta2en across a ri-er.
3<. (o% ill 'ou continue le-eling across a la2e or pond!
e 2no% that the %ater surface of a la2e or pond is le-el. So$ t%o pegs are fi:ed an
opposite &ands flush %ith the %ater surface. #hen an =S reading is ta2en on one peg and
the DL is calculated. 0fter this$ a ;S reading is ta2en on the other peg. 0s the %ater
surface is le-el$ the DL of the second peg is assumed to &e e)ual to that of the first peg$
and the le-eling operation is continued.
40. hat the arithmetical chec2 for the (+ method and the rise/and/fall method!
;S > =S G last DL > 1
st
DL
#he arithmetical chec2 for the rise/and fall method isH
;S > =S = rise / fall = last DL > 1
st
DL
41. hat is fl' le-eling!
#he le-eling operation in %hich onl' ;S and =S readings are ta2en and no intermediate
sights are o&ser-ed is 2no%n as fl' le-eling. =l' le-eling is done for connecting the ;B
to the starting point of an' pro1ect. +n such le-eling$ no horizontal distances are re)uired
to &e measured.
42. hat is chec2 le-eling!
+n case of longitudinal le-eling$ at the end of the da',s %or2 the finishing point is
connected to the starting point of that da',s %or2 &' fl' le-eling$ to chec2 the accurac' of
the %or2. #his operation is called chec2 le-eling.
43. hat is temporar' &ench/mar2!
+n case of longitudinal le-eling$ at the end of the da',s %or2 a &ench > mar2 is 2ept at
some suita&le point. #his &ench/mar2 is called a temporar' &enchmar2.
44. h' is datum assumed for plotting a le-eling operation!
#he DL of an' point cannot &e plotted to the full scale sho%ing its full ele-ation. So$ a
datum 8a reference line of assumed DL9 is suita&l' assumed to sho% onl' the undulation
of the ground surface.
45. hat is the difference &et%een temporar' and permanent ad1ustment!
#emporar' ad1ustment is done at e-er' set up of the instrument &efore ta2ing staff
readings. ?ermanent ad1ustment is done in order to rectif' an' distur&ed relationships
&et%een the fundamental lines.
45. hat %ould 'ou mean &' positi-e DL and negati-e DL!
#he -ertical distance of a point a&o-e the datum surface is 2no%n as the positi-e DL$ and
the -ertical distance of a point &elo% the datum surface is said to &e the negati-e DL.
47. hat is the principles of compass sur-e'ing!
#he principle of compass sur-e'ing is tra-ersing$ %hich means that the area is enclosed
&' series of connected lines. #he magnetic &earings of these lines are ta2en %ith the
compass and the distance of sides are measured &' chain.
48. hat is the difference &et%een the triangulation and tra-ersing!
#riangulation in-ol-es di-iding an area into a num&er of %ell/conditional triangles. ;ut
tra-ersing in-ol-es the consideration of a series of connected lines.
4<. hat is a 12 cm compass!
#he size of a compass is designated &' its diameter. #herefore$ a 12cm compass is a
compass of diameter 12cm.
50. hat is fundamental difference &et%een the prismatic compass and the sur-e',s
compass!
#he prismatic compass sho%s the %hole circle &earing of a line$ %hereas the sur-e'or,s
compass sho%s the )uadrantal &earing of a line.
51. (o% %ould 'ou detect the presence of local attraction in an area.
hen the =; and ;; of a line differ &' e:actl' 180
o
$ then the line is free from local
attraction. #he presence of local attraction is esta&lished %hen the =; and ;; do not
differ &' 180
o.
52. #he =; of a line is <3
o
30, and ;; is 275
o
0, (o% %ill 'ou ad1ust the &earings!
(ere$ =; of line is <5
o
30,
So$ ;; of this line = <3
o
30, G 180
o
0, = 275
o
30,
53. hat is local attraction!
#he distur&ing influence of magnetic su&stances on a magnetic needle is 2no%n as local
attraction.
54. hat is declination!
#he horizontal angle &et%een the true meridian and magnetic meridian is 2no%n as
declination .
55. hat the isogonic and agonic lines!
#he line passing through points of e)ual declination is 2no%n as the isogonic line$ and
the one passing through points of zero declination is called the agonic line.
55. hat do 'ou mean &' azimuth!
#he true &earing of a line is also 2no%n as its azimuth.
57. #he =; of a line is 145
o
30, %hat is its ;;!
;; of the line = 145
o
30, G 180
o
0, = 325
o
30,
58. #he =; of a line is S 40
o
30, ! hat is its ;;!
;; of the line = E 45
o
30, I
5<. hat are the precautions to &e ta2en %hile shifting a prismatic compass from one
station to another!
#he sight -ane must &e folded.
50. hat is the angular chec2 of a closed tra-erse!
#he sum of the interior angles should &e e)ual to = 82E/49 : <0
o
$ %here E is the num&er
of sides of tra-erse.
51. (o% %ould 'ou chec2 the accurac' of open tra-erse!
#he accurac' of open tra-erse is chec2ed &' ta2ing cut/off line or an au:iliar' point.
52. hat is datum surface!
0 datum surface is an ar&itraril' assumed le-el surface from %hich the -ertical distances
of -arious o&1ects are measured.
53. hat does the term A#S mean!
A#S means "Areat #rigonometrical Sur-e'*.
54. hat are &ench >mar2s!
0 reference point %hose DL is fi:ed %ith respect to the datum surface is 2no%n as a
&ench/mar2.
55. hat is the datum adopted for A#S &ench/mar2s!
#he mean sea le-el at @arachi is adopted as datum for A#S &ench/mar2s. +t is
considered as 4zero,.
55. hat are the t'pes of ;B that 'ou 2no% of!
=our t'pes a9 A#S ;B$ &9 ?ermanent ;B c9 the temporar' ;B$ and d9 the ar&itrar' ;B.
57. =or an' engineering %or2$ ho% %ill 'ou get the DL of the starting point!
#he starting point is connected to the A#S or permanent ;B &' fl' le-eling. #hen the DL of
the starting point is calculated &' the usual method.
58. hat is the difference &et%een a le-el surface and a horizontal surface!
0 surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth is 2no%n as a le-el surface.
;ut a horizontal surface is tangential to the le-el surface at an' point. #he surface of a still
la2e is considered to &e le-el. #he surface perpendicular to the direction of gra-it' 8indicated
&' the plum& line9 is considered to &e horizontal.
5<. hat is the difference &et%een the line of collimation and a:is of the telescope!
#he line of collimation is the line 1oining the point of intersection of the cross/hairs to the
optical center of the o&1ect glass to that of the e'e/piece.
70. hat is the relation &et%een the line of collimation and t he a:is of a telescope!
;oth these lines should coincide.
71. hat is change point!
Such a point indicates shifting of an instrument. 0t this point$ a foresight reading is ta2en
from one setting and &ac2sight reading from the ne:t setting.
72. #he staff reading on 0 and ; are. 1.735 and 0.<55 respecti-el'. hich point is higher!
?oint ; is higher.
73. hat is the procedure of le-eling &' foot scre%s!
#he telescope is first placed parallel to an' pair of foot scre%s and the &uddle is &rought + to
the center &' turning t he foot scre%s e)uall' either in%ard or out%ard. #hen the telescope is
turned through <0
o
and the &u&&le is &rought to the center &' turning the third foot scre%.
#his process is repeated se-eral times.
74. hat is the disad-antage of usi<ng ill/conditioned triangles!
#he ape: points of an ill/conditioned triangle are not %ell defined and sharp. #his ma' cause
some confusion %hile mar2ing the actual point correctl' on the map.
75. hat is reconnaissance sur-e'!
#he preliminar' inspection of the area to &e sur-e'ed is 2no%n as reconnaissance sur-e'.
75. hat is an inde: s2etch!
3uring reconnaissance sur-e'$ a neat hand s2etch is prepared sho%ing the frame%or2 of the
sur-e'. #his s2etch is 2no%n as the inde: s2etch.
77. hat is 4&ase line of sur-e'!
#he &ase line is the &ac2&one of the sur-e'. +t is the longest line in the sur-e'. #he
frame%or2 of the sur-e' is prepared on this line.
78. hat should &e the ma:imum length of offset!
#he ma:imum length of offset should &e %ithin the length of the tape used. Aenerall'$ it
should not &e more than 15m.
78. (o% is a station mar2ed on the ground!
#he station is mar2ed on the ground &' a %ooden peg$ and %ith a cross on the station point.
7<. ho are the 4leader, and 4follo%er, %hen a line is &eing chained!
#he chain man at the for%ard end of the chain %ho dragJ the chain is 2no%n as the 4leader,
#he one at the rear end of the chain %ho holds the 4zero, end at the station is 2no%n as the
4follo%er,.
80. h' is the scale al%a's dra%n in the map!
#he paper on %hich the map is dra%n ma' shrin2 or e:pand due to -arious reasons. +f the
scale is plotted on the map$ then it is also reduced or enlarged proportionatel'. So$ the
distance on the map measured &' this scale remain unaltered.
81. hat is it necessar' to pro-ide tallies in a chain!
#allies are pro-ided in a chain for the facilit' of counting some fractional length of the chain$
%hen the full chain length is not re)uired.
82. hat do 'ou mean &' the term 4ideal triangle,!
0n e)uilateral triangle is said to &e ideal.
83. 6hain sur-e' is recommended %hen the are is
a9 cro%ded &9 undulating c9 simple and fairl' le-el
84. +n chain sur-e' the are is di-ided into
a9 Dectangles &9 #riangles c9 S)uares
85. #he s2etch prepared during reconnaissance sur-e' is 2no%n as the
a9 (and s2etch &9 +nde: s2etch c9 Dough s2etch
85. 0 triangle is said to &e %ell/conditioned %hen its angles should lie &et%een
a9 30
o
and 120
o
&9 20
o
and 150
o
c9 15
o
and 135
o
87. #he %or2ing principles of the optical s)uare is &ased on
a9 Deflection &9 Defraction c9 3ou&le reflection.
889 #he field records of the chain sur-e' is entered in aFan
a9 I:ercise &oo2 &9 =ield &oo2 c9 Le-el &oo2
8<9 #he chain man %ho drags the chain is called the
a9 6aptain &9 Leader c9 =ollo%er
<09 #he preliminar' inspection of the area to &e sur-e'ed is 2no%n as
a9 ?rimar' sur-e' &9 Deconnaissance sur-e' c9 Doutine sur-e'
<19 #he limiting length of offset depends upon the
a9 Scale of plotting &9 Bethod of measurement c9 Bethod of la'out
<29 #he main sur-e' stations are located on the ground &'
a9 +nde: s2etches &9 Deference s2etches c9 Line s2etch
<39 +n an optical s)uare$ the mirrors are fi:ed at an angle of
a9 30
o
&9 50
o
c9 45
o
<49 ?erpendicular offsets ma' &e ta2en &' setting the right angle in the ratio
a9 3H5H< &9 3H4H5 c9 2HL4H5
<59 =or ta2ing an o&li)ue offset %hich ma2es an angle of 45
o
%ith the chain line$ the
instrument used is the
a9 0d1usta&le cross/staff &9 .pen cross/staff c9 =rench cross/staff
<59 +f a 20m chain gets displaced from correct alignment &' a perpendicular distance d m$
then the error is gi-en &'
a9 d
2
F40 &9 d
2
F50 c9 d
2
F80