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GLOSARIO ESPAOL-INGLS DE PALABRAS Y EXPRESIONES TILES CON ACTUALIZACIN PERIDICA

ltima actualizacin: 04-05-2014
CONTIENE 6 401 PALABRAS Y EXPRESIONES CON EJEMPLOS DE SU USO EN CONTEXTOS TPICOS TOMADOS DE LA VIDA
REAL
SPANISH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF USEFUL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS WITH PERIODIC UPDATING
Latest updating: 05-04-2014
IT CONTAINS 6 401 WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS WITH EXAMPLES OF USE IN TYPICAL CONTEXTS TAKEN FROM REAL LIFE
Compilacin/Compilation: Juan Cajaraville cajaraville@oc.bandec.cu; juancajaravillefernandez@gmail.com

Banco de Crdito y Comercio (BANDEC)
Ud. puede acceder a este Glosario actualizado a travs del Portal Interbancario (http://www.interbancario.cu/), en la Seccin Publicaciones
de la pgina inicial, bajo el ttulo Glosario Espaol-Ingls
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V Y Z
La bsqueda de las palabras y expresiones puede realizarse mediante la opcin Buscar (Ctrl + B) o Find (Ctrl + F)
A
a baja tasa de inters: at low interest rate (This loan is intended to finance graduate studies, doctoral theses, etc., at low-interest rates.)
a bajo precio: at low cost (integrating personnel from volunteer service agencies is often seen as an effective way to achieve
development results at low cost.); low-priced (Besides, our high quality low priced products have obtained the SGS
certificate.); cheaply (Send text messages cheaply and easily with goober.)
A buen entendedor con pocas palabras basta.: A nod is as good as a wink. / A word to the wise is enough.
A buen hambre no hay pan duro.: Hunger is the best sauce.
A caballo regalado no se le mira el diente.: Never look a gift horse in the mouth.
a cada paso: at every turn (This can be seen by the archaeological remains found at every turn.)
a cambio de: in exchange for ( in exchange for raw materials.); in return for (Firstly: what would be obtained in return for the money?)
a cambio: in exchange (But in exchange, they demanded)
a cargo de: in charge of (The vice-president in charge of marketing services) / (Three SOCBs (Banco Metropolitano, Banco de Crdito y
Comercio, and Banco Popular de Ahorro) are in charge of providing the new loans and financial services.)
a causa de: because of (They were late because of the snow.); on account of (She claimed that she was denied admission to the school on
account of her race.)
a cobrar: receivable (Losses on credit card receivable and personal loans remained stable compared to 2009.)
a comienzos de: in early (in early year) (in early last year)
a condicin de que: provided (that) (You may come provided it is early.)
a continuacin (en texto): hereafter (The IFRS items that had to be reclassified in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are
presented hereafter.); down below (in accordance with the limits and conditions laid down below); then (Then use
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the up or down arrows to select the mode you want.); thereupon (Thereupon, he will receive a written bill of entry
from the system.); hereunder
a corto plazo: short-term (Short-term interest rates are going down.); at short notice (You can keep funds that you might need at short
notice in a savings account or credit union share account, a money market deposit account or even a short-term
certificate of deposit (CD). ; shortterm (This is a positive step towards creating shortterm employment for the
unemployed, especially young people.); in the short run
a crdito: on credit (If they wanted to buy a fridge or a TV on credit); on trust
a decir verdad/en verdad: as a matter of fact (As a matter of fact, an examination of the accounts in question showed...)
a diferencia de: in contrast with (She is quite petite, in contrast with her tall sister.); unlike (Unlike most export credit agencies ); in
contrast to (In contrast to many of the Heads of State or Government, we are declaring our support)
A Dios rogando y con el mazo dando: God helps those who help themselves
a discrecin de: at the discretion of (The decision is left at the discretion of the Minister of Economy.)
a efectos de: for the purposes of / for the purpose of (If invited to do so, they may assist for the purposes of clarification or information)
a ello se suma el hecho de que: in addition to the fact that (In addition to the fact that they share the same basic physical and technical
characteristics,)
a escala de: -wide (The Banks Management promotes the risk management culture Bank-wide) / (the Bank also has adequate insurance,
the nature and amount of which meet its enterprise-wide coverage requirements.) / (Canada-wide, we are a leader
in)
a escala nacional: on a national scale (Better coordination on a national scale would also in certain cases facilitate...); nationwide (a
nationwide survey)
a ese respecto: in that regard (In that regard, combating impunity is a factor in preventing the commission of such acts against civilians.)
a este respecto: in this regard (In this regard, it will be recalled that as part of Phase I of its strategic plan, the Bank achieved); in this
respect (Switzerland is a good example in this respect.)
a esto: hereto (Procedures incorporated herein by references constitute the entire Agreement between the parties hereto)
a excepcin de lo previsto en: except as otherwise provided by (Except as otherwise provided by article 38, a credit can neither be
amended nor cancelled without the agreement of)
a favor de: payable to (Please make your check payable to Broadway Antiques.)
a fin de que: so that (He lied so that she would go free.)
a fin de: in order to (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform ); so as to (The
term liability should be construed so as to include either criminal or civil liability.)
a finales del presente ao: at the end of the present year (Even better, the current projection indicates that at the end of the present year
incomes will exceed expenditures.); at the end of the current year
a fines de ao: at the end of the year (With these new branches, Caja Laboral had a total of 401 at the end of the year,); by the end of
the year (The mandate of the judges is due to expire by the end of the year.)
a fondo: in-depth (in-depth investigation)
a gran escala: large-scale (Large-scale state enterprises formed only a small part of its economy.)
a grandes rasgos: in broad outline (The President of the Commission introduced the communication in broad outline.)
a granel: in bulk (The relief organization buys food in bulk.)
a inicios del ao: at the beginning of the year (continues to grow strongly, beating the forecasts made at the begining of the year.)
a la baja: downward (It is the responsibility of scientists to slow this downward trend.)
a la cabeza de: at the top of (enterprises with a culture that places these imperatives at the top of its priorities will gain competitive
advantage.); at the head of (At the head of all that is the United Nations)
a la espera de sus noticias: I look forward to hearing from you (I look forward to hearing from you and hope you can support our efforts
to balance conservation and economic development.)
a la inversa de lo que: contrary to what (Contrary to what some people are saying)
a la inversa: the other way around (Politics must control the market and not the other way around.)
a la larga: in the long run (In the long run, that would also be bad for the Chinese people.)
a la luz de: in light of (In light of the latest regulatory changes)
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a la mayor brevedad posible: at your earliest convenience (Please contact me at your earliest convenience so that we can discuss my
request.)
A la ocasin la pintan calva.: You have to strike while the iron is hot. / You have to make the most of the chances that come your way.
a la par con: at par with (At par with the highest quality standards in the world, these products); on par with (Adjusted return on equity
reached 17.7%, on par with the top-performing Canadian institutions.)
a la par: at par (The shares are callable at par after three years and may be repurchased at any time under certain conditions.); on a par (it
is on a par with the best)
a la semana: a week later (A week later, the customer calls and wants to order the selected items.)
a la vanguardia de: on the leading edge of (Smith and Baird remain on the leading edge of the industry.); at the forefront of (We are
always at the forefront of technological progress in the language industry.); in the vanguard of
a la vista: at sight (The documents issued at sight or without a due date are subject to a 0.5% flat rate.); on demand (Payable on demand
and after notice.)
a la zaga: behind; in the rear; at the rear
a largo plazo: long-term (Economic capital thus helps determine the equity capital the Bank requires to protect itself against such risks and
ensure its long-term viability.); in the long term (carrying value may not be recoverable in the long term)
a las que/a los que/a aquellas que/a aquellos que: to those that (new investments were limited to those that generate foreign exchange
earnings in the short term and substitute imports)
A lo hecho pecho.: It is no use crying over spilt milk.
a lo largo de este ao: in the course of this year (work will be presented to the Council in the course of this year.)
a lo largo de los aos: over the years (Much of that has changed over the years.)
a lo largo de los ltimos aos: over the last few years (The national and international macroeconomic context in which the Argentine
economy has developed over the last few years has been somewhat changeable.)
a lo largo de su existencia: throughout its existence (Throughout its existence as a state, Israel has contravened this Article of the UN
Charter on many occasions); during its lifetime (During its lifetime a knowledge community could develop in a
number of way..)
a lo largo de todo el ao: all the year round (maintaining a practically uniform temperature all the year round.)
a lo largo de: throughtout (the terminology used throughout the proposal); over (The campaign needs to continue over the next two
years.); all through
a lo mas: at best (at best, well just manage to cover costs)
a lo sumo: at most (The idea is to keep at most the specialist services.); at the most (Therefore this would be only for a few decades, at the
most.)
a los efectos de: to the effects of (This impact assessment focuses exclusively on the issues pertaining to the effects of fragmentation,
notably on consumers and businesses.
a mano: in longhand (He wrote the confession in longhand and signed it.)
a mas tardar: at the latest (I hope that we could have it by early 2004 at the latest.); at the very latest
a mediados de: in the middle of (in the middle of May)
a mediados del ao: in the middle of the year (Annual HICP inflation peaked in the middle of the year, reaching 4.0% in both June and
July.)
a medida que pasa el tiempo: as time goes by (It is something that we will see evolving as time goes by.)
a medida que vencen: as they become due (to fulfil its obligations as they become due)
a medida que: as (and is increasing as new relationships are formed.)
a medio plazo/a mediano plazo: medium-term (To reflect its strategic priorities and changes to the rules of the Basel Accord, the Bank has
modified certain medium-term objectives.)
a menos que se acuerde otra cosa: unless otherwise agreed (Lack of agreement will not constitute sufficient reason to extend a meeting,
unless otherwise agreed.)
a menos que se especifique otra cosa: unless otherwise stated (Unless otherwise stated, all amounts presented in the Managements
Discussion and Analysis are expressed in Canadian dollars.)
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a menos que se indique otra cosa: unless otherwise indicated (A blank in a table indicates that the item is not applicable, unless
otherwise indicated.)
a menos que: unless (Rules are of no value, of course, unless they are enforced.)
a menos y hasta que: unless and until (Such a decision shall have binding effect unless and until overruled on appeal.)
a menudo: often (The Bank often uses this type of legal documentation)
a mi modo de ver: in my opinin (In my opinion, this is indeed a huge challenge which must be accepted.); the way I see it (The way I see
it, we must insist on these disputes being resolved before the country joins the EU.)
a mitad del ao: in the middle of the year (Iberdrola signed a contract with National Grid in the middle of the year.)
a nivel nacional: natiowide (A nationwide survey of mothers revealed some very interesting things about what mothers want from fathers.);
at national level (which, in turn, means more responsibility and more empowerment at national level to deliver the
common objectives.)
a no ser que se acuerde otra cosa: unless otherwise agreed (Law of the state of New York will apply to the resolution of the dispute
unless otherwise agreed in writing.)
a no ser que se especifique lo contrario/a no ser que se indique lo contrario: unless otherwise stated (Unless otherwise stated, all
amounts presented in the Managements Discussion and Analysis are expressed in Canadian dollars.)
a no ser que: unless (Law of the state of New York will apply to the resolution of the dispute unless otherwise agreed in writing.)
a nombre de: on behalf of (The request is made on behalf of the Executive Director of the South Centre.) / (On behalf of the executive
management team, I wish to acknowledge); in behalf of; in (someones) behalf; on (someones) behalf
a pagar: payable (the deferred expenditure and its countepart as accounts payable should not have been included in the balance sheet);
unpaid ( plus all declared and unpaid dividends at the date fixed for redemption.)
A palabras necias, odos sordos.: Take no notice of the stupid things people say.
a partir de ahora: from now on (The seminar will take place every two years from now on.); starting from now (Starting from now this
reading should be enriched with new perspectives); hereafter (I will let you in this time, but hereafter you have to
get permission in advance.); hereinafter
a partir de entonces: since then (Since then, we have been awaiting a genuine proposal from the Council.); from then on (From then on, it
is expected that it will be cheaper to buy a solar system); thereafter (The rate was assumed to decrease gradually
to reach 2.5% in 2024 and remain at that level thereafter.)
a partir de este momento: from now on (From now on, we are going to move things along more swiftly ); hereinafter
a partir de estos datos: on the basis of these data (The statistics compiled on the basis of these data contain monthly records on
incoming flows (arrivals) and outgoing flows (dispatches))
a partir de hoy: from today (This second issue is available from today on this website.)
a partir de: from (Im leaving a week from Thursday (= one week after Thursday).; as from (As from next year, Finland too will have such a
national day.); as of (As of next month, all the prices will go up.)
a pedido: on demand (Other benefits yielded by the introduction of printing on demand included a reduction in paper usage worth $5,000
per month.)
a pequea escala: small-scale (There are a great many reasons why small-scale power generation of this kind should be encouraged.); on
a small scale (These contacts and exchanges remained on a small scale and have not been developed into
anything like a network.)
a pesar de eso/ pesar de todo: yet (Well manage yet); still (He was diagnosed with cancer but still returned to work.)
a pesar de que: even though (Even though he never completed college, he runs a successful software company.); although (He decided
to go, although I begged him not to.)
a pesar de: in spite of (This cooperation produced an excellent result, in spite of some misgivings.); despite (Despite the fact that it has
realised parts of its investment plan, the company has failed to reduce costs...)
a plazos: in instalments (When you apply to pay in instalments, you loose your eligibility for the discount.); on credit (buy on credit)
a precio reducido: cheaply (Send text messages cheaply and easily with goober.)
a primera solicitud por escrito: on first written demand (The majority of demand guarantees are payable on first written demand without
any additional documents.)
a primera vista: at first sight (At first sight this looks reasonable.); at first glance (At first glance the deal looked wonderful, but after
reading the fine print he wasn't so sure.); at first blush
a principios de: in early (in early year) (in early last year)
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a prorrateo: pro rata (the money will be shared out pro rata)
a puerta cerrada: behind closed doors (a meeting held behind closed doors.)
a punto de: on the verge of (Several years ago, Colombia was on the verge of becoming a failed state.); on the brink of (We cannot
continue as if nothing were wrong, while the region is on the brink of war.)
a quien corresponda: to whom it may concern (The Sofia Conference Call to Action is addressed to whom it may concern", namely
those with the mandate and the power to take action on the specific recommendations made below.)
A quien madruga, Dios lo ayuda: The early bird catches de worm. / Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
a quien pueda interesar: to whom it may concern (A general addressee, such as "To whom it may concern" should be cause for further
inquiry.)
a raz de: as a result of (What happened as a result of that?); in the wake of (It comes in the wake of the numerous violations of human
rights); in the aftermath (It was created in the aftermath of the floods.)
a razn de: at a rate of (Depreciation is computed for tax purposes using the straight-line method at a rate of 10% per year.); in the ratio of
(in the ratio of 2 to 1)
A rey muerto, rey puesto.: As soon as one goes out the window, another comes in the door.
A ro revuelto ganancia de pescadores. : It is good fishing in troubled waters.
a saber: namely (We are now all ready to move to the next phase in this process, namely, that of substantive negotiations.); to wit (At
dinner, he was to learn several other things as well, to wit: ...); viz (There are two main categories of relationship, viz
semantic and syntactic relationships.)
a salvo: unscathed (Not all sectors are unscathed.)
a su conveniencia/cuando le resulte conveniente: at your convenience (Please contact us with any questions or clarifications, at your
convenience.)
a su vez: in turn (Better air also means a better environment, which in turn means better health.)
a tiempo: in time (We arrived just in time for the show.)
a travs de los aos: over the years (Tourism has been a dominant industry over the years.); throughout the years (Its success has been
proven again and again throughout the years.)
a travs de: through (Through its more than 18,000 employees, National Bank Financial Group offers a complete range of services: ...); via
(I sent the application papers via fax.)
a travs del cual/a travs de la cual/a travs del que: through which (It includes a search engine through which one can access articles
on Cuban environmental issues.)
a travs del tiempo: over time (This maximum risk exposure will, due to amortisation of the loans, decrease over time.)
a un ritmo de: at a rate of (The services must be operated at a rate of at least six return trips per day )
a/al (fecha): as at (as at December 31, 2007= a/al 31 de diciembre de 2007; a los 31 das del mes de diciembre de 2007); (Managerial staff,
with an appreciably higher unit cost, was cut from 25 as at 31 December 1997 to 19 as at 27 March 1998.) /
(National Bank Financial Group Personal and Commercial, Wealth Management and Financial Marketswith total
assets in excess of $145 billion as at October 31, 2010.)
abajo: hereunder
abajofirmante: undersigned (We, the undersigned, wish to protest the planned closing of the local library.)
abandonar los estudios: drop out (He dropped out of school when he was 16.)
abandonar: give up (we have given up the idea of starting a business); abandon (we have abandoned the idea of starting a business)
abandono escolar/abandono de los estudios: dropping-out
abaratamiento: cheapening (The nationalization of Agroislea is going to contribute to the cheapening of food prices.); decrease in price
(There was even a substantial decrease in price in 2006.); reduction in the price (the reduction in the price of oil);
the fall in the price; lowering of prices; price reduction
abaratar: reduce (reduce their costs and improve margins.); cut (cutting the costs and expand the supply of financial services.); lower
(Competition is expected to drive investment, generate innovation and lower prices.), cheapen (cheapen their
production systems.); make cheaper; lower the price of
abarcar: encompass (Our financial support should encompass the whole sector.); cover (The travel guide covers all the museums and
historic places.)
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abastecedor: supplier (They are the worlds largest supplier of baby foods.); purveyor (Radio stations are purveyors of music, information,
and companionship.)
abastecer: supply (... the construction of a regasification terminal in northern Chile to supply local power plants.); provide (If the productive
base of the local economy can not provide for that demand, imports of goods will then ensue.); purvey (The two mall
shops purvey nearly identical merchandise.)
abastecimiento: supply (The supply of cheap food has disappeared.); supplying
abec: rudiments (the rudiments of grammar); basics (Pablo has promised to teach me the basics of our speciality.)
abogar por: argue for (They argued for a tax cut.)
abolir: abrogate (Nobody knows whether the Bush Plan for Cuba of 2004 has been abrogated.); abolish
abonable: payable (Please make your check payable to Broadway Antiques.)
abonar en cuenta de: pay into the account of
abonar: pay (we pay an annual fee of one thousand pesos); cash (the teller refused to cash the cheque); credit (the interest was credited
to my account)
abono a reservas voluntarias: credit to voluntary reserves (Decrease in the share capital with a credit to voluntary reserves.)
abono de intereses: interest payment (Penalty charges for late payment shall not be regarded as interest payments.)
abordar: address (In addition, they address issues of common interest related to international monetary and financial policy.); tackle (There
are many ways of tackling this problem.); approach (We must approach the matter with care.); deal with (the
minister refused to deal with the subject at the press conference)
abreviadamente: briefly (the facts, briefly, are these)
abreviar los plazos: shorten deadlines (Often project supervisors will need to shorten deadlines to keep costs within budget constraints.);
reduce deadlines (Firstly it will allow you to reduce deadlines and costs.)
abrir a la baja: open down (the Stock Exchange opened down yesterday); be down at the open (the Stock Exchange was down at the
open yesterday)
abrir nuevos mercados: open up new markets (The move to the third generation is going to open up new markets for small and large
businesses.)
abrir una cuenta: open an account (Its impossible to open an account in Switzerland by correspondence.)
abrir una lnea de crdito: opening a line of credit (Opening a line of credit requires that you fill out a loan application.); establish a line of
credit; open a credit line (Assistance was provided to open a credit line for women microentrepreneurs)
abrirse a: open up to (to open up to new ideas)
abrogar: abrogate (Nobody knows whether the Bush Plan for Cuba of 2004 has been abrogated.)
abrumador/abrumadora: overwhelming (at a time when domestic and international opposition to that policy was overwhelming)
absentismo laboral: absenteeism from work (That costs our health systems EUR 102 million per year and is the major cause of
absenteeism from work.)
absoluto: absolute (in absolute terms) / (Absolute certainty is, of course, never attainable in the economic sphere.)
absorber: absorb (Retailers and others in the supply chain are expected to absorb the duties.)
absorcin: takeover (This is the year for huge corporate takeovers.)
abstenerse de: refrain from (A covenant is a solemn agreement to engage in or refrain from a specified action.)
acaparador: hoarder (The unprecedented transfer of state assets to a handful of private hoarders); person who corners the market (The
price of oil should be far below what it is at present and we have the choice either to buy or not to buy from a
particular person who corners the market in oil. ...)
acaparamiento de tierras: land grabbing (Land grabbing leads to a contraction of small holders farming,)
acaparamiento: hoarding (end to the monopoly structure and its hoarding, speculating and looting networks.)
acaparar el mercado: corner the market (one or, at most, a few companies will corner the market.) / (If an organization or company
corners the market, it controls the available supply of a type of product or the ability to sell it.)
acaparar: hoard (Many people hoarded food in wartime.); corner (If an organization or company corners the market, it controls the
available supply of a type of product or the ability to sell it.)
acarrear: entail (Any investment entails risk.)
acatar (ley, orden, resolucin, decisin, fallo judicial): comply with (Comosa says he will comply with the judge's ruling.); observe (You
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must observe the law.)
acaudalado/acaudalada: affluent (Westchester is similar to a number of affluent suburban counties that border major U.S. cities.)
acceder a (consentir): consent to (The director consented to change the ending of the movie.)
acceder a un crdito: access to credit (Women remain insufficiently involved in business start-up; they are confronted more frequently than
men with difficulties on business development or access to credit.)
acceder a: access (People now can access information from the Internet as never before.); gain access to (European citizens must be able
to gain access to the cultures of other European and non-European countries, particularly their neighbours.)
acceso al mercado: access to the market (This should also apply to access to the market for non-agricultural products.); market access
(Of course we must improve market access for agricultural products from the developing countries.)
accin al portador: bearer share (Bearer shares refers to negotiable instruments that accord ownership in a legal person to the person
who possesses the bearer share certificate.)
acceso: access (Many of the families do not have access to health care.)
accidentado: uneven (Due to the uneven topography of this land, the region presents rather different climates.)
accin comn en circulacin: outstanding common share (We also repurchased and cancelled 6.2 million outstanding common shares
in fiscal 2011,)
accin comn pendiente (de pago): common share oustanding (the weighted average number of common shares outstanding)
accin comn: common share (As at October 31, 2011, the Bank had 160.5 million common shares issued and outstanding compared to
162.8 million a year earlier.)
accin con derecho a voto: voting share (and promoting the smooth and effective exercise of shareholder rights attaching to voting
shares.); voting stock (Related companies are those that, without actually controlling the affiliate, own directly or
indirectly 10% or more of the affiliate's voting stock); stock with voting right
accin de primera categora/accin de primera calidad: blue-chip stock; blue-ship share
accin emitida: share issued (As at October 31, 2011, the Bank had 160.5 million common shares issued and outstanding compared to
162.8 million a year earlier.)
accin en caja: treasury stock (taking into account the dilution effect of stock options using the treasury stock method)
accin ordinaria: ordinary share (The situation can be compared to non-voting shares, which normally pay higher dividends than ordinary
shares.); common stock (financial instruments such as common stock, and derivatives such as options)
accin por daos y perjuicios: action for damages (The action for damages is one of the actions which may be brought before the Court
of Justice of the European Union.)
accin preferente amortizable/accin privilegiada amortizable: redeemable preferred share (Average capital funds include common
shareholders equity, redeemable preferred shares and subordinated debentures.)
accin preferente/accin privilegiada/accin preferida: preferred share (partly offset by a $361 million repurchase for cancellation of
preferred shares)
accin sin derecho al voto: non-voting share (The situation can be compared to non-voting shares, which normally pay higher dividends
than ordinary shares.)
accin: share (She owns 2000 shares of General Electric.); equity share (Converting debt to equity occurs when the lender converts a loan
amount (or a loan amount represented by outstanding bonds) into equity shares.); stock share; equity security
(Equity securities are valued at the lower of market and acquisition cost.)
accionariado (acciones): shareholding (All the other facilities benefited the private sector, with local companies having a significant
European shareholding.)
acciones e instrumentos relacionados con las tasas de inters: interest rate related instruments and equities (the risks pertaining to
interest rate related instruments and equities)
accionista mayoritario: majority shareholder (Zeltia S.A., remains as the majority shareholder of Noscira with 61,98% of the company
capital.); major shareholder (Rencos major shareholder is the enigmatic multimillionaire Ira Leon Rennert.);
majority stockholder (A person or company that owns 50% plus one of the stock in a publicly-traded company is a
majority stockholder.); major stockholder (Ned Sherwood, a major stockholder of ChinaCast Education
Corporation (Nasdaq GS: CAST), today issued the following statement setting.)
accionista minoritario: minority stockholder (AT&T is a minority stockholder of the Company.)
accionista: shareholder (It is not controlled by any shareholder or grouping of shareholders.); stockholder (AT&T is a minority
stockholder of the Company.); shareowner (Almost 90% of the big European companies have employee
shareowners.)
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acelerar: accelerate (the funds earmarked for Romania in order to accelerate their allocation and rapid absorption.); speed up (Cuba
should try everything possible to speed up its process in order to recover lost time.)
acento primario/acento principal: primary emphasis (which places primary emphasis on the information); main emphasis (the main
emphasis lies on the degree or qualification profile)
acentuar: accentuate (We do not want to accentuate the gap between the rich and poor.); underscore (It should be underscored that 90%
of the Banks direct portfolio is collateralized with real guarantees or outside repayment sources, )
aceptable: reasonable (to obtain reasonable assurance)
aceptacin bancaria: bankers acceptance (A bankers acceptance is a short-term fixed rate loan used to finance trade-related
transactions.); bank acceptance
aceptacin: acceptance (Effective checks to prevent the acceptance and payment of overstated invoices were not made.)
aceptaciones bancarias: bank acceptances (Bank acceptances have a maturity date of up to one (1) year)
aceptador/aceptante: acceptor (The acceptor is the third party who accepts responsibility for payment in a bill of exchange drawn upon it.)
aceptar (admitir): allow (I allow that she tried hard, but ...)
aceptar (estar de acuerdo): agree to (Swaps are over-the-counter contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash flows.)
aceptar(recibir): take (The supermarket takes debit cards, credit cards, cash, and checks.)
acerca de: about (the Bank uses its intranet to better inform employees about environmental issues); concerning (If you have any
information concerning the incident, please contact the police.)
acercamiento (entre pases): rapprochement (Both countries have agreed to seek a rapprochement.)
acercarse a: approach (Sales and discussion guides help you approach your customers.); come closer to (In this way, Metro seeks to
come closer to its users as a source of knowledge); go closer to (Foreign Minister expects that Belarus will use
the given opportunity to go closer to Europe.) ; get closer to (How can we get closer to that ideal?)
acertado/acertada: sound (Before a sound and prudent credit decision can be taken, the credit risk represented by the borrower or
counterparty must be accurately assessed.); correct; right; sensible; wise; appropriate; accurate
acervo cultural: cultural heritage (The organization is devoted to preserving our cultural heritage.)
aclarar: clear up (I should just like to clear up a few misunderstandings.)
acoger: welcome (Everyone agreed on welcoming this initiative, thanks to which 90 000 students every year take up the opportunity to
study abroad.)
acometer por s solo: afford on its own (The budget should aim at the future and endorse action which no single Member State can afford
on its own.) / (It is often complicated for a production company to afford on its own the production of a film in terms
of financing and workload.)
acometer: undertake (Cuba undertook a previous reform in the 1990s, but this was halted in the first decade of this century.)
acomodado/acomodada: affluent (In Glasgow, a boy born in an affluent suburb can expect to live 82 years while one born in a deprived
suburb can expect to live 54 years.)
acompaar: show (Ill show you out of the buidilng.)
aconsejable: advisable (It is also advisable to minimise the number of proposals you make,)
acontecimiento: development (I should like to say how much I welcome this development.); event (What impact will that event have on
interest rates and inflation in Europe?)
acopiar: collect (the information on the jobs to be evaluated should be collected from all employees who perform these jobs); stockpile
acopio: collection (The financial investigation faces various constraints in the collection of relevant information.); stockpiling (The results of
milk stockpiling are encouraging)
acordar: agree (Five countries agreed to pilot the methodology.)
acortar los plazos: shorten deadlines (Often project supervisors will need to shorten deadlines to keep costs within budget constraints.);
reduce deadlines (Firstly it will allow you to reduce deadlines and costs.)
acrecentamiento: enhancement (This enhancement of the solvency margin will be only used after detailed analysis and extensive
consultation ...); accretion (But the worrying thing about this is the accretion of 11.4 billion dollars in the first
quarter...)
acrecentar: increase (Publicity can increase name recognition and overall business credibility.); add to (The consequences of this complex
macro-financial situation adds to the inefficiencies and distortions in the Cuban centralized state economy, )
acreditar (reconocer, autorizar): accredit (The states license institutions, but they neither accredit nor guarantee the quality of these
9

schools.)/(Only accredited journalists are admitted to White House press conferences.)
acreditar: credit (we have credited your account with the sum of 1000 dollars); make a credit entry
acreedor externo/ acreedor extranjero: foreign creditor (China is the largest foreign creditor to the United States ...)
acreedor prendario/acreedor pignoraticio: pledgee (The right to vote can be granted to a pledgee, but only with the prior consent of the
Board of Directors.)
acreedor: creditor (Hes trying to earn enough to pay off his creditors.); oblige (The obligee retains its claim against the obligor.)
acta (de una reunin): minutes (Harry will take the minutes.)
acta constitutiva: act of incorporation (Act of incorporation with the companys registration information)
acta de puesta en marcha: start-up certifcate (The Small Business Start-Up certificate is designed for individuals who want to become
entrepreneurs.)
acta notarial: notarial deed (The issuing of a notarial deed is necessary to certify the documents that create or alter a company in order to
give them legal force.); deed executed by notary
actividad auxiliar: ancillary activity (Ancillary activities are those that exist solely to support the main productive activities of an entity by
providing non-durable goods or services...)
actividad de capacitacin: training activity (A number of training activities have been taking place since late 2006.) / (Thousands of
branch employees participated in training activities focused on sales and service ...)
actividad de financiacin/actividad de financiamiento: financing activity (FINDESAs financing activities are targeted to the rural and
urban sectors of micro, small, and midsize enterprises through a network of branches in remote locations.); funding
activity (They also address the Bank Sepah, which was involved in the funding activities linked to Irans ballistic
programme.)
actividad de formacin: training activity (A number of training activities have been taking place since late 2006.) / (Thousands of branch
employees participated in training activities focused on sales and service ...)
actividad de inversin: investment activity (Nevertheless, the revenue from investment activities should demonstrate some stability and
be in accordance with budgeting projections.); investing activities (The cash flows relating to such transactions are
cash flows from investing activities.)
actividad de operacin operation activity (Attraction of investment and operation activities of enterprises at industrial parks in the first 9
months.); transaction activity (This setting affects how fields are filled for transaction activities that are relevant for
profit/loss, such as interest payments.)
actividad especulativa: speculative activity (It was suggested that speculative activity amplifies the volume of oil traded and increases
volatility.)
actividad eventual: occasional activity (So it is important to persuade companies, the two sides of industry and society as a whole to look
on social responsibility as a long-term strategy, rather than an occasional activity.)
actividad operativa/actividad de explotacin: operating activity (The net cash flow for the year of US$ 47 million is basically explained by
the net funds generated by operating activities of US$ 549 million, plus financing activities cash flow of US$ 5
million.)
actividad prestataria: lending activitiy (The Bank is exposed to credit risk not only through its direct lending activities)
actividad productiva: productive activity (It focuses on the ability for disadvantaged youth to create their own productive activities and
improve their environment.)
actividad secundaria: secondary activity (A secondary activity is any other activity of the entity that produces goods or services.); non-
core activity (Such evidence would be misleading: if the "right" percentage of fixed costs was allocated to the non-
core activities, they would be found to be less profitable or, in the extreme case, to effectively run a loss.)
activo amortizable: redeemable assets (Buildings have a limited useful life and therefore are redeemable assets.)
activo circulante: current assets (As with current assets, current liabilities are those debts that are expected to be paid within one year.)
activo consignado en garanta: pledged assets (The risks and rewards of the pledged assets reside with the pledgor.)
activo contingente: contingent assets (Thus, debtors have two options: they can either provide a bank guarantee (shown under contingent
assets) or make a provisional payment (shown under cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet.)
activo convertible: realizable assets (Realizable assets: the total of property or claims whose conversion into liquid funds is presumed
possible at short notice.)
activo corriente: current asset (They are included as current assets except in cases in which they mature more than 12 months.)
activo de capital: capital assets (It had also caused widespread destruction of capital assets and supporting infrastructure, as well as
social dislocation.)
10

activo de larga duracin: long-lived assets (Additionally, we monitor the lives assigned to these long-lived assets for purposes of
depreciation and amortization.)
activo de larga vida: long-lived assets (The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying value of the related
long-lived assets and depreciated over the assets useful life.)
activo de larga vigencia: long-lived assets (and a $51 million charge for abandonment and write-down of long-lived assets.)
activo de reserva: reserve assets (This information complements the data on reserve assets included in the euro area balance of
payments and international investment position statistics.)
activo derivado: derivative assets (Derivative assets are assets whose values depend on (or are derived from) some primary assets.)
activo disponible para la venta: available for sale assets (The Banks own holdings of gold are designated and accounted for as available
for sale assets.)
activo duradero: long-lived assets (Additionally, we monitor the lives assigned to these long-lived assets for purposes of depreciation and
amortization.)
activo eventual: contingent assets (Thus, debtors have two options: they can either provide a bank guarantee (shown under contingent
assets) or make a provisional payment (shown under cash and cash equivalents in the balance sheet.)
activo extranjero fcilmente disponible: foreign assets readily available ( reserve assets include those foreign assets readily
available to and under the control of monetary authorities for direct financing of payment imbalances,)
activo fijo de alta: target asset (In the Interco. transfer to group box, enter the target asset or create a new asset.)
activo fijo de baja: sending asset (Enter the sending asset in the initial screen of the posing transaction.)
activo fijo intangible: intangible fixed assets (Intangible fixed assets are shown separately on the balance sheet from tangible fixed
assets.)
activo fijo tangible: tangible fixed assets (Tangible fixed assets are valued at the historic purchase price and are depreciated by the
straight-line approach ); fixed tangible assets (Reconciliation of purchase value of fixed tangible assets.)
activo fijo/activo inmovilizado/: fixed assets (As a result, the fixed assets of Triptis were sold to Winterling on 18 June 1997.)
activo fijo: fixed assets (The rise in fixed assets is related to the investments made by ENAP.)
activo financiero negociable: financial negotiable assets (Financial negotiable assets and non-debt instrument liabilities are valued at
current market prices, whereas debt instrument liabilities are valued nominally.)
activo financiero: financial asset (A financial asset possesses greater liquidity when the cost of converting it into cash is lower.)
activo financiero: financial assets (Bulgaria has made little progress in freezing or confiscating financial assets resulting from criminal
activities.)
activo improductivo: unproductive asset (Through Bolcomer, you can make an unproductive asset becomes a source of liquidity for your
business.)
activo intangible: intangible assets (Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized)
activo lquido: liquid asset (Cash and investments are the main liquid assets of UNDP.)
activo lquido: liquid assets (The Banks survival period, an indicator designed to measure the number of days it would take to utilize the
Banks liquid assets if)
activo monetario: monetary assets (Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional one ...)
activo neto sin restriccin: unrestricted net assets (Unrestricted net assets are net assets with no restricted use.)
activo neto: net asset (Goodwill represents the amount by which the price paid exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired.) / (The
issued share capital must at all times be equal to the net asset value of the underlying assets.)
activo no acumulativo: non-performing assets ( or to fund non-performing assets beyond the amount of the available credit
enhancement.)
activo no corriente: non-current assets (Any non-current assets that do not meet the criteria shall cease to be classified as held for sale in
accordance with paragraph 26.)
activo pignorado: pledged assets (The risks and rewards of the pledged assets reside with the pledgor.)
activo ponderado en funcin del riesgo: risk-adjusted assets ( take immediate action to comply with the solvency rules either by raising
additional capital or by reducing risk-adjusted assets.)
activos ponderados por riesgo (RWA): risk weighted assets (A capital plan sets operational targets, taking into account expected levels
for risk-weighted assets, determined under the regulatory approach.)
activo productivo: productive asset (Land is the main productive asset for a large part of Latin Americas rural population.)
11

activo redituable: profitable assets (The return on profitable assets comes principally from the lending business with the private sector,)
activo subyacente: underlying assets (The issued share capital must at all times be equal to the net asset value of the underlying assets.)
activo tangible: tangible assets (Assets that have a physical existence, or give the holders definite set of financial rights are classified as
tangible assets, as opposed to intangible assets such as ...)
activo/activos: assets (Assets are bought to increase the value of a firm or benefit the firms operations. ...) / (Items of the assets and
liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are converted into the currency of the capital at the average cash rates
in force on the closing date )
activos crediticios: credit assets (Assignment of credit assets is the transfer of entitlement of the credit assets at agreed-upon price and
form from the assignor to the assignee)
activos de oro fungibles: fungible gold assets (Does the New York Federal Reserve Bank have Fungible Gold Assets to the Degree
Claimed?)
activos disponibles/activos prescindibles: disposable assets (other disposable assets which can quickly be converted to cash and
whose value is stable)
activos lquidos en manos del pblico: liquid assets in the hands of the public (Here is the inflationary situation today: The Federal
Reserve Board estimates liquid assets in the hands of the public at 300 billion dollars.)
Activos Ponderados por Riesgo: risk-weighted assets (RWA) (As required under Basel II, Risk-Weighted Assets (RWA) are calculated
for each of the following risks: credit risk, market risk, and operational risk.)
activos totales promedio: average total assets (Another relevant measure is net interest income over average total assets (ATA) )
activos y pasivos: assets and liabilities (When they are initially recognized, all financial assets and liabilities, including derivative financial
instruments, are recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.)
acto seguido: thereupon (Thereupon, he will receive a written bill of entry from the system.); immediately after(wards)
acto terrorista: terrorist act
actual: current (Under current state law, students can drop out of school legally at age 17.); present (in its present form) / (at the present
moment); existing (The Bank strives to serve all the financial needs and maintain the loyalty of its existing clients.)
actualizacin del modelo econmico: update of the economic model (Since 2010, the Cuban economy has entered a new period of
economic reform, officially labeled as an update of the economic model.); modernisation of the economic model
(the changes that the Ral Castro government is applying and will continue to implement as part of a broad
modernisation of the economic model.); updating of the economic model (At the same time, reaffirmed its
commitment to the process of updating the economic model designed to strengthen socialism, with the active
participation of the people.)
actualizacin: update (You can get hourly news updates on the Internet.); updating (Regular and periodic updating of the inventories)
actualizar el modelo econmico: update the economic model (President Raul CASTRO said such changes were needed to update the
economic model to ensure the survival of socialism.)
actualizar: update (When you move, dont forget to update your mailing address.); upgrade (Theyre spending more than $4 million next
year to upgrade computer systems.); actualize (has all the essential credentials to actualize the goals of
sustainable development.); bring up to date
actualmente: at the moment (We can do more than we are doing at the moment.); currently (and a comprehensive strategy for
communication with investors is currently being developed.) / (He currently is directing TV sitcoms.); at the present
time (Our main concern at the present time is the recent catastrophe in China that has taken so many lives and has
affected a great portion of the country.); at present (This research may contribute to the economic changes that are
happening in Cuba at present.); nowadays (nowadays more efficient methods are used)
actuarial: actuarial (As far as after-service medical benefits are concerned, such liability should normally be determined by actuarial
evaluation.) / (Actuarial valuations are made periodically to determine the present value of plan obligations.)
actuario de seguros/actuaria de seguros: actuary (The calculation of the technical provisions shall be executed and certified by an
actuary or other specialist in this field on the basis of recognised actuarial methods ) Corresponde al Actuario de
Seguros la actuacin, en exclusiva, en todas las cuestiones de tcnica matemtica y econmica de las Instituciones
de Seguros, Ahorro y Capitalizacin, y, como ttulo de rango facultativo, autoriza a quienes lo poseen para ejercer
los cargos de alta de direccin de las Empresas de Seguros, Ahorro y Capitalizacin; el asesoramiento, la peritacin
y el desempeo de cargos en los que se requiere el uso de sus conocimientos especficos en las materias de
estadstica matemtica, teora econmica de las Empresas de Seguros, direccin y tcnica contable y estimacin
cuantitativa de operaciones financieras.
acuciante: pressing (a pressing need) / (a pressing issue)
acuerdo comercial: trade agreement (This proposal introduces amendments to an existing bilateral trade agreement.)
acuerdo comn: joint agreement (Mr Milana, congratulations on being capable of reaching a joint agreement,...)
12

acuerdo conjunto: joint agreement (thus, military intervention by the United Nations, with the joint agreement of the United Nations, not
one or two or three countries using armed force.)
acuerdo contractual: contractual agreement (In the normal course of business, the Bank provides various banking services and concludes
contractual agreements and other transactions with companies )
Acuerdo de Bretton Woods: Bretton Woods agreement (On the basis of that guarantee in physical gold, the Bretton Woods agreement
emerged in 1944, giving the powerful country the privilege of printing hard currency at a time when the rest)
Acuerdo de Capital de Basilea: Basel Capital Accord
Acuerdo de Capital: Capital Accord (... the 1996 Amendment to the Capital Accord to Incorporate Market Risks, and the 2005 paper on
the Application of Basel II to Trading Activities ...)
acuerdo de colateral en efectivo: cash collateral agreement (If the debtor and the secured creditor are able to reach an agreement, the
terms of the agreement are usually set forth in a Cash Collateral Agreement )
acuerdo de compraventa: salepurchase agreement (The sale purchase agreement between Tractorul and Flavus); sale and purchase
agreement
Acuerdo de Cotonou: Cotonou Agreement (The main point at issue at the moment appears to be the matter of the participation of Cuba in
the Cotonou Agreement.)
Acuerdo de Derechos de Giro: Stand-By Arrangement (The country signed a 27-month Stand-By Arrangement in May 2006.)
acuerdo de garanta en efectivo/acuerdo de garanta accesoria: cash collateral agreement (If the debtor and the secured creditor are
able to reach an agreement, the terms of the agreement are usually set forth in a Cash Collateral Agreement )
acuerdo de libre comercio: free trade agreement (South Koreas National Assembly gave the final nod Tuesday to a controversial US free
trade agreement that is expected to boost bilateral trade of) / (Besides, in the future we shall have a free trade
agreement with Vietnam.)
acuerdo de recompra/pacto de recompra: repurchase agreement (Current practice records the transfer as a sale and the repurchase
agreement as a financing.)
acuerdo explcito o implcito/acuerdo explcito o tcito: express or implied agreement (promisor and the promisee) may confer by
express or implied agreement a right on a third party (the beneficiary).
Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT): General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (The General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its
purpose is the substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a
reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.
Acuerdo General sobre el Comercio de Servicios (AGCS): General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (The General Agreement
on Trade in Services (GATS) is a treaty of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that entered into force in January
1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations. The treaty was created to extend the multilateral trading system
to service sector, in the same way the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provides such a system for
merchandise trade.)
acuerdo implcito/acuerdo tcito: implied agreement (Implied agreement is a contract under which the agreement of the parties is
demonstrated by their acts and conduct.)
acuerdo marco: framework agreement (A first step towards achieving this would be a framework agreement.) / (In other words, a
framework agreement is a general term for agreements with suppliers which set out terms and conditions under
which specific purchases (call-offs) can be made throughout the term of the agreement.)
Acuerdo sobre Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias: Acuerdo sobre Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (The result was an Agreement on
Agriculture and an Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.)
Acuerdo sobre Subvenciones y Medidas Compensatorias : Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (Discussions also
focus on definitions and principles, where Members seek to draw on the Agreement on Subsidies and
Countervailing Measures and the Agreement on Agriculture, while keeping in mind the specificities of services.)
acuerdo: agreement (Leaders of both countries signed an agreement to exchange diplomats.); accord (Both parties signed an accord last
week in Geneva that may finally bring an end to the bloody conflict.); accommodation (to reach an accommodation
with creditors)
acuerdos comerciales multilaterals: multilateral trade agreements (MTAs) (In that regard, he stressed the importance of making progress
on multilateral trade agreements during the Doha Round.)
acuerdos de reventa: resale agreements (Investments included as cash equivalents are time deposits, mutual funds and financial
instruments under resale agreements.)
Acuerdos Generales para la Obtencin de Prstamos (AGP): General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB) (General arrangements to
borrow, loans under special borrowing arrangements, deposits within the framework of the Poverty Reduction and
Growth Facility)
13

acumulacin agropecuaria: agricultural accumulation (The discussion of agricultural accumulation in the Chinese literature has revealed
little statistical information at the national level)
acumulacin de capital: capital accumulation (We will prosper, our capital accumulation will prosper, our culture will prosper,...)
acumulacin de existencias/acumulacin de inventarios: inventory accumulation (the accumulation of inventory and the tax and
monetary stimulus have promoted economic growth worldwide)
acumulacin financiera: financial accumulation (Connecting struggles around fossil fuels and false solutions to climate change - from
industrial pollution and monoculture plantations to financial accumulation, is also key.)
acumulacin silvcola: forestry accumulation (Within the working circle there are abundant natural resources and the total forestry
accumulation amounts to12million cubic meters)
acumulacin: accumulation (This should help to prevent the accumulation of new debt.); accretion (But the worrying thing about this is the
accretion of 11.4 billion dollars in the first quarter...); accrual
acumulado: accrued (The accrued interest on the funds before the payment to beneficiaries belongs to the fund providers.); cumulative
(The cumulative effect of regulation is of profound importance.); accumulated (will only take on a revolutionary
character if they transfer capital accumulated by the finance oligarchy to the nation)
acumular: accrue (Interest on this savings account accrues at the rate of 4 percent.); accumulate (He accumulated a fortune in the music
business.); amass (By the time he was 40, he had amassed a fortune.)
acumulativo: cumulative (Short-term day-to-day funding decisions are based on a daily cumulative net cash position); accumulative (an
age of rapid and accumulative change)
acumulativo: cumulative (The cumulative effect of regulation is of profound importance.); accumulative (Their accumulative effects will
only be visible after several years.)
acuacin: minting (All the expenses of issue, minting and replacement of metallic coins will be applied to the operative costs ); coinage
acuar (dinero): mint (Slovakia was the first one to mint the euro coins with its own production facilities.); coin money (The power to coin
money should remain a government prerogative.)
acuar (frase,palabra): coin (Kraft coined the term middle America in the 1960s.)
acuar moneda: coin money (he must be coining money); mint money
acusar recibo de: acknowledge receipt of (I should be obliged if you would acknowledge receipt of this letter and confirm that )
acuse de recibo: acknowledgement of receipt (An acknowledgement of receipt shall be sent to the applicant.); acknowledgement (I
applied for a grant and just received an acknowledgement (= letter saying that my letter was received).)
adaptar a: tailor to (This approach can be better tailored to the demands of the users of the evaluation.)
adecuacin de capital: capital adequacy (the consultative paper issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, A New Capital
Adequacy Framework)
adecuado/adecuada: appropriate (Reviews, evaluates and approves appropriate internal control policies.), fitting (What is most fitting for
this country?); suitable (What is a suitable model of computation?); adequate (Work is planned to ensure that
schools have an adequate physical environment.)
adecuar los mtodos de trabajo: adapt working practices (we worked very hard to adapt working methods and match technical
standards.)
adelantar: advance (Secondly, I believe we can advance our work on territorial cohesion through promotion of exchange of experience,);
bring forward (In my opinion, we should still think carefully about the aim to bring forward by one year the deadline
for the transposition of the measures...)
adelantos: advances (Technological advances have changed TV news.)
adems de eso: on top of that (On top of that, the effects of the recession put a $3 trillion hole in our budget.)
adems de: in addition to (In addition to that critical issue there are also a number of other...); besides (Besides wealth we should also be
speaking about power.)
adems: moreover (It was a good car and, moreover, the price was quite reasonable.), furthermore (I dont know what happened to
Roberto, and furthermore, I dont care.), besides (He wont mind if youre latebesides, its not your fault.); further
(If we further suppose); also (We also have a catalogue of problems); what is more (What is more, none of the
three provisions clearly establishes its scope.); in addition (In addition, in 1926, in his character of Director of the
University of Buenos Aires)
adeudar: owe (a number of countries in a particular region may owe a small amount of contributions); debit (we have debited your
account with the sum of 5,000 pesos.)/ (we have debited the sum of 5,000 pesos to o from your account); have a
debt of
adeudo en cuenta/asiento en el debe: debit entry (Post a debit entry to your bank account.)
14

adeudo: indebtedness (This development in the labour market will counsel prudence to households, whose indebtedness leaves them
vulnerable to a rise in interest rates.); debit (the sum debited to/from your account); charge
adicionar: add (If you add three and four you get seven.)
adiestramiento en el trabajo/adiestramiento prctico: on-the-job training (The company provides on-the-job training (= training while
you work).
adiestramiento: training (We got two weeks of on-the-job training on how to conduct interviews.)
adinerado/adinerada: affluent (Wearing or carrying items which may identify you as an affluent tourist can be a mistake.)
adjudicacin: awarding (It also intends to commission an independent evaluation (procedure for awarding the contract currently under
way).); adjudication (adjudication of bankruptcy)/( The widow renounced the usufruct, and an adjudication of the
assets known at the time was made); allocation (The European Union must therefore systematically object to the
allocation of the presidency to such countries)
adjudicador: awarder (The locations will be at the disposition of the awarders 7 days before the date of opening.)
adjudicar: award (Their company was awarded a contract worth $40 million by the federal government.); allot (The board allotted $5000 to
the recreation center.); assign (Can you say explicitly what role the Council is planning to assign to the International
Criminal Court?); allocate (The objective of collaboration should be to allocate limited resources in a cooperative
and cost-effective way.)
adjudicatario: awardee (The awardee, upon a formal call, will have a time to sign the Agreement as per the conditions set forth by the
Calling Instrument, )
adjuntar: attach (Additionally, you must attach a copy of the curriculum vitae of all personnel involved, including a list...); enclose (Please
enclose a stamped, self-addressed envelope.)
adjunto a la presente: enclosed herewith (A brief biography of Archbishop Desmond Tutu is enclosed herewith.)
adjunto/adjunta: herewith (We are sending you herewith a copy of); enclosed (please find enclosed a copy of the invoice); attached
(please fill in the attached form); annexed (the annexed financial statements)
administracin central del estado: central administration of the state (The problem with the central administration of the state (ACE) in
Spain is that it does not really know what it is, where it is going, or what it wishes to be); central state
administration (To coordinate organizational structures of central state administration bodies, state agencies and
state administration offices in counties ...)
administracin centralizada: centralized administration (This ensures centralized administration and non-intrusive updating in networked
environments.); centralized management (It is with concern that we observe bottlenecks, especially within the
centralized management framework.)
administracin de activos: asset management (Nikko: financial services including retail and wholesale securities brokerage, investment
banking, asset management and fund administration, )
administracin de activos: asset management (Their integration into this new asset management platform constitutes a distinct added
value.)
administracin de empresas: business administration ( masters degree courses in education, business administration and public
administration.); business management (The goal of business management is to create wealth...)
administracin de los recursos: administration of resources (the Fund may decide to perform financial and technical services, including
the administration of resources)
administracin de personal: personnel administration (The personnel administration unit was transferred first, then the compensation
unit, and finally the payroll unit.)
administracin descentralizada: decentralized management (The problems relative to the decentralized management of consultants
and the coordination between Headquarters and field offices were highlighted.)
Administracin Nacional de Aeronutica y del Espacio (NASA): National Aeronautics and Space Administration
administracin por objetivos: administration by objectives (The project is designed and placed within a logical framework of
implementation and administration by objectives,); management by objectives (The DGI operates on the basis
of management by objectives,)
administracin pblica: public administration (However, the public administration continues to suffer from serious weaknesses.)
administracin: administration (In this regard, the administration will be conducting a quality survey on the service...); management (So a
major challenge is the judicious management of these powerful endogenous and exogenous resources for
sustainable development.); stewardship (Unparalleled product stewardship to ensure that products are handled
safely.)
administrador concursal: receiver in a bankruptcy (The alleged costs of genuine restructuring activities included the costs of purchasing
the means of production from the receiver in bankruptcy of SSPH and SS.)
15

administrador de base de datos: database administrator (A database administrator (DBA) is responsible for the performance, integrity
and security of a database.); administrator of the data base (In the end, the validated terms and definitions are put
on-line by administrator of the data base.)
administrador general: general manager (First, the company in question could not clarify the precise role and responsibilities of its General
Manager.)
administrador judicial: receiver (The receiver continued production while seeking a new investor.)
administrador: administrator (de bienes ajenos) (Contact the global administrator within your organization and request that...); manager
(de empresa) (This applies particularly to the role of the infrastructure manager.)
administrar: manage (Does she have any experience managing large projects?); administer (The national governments have been unable
to administer their funds.)
administrativo: managerial (It was subsequently found that the managerial group concept works better.); administrative (Administrative
data must obviously be free of charge to the public and it has to be obtainable)
admisible: admissible (If the request is not admissible, the Chairman of the Committee shall dismiss it, while the issue remains ...);
acceptable (It was not acceptable to treat newly settled farmers differently from the other ...); allowable (Our well
water has nitrates above the allowable level.)
admitir (dejar entrar): admit (Each ticket admits one member and a guest.)
admitir (permitir): allow of (a question that allows of only one reply) / (it allows of no other explanation)
Adonde fueres haz lo que vieres: When in Roma do as the Romans do.
adopcin de decisiones: decisionmaking (They should be active in lobbying to participate in government decisionmaking.)
adoptar decisiones: adopt decisions (The absence of such rules has led the Council to adopt decisions of a discretionary nature.)
adoptar medidas: adopt measures (Belgium must adopt measures by Jan. 1 at the latest to bring its budget deficit below 3% of economic
output in 2012)
adquirente: acquirer (JCB is an international credit card brand and the largest card issuer and acquirer in Japan.) buyer (Hes still looking
for a buyer for his house.); purchaser (Software purchasers have reported problems with the product.)
adquirida: acquire (A pre-existing relationship between the acquirer and acquiree may be contractual)
adquirir: acquire (His family acquired the property in 1985.)
adquisicin de activos fijos tangibles: purchase of tangible fixed assets (Capital grants received in respect of the purchase of tangible
fixed assets are treated as a deferred credit and amortised to the profit and loss account annually ...)
adquisicin de ttulos de inversin: purchase of investment securities (The facility is for the borrowers general business purposes,
including the purchase of investment securities in the ordinary course of borrowers business.)
adquisicin: acquisition (The Banks ability to successfully complete an acquisition is often conditional on regulatory approval)
Aduana General de la Repblica (de Cuba): General Customs of the Republic (of Cuba)
aduana: customs (Building a common customs system has been one of the major achievements in that progress ...); customs house (this
icon was constructed by in 1228 as a major trading post for German merchants, and under Napoleon it became a
customs house in 1806.)
adulteracin: misrepresentation (Photoshop appear to have been useful in detecting the manipulation or misrepresentation of satellite
data.)
advertir: note (please note that VAT is not included)
afamado/clebre/famoso: renowned (Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, the renowned German baritone singer who performed for more than five
decades on stages in Berlin,...)
afectado/afectada: offeree (A contract is formed when one party (the offeror) makes an offer which is accepted by the other party (the
offeree).
afectar: affect (a problem which affects the economy)
afn: related (Risk management policies, along with the related guidelines and procedures, are the essential elements of the risk
management framework.)
afirmacin: claim (They say it works, but there is no evidence to support those claims.)
afirmar: claim (Ervin claims (that) he is bankrupt.)
aflojar las restricciones: ease the restrictions (and continue the process of easing restrictions on self-employment)
afluencia de capitales: inflow of capitals (This has been due to the successive petrol shock from the beginning of 21 century, which has
16

brought about a great inflow of capitals to the countries belonging ...)
afluencia de efectivo/entrada de efectivo: cash inflow (Financing activities generated cash inflows of $5.1 billion, mainly due to a $5.3
billion increase in deposits)
afrontar problemas financieros: face financial problems (The new rules should guarantee that SMEs no longer face financial problems
due to the late payment of invoices addressed to public authorities or to companies )
afrontar: face (the similarities between the problems that Cuba is facing today in relation to those faced by Vietnam since 1986); confront
(The EU currently has to confront new challenges that require greater efforts.); face (the similarities between the
problems that Cuba is facing today in relation to those faced by Vietnam since 1986); cope with (Victims cope with
feelings of anxiety, pain, anger, and fear.)
agarrar al toro por los cuernos: take the bull by he horns (I took the bull by the horns and confronted him about his drinking.)
agarrar/abrazar/coger/tener/sujetar (firmemente): hold (The nurse held the child in her arms.)
agarrar: catch (The gobal crisis caught Cuba with serious macro-economic imbalances.)
agencia calificadora de riesgo/entidad calificadora de riesgo: credit rating agency (CRA) (The present section is based on an analysis
contained in a paper prepared by UNCTAD: "Rating the Credit Rating Agencies and their Potential Impact on
Developing Countries", forthcoming.)
Agencia de Crdito a la Exportacin: Export Credit Agency
Agencia de Medio Ambiente (AMA): Agency of Environment
agenda apretada/apretada agenda: busy agenda (The Cuban Minister of Foreign Affairs develops a busy agenda on the sidelines of the
UN General Assembly.); full agenda (The Presidency has successfully managed to crown its full agenda with a new
treaty.)
agente de seguros: insurance brker (An insurance broker (also insurance agent) sells, solicits, or negotiates insurance for
compensation.); insurance agent
gil: nimble (The abolition of the ministry is part of a plan to make the sugar industry more nimble.)
agilizar: speed up (He developed a new system to help speed up the work.)
aglutinar: bring together (the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA), the organization that since 1895 brings together cooperatives in the
world)
agotar (mercancias, existencias): sell out (We sold out (of) the T-shirts in the first couple of hours.) / (stocks of umbrellas are sold out)
agradecemos de antemano: (Thank you in advance for your inestimable collaboration, and please accept our very best wishes.)
agradecer: thank (On behalf of the executive management team, I wish to acknowledge their high level of engagement and thank them for
their hard work and contribution to the Banks success.); welcome (Wed welcome your suggestions.); be grateful (I
would be grateful if you would send me); appreciate (we should much appreciate it if) / (I would greatly
appreciate that you would answer me as soon as possible.)
agradecera que me enviara: I should be grateful if you would send me (I should be grateful if you would send me a quotation for
performing audits for the Tribunal's 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 financial periods.)
agradecimiento: gratitude (Many of his patients gave works of art to Dr. Klein in gratitude.); thanks (with our most sincere thanks);
appreciation (in appreciation of all you have done)
agrario/agraria: agricultural (agricultural policy); agrarian (agrarian reform)
agregado monetario: monetary aggregate (It can bring about considerable changes in the composition of demand for money and in the
measures among the monetary aggregates that are relevant to the control of inflation.)
agregados: aggregates (This assessment can be confined to the impact on key aggregates.)
agregar: add (You can also add a description of the item.)
agrcola: agricultural (Chicago was an important shipping point for agricultural products and livestock.)
agricultor: farmer (The farmer, by the nature of his occupation, must spend much of his time on site in a rural and often remote setting.)
agricultura de subsistencia: subsistence agriculture (Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus on
growing enough food to feed their families.)
agricultura ecolgica: ecological agriculture (Ecological agriculture must become an integral part of a production system that supports
the environment.)
agricultura orgnica: organic agriculture (the Government of Uganda released a draft organic agriculture policy.); organic
farming(...productive activities in harmony with the environment, more particularly organic farming.)
agricultura sostenible: sustainable agriculture (We farmers have declared our support for sustainable agriculture.)
17

agricultura suburbana: periurban agriculture (the expansion of periurban agriculture and the promotion of rural off-farm activities.)
agricultura urbana: urban agriculture (Nearly a billion people are engaged in urban agriculture of one form or another - food or animal
production and horticulture.)
agricultura: agriculture (Agriculture and tourism are both important to the regions economy.); arable farming; farming
agroalimentario/agroalimentaria: agri-food (On the other hand, the multinationals in the agri-food industry have cause for celebration.)
agroindustria/industria agropecuaria: agribusiness (the various businesses that collectively process, distribute, and support farm
products.)
agronmico/agronmica: agronomic (The project led to improvement in agronomic practices, farm yield and income of 5,500
households.); agronomical (In some regions, the protein crops are traditionally sown in a mixture with cereals for
agronomical reasons.)
agropecuario/agropecuaria: agricultural (...we should tackle the sensitive issue of agricultural trade.); agricultural and livestock (The fall in
agricultural and livestock output this year is estimated at roughly 65 percent.); farming and livestock (Campeny
bought the monastery and carried on with its farming and livestock raising activities.)
Agua pasada no mueve molino.: Its no use crying over spilt milk.
agua potable: drinking water (Drinking water is water that is suitable for drinking.)
aguantar: endure (I wish you the capacity to bear and endure those burdens you have taken on.); withstand (The rules adopted should be
able to withstand the test of reality.); weather (which have weathered the economic and financial uncertainties of
recent years better than most jurisdictions around the world.); bear ( a too-slow adjustment that would require
another twenty years of bearing the costs of monetary duality.)
aguas abajo: downstream (As far as I am concerned, this directive should first and foremost stipulate that Member States are not allowed to
take measures that lead to major risks downstream.) / (Downstream communities living along the coastline suffer
from changes in water quality.)
aguas arriba: upstream (Surface water sources need to take into account the effect of the discharge and emissions upstream.)
aguas someras/aguas poco profundas: shallow waters (drilling operations both on land and in shallow waters)
ah: therein (and therein lies its great attraction)
ahondar en/insistir en/profundizar en: delve into (Mr President, I do not have the time to delve into the possible differences between the
text of the reports and the personal views of each of the rapporteurs.) / (I will not delve into another argument on
which this proposal favours the consumer more, because I believe that the facts are obvious.) / (I do not wish to
delve into the details of the civil liability of shipowners,)
ahora mas que nunca: now more than ever (We must not disappoint them in their expectations, and now more than ever these countries
need our help.)
ahora: at present (This research may contribute to the economic changes that are happening in Cuba at present.)
ahorrar: save (this way you will be able to save some electricity); put aside (Were putting aside $20 a week for our vacation.) set aside
ajustado/ajustada: tight (Tight cost management also contributed to our results and remains a strategic priority.)
ajustar los mtodos de trabajo: adjust working practices (By tradition farmers have developed strategies to adjust working methods)
ajuste al patrimonio: adjustment to equity (This adjustment produces no net effect on the Net Loan Portfolio, and, therefore, no additional
balancing entry in Adjustments to Equity is required.)
ajuste contable: accounting adjustment (The essence of the problem is ultimately an accounting adjustment on which the future of the
banana sector in the European Union depends.)
ajuste de cierre de ao: year-end adjustment (Check if your business neeeds Year-end Adjustments.)
ajuste de inventario: inventory adjustment (The optional inventory adjustment (OIA), like the mandatory inventory adjustment (MIA),
only applies when you are using the cash method of accounting.)
Ajuste por Tamao de la Empresa para Pequeas y Medianas Empresas (PYME): Firm-Size Adjustment for Small-and Medium-Sized
Entities
ajuste: adjustment (Only a few adjustments were needed to make her dress fit perfectly.) / (the plan needs some minor adjustments)
al alcance de la mano: within arms reach (Above him, within arms reach, was the low roof of the building.); within arms reach (the
portal has a rapid access panel that puts the systems principal operating components within arms reach.); at hand
al alcance de: available to (an attempt to make culture available to everyone)
al alza/alcista: upward (These factors have contributed to some upward pressure on inflation recently.) / (The use of cocaine is showing an
upward trend.)
18

al amparo de: under (Reimbursement for the amount of a complying presentation under a credit available by acceptance or deferred
payment is due at maturity)
al ao: a year later (One year later, has the plan lived up to its expectations?)
al anunciar esta decisin: while announcing this decision (While announcing this decision, director of Treasurys OFAC, Adam Szubin,
used a threatening and disrespectful language)
al azar: random (Dylan picked several books at random.); randomly (The people I interviewed were chosen randomly.)
al borde de la bancarrota/al borde de la quiebra: near bankruptcy (The American giant has gone from near bankruptcy to having a
liquidity safety net of 244,000 million dollars.); on the brink of bankruptcy (Today it's on the brink of bankruptcy.)
al borde de: on the verge of (Several years ago, Colombia was on the verge of becoming a failed state.) / (A growing number of banks are
on the verge of bankruptcy, forcing States to nationalize them.); on the brink of (We cannot continue as if nothing
were wrong, while the region is on the brink of war.) / (Today it's on the brink of bankruptcy.)
al cabo de dos semanas: in two weeks
al cabo de una semana: in a weeks time
al cabo de: after (after the first three months) (After this time, the buyers OKPAY account will contain an option to decline the transaction.)
al cambio del da: at the current exchange rate (In 2005, they reached around US$ 217 millions at the current exchange rate.)
al cierre de: at the end of (If inventory is understated at the end of the year, the net income for the year is also understated.); at the close of
( taken into account the scope of their operation and outstanding assets at the close of the fiscal year.); by the
end of (announced that it would purchase $600 billion in Treasury securities by the end of the second quarter of
2011.)
al cierre del ejercicio econmico: at the close of the accounting year (Management reports issued at the close of the accounting year or
period.)
al cierre del perodo econmico/ al cierre del perodo contable: at the end of the accounting period (A company has $72,500 in inventory
at the beginning of the accounting period and $65,500 at the end of the accounting period.)
al comienzo del ao: at the beginning of the year ( performed by external evaluators and will start at the beginning of the year.)
al comienzo del perodo econmico/ al comienzo del perodo contable: at the beginning of the accounting period (A company has
$72,500 in inventory at the beginning of the accounting period and $65,500 at the end of the accounting period.)
al comienzo: in the beginning (Commission notes that it is normal market practice that new services are offered at discount prices in the
beginning in order to reach a certain customer base.); at the beginning
al contado: cash (Are you going to pay by credit card or cash?); in cash (Operating activities required $5.5 billion in cash in 2010)
al contrario: on the contrary (On the contrary, I thought it was the dullest thing Id ever seen.); far from it (Jim, selfish? Far from it (= Hes
not selfish at all).); quite the opposite (I dont dislike the idea, quite the opposite, I think it would be wonderful!)
al costo: at cost (Some available-for-sale securities presented at cost in the Consolidated Balance Sheet were sold during the year.)
al crecer: by growing (The growth of the Colombian economy did exceed all forecasts by growing 5,7% the first semester of 2006 with
regards to the same period for 2005, being this the largest annual increase) ; by rising (No account is taken of the
real problems of the countryside, which has been struck by rising unemployment.)
al cumplir la fecha: at term (When its resources allow, the EIB may grant loans on which capital is repaid in full at term)
al de la/al del: to that of the (There is evidently a great inferiority in the power of the President, in this particular, to that of the British king;
nor is it equal to that of the governor of New York, ...) / ( the change in Cuba would have a similar impact in Latin
America to that of the Cuban Revolution in 1959.) / (Growth will be buoyed by the emerging economies, whose
combined GDP is getting close to that of the OECD countries.)
al decidir: in deciding (In deciding what policies the debtor nations should follow, the IMF and World Bank adhere to the economic theory of
neoliberalism.)
al del: to that of the (There is evidently a great inferiority in the power of the President, in this particular, to that of the British king; nor is it
equal to that of the governor of New York, ...) / ( the change in Cuba would have a similar impact in Latin America
to that of the Cuban Revolution in 1959.) / (Growth will be buoyed by the emerging economies, whose combined
GDP is getting close to that of the OECD countries.)
al designar: by nominating (By nominating a bank to accept a draft or)
al extranjero: abroad (They used to go abroad every summer.)
al final de la primera mitad: at the end of the first half (At the end of the first half of the season, we would like to reset the points of every
player to 0)
al final de: at the end of (A short analysis is provided at the end of each main chapter.);
19

al final del ao: at the end of the year (let me remind you that it expires at the end of the year in any case.)
al final del periodo econmico/al final del periodo contable: at the end of the accounting period (A company has $72,500 in inventory at
the beginning of the accounting period and $65,500 at the end of the accounting period.)
al final del primer semestre: (Community steel tube production was up by 4,3 % at the end of the first half of 2000.)
al final: eventually (You learn a lot in school, but eventually you forget most of it.)
al finalizar el ao: at year end (As a consequence, at year end, 25 posts were abolished.); by the end of the year (By the end of the year,
13 rounds of negotiation had been held.)
al frente de: at the forefront (US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances)
al igual que en aos anteriores: as in previous years (As in previous years, this exchange will be held in informal mode.)
al igual que: as with (As with all processes of harmonization)
al inicio del ao: at the beginning of the year ( performed by external evaluators and will start at the beginning of the year.)
al inicio del perodo econmico/al inicio del periodo contable: at the beginning of the accounting period (A company has $72,500 in
inventory at the beginning of the accounting period and $65,500 at the end of the accounting period.)
al inicio: at the beginning (I would just like to repeat what I said at the beginning.); at the start (The marketing authorisation holder will be
informed of the adopted timetable at the start of the procedure.)
al menos: at least (reviewed at least once a year in accordance with the Banks policies.); at any rate (At any rate, the Commission will
examine the measures taken by Member States according to)
al mes: a month later (One month later, the European Union stated its intention to appeal the decision.)
al mismo tiempo que: at the same time that (In simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter interprets at the same time that the speaker is
speaking, although a few words behind.)
al mismo tiempo: at the same time (At the same time, the U.S. Congress remains undecided about the size of its budget cuts for 2014.; all
at once (It is not intended that changes happen all at once )
al pie de la letra: verbatim (He could quote long passages verbatim from the King James version of the Bible.)
al por mayor: in bulk (The relief organization buys food in bulk.)
al principio de: at the beginning of (We are at the beginning of a process whose direction, positive or negative for humanity, cannot be
predicted with certainty.)
al principio del ao: at the beginning of the year ( performed by external evaluators and will start at the beginning of the year.)
al principio: at the outset (This assessment is performed at the outset of the credit application process.); in the beginning (Commission
notes that it is normal market practice that new services are offered at discount prices in the beginning in order to
reach a certain customer base.); at the beginning (I should like to close by saying that we are still just right at the
beginning.)
al respecto: on the matter (This is not the right place for opening a debate on the matter,)(I would like to state here that Chinas position
on this matter is very clear.); in this regard (Indias comments were especially interesting in this regard.)
al revs: the other way around (en sentido inverso) (In fact it is the other way around, Turkey is asking to join the Union.)
al ritmo de: at the rate of (Our economy must grow at the rate of at least ten per cent every year to get rid of poverty and generate
employment for all.)
al valor nominal: at par value (Redemption should always be possible at any time, at par value.) / (On November 2, 2011, the Bank
redeemed for cancellation $500 million in subordinated debentures maturing on November 2, 2016, at par value
plus accrued interest.)
al: upon (Upon announcing these measures, the US government very clearly stated that the blockade will remain intact) Upon can be
used to show that something happens soon after, and often because of, something else: Upon hearing the good
news, we all congratulated Murphy.)
albacea: executor (Litigation was begun in the name of the Executor in his representative capacity.); administrator (The commission is also
proposing to create a certificate to enable heirs and administrators of wills to easily prove their status in another
country.)
alcance: extent (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform ); scope (While the
current US government has taken some positive steps, they are insufficient and extremely limited in scope.);
importance; significance
alcanzar el xito/tener xito/triunfar: make it (she made it fairly late in her career)
20

alcanzar un acuerdo: reach an agreement (And to reach an agreement on the different situations)
alcanzar: achieve (surpassed the record performance achieved in the previous year.); reach (The number of Personal Banking customers
reached 2.3 million); attain (On the other hand, these communities intend to attain their goals with peaceful
political means.); stand at (the 12-month inflation rate stood at 6.3 percent)
alcista: upward (Strong domestic demand exerted upward pressure on price.)
aleatoriamente: randomly (The people I interviewed were chosen randomly.)
alentador: encouraging (The decrease in violence is undeniably encouraging, but the challenge remains constant.)
alentar: encourage (The city needs to encourage job creation.); foster (by fostering an environment of low interest rates)
algo mas de/algo mas que: a little more than (Multnomah County gets a little more than $75 per person for two projects.) ; somewhat
more than (inhabitants when it attained independence, today has somewhat more than 6 million)
algo menor que: somewhat smaller than (Washington, D.C., is somewhat smaller than Baltimore.)
algo menos que: somewhat smaller than (Washington, D.C., is somewhat smaller than Baltimore.)
algo por algo/algo a cambio de algo: quid pro quo= this for that =give and take=a favor for a favor ( (We must get away from the quid-pro-
quo principle and not focus on what we in the EU can get out of agreements in the short term.)
algo: somewhat (The national and international macroeconomic context in which the Argentine economy has developed over the last few
years has been somewhat changeable.)
algunos/algunas: a few (Weve been having a few problems with the new computer.)
Alianza Bolivariana para las Amricas (ALBA): Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (The 7
th
summit meeting of the Bolivarian Alliance
for the Americas (ALBA) ended Oct. 17, in Cochabamba with the decision to establish a virtual currency.)
aliciente fiscal: tax incentive (There are also tax incentives, such as accelerated depreciation benefits of up to 20% annual, for
investments in hydroelectric projects and other renewable resources)
alimentacin y la agricultura: food and agriculture (This agreement addresses genetic resources for food and agriculture.)
alimentos bsicos: basics (The basics include things like sugar, salt, bread, milk, eggs, etc.)
alimentos orgnicos/alimentos ecolgicos: organic food (The growing popularity of organic food requires the availability of suitable
methods to assess authenticity.)
alimentos transgnicos: GM foods/genetically-modified foods
aliviar las restricciones: ease the restrictions (and continue the process of easing restrictions on self-employment)
allanar el terreno para: pave the way for (Data from the space flight should pave the way for a more detailed exploration of Mars.)
all reside el: therein lies the (Therein lies the risk)
all: therein (The management of these units must ensure that employees are adhering to current set out therein.)
almacenamiento/almacenaje: warehousing (This includes costs such as transportation and warehousing.)
alrededor de: around (These rules, established in 2004 by the BIS in Basel, Switzerland, and adopted by many countries around the world;
about (Despite growth of only about 2% in the advanced economies, global GDP is likely to expand about 3.5% in
2011,)
alta: addition (However, the additions, disposals and transfers of all fixed assets are shown in the balance sheet or ...)
alternativa/alternativo: alternative (The government is faced with the alternative for higher taxes or poor roads.) / (Bangladesh growers,
whose tea was sold almost exclusively to West Pakistan must find now alternative markets for their product.)
altibajos: ups and downs (As such, the process will continue more or less as it has in past years, marked by ups and downs.)
alto funcionario: senior officer (The top U.S. commander in Afghanistan has fired a senior officer from his job ); top official (A White
House top official wrote in Foreign Affairs magazine)
aludir a: allude to (He alluded to problems with the new computers.)
ambiente de trabajo: working environment (I wish to thank you for being so positive in emphasising this important matter of the working
environment.)
ambiente ptimo de trabajo/entorno ptimo de trabajo: first-rate working environment (First-rate working environment where a forward
thinking mindset is rewarded.)
mbito de aplicacin: scope of application (the scope of application of this resolution has already been extended beyond its intended
objectives.)
mbito: scope (We are going to widen the scope of the investigation.)
21

ambos/ambas: both (The Bank will disclose its capital ratios calculated according to both methodologies for each quarter until the start of
2019.)
amenazar: threaten (Serious and imminent dangers threaten the existence of our species.)
aminorar: reduce (In 2013 as in 2012, employment will not grow enough to reduce the jobless rate significantly.); cut; decrease; slow down
amortizable: redeemable (Redeemable in cash at the Banks option, subject to prior approval of the Superintendent, on or after February
15, 2014 and February 15 every five years thereafter, ); callable (If the bond you choose is callable, you have
taken the risk of having your principal returned ...)
amortizacin acumulada: accrued depreciation (Tangible assets are valued at their historical acquisition price less accrued depreciation.)
amortizacin de la deuda: debt service (Total expenditures, which include such items as capital spending and debt service payments in
addition to operational expenditures,...); debt servicing
amortizacin de primas: amortization of premiums (The amortization of premiums and discounts, under the effective interest rate
method, as well as dividend and interest income, are recognized in Interest income in the Consolidated Statement of
Income.)
amortizacin del crdito mercantil negativo en la adquisicin de: amortization of negative goodwill on the acquisition of (amortization
of negative goodwill on the acquisition of Companhia Siderrgica do Tubaro)
amortizacin del crdito mercantil negativo: (the amortization of negative goodwill does not form part of the net income for the year for
the purpose of calculating the obligatory minimum dividend distribution)
amortizacin del crdito mercantil: amortization of goodwill (Amortization of goodwill should be reported in operating expenses.);
goodwill amortization
amortizacin..acelerada: accelerated..depreciation (There are also tax incentives, such as accelerated depreciation benefits of up to
20% annual, for investments in hydroelectric projects and other renewable resources)
amortizacin: redemption (On the redemption date, the Bank makes a cash payment equal to the value of the common shares on that
date.)
amortizado: amortized (Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their useful lives.)
ampliacin: expansion (I am very sorry that discussion of the problems regarding the expansion of Euro zone was given very little
attention.)
ampliamente: widely (widely demostrated) / (widely known) / (It is widely accepted that the relative neglect of the agricultural sector over
recent decades has caused agricultural productivity and supply capacities in many countries to decline.0
ampliar los plazos: extend deadlines (Chinas banks can extend deadlines on loans )
ampliar por: extend by (European exchange operator NYSE Liffe said on Wednesday it would extend by one year the trading period of
all...)
ampliar: broaden (Going to college will broaden [to increase the range of] your interests.) / (They are broadening the road to speed up the
flow of traffic.); widen; extend (The credit instruments used to meet the financing needs of its clients represent the
maximum amount of additional credit the Bank could be obligated to extend if the commitments were fully drawn.);
expand
amplitud de criterio/ amplitud de miras: broad-mindedness (What is really needed is broad-mindedness.)
amplitud: extent (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform )
aadir: add (If you add three and four you get seven.) / (Add the files you want to send to your recipients as attachments by clicking on the
attach button.)
aadir: add (she added a few words of thanks)
anlisis de costo-beneficio: cost-benefit analysis (A cost-benefit analysis was carried out prior to the development of the Programme.)
anlisis de costo-eficiencia: cost-efficiency analysis (Cost-efficiency analysis tends to have a smaller scope of analysis, comparing cost
at the level of outputs.)
anlisis de riesgo: risk analysis (The Agency is developing a systematic approach to risk analysis.)
anlisis del punto de equilibrio: breakeven analysis (Different breakeven analyses are provided that can be customised by the user.)
anlisis e interpretacin de estados financieros: analysis and interpretation of financial statements (Analysis and interpretation of
financial statements help in determining the liquidity position, long term solvency, financial viability and profitability
of a firm.)
anlisis estructural: structural analysis (This data is a key element for business cycle and structural analysis.)
anlisis financiero: financial analysis (Financial analysis must be subject to high professional and ethical standards.)
22

anlisis jurdico: legal analysis (My legal analysis differs totally from that presented by the committee chairman, Mr Gargani.)
analizar: analyze (However, managers should analyze the reasons behind a drop of this ratio.); analyse (For every source of information,
you need to analyse its credibility.); weigh (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban
monetary and exchange rate reform ); discuss (This booklet discusses how to invest money wisely.)
anlogamente: by the samen token (By the same token, the consequences of flawed strategies will be revealed sooner and more
painfully.)
animal de trabajo: working animal (Raising awareness of the contribution that working animals can make to Cubas economy, )
animar: buoy (Growth will be buoyed by the emerging economies)
ao anterior: previous year (slightly higher than the previous year.)
ao civil: calendar year (There is a $500 deductible limit per family per calendar year.)
ao entrante/ao que viene: coming year (Though a number of countries are likely to take steps to normalize monetary policy in the
coming year)
ao fiscal: tax year (Can I change between cash and accrual methods in different tax years?)
ao natural: calendar year (There is a $500 deductible limit per family per calendar year.)
ao sabtico: sabbatical year (I decided to take, when I was 24, a sabbatical year, to look at what I was going to do.)
anotacin en el debe/asiento en el debe: debit entry (Post a debit entry to your bank account.)
anotacin en el haber/asiento en el haber: credit entry (You specify whether you are making a debit or credit entry.)
anotar en los libros: book ( to book such higher costs in the first year corresponds to normal accounting practices.)
ante todo: above all (This need is due, above all, to the limitations of the current SIS system.); first of all (First of all, the new procedure
was rigorously applied.); primarily (The protection of immigrants will have to be aimed primarily at the innocent
victims of the traffic in human beings, organised by criminal gangs); first and foremost (Credit-granting decisions
are based first and foremost on the results of the risk assessment.)
antecedente: antecedent (The investigation has as a direct antecedent the work conducted by Save the Children Sweden)
antecedentes (de algo): background to (This explains the background to the series of financial assistance programmes under which this
aid has been given)
anteproyecto: blueprint (A blueprint for doing something is a complete plan that explains how to do it: Chinas economic blueprint/The
report provided a blueprint/ ); preliminary draft (I shall pass over the fact that the preliminary draft of this report was
totally muddled.); preliminary design (The preliminary design was completed in September 2004.); draft (During
1975, a draft Constitution of the Republic was exposed to public debate)
anterior: foregoing (and the Banks success in anticipating and managing the foregoing risks.) / ( who signed the foregoing certificate
)
anteriormente citado/anteriormente mencionado: above-mentioned (please consult the abovementioned publications)
anteriormente: formerly (Formerly, this was possible only through a judicial procedure.); previously (Many of these services were
previously provided by the state.); before (As it happened before, interest in science and technology appeared not
only in technological artworks.);heretofore
antes citada/antes citado: abovementioned (a works contract to a firm which does not figure on the abovementioned list); afore-
mentioned (I hope that Parliament will adopt the afore-mentioned legal bases); cited above (Based on the rate
cited above, calculate the expected increase in)
Antes de que te cases, mira lo que haces: Look before you leap.
antes de que: before (Before a sound and prudent credit decision can be taken,)
antes de terminar/antes de conluir: before the end (the Finnish Presidency intends to secure the adoption of those mandates before the
end of this year.); before concluding (Before concluding an investment contract with foreign investors,); before
finishing
antes de: before (Take one step at a time and read each section all the way through before you start.); prior to (whereas prior to that
date, it had been using the Standardized Approach.)
antes descritas: above-described (departments will guide the project team through the above-described activities.)
antes que nada: first of all (First of all, the coverage of the indices used should be appropriate.)
anticclica: countercyclical (Countercyclical is a term used in economics to describe how an economic quantity is related to economic
fluctuations. It is the opposite of procyclical.)
anticipo: down payment (You post a vendor down payment either when you send the check or when the payment is debited.)
23

antiguo/antigua: erstwhile (The continuing erosion of erstwhile preferential regimes that had given them a competitive advantage has
heightened the precariousness of African countries.); long-standing (we have long-standing relationships with)
anualidad: annuity (A small annuity lets her travel.)
anuario: yearbook (and publishes a newsletter and yearbook that bring current issues to the attention of the world community.)
anular: overturn (The agreement lasted until 1971, when President Nixon overturned the Bretton Woods agreement and established a
floating exchange rate for the major currencies.); void (I'll just void the check and pay you in cash.); annul (The
marriage was finally annulled.)
apalancamiento financiero: financial leverage (In the world today, where financial leverage has been questioned, this is leverage of the
most constructive form.)
apalancamiento: leverage (The leverage indicator at 2009 was 5.54, only 0.64 of a point below the 2008 figure of 6.18.)
aparentar/fingir/maquillar: window-dress (Supervisory authorities have at their disposal a number of effective measures to ensure that
banks do not window-dress by showing significantly lower market risk positions on reporting dates.)
apartar: set aside (The governor wants to set aside (= keep separate and not spend) $50 million for emergencies.); put aside (Were
putting aside $20 a week for our vacation.)
aparte de eso/por lo demas: otherwise (she mentioned her marriage; otherwise she said nothing about herself)
aparte de: apart from (Apart from humanitarian and democratisation assistance, which will continue,); besides
apelar: appeal (they have appealed to the Supreme Court to stop her extradition)
apenas: barely (Their marriage lasted barely three years.)
apercibir legalmente (definicin legal): bind over (bind over legal definition): To require a person to do something (usually to appear in
court) / To imprison or place a person into a law enforcement officers physical custody for imprisonment to
guarantee the persons attendance at a judicial proceeding (usually a criminal trial). Also called binding over and
bound over.)
apertura de cuenta corriente: opening of a current account (Requirements for the opening of a current account.); opening of a checking
account (Opening of a checking account for transactions and for bank certification.);
apertura poltica: political opening-up (the political opening-up after Francos death)
apertura: openness (Partnership provides a basis for openness and transparency in the preparation and implementation of programs.);
opening (on the opening of personal credit and loans for non-state businesses)
aplacar: assuage (the government's ongoing efforts to cut spending and introduce flexibility into the labor markets are intended to
assuage these concerns.)
aplastante: overwhelming (at a time when domestic and international opposition to that policy was overwhelming)
aplazar: defer (You can order the furniture now and defer payment until September.)
aplicable: applicable (A blank in a table indicates that the item is not applicable, unless otherwise indicated.)
aplicable: enforceable (legislation should be simple, clear and enforceable.)
Aplicacin de Basilea II a las actividades comerciales: Application of Basel II to Trading Activities
aplicacin de la ley: law enforcement (This will contribute to better co-ordination between law enforcement, border and tax authorities and
remove potential obstacles to international co-operation regarding tax crimes.)
aportacin: contribution (contributions from the private sector)
aportar: contribute (Tourism contributes millions of dollars to the regions economy.)
aporte por rendimiento de la inversin estatal: contribution from the return on state investment
apoyado en: supported on (In this effort, the Commission has been supported on numerous occasions by the judgments of the Court of
Justice...)
apoyar : underwrite (The museum show was largely underwritten by a grant from the government of Sweden.); support (The president
strongly supported Egypts role in the negotiations.); underpin (You are right to underpin your objectives with a
push for better communication and better information.); uphold (development of diversified sectors designed to
uphold local employment)
apoyar a/dar apoyo a: be supportive of (They were supportive of immigration reform (= They encouraged it).
apoyo financiero: financial support (Our financial support should encompass the whole sector.); financial help (My parents gave us
financial help when we bought our first house.)
apoyo: support (The senator voiced his support for making health care available to all.)
24

apreciacin: appraisal (I was pleased with the appraisal of my work.)
apreciar (evaluar,valorar): appraise (This is a complicated problem, which means we need to carefully appraise the measures to be
adopted.)
apreciar (notar,percibir,sentir): feel (everyone will feel the knock-on effects of this investment)
apremiante/urgente: pressing (pressing need) / (pressing issue)
aprendizaje: learning (The only solution is to support education and lifelong learning.)
apresurar: accelerate (the funds earmarked for Romania in order to accelerate their allocation and rapid absorption.) / speed up (Cuba
should try everything possible to speed up its process in order to recover lost time.)
apretar el cerco: tighten the siege (to tighten the siege around the Island that was struggling on its own through the so called Torricelli Act)
apretarse el cinturn: belt tightening (belt tightening policy) / ( economic crises are times for belt-tightening and cost-cutting )
aprobacin: approval (The Bank cannot be certain when or under what conditions, if any, approval will be granted.)
aprobar: approve (The Bank also has a policy, approved by the Board of Directors,); promulgate (New Zealand intends to promulgate
these amended Regulations as soon as possible.)
aprovechar (tiempo, recurso, talento): make the most of (you have to be organized and know how to make the most of your time)
aprovechar al mximo: take full advantage of (We must all take full advantage of this historic moment to advance the nuclear
disarmament and non-proliferation agenda.)
aprovecharse de: take advantage of (It is still too difficult for manufacturers to take advantage of the single market.)
aproximacin: approach (Table 5.1 Preliminary Approach to Efficiency Indicators.)
aproximadamente: about (It happened about two months ago.)
aproximarse a: approach (solidarity the Brussels Council showed towards the candidate countries, which still need financial help to
approach the level of development of the rest of the continent.)
apuntalar: underpin (Our regulatory dialogue, student exchanges and scientific cooperation will all serve to underpin ongoing reform.);
shore up (The government is also taking steps to shore up the banking system)
apuntar a: aim at (The budget should aim at the future and endorse action which no single Member State can afford on its own.)
apuntar hacia: aim at (The budget should aim at the future and endorse action which no single Member State can afford on its own.)
aqulste: the formerthe latter (Both the former and the latter are ongoing.)
aqu (en este,en esta): herein (All opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author.)
aqu mencionado/aqu mencionada: mentioned herein (All other products mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective
companies.)
arancel proteccionista: protective tariff (The Tariff of 1828 was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19,
1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States.)
arbitrador/arbitrajista/rbitro: arbitrager or arb (In finance, an arbitrager is someone who buys currencies, securities, or commodities on
one countrys market in order to make money by immediately selling them at a profit on another countrys market.)
arbitraje regulador: regulatory arbitrage (The problems of regulatory arbitrage and tax evasion are closely linked.)
arbitraje: arbitrage (Arbitrage is the technique of simultaneously buying at a lower price in one market and selling at a higher price in
another market to make a profit on the spread between the prices.) (There was a purchase-sale arbitrage with the
United States); arbitration
argumentos de peso: arguments of weight (There are arguments of weight which can be advanced in favor of a protective tariff.)
armar: piece together (The job of a seed researcher is to piece together a complex genetic puzzle)
arqueo de caja: cash count (The cash count reports are an additional aid for direct sale in the stores.)
arqueo de la caja chica: petty cash count (In nine offices, surprise petty cash counts were not carried out)
arrastre de ganancias retenidas: retained earnings carried forward (Retained earnings carried forward to next year.)
arrastre de saldos: balance carry forward (Once you have defined the system structures for carrying forward balances, you can execute the
balance carry forward program.)
arreglo (jurdico): compromise (Better a poor compromise than a strong case.)
arrendamiento con opcin de compra: leasing (system of leasing whereby the lessee has the option of purchasing the property after a
certain time)
25

arrendamiento financiero: financial leasing (As one of the most popular financing tools in modern business world, Financial Leasing
Service uses finance leases to leverage assets.) / (For the goods acquired via financial leasing the value is to be
recorded at the time when the good is delivered to the lessee.)
arrendamiento operativo: operational leasing (Developing financial and operational leasing is important to meet the needs of small and
medium-size companies.)
arrendamiento: leasing (Leasing of aeroplanes between operators.)
arrendatario: lessee (These may be owners or lessees of means of production or may utilise them in permanent usufruct)
arriba citado/arriba mencionado: above-mentioned (Along with the above-mentioned)
arriendo: lease (Rentals paid under operating leases are charged to income on a straight line basis over the lease term.
arroba (@ en correo electrnico): at (lewis@example.net se lee como lewis at example dot net.)
arruinar: blight (This situation continues to blight the lives of large numbers of people today.)
artculo/escrito/ensayo: paper (This paper evaluates the three objectives of the proposed reform regarding monetary and exchange rate
policy.)
asalariado: salaried (The Bank offers defined benefit pension plans that cover substantially all salaried employees.)
asalariado: wage earner (Registered under this heading will be the free workers who can work for several employers in different labour
agreements, and may be at the border between wage-earner and independent worker.); salary earner (A worker is
considered to be a wage or salary earner of a particular unit if he or she receives a wage or salary from the unit
regardless of where the work is done.)
Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular: National Assembly of Peoples Power
ascendente a: amounting to (This is the only country that we know has foreign currency reserves amounting to almost two trillion dollars.)
ascendente: bottom-up (How to deal with multiplier effects of energy savings and how to avoid double counting in mixed topdown and
bottom-up calculation methods.)
ascender a: amount to (Federal and state costs for building and operating prisons amounted to $25 billion.); number (The crowd
numbered over 100,000); add up to (it adds up to quite a lot of money); upgrade to (you may choose to upgrade
to Accredited Practitioner status.)
aseguramiento logstico: (in order to provide logistic assurance for the army and improve the performance of the logistic section in a
comprehensive way.)
asegurar que: ensure that (One of the key responsibilities of the Board is to review and assess the Banks risk management capabilities and
to ensure that its activities are consistent with internal guidelines and best practices.)
asegurar: ensure (The main role of the Board of Directors (the Board) is to oversee the management of the Bank, safeguard its assets, and
ensure its viability, profitability and development.); insure
asegurarse de: ascertain (... helps to evaluate the effectiveness of policies - in short, to ascertain whether the problem has been solved.)
asentamiento poblacional: population settlement (Carmona is one of the oldest cities in Europe that has had a population settlement,
without interruption, for over 5.000 years)
asentar: book (Payments received for contributions in 2008 were still being recorded in suspense accounts used to book contributions in
advance )
asequible/accesible: affordable (ensure high quality services to an affordable price)
asesor jurdico/asesora jurdica: legal adviser/legal advisor (The applicant and/or legal advisor shall be given an agreed finalised copy of
the transcript.)
asesora juridical: legal advisory (The office regularly visited detention facilities, provided legal advisory services to the local population
and monitored court trials.); legal advice
as como tambin: as well as (We have a responsibility to our community as well as to our families.)
as como: as well as (revenues from savings and investing activities as well as from transaction activities remained stable) / (We have
a responsibility to our community as well as (= and also) to our families.)
as pues: so (he got a grant, so he can carry on studying)
as que: so (She was tired, so she went to bed.)
as: thus (This plan will reduce waste, and thus cut costs.); thereby (thereby increasing total assets and liabilities.) / (contribute
thereby to global peace and security.)
asiento contable: accounting entry (In case there was no budgetary provision, no accounting entry shall be made )
26

asignacin de recursos: allocation of resources (It is sometimes suggested that matters involving the allocation of resources should be
left to the political authorities rather than the courts.); resource allocation (Delegations underscored that the strategic
plan should be used as a results-based management and resource allocation tool.)
asignacin: allowance ( and the allowance for credit losses was $121 million.); allocation ( monitoring the allocation of resources in
response to market opportunities and changing customer needs.); appropriation (Unlike most export credit agencies
that rely on governmental appropriations )
asignaciones de fondos: fund allocations (The strategy includes increased fund allocations)
asignaciones de recursos: resource allocations (Therefore, the resource allocations will be extended to cover a certain period of time.)
asignaciones presupuestarias: budget allocations (the capacity of the institutions involved in transforming budget allocations into
services within schools.); budgetary allocations
asignar: allocate (State funds will not be allocated to the program next year.); assign (You need to assign this job to a subordinate.); allot
(The board allotted $5000 to the recreation center.) / (Use only the allotted time.)
asimetras comerciales: trade asymmetries (Thus, in equation (1) we cannot examine trade asymmetries that may exist between exports
and imports. ...)
asimismo: likewise (Likewise it is projected a growth of investments by 25.9%,); in the same way; also
asistencia de emergencia: emergency assistance (At present there were 31 countries with grave food crises requiring emergency
assistance.)
asistencia financiera: financial asstanse (It provides financial assistance for vocational training, retraining and job-creation schemes.)
asistencia social/bienestar social: social welfare (Growth, employment and social welfare belong together.); social asstance (These
persons are only eligible for emergency social assistance until they are able to leave the country.)
asistencia tcnica: technical assistance (Technical assistance is an important component of these agreements.)
asistencia: help (With the Banks help, we successfully added highly strategic assets and increased our presence in the Canadian food
distribution market.)
asistir (ayuda): help (The Financial Markets segment has a well-diversified portfolio of businesses that help it to weather these challenging
market conditions.)
asistir (presencia): attend (We trust that all governments will attend.)
Asociacin Cubana de Produccin Animal: Cuban Association for Animal Production (This 5-year project was co-financed by the
European Commission and carried out by CARE and ACPA (the Cuban Association for Animal Production).
Asociacin Internacional de Fomento (AIF): International Development Association (IDA) (In the case of the World Bank, grants from its
International Development Association (IDA) will make up some 30% of the total financing available.)
Asociacin Nacional de Agricultores Pequeos: National Association of Small Farmers
Asociacin Nacional de Economistas y Contadores de Cuba (ANEC): National Association of Economists and Accountants of Cuba
(ANEC)
aspecto de importancia vital: extremely important aspect (... human rights dialogue with China is an extremely important aspect of our
relations with that country.)
aspectos de mayor relevancia: most important aspects (The Seminar was held with a view to addressing the most important aspects
and the most urgent challenges)
aspectos esenciales/aspectos fundamentales/aspectos importantes/aspectos substanciales: material respects (these consolidated
financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank)
aspectos: respects (In many respects this is an unnecessary waste of energy.); (en todos los aspectos) in every respect (This does not
necessarily require that all participants adopt identical rules in every respect.)
aspirar a tener: be keen to have (I am aware of the dangers to some extent and I would be keen to have an open discussion about these
points with other Members and also with the Commission.) / (We have learned that the Swedish Presidency is keen
to have this matter concluded swiftly.)
aspirar a: aspire to (And they can aspire to be more competitive in various ways.)
asumir: take over (These bodies rapidly learned to take over the new responsibilities delegated by ); undertake (I undertook to help him
learn English.)
asuntos claves: key issues (Some of the key issues contained in the release by Wikileaks of 250000 secret US diplomatic cables.)
asuntos de interes mutuo: issues of mutual interest (This dialogue, covering all issues of mutual interest, takes place in the framework of
regular meetings,)
27

asuntos econmicos y financieros: economic and financial affairs (Administration and economic and financial affairs fare even better.)
atacar: tackle (There are many ways of tackling this problem.)
ataer: concern (This is an issue that should concern everyone.); have to do with (it has nothing to do with us)
atencin mdica: medical care (If somebody is ill, they should be given the possibility of receiving medical care abroad.)
atencin: attention (the problem will receive our prompt attention)
atendiendo a las circunstancias particulares que concurran en cada caso: on an ad hoc basis (the problems are dealt with on an ad
hoc basis) / The admission of this evidence shall be decided by the Board on an ad hoc basis.)
atentamente (despedida en correspondencia): Sincerely yours; Sincerely; Yours sincerely; Yours truly; Yours faithfully
atenuar las restricciones: ease the restrictions (and continue the process of easing restrictions on self-employment)
atenuar: temper (The growth in loan and deposit volumes was tempered by a narrower net interest margin.)
atrasado: overdue (payment is overdue); in arrears (Credit card receivables are written off when payments are 180 days in arrears.)
atrasos: arrears (Paying those arrears would contribute greatly to reducing social and political tensions and to fostering national
reconciliation.)
atribuible: ascribable (the trend shown by tradable prices was ascribable to the same two components)
auditado: audited (We have audited the Consolidated Balance Sheets of National Bank of Canada (the Bank) as at October 31, 2010 )
auditar: audit (We have audited the Consolidated Balance Sheets.)
auditor externo: external auditor (The European Court of Auditors is the external auditor of the European Union.)
auditor interno: internal-auditor (The internal auditor shall also oversee correct implementation of the budget)
auditor: auditor (the auditors reports on their financial statements.); controller;
auditoria externa: external audit (These audits are to a large extent carried out by external audit firms on behalf of the Commission.)
auditora interna: internal audit (This system included a reinforced internal audit capability.); internal auditing (In order to reinforce Grupo
Financiero Improsas structure, Internal Auditing focused its 2009 reviews on internal controls, )
auditora: audit (Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.); auditing (This other party is
specifically the internal auditing service, which will be completely independent.)
auge y escasez/auge y depresin/expansin y contraccin: boom and bust (Any upset in this balance leads to the cycle of "boom and
bust", which is unsustainable in economic terms.) / (This can lead to price instability in these markets, which are
exposed to boom-and-bust episodes.)
auge: boom (Europes boom phase of economic growth has now ended.)
aumentar en: increase by (The budget will increase by around 2% after inflation,); raise by (In these circumstances the decision taken by
the ECB to raise by 25 basis points to 4.25%...); rise by (Payments for compulsory expenditure fall by 1,0 % on
2007, while those for non-compulsory expenditure rise by 9,2 %.); extend by; improve by
aumentar las probabilidades de que: increase the odds of; shorten the odds of
aumentar las probabilidades: increase the odds; shorten the odds
aumentar/mejorar (la calidad): enhance (This will also enhance the quality of the projects submitted.)
aumentar: increase (Theyve increased the price of gas by two cents a gallon.); raise (There are no plans to raise taxes, the president
said.); step up (Of course competitiveness must be stepped up.) rise (Real estate prices have risen rapidly.); boost
(We took various steps to try to boost sales.); scaling up (The common challenge of scaling up efforts and
replicability of initiatives.); up (Operating expenses stood at $2,811 million in 2010, up $149 million or 6% from last
year.); heighten (A strong police presence heightened tensions.); make additions to
aumento: increase (There was a slight increase in unemployment last month.); raise (She asked her boss for a raise.); rise (Inflation is on
the rise (= increasing).); enhancement
an (adv.): yet (We may yet succeedyou never know.); even (Even with a good education, you need some common sense to get ahead.)
an as: even so (Even so, the cumulative impact of such regulation imposes substantial economic costs.), even then (But even then, the
authority would need support.); yet (He was diagnosed with cancer but still returned to work.)
an cuando; aunque: even though (Even though he never completed college, he runs a successful software company.); even if (even if
these assets are generally returned back to the Bank at the end of the daily settlement cycle)
an mas importante/todava mas importante: more important still (More important still, the momentum we have built through several
years of strong results positions us well to stay the course with our successful strategies)
28

an mas: further (These measures will further aggravate the situation.); what is more (What is more, since the cold war era this threat, far
from decreasing,...)
an mejor/mejor an: even better (So, yes, it was a good day for Europe, and the day on which this treaty is finally ratified will be an even
better day.)
an no: not yet (Unrealized income (paper profit) is profit which has been made but not yet realized or collected through a transaction, )
an si: even if (Even if you apologize, she still may not forgive you.); even though
an: yet (He had not yet decided what to do.)
aunque con: albeit with (These objectives have been achieved, albeit with delay.)
Aunque la mona se vista de seda mona se queda.: You cant make a silk purse out of a sows ear.
aunque: although (He decided to go, although I begged him not to.); though (Theres a chance hell recover, though the doctors cant say
for certain.); even though (Even though I was very young, I remember a little about the war.); albeit (Sustaining the
development aid effort is essential, albeit not sufficient.); while (While the current US government has taken some
positive steps,)
ausencia autorizada pagada: authorized paid absence (If a company requires an employee to stay at home after a business trip to an
affected country, the leave should be treated as an authorized paid absence from ...)
ausencia autorizada: authorized absence (If so, the project personnel shall receive full salary and other emoluments for the period of
authorized absence.)
ausencia por enfermedad/licencia por enfermedad:-sickness-leave (The aim of this study was to analyse the variations of sickness
leave rates among the Barcelona city council civil servants); sick leave (Furthermore, the statistics include a
frightening rate of sick leave.) / (The regulation refers both to sick leave directly caused by the work (e.g. accident
during work) and not related to the work (e.g. unrelated illness) where there is medical proof for the illness.)
ausencia:-absence (She has had repeated absences from school this year.); lack (German managers say lack of qualified personnel is
becoming the biggest challenge for Europes biggest economy.)
ausente:-absent (If Callie is absent from school, she should bring a note from home.)
ausentismo/ausentismo laboral: absenteeism (Lower accident rates reduce absenteeism, which constitutes a significant loss for the
economy.); absenteeism from work
auspiciar: sponsor (It will organize and sponsor international cooperation in the field )
auspicio: sponsorship (In May, Concha y Toro signed a three-year sponsorship deal with Englands Manchester United football club, )
austeridad: belt-tightening (Cuba and other countries in the developing world face severe challenges that would require belt-tightening and
patience.) / (President Obama wants the federal government to do some belt-tightening during tough economic
times.)
autentificacin: authentication (Authentication is any process by which you verify that someone is who they claim they are.)
autoabastecimiento: self-sufficiency (They showed their self-sufficiency by growing their own vegetables.); self-supply (The EC foresees
self-supply in the demand for cereals in the EU for ...)
autofinanciable: self-financing (Only with a turnover of 1 million Kroner annually will the courses be self-financing.); self-funding (This is
an independent, self funding organisation set up in 1988.)
autofinanciacin/autofinanciamiento: self-financing (The system for producing sugar from sugar beet is a self-financing system.)
autofinanciado: self-financing (And, far from being self-financing, it has needed a US$290 million injection from the government.)
autogestin: self-management (The purpose of the program is to provide education services based upon community participation, fostering
school autonomy, and self-management in poor rural areas.)
autogestionado/autogestionada: self-managed (This type of organizational structure has self-managed teams which make their own
decisions without reference to higher management.)
automtico: automatic (An automatic pistol or rifle can fire repeatedly with one pull of the trigger.)
automatizacin: automation (A greater use of automation was also noticeable during the period considered.)
automatizar: automate (Automate your shipping process and reduce paperwork.)
autnomo/independiente: stand-alone (stand-alone bank) / (Stand-alone houses have become too expensive for many people.)
autoridad monetaria: monetary authority (New instruments should not be used in the financial markets before they have been vetted by a
monetary authority.)
autoridad organizacional: organizational authority (the given structure of the existing culture, have the right to exercise organizational
authority, and governance and administrative functions, as well as social control.)
29

autoridad supervisora: supervisory authority (Before the offer document is made public, the offeror shall communicate it to the
supervisory authority.)
autoridades competentes: competent authorities
autorizacin para girar en descubierto las cuentas: permission to overdraw accounts (Customers must now give banks permission to
overdraw accounts.)
autorizar: license (Shes licensed to teach elementary school.)
aval bancario: bank guarantee (Bank guarantee: this is a kind of guarantee thanks to which the Bank commits to meeting the customers
obligation to a third party if it cannot do so.)
aval bancario: bank guarantee (This security is of lower value than the bank guarantee.)
aval limitado: qualified endorsement (qualified endorsement: Endorsement that adds certain words which limit, qualify, or restrain the
endorsers liability.)
aval: collateral (Unsecured debt is debt without any collateral.)
avalador: endorser (An Endorser is any individual or an organization that formally expresses their support and commitment to )
avalar: guarantee (debt; treaty) (The freezer is guaranteed for three years.) (guarantee a loan); endorse (Were not endorsing tax
increases.); underwrite
avalista: guarantor (The guarantor shall receive a copy of the surety agreement.)
avanzando: proceeding (The building project is proceeding smoothly.)
aventajar: outdo (On only two scores can The Economist hope to outdo its rivals consistently.)
averiguar: ascertain (The Commission should ascertain the criteria being applied by Member States.)
aversin al riesgo: risk aversin (Stronger commodity prices and lower risk aversion have also contributed to the recovery.)
aviso de crdito: credit advice (Credit advice is a note from a bank informing a customer that an amount of money has been put into their
account.); credit notice
aviso de dbito: debit advice (Except where a paid cheque is returned by the bank or a debit advice is received from the bank, )
aviso escrito/aviso por escrito/notificacin escrita/ notificacin por escrito: written notice (Either party shall have the right to terminate
this Agreement by giving six months' prior written notice to the other party.)
ayuda econmica: economic aid (The majority of economic aid provided goes into the regimes pockets.)
ayuda financiera: financial support (Our financial support should encompass the whole sector.)
ayuda: help (With the Banks help, we successfully added highly strategic assets and increased our presence in the Canadian food
distribution market.)
ayudar a determinar: help in determining (The information here will help in determining the appropriate settings for any specific
application.)
ayudar: assist (The company said it would assist workers in finding new jobs.); help (The Financial Markets segment has a well-diversified
portfolio of businesses that help it to weather these challenging market conditions.)
Aydate y Dios te ayudar: God helps those who help themselves.
(INICIO)
B
bachiller: bachelorship (The Embassy does not issue bachelorship certificates.): secondary school graduate; high school graduate
bachillerato: baccalaureate (these schools may provide the European baccalaureate certificate.)
bagaje/acervo (cultural/intelectual): background (The school has students from many different backgrounds.)
bagazo (de la caa de azcar): bagasse; sugar cane pulp; sugar cane mash
baja/bajo: low (They have the lowest food prices in town.); (low social status); (By fostering an environment of low interest rates,)
baja/descenso: fall (a fall in temperature); decrease (I havent noticed any decrease in ticket sales.); drop (there was a continued drop in
temperatures)
30

baja: low (They have the lowest food prices in town.); (low social status); (By fostering an environment of low interest rates,)
bajada: fall (a dramatic fall in temperature) ; drop (a dramatic drop in temperature)
bajar de categora: downgrade (They threatened to downgrade my credit rating if I dont pay the bill immediately.)
bajar de golpe/caer en picada: plummet (Land productivity at many places has plummeted.)
bajar: wind down (in the medium term will wind down the stimulus they deployed to fight the recession.); decrease (Car sales decreased
sharply this year.); fall (Stock prices fell sharply in late March and early April.); drop (We are going to have to drop
our prices.) lower (businesses have lowered their prices); go down (Prices will be higher in the short term but should
start to go down as from 2010, he says.)
bajas: disposals (However, the additions, disposals and transfers of all fixed assets are shown in the balance sheet or ...)
bajista: bearish (In a strong uptrend, several bearish divergences can appear but the uptrend will continue.) / (The GBPUSD is trading in a
clear bearish market condition since yesterday.); downward (The trend has been downward ever since, with
donations falling to $143,000 last year.)
bajo contrato con: under contract with (Their own capability has been under contract with the Russians for 20 years, Gates stressed.)
bajo la modalidad de: under the modality of (Comprise mortgage loans granted to natural persons for the purchase, expansion, repair or
construction of housing, granted under the modality of letters of credit, endorsable negotiable mortgages and
others.)
balance de cierre: closing balance sheet (is listed on the closing balance sheet as an investment by the equity method.)
balance de comprobacin: trial balance (While numerous documents were delivered on time, many critical documents such as the final
trial balance,)
balance de resultados: profit and loss statement ( by your financial backers on classic financial measures: the balance sheet, the profit
and loss statement, and the cashflow statement.)
balance de situacin/estado de situacin: balance sheet (The balance sheet describes the assets, the liabilities and the equity of the
partnership at a particular point in time.)
balance general: balance sheet (Working capital on the balance sheet is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.);
asset and liability sheet; asset and liability statement
balances de fin de ao: year-end balances (Year-end balances of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are
converted into euros on the basis of the exchange rates applying on 31 December 2006.)
balanza comercial: trade balance (With the results, the sector trade balance had a superavit of US$ 66.3 million.)
balanza de cuentas: account balance (Account balance is the amount of money in an account, equal to the net of credits and debits at that
point in time for that account.); balance on account (If the vendor has provided the customer with a line of credit, the
statement will also show the minimum payment due along with the total balance on account.)
balanza de la cuenta de capital: capital account balance (Any capital withdrawals (e.g. dividends paid) during the period will reduce the
capital account balance, so the withdrawal is closed to Retained Earnings: ...)
balanza de la cuenta financiera: financial account balance (The Financial account balance refers to (net) international transactions in
financial assets, such as overseas sales of securities and bank loans ...)
balanza de pagos: balance of payments (The balance of payments is now more healthy than for a long time.)
balanza por cuenta corriente: current account balance (Inflation remained moderate in the sub-region at about 4% while the current
account balance weakened slightly to less than 1%.)
banca comercial: commercial banking (Commercial banking activites are different than those of investment banking)
banca corporativa: corporate banking (He has a longstanding career in commercial, international and corporate banking.)
banca corporativa: corporate banking (He has a longstanding career in commercial, international and corporate banking,...)
banca corresponsal: correspondent banking (To refuse to enter into or continue a correspondent banking relationship with shell banks.)
banca de inversin: investment banking (Overall profile of investment banking customers.)
banca digital: digital banking (A key trend in the global banking industry is the growing demand for digital banking.)
banca electrnica: electronic banking (the expansion of electronic networks, which has promoted the introduction of electronic banking
services, facilitating cross-border trade.); e-banking
banca empresa: corporate banking (He has a longstanding career in commercial, international and corporate banking,...)
banca empresarial: corporate banking (He has a longstanding career in commercial, international and corporate banking,...)
31

banca extranjera: foreign banking (After more than 30 years in Spain, Barclays is the countrys leading foreign banking institution)
banca individual: retail banking (The Personal and Commercial segment serves the needs of some 2.3 million retail banking clients and
approximately 130,000 business clients throughout Canada.); individual banking (provides financial services both to
individual banking customers and companies.)
banca internacional: internacional banking (It started international banking business in 1963.)
banca mayorista: wholesale banking (Wholesale banking (comprising corporate banking and institutional banking))
banca minorista: retail banking (Personal financial services segment naturally into three groups: retail banking, personal lines insurance
and savings and investment products.)
banca personal: private banking (has a specialized commercial network providing private banking services to 18,161 customers.);
personal banking (In 2010, Personal Banking revenues increased by 7% ...)
banca privada: individual banking (provides financial services both to individual banking customers and companies.)
banca: banking (Banking in the modern sense of the word can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy,)
bancario/bancaria: banking (banking account) / (banking hours)
bancarrota: bankruptcy (It is one of tens of European airlines which went into bankruptcy this year.)
banco acreedor: payee bank (They also deny that the payee bank benefits from services carried out by the drawee bank.)
banco avisador/banco notificador: advising bank (Advising bank means the bank that advises the credit at the request of the issuing
bank.)
banco cscara: shell bank (Citibank is seeking an exception to a proposed ban on doing business with shell banks, which have no physical
presence and are situated virtually in offshore ...)
banco confirmador: confirming bank (Provided that the stipulated documents are presented to the confirming bank)
Banco Central Europeo (BCE): European Central Bank (ECB)
Banco Central: Central Bank (and a central clearing house for inter-bank transactions was established by the Central Bank.)
Banco Centroamericano de Integracin Econmica: Central American Bank for Economic Integration
banco corresponsal: correspondent bank (Correspondent banking is the provision of banking services by one bank (the correspondent
bank) to another bank (the respondent bank).)
Banco de Desarrollo del Caribe (BDC): Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
Banco de Pagos Internacionales de Basilea: Bank for International Settlements in Basle (the 'Sydney Declaration' of the Committee on
Banking Supervision of the Bank for International Settlements in Basle, which in turn guided the decisions taken
by ...)
Banco de Pagos Internacionales: Bank for International Settlements (BIS) (The Bank ensures that capital levels at all times exceed the
minimum capital requirements established by the guidelines of the Superintendent according to the standards of the
Bank for International Settlements (BIS).)
Banco del Sur: Bank of the South (The launch of the Bank of the South is an ambitious and strategic gambit in regional integration, one
that could result in a truly regional development bank.)
banco designado: nominated bank (Nominated bank means the bank with which the credit is available)
banco emisor: issuing bank (The issuing bank pays the acquiring bank the retail price minus an interchange fee.)
banco en dificultades/ banco con problemas: weak bank (government and regulators have been crucial for stabilising the financial
system and providing the necessary support to a number of weak banks.)
banco extraterritorial: offshore bank (Bank A in State A is suspected of entering into secret letters of agreement with some of its depositors
that direct the bank to pay interest earned by those depositors t working capital (Working capital on the balance
sheet is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.) o an unrelated offshore bank.)
banco ficticio; shell bank (To refuse to enter into or continue a correspondent banking relationship with shell banks.)
Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID): Inter-American Development Bank (The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB or IDB) is
the largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean.)
Banco Internacional de Reconstruccin y Fomento (BIRF): International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (It is made
up of two unique development institutions-the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
and the International Development Association (IDA).)
banco librado/banco deudor: drawee bank (The commission is intended to cover part of the cost to the drawee bank of processing
acceptance giro forms.)
32

banco notificador: advising bank (The advising bank pays you for the merchandise based on the documents received.)
banco pantalla: shell bank (Article 11.2 proposes to prohibit credit institutions from entering into a relationship with a correspondent bank
which permits its accounts to be used by shell banks.)
banco peticionario: claiming bank
banco reembolsador: reimbursing bank
banco respondedor: respondent bank (Correspondent banking is the provision of banking services by one bank (the correspondent bank)
to another bank (the respondent bank).)
banco simulado: shell bank (A shell bank is a financial term that describes a financial institution that does not have a physical presence in
any country and which is unaffiliated with a regulated financial group.)
banco transferente: transferring bank (An issuing bank may be a transferring bank.)
banco: bank
bancos comerciales estatales: state commercial banks (Following the Basel I convention rules, the regulation and supervision of state
commercial banks and other national and foreign financial institutions was put into practice ...)
bancos con actividad internacional: internationally active banks (the Capital Accord applies only to internationally active banks)
bancos corresponsales: correspondent banks (In this regard, has been essential counting with a network of correspondent banks whose
nature and location enable to cover all the regions of interest,)
bancos internacionalmente activos: internationally active banks (the Capital Accord applies only to internationally active banks)
bancos multilaterales de desarrollo: multilateral development banks (MDB)
bancos subregionales: sub-regional banks (More recently, sub-regional banks and specialized vertical funds have emerged to meet
specific needs.)
banqueros bandidos: banksters (The banksters crashed the economy, but thanks to generous federal bailouts, they wont have to
sacrifice their fat bonuses.)
barato: cheaply (Send text messages cheaply and easily with goober.)
barrera arancelaria: tariff barrier (Detecting, analysing and removing these is often more complex than tackling tariff barriers because they
concern a large range of regulations and controls.)
barrera comercial: trade barrier (Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade.)
basar en: base (object) on (object) (We based our decision on the facts in the report.)
basarse en: be based on (Cooperatives are based on the free association of the workers who comprise it.)
base contable de acumulacin/base contable de devengo: (Accrual basis - Means a basis of accounting under which transactions and
other events are recognized when they occur (and not only when cash or its equivalent is received or paid).)
base contable de devengo completo: full accrual basis (Full accrual basis - Means a basis of accounting under which transactions and
other events are recognized when they occur (and not only when cash or its equivalent is received or paid).)
base de acumulacin (devengo): accrual basis (Accrual basis is related to a method of accounting that recognizes income when earned
and expenses when incurred regardles of when cash is received or disbursed.)
base de amortizacin: depreciation base (The gains from the sale thereby reduce the depreciation base for the newly acquired assets.)
base de clculo: basis of calculation (Others have not even used the same methodology, the same basis of calculation as others.)
base de conocimiento/base de conocimientos: (In short, everything which will contribute to consolidating our knowledge base.)
base de datos agrupada: pooled data
base de datos: database (A database is an organized collection of data for one or more purposes, usually in digital form.)
base de depreciacin: depletion base (or the property is considered to be impaired, the cost of the property or the impairment is added to
the depletion base.)
base imponible: tax base (is not convinced that a harmonised tax base will attract further foreign investment.); taxable base; taxable
income
base impositiva/base tributaria: tax base (Strengthening the tax base is essential, particularly in countries with ...)
base monetaria: monetary base (It is always possible to expand the monetary base as international reserves accumulate while maintaining
an unchanged nominal exchange rate.)
base productiva: productive base (By exporting their labour force, the countries of origin might have difficulties in developing their own
33

productive base. )
base tarifaria: rate base (investments undertaken by the concessionaire are eligible for inclusion in the rate base)
base: foundation (The two leaders have laid the foundations of a new era of cooperation between their countries.)
base: grounds (He refused to answer on the grounds that he'd promised to keep it secret.)
bsico: basic (We help with basic needs like food and shelter.); bread-and-butter (Health and education are the sort of bread-and-butter
issues that people vote on.); essential (There is an essential difference between the two sisters in their approach to
life.)
Basilea: Basel (Basel II is the second of the Basel Accords, which are recommendations on banking laws and regulations issued by the
Basel Committee on Banking ...)
bastante (suficiente, lo suficiente): enough (In 2013 as in 2012, employment will not grow enough to reduce the jobless rate significantly.)
bastante grande: sizable (the volume of such operations abroad represents a sizable portion of its overall liquidity management)
bastante: quite (the analyses that can be made with the information available are quite general); quite a lot of (The key idea is that Danish
films are experiencing quite a lot of success both domestically and internationally); fairly (In fact, lack of data on
domestic debt is a fairly recent phenomenon.)
bastantes: quite a few of(There were quite a few of (= a lot) of people waiting in line.)
batir las previsiones/superar las previsiones/batir los pronsticos/superar los pronsticos: beating the forecasts (continues to grow
strongly, beating the forecasts made at the begining of the year.)
baza a jugar: bargaining chip (Union leaders used the threat of a strike during the busy season as a bargaining chip.)
baza: trump card= something that gives you an advantage over others (The ultimate trump card for the space program is that it is a very
exciting thing.); (The trump card of these entities is their transparency.)
beneficiar: benefit (I have benefited greatly from her wisdom.)
beneficiario efectivo/beneficiario real: beneficial owner (In that case the paying agent must take reasonable steps to establish the identity
of the true beneficial owner.)
beneficiario: payee (Payee is one who receives a payment, such as through cash, check, money order, or promissory note.); beneficiary
(The Commission may require the beneficiary to lodge a guarantee of the bank.)
beneficiarse de: take advantage of (Rights which they need to know in order to take advantage of them.)
beneficio adicional: fringe benefit (The fact that the ECHRs workload will be reduced comes, then, as a welcome fringe benefit.)
beneficio antes de impuestos: profit before taxes (the Community industry should yield a profit before taxes of 5 %.)
beneficio bruto: gross profit (Gross profit was affected by higher-than-expected price increases in raw materials and packaging )
beneficio cada vez mayor: ever-increasing profit (transactions on financial markets created the impression of ever-increasing profits.)
beneficio cada vez menor: ever-diminishing profit (Vehicle manufacturers and vehicle dealers both face stiffer competition, leading to ever-
diminishing profit margins.)
beneficio complementario: fringe benefit (The fact that the ECHRs workload will be reduced comes, then, as a welcome fringe benefit.)
beneficio creciente: ever-increasing profit (transactions on financial markets created the impression of ever-increasing profits.)
beneficio de explotacin: operating profit (Although operating profit fell from 126 million euros to 117 million euros)
beneficio de inventario: inventory benefit (To add simplicity and inventory benefits for our customers, the new products will combine )
beneficio de ventas: sales profit (The sender profit center, P1234, reflects the sales made with the sales profit center.)
beneficio decreciente: ever-diminishing profit (Vehicle manufacturers and vehicle dealers both face stiffer competition, leading to ever-
diminishing profit margins.)
beneficio del ejercicio: accounting years profit (In this example the first accounting years profits are 60000.)
beneficio despus de impuestos: profit after taxes (Profit after taxes from continued operations has amounted to 200.2 million euros,
which entails an increase of 13.3% with respect to 2005.)
beneficio distribuido: distributed profit (parent company shall refrain from taxing the distributed profits of the subsidiary.) appropriated
profit
beneficio extra: fringe benefit (Fringe benefits are compensation beyond a regular salary or wage.)
beneficio financiero: financial profit (salaries were frozen in order to allow an increasing share of the wealth generated to be channelled
into financial profit.)
34

beneficio fiscal: tax benefit (The amount of tax benefit may vary according to)
beneficio gravable: taxable profit (have to commit themselves to mutual recognition of the various methods of calculating taxable profit.)
beneficio imponible: taxable profit (have to commit themselves to mutual recognition of the various methods of calculating taxable
profit.)
beneficio imprevisto/beneficio inesperado: windfall (Vietnam had a windfall in the form of oil revenue at the time of the reform.)
beneficio jubilatorio: pension allowance (On the death of the widow(er) receiving the pension, an eligible dependant receives a sum equal
to three months pension allowance.)
beneficio marginal: marginal profit (The justification for this type of mechanism is based on the fact that the marginal profit to the
electricity producer of a kilowatt of new capacity is lower than the marginal profit to society.)
beneficio mdico: medical benefit (In 4.6 percent of the cases, the medical benefit or risk was unclear.)
beneficio neto (utilidad neta): net income (our financial results surpassed the previous years in both net income and revenue)
beneficio neto declarado: declared net profit (the ECBs declared net profit for 2009 amounted to 2,253 million)
beneficio neto: net profit (Net profit in the first nine months amounted to 1.792 million euro, )
beneficio no distribuido: undistributed profit (The undistributed profit must come from establishments located in the Canary Islands.);
retained profit (The progression of retained profit for the year will take it to a level of FRF in 2006.)
beneficio nominal: nominal profit ( to reach a level of just under $750, which corresponds to a nominal profit of 182 %, or 30 % p.a.
since March 2001.)
beneficio operativo: operating profit (Although operating profit fell from 126 million euros to 117 million euros)
beneficio retenido: retained earnings (The Corporations approval capacity shall be defined as the total subscribed capital and retained
earnings plus borrowing capacity.); retained profit (The progression of retained profit for the year will take it to a
level of FRF in 2006.)
beneficio: benefit (This requirement must also be of benefit to members of the public.)
beneficio: return (we expect a good return on our investments); profit (Any profit made on the sale is taxable.); earnings (the earnings that
a company makes); gain (Stock prices rose again today after yesterdays gains.)
beneficios en riesgo: earnings at risk (Earnings at risk (EAR) measures the quantity by which net income might change in the event of an
adverse change in interest rates.)
beneficios imponibles: taxable profit (mutual recognition of the various methods of calculating taxable profit.)
beneficios no distribuidos: retained earnings (Retained earnings are the best form of financing growth and investment.)
beneficios reinvertidos: (These reinvested earnings are recorded as income with an offsetting capital transaction.)
beneficios: benefits (ventajas); proceeds (In both Guatemala and Bolivia the net proceeds of the sales of electricity companies were);
profits (This will not generate profits for pharmaceutical companies.); gains (Its recovery demands the liquidation of
historic gains of the U.S. working class.); earnings (Retained earnings are the best form of financing growth and
investment.) payoffs (Reforms that cut red tape, clarify property rights, and streamline regulatory compliance can
yield big payoffs for firms and workers.)
benfico: charitable (Recommendations must be prepared for charitable organisations to increase their transparency and responsibility.);
beneficient (It was like a beneficient association in which twelve heads of a family were, at least, inscribed and had
the privilege to select their ) ; beneficial (They will not only have a beneficial impact on climate but will create jobs
there and improve access to energy.); salutary (... poisons have been discovered that are salutary when used in a
certain way.)
bianual: biannual (happening twice a year) (Second biannual review of the Strategic Framework for Peacebuilding in Burundi.)
biblioteca por correo electronic: library by email (If you choose to receive notifications from the library by email, you may also be sent a
courtesy email reminder a couple of days before an item becomes due.)
bien (de consumo) duradero: durable good (Durable goods are a product that lasts over three years,); consumer durables (Moreover,
the growth in imports of consumer durables continued to slow up,)
bien capitalizado: well-capitalised (We are well-capitalized, with a Tier 1 capital ratio)
bien convertible: realizable asset (Realizable assets: the total of property or claims whose conversion into liquid funds is presumed
possible at short notice.)
bien de capital: capital asset (Depreciation expenses for capital assets will spread the acquisition cost of the asset over its useful working
life across several years, ); capital good (As such this would act as a spur to investment in capital goods and
research.)
35

bien de consumo duradero: consumer durable (Where new, long-life products (consumer durables) are supplied, the provision of a
written guarantee shall be mandatory.)
bien de consumo: consumer good (Additionally, we assume a correction factor of 12% to cover other consumer goods like food,
photocopying and stationery, among others.)
bien guardado/bien cuidado/bien conservado: well-kept (His decision to resign was a well-kept secret.) / (well-kept garden) / (well-kept
building)
bien inmuebles: real property (In particular it may acquire and dispose of real property and chattels and institute legal proceedings.); real
estate (For example, wills sometimes fail to give the executor power to sell assets such as real estate.); immovable
property (Legislation preventing Palestine refugees from buying immovable property remained in force.); fixed
asset (Costs incurred here include: staff costs, costs relating to fixed assets (such as depreciation).)
bien intermedio/producto intermedio: intermediate good (These firms have become important exporters of intermediate goods to China.)
bien manufacturado: manufactured good (The exports and imports of manufactured goods are covered by statistics, )
bien mueble: chattel (Deplores in the strongest possible terms the virtual chattel status of women trapped under Sharia law); personal
property (You can create a survivorship interest in your home, your personal property, or your bank accounts.);
movable property (This item is intended to record revenue accruing from the sale or part exchange of movable
property other than vehicles belonging to the institutions.)
bien perecedero: perishable good(These are principally that bananas are perishable goods and therefore, must be marketed within a
certain timeframe)
bien pblico global: global public good (One such case is the discussion on global public goods.)
bien pblico: public good (By producing public goods and services essential for regional development, public works can have significant
multiplier effects.)
bien sabido: well-known (it is well-known that)
bien situado: well placed (With these operational and communication measures in place, the FATF should be well placed to carry out the
work assigned to it under its new mandate.)
bienal: biennial (happening once every two years) or (lasting for two years); (A change to a biennial Assembly should be accompanied by a
change to a biennial budget.)/(The crop is biennial when it is pulled two years after planting.)
bienes duraderos/bienes no perecederos: durable goods (Durable goods are items like cars and home appliances (= large pieces of
equipment for the home) that are intended to last several years or longer.)
bienes no transables/bienes no comerciables/bienes no exportables: non-tradable goods (Some price differences, especially in the
case of non-tradable goods and services, may clearly be due to differences of income between the Member
States.)
bienes primarios: primary goods (In 1992 the trade balance of Belarus showed small surplus in spite of the increase in price of petrol and
primary goods.); primary commodities (At the same time, Ecuadoran exports of primary commodities (i.e.,
bananas, cacao, etc.) grew at an annual average rate of 2.7 percent)
bienes raices comerciales de elevada volatilidad: highvolatility commercial real estate
bienes raices comerciales: commercial real estate (CRE) (Commercial real estate agencies often have considerable research data on
this subject.)
bienes races generadores de rentas: income-producing real estate (MPI has experience and interest in all types of income-producing
real estate.)
bienes races residenciales: residential real estate (The association's membership constitutes approximately 85 percent of the residential
real estate agents with a business presence in Cayman Islands.)
bienes raices: real estate (For the first time in a half-century, Cubans will be allowed to buy and sell real estate openly, bequeath property
to relatives without restriction ...)
bienes transables/bienes comerciables/bienes exportables: tradable godos (This assures a high level of competition and relatively low
price levels in sectors producing tradable goods and services.)
bienes y servicios: goods and services (Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services
provided to the rest of the world.)
bienes: goods (In other words, the price of goods must reflect their real environmental cost.)
bienestar econmico/bienestar financiero: financial well-being (It is, though, up to each school to work out its own strategy for promoting
equal opportunities.)
bienestar social: social welfare (Learn from Cuba, says World Bank ... of President Fidel Castro for doing a great job in providing for the
social welfare of the Cuban people.)
36

bienestar: welfare; well-being (Seeing her grandchildren gave her a sense of well-being.)
billetes y monedas en poder del pblico: notes and coins held by the public (Monetary aggregate (M1) comprises notes and coins held
by the public and demand deposits.)
billete: banknote (Currency refers to banknotes and coins that are in circulation as a medium of exchange.)
blanqueador de dinero: money launderer (Money launderers continue to receive the assistance of professional facilitators, who assist in a
range of ways to mask the origin and ownership of tainted funds".)
blanqueo de dinero: money laundering (No new legislation against money laundering has been adopted and law enforcement remains
limited.)
bloqueo econmico, comercial y financiero: economic, commercial and financial blockade (Necessity of ending the economic,
commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States of America against Cuba.)
Bolsa de Metales de Londres: London Metal Exchange (LME) (The Commission, therefore, adjusted the costs by basing them on zinc
quotations as quoted on the London Metal Exchange ("LME").)
Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York: New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (In April 3, 2002, Sodexho Alliance shares are listed on the New
York Stock Exchange.)
bolsa/bolsa de valores: stock exchange (Only stock exchange members can trade on the Bratislava Stock Exchange.) / (Generally
speaking, good news regarding employment makes the stock exchange nervous, as it makes them afraid of a rise
in inflation.)
bolsista: broker (I told my broker to sell the stock.)
bono accesible: callable bond (Before buying a callable bond, it is important that you inspect the bond covenant which lists all the terms of
the bond issue.)
bono amortizable/bono rescatable/bono retirable/bono redimible: callable bond (Before buying a callable bond, it is important that you
inspect the bond covenant which lists all the terms of the bond issue.)
bono de cupn cero/bono sin cupn/obligacin de cupn cero: zero-coupon bond (This is consistent with the decision taken over the
treatment of zero-coupon bonds.)
bono de garanta: performance bond
bono del Tesoro de los Estados Unidos: United States treasury bond (The demand for United States treasury bonds grew in China and
in the oil-exporting countries.)
bono: bond (Bond Covenant is a legally binding term of an agreement between a bond issuer and a bond holder.)
bonos de prenda: warrant
bonos del Tesoro: treasury bonds (The demand for United States treasury bonds grew in China and in the oil-exporting countries.)
bonos y letras del Tesoro: treasury bills and bonds (CECA is also official market-maker of treasury bills and bonds.)
Borrn y cuenta nueva.: Let bygones, be bygones.
bosquejar: outline (The Guidelines have a section on monetary and exchange rate policy that outlines the intended changes for
implementation in that field.)
bveda de banco: vault bank (They were then taken back to the bank vault.)
brecha: gap (the gap between supply and demand); (He was trying to bridge the gap (=zanjar la brecha) between elders and youth, the
middle class and poor.)
brindar: deliver (Our focus is to deliver better service, information and reporting to our customers.)
buena disposicin: readiness (readiness to admit mistakes) (readiness to learn); willingness (a willingness to undertake gradual reform)
buena guarda/custodia: safekeeping (certain clients who have entrusted it with the safekeeping of their securities)
buena voluntad: willingness (a willingness to undertake gradual reform)
buque portacontenedores: container ship (Optimisation of container ship loading and unloading.)
burbuja especulativa: speculative bubble (Since the bursting of the speculative bubble, most pension funds have shown negative yields.)
burbuja financiera: financial bubble (The money in our economy has been gifted to those responsible for the financial bubble.)
burbuja inmobiliaria: housing bubble (Of more immediate concern, Bretton Woods II contributed to the current financial crisis by facilitating
the low interest rates that fueled the housing bubble.); real estate bubble (With the collapse of the stock markets
and the bursting of the real estate bubble the illusion that you don't have to work for your money has died.);
property bubble (The burst of the property bubble fuelled by the credit boom restricted the lending capacity of the
banking sector.)
37

burlar: outwit; (It is impossible to negotiate if one side feels that the other side is trying to outwit them.); outsmart (You think you can
outsmart me?)
burocracia: bureaucracy (There is a risk of excessive bureaucracy.); red tape (official routine or procedure marked by excessive complexity
which results in delay or inaction); (Let us oppose this latest example of red tape from the top.)
buscar (examinar detenidamente para encontrar o descubrir algo): search
buscar (intentar/procurar/tratar de): seek (At the same time, the FATF will seek to expand its global coverage by encouraging countries
not yet involved in the global network to join a relevant FSRB (FATF-Style Regional Body).)
buscar (luchar por/dedicarse a): pursue (She single-mindedly pursued her goal of earning a law degree.) / (Pursue the development of
the FATF standards, guidance and other policy for combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism and
)
buscar (solicitar consejo, aprobacin, ayuda, permiso, trabajo): seek
buscar: look for
bsqueda constante: constant search (The modern society is in a constant search towards increasing the quality and the efficiency of the
sanitary systems. ...)
bsqueda: pursuit (The pursuit of happiness is an unalienable right.)
(INICIO)

C
cabe indicar que: it is worth indicating that (In that regard, it is worth indicating that the sustainability of the inflation reduction is more
difficult when it has already...)
cabe resaltar que: it is worth mentioning that (In this context, it is worth mentioning that in the Directive)
cabe sealar que: note that (Note that Cuba is the only country against which sanctions derived from the 1917 Trading with the Enemy Act
are still in place.)
caber: fit (The Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution mention the cooperatives as a non-state
business forms that will fit in the new economic model to establish in the coming years in our country.)
cada cierto tiempo (de vez en cuando): every once in a while; every so often (You meet some really interesting people every once in a
while/every so often (= sometimes, but not regularly).
cada uno: each (The sales force is now evaluated on four performance criteriaeach equally important-)
cada vez mas: more and more (More and more powers are being concentrated in the hands of the state); ever more (In this scenario the
value of training and qualification acquire ever more relevance.)
cada vez mayor: ever-increasing (There's an ever-increasing demand for new styles.)
cada vez que: whenever (thanks to the Banks remote distribution network and 448 branches across Canada, clients can do their daily
banking whenever and wherever they wish.)
cada: every (every year) / (every three days=every third day) / (In many places, malnutrition affects every third child (= one child in three) =
(uno de cada tres) / (The conference used to be held every year, but now it takes place every other year (= once in
two years) = (un ao si y otro no) = (cada dos aos)
cada (con sustantivos contables en singular para referirse a los miembros de un conjunto de forma individual): each (I checked
each page carefully.) / (a monthly client-experience performance measure was applied to each branch) / (At the end
of each reporting period,)
Cadeca: Official Currency Exchange Agency; Currency-exchange bureau; Currency exchange house
cadena de mando: chain of command (Is there a chain of command for these liaison officers from the EU who are going to be posted in
Albania?)
caer: drop (The temperature dropped nearly 50 degrees in 24 hours.)
caerse: tumble (GFIs loan portfolio assets tumbled 23.3%, ending the year at 146,815 million.)
cada abrupta: steep plunge (Of note was a steep plunge in other operating income )
cada: fall (The fall in coffee prices is indeed catastrophic.); slump (This is now quite evident with the slump in the euro.); drop (What
caused this initial drop in the exchange rate?)
38

caja de ahorros: savings bank (A founder of a savings bank shall be a natural person resident in the European Economic.)
caja de caudales/caja fuerte: strongbox (Once locked, it should only be possible to open the firearms strong-box by remote intervention by
the vehicle's control centre.); safe
Caja de Conversin/Caja de Convertibilidad/Junta Monetaria: Currency Board (Currency Board is a monetary authority that makes
decisions about the valuation of a nations currency)
caja de seguridad: safe deposit box; safety deposit box (A safe deposit box (also safety deposit box) is a strong box in a bank where you
can keep valuable things, esp. documents or jewelry.)
cajero automtico: automated teller machine (ATM) (BANDEC holds dozens of ATMs dislocated in several cities that are integrated into the
national network of Cuban banking system,); automatic teller machine (less often)
cajero: bank teller (A bank teller is a bank staff member who deals directly with the public and handles routine banking transactions.)
calce financiero: financial matching (Downloadable! In this paper we try to place the phenomenon of financial matching in the broader
context of financial economics.)
calculado: calculated (These estimates have been calculated on the basis of the same methodology used for )
calculadora de tipo de cambio/calculadora de tasa de cambio: exchange rate calculator (Currency exchange rate calculators work by
applying a monetary exchange rate to an amount entered in some currency to produce an amount in another
currency.)
calcular (valor/cantidad): calculate (Another indicator known as net cash capital, calculated monthly, measures the portion of term loans
being used to finance the Banks illiquid assets.); add up
calcular: reckon (Brusca reckons that the value of all goods and services produced declined last quarter.); work out (You can use a
calculator to work out the solution.); compute
clculo aproximado: rough estimate (As a rough estimate, about 70% thereof (85 000 persons) have problems ...)
clculo paralelo: parallel calculation (Flexible and versatile allocation and distribution capability, including multiple parallel calculation
versions.)
clculo: calculation (The VaR (Value-at-Risk) calculation model is based on a historical simulation methodology using two years of data.)
clculo: estimate (I can only make a rough estimate (= an amount that is not exact) of how many people will attend.)
caldo de cultivo: breeding ground (Poverty is a breeding ground for crime.)
calentamiento global: global warming (The global warming may be a catastrophe for humanity.)
calidad crediticia: credit quality (Our credit quality places us among the worlds elite institutions.)
calificacin de riesgo/calificador de riesgo/calificadora de riesgo: credit rating (using a credit rating system developed by the Bank for
all portfolios exposed to credit risk.)
calificar como/calificar de: label as (Since 2010, the Cuban economy has entered a new period of economic reform, officially labeled as
an update of the economic model.)
cmara central de compensacin: central clearing house (and a central clearing house for inter-bank transactions was established by
the Central Bank.)
Cmara de Comercio de la Repblica de Cuba: Chamber of Commerce of the Republic of Cuba
Cmara de Compensacin de Pagos: Chamber of Compensation for Payments (The Unity of the Common Account SUCRE and a
Chamber of Compensation for Payments will be established.)
cmara de compensacin: clearing ((Futures are traded on organized exchanges and are subject to cash margining calculated daily by
clearing houses.)
cambiante: changing (Young people grow up into a constantly changing world.)
cambiar todo lo que debe ser cambiado: change everything that should be changed (It would be a good indication that we are trying to
change everything that should be changed, as Fidel Castro said some time ago.); change everything that must
be changed
cambiar para mejor (mejorar): alter for the better (things has altered for the better)
cambiar para peor (empeorar): alter for the worse (things has altered for the worse)
cambiar (de opinion): alter (Each new piece of information can alter the Banks assessment,)
cambio climtico: climate change (Tackling climate change is the challenge of our time.)
cambio crucial/cambio decisivo/: turning point (The final quarter of 2008 saw a turning point in the dynamics of domestic economic
activity)
39

cambio de nombre: renaming (Renaming of Johannesburg International Airport as O. R. Tambo International Airport.)
cambio estructural: structural change (I found that structural change in the sector had been successful.)
cambio: development (the FATF has provided the G20 with regular updates on anti-corruption related developments.): adjustment (Only
a few adjustments were needed to make her dress fit perfectly.) / (the plan needs some minor adjustments)
campesino: farmer (Each farmer had his own plot with which to grow his own food, use it, and sell the extra, if any.)
campo de accin/esfera de accin: scope (the scope of the new measures must be defined)
campo de cultivo: breeding ground (Poverty is a breeding ground for crime.)
campo de golf: gulf course (The hotel has a great golf course.) / (You will also have three gulf courses, considered among the best 150 of
the world.)
campo: countryside (Much of Connecticuts countryside is dotted with large estates and horse farms.)
Canal de la Mancha: English Channel
canalizar: channel (Pursuing its social vision, Banco Improsa continued with its approach of channeling the funds of major investors into
small and medium enterprises with limited financing capacity.)
canasta bsica de consumo: basic consumption basket (Before the partial reforms of the 1990s, the Cuban familys basic consumption
basket was obtained almost entirely from state retail networks.)
cancelacin anticipada: early amortization
cancelacin de prstamos incobrables: writing off bad loans (the injection of public funds for writing off bad loans became a taboo
subject.)
cancelar (por considerarla incobrable): write off (The Commission is not in a position to write off debts.)
cancelar (reunin, procedimiento): call off (The opportunity to call off and to postpone this meeting that is due next month in Laos offers
us the opportunity)
cancelar el contracto: cancel the contract (rescindir el contrato: cancel the contract (If you sign a contract to switch to a new electric service
provider, you may cancel the contract within three days of signing it.)
canjes financieros: swaps (Swaps are over-the-counter contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash flows.)
capacidad de molida diaria: daily milling capacity (In fact, of the total mills in Cuba, 16 percent have a daily milling capacity below 2300
tons (the average is about 4200 tons).
capacidad de molida: milling capacity (sugar cane milling capacity) (a milling capacity of 40 000 tons daily/per day)
capacidad de pago: ability to pay (Many mortgage lenders approved loans for borrowers without carefully examining their ability to pay.);
credit worthiness (The possession of e-M is not directly linked to credit worthiness.)
capacidad financiera: financial standing (The selection criteria make it possible to assess the applicants financial standing and
operational capability to complete the proposed work programme.)
capacidad ociosa: idle capacity (Risks include the possibilities of losses from idle capacity or technological obsolescence and of variations
in return because of changing economic conditions.)
capacidad: ability (Their ability to do their job will be judged later.)
capacitacin especializada/formacin especializada: specialist training (Members received specialist training in the handling of
hazardous materials, crisis management and fire-fighting.)
capacitacin profesional/formacin profesional: professional training (The agreement includes, proffesional training, scientific
research, technological development and technological ...)
capacitacin: training (A single point of access to the vast range of vocational education and training information, products and services in
Australia.)
capear: weather (Frances financial system weathered the crisis well, but Belgiums did not.)
capital asignado: stated capital (The amount of capital that a company must hold, in order to pay dividends and other payouts. Stated
capital usually equals a stocks stated value times the amount of outstanding stock.)
capital base para fines regulatorios: capital base for supervisory purposes
capital bsico: Tier 1 capital (The sum of Common Equity Tier 1 and Additional Tier 1 capital form what is known as Tier 1 capital.); core
capital; basic equity (This will greatly improve your basic equity calculations)
capital circulante: working capital (Working capital on the balance sheet is the difference between current assets and current liabilities.) /
(These loans can be used both for working capital or investment purposes. )
40

capital contable: net assets (The net assets figure has not been decreasing.) / (Net assets, sometimes referred to as net worth, is the
shareholders' equity = assets minus liabilities. Net assets mean the owners' equity or with other words
shareholders' equity in a company Balance sheet. The logic behind to use the term "Net assets" instead of
"Shareholders' equity" is that, by definition of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) net assets is what
residual value left for company owners after deduction all liabilities from all assets.; net worth (Net worth is also
known as shareholders equity or shareholders funds.); owners equity (The basic accounting equation is Assets =
Liabilities + Owners Equity. Both equipment and cash are assets.)
capital cubierto: paid-up capital (Four percent of the paid-up capital, as a minimum, in the form of a dividend to shareholders )
capital de explotacin: working capital (A negative working capital has to be considered rather as a sign that a company may be facing
bankruptcy or serious financial trouble.)
capital de nivel 1/capital de primer nivel: tier 1 capital (Tier 1 capital is the core measure of a banks financial strength from a regulators
point of view.); (Our Tier 1 capital ratio was 14.0%, also placing the Bank among industry leaders, in both Canada
and globally.)
capital de nivel 2/capital de segundo nivel: tier 2 capital (The principal form of eligible capital to cover market risks consists of
shareholders equity and retained earnings (tier 1 capital) and supplementary capital (tier 2 capital) as defined in the
1988 Accord.
capital de nivel 3/capital de tercer nivel: tier 3 capital (banks may also, at the discretion of their national authority, employ a third tier of
capital (tier 3 capital), consisting of short-term subordinated debt for the sole purpose of meeting a proportion of the
capital requirements for market risks)
capital de operacin: working capital (The purpose of the working capital reserve shall be to ensure continuity of operations in the event
of a temporary...)
capital de primer nivel: Tier 1 capital (The sum of Common Equity Tier 1 and Additional Tier 1 capital form what is known as Tier 1
capital.); core capital; basic equity
capital de segundo nivel: Tier 2 capital (The principal form of eligible capital to cover market risks consists of shareholders equity and
retained earnings (Tier 1 capital) and supplementary capital (Tier 2 capital) as defined in the 1988 Accord.);
supplementary capital
capital de tercer nivel: Tier 3 capital (since the Committee believes that Tier 3 capital is only appropriate to meet market risk)
capital de trabajo: working capital (It will use the loan proceeds to refinance liabilities and finance working capital to ensure business
continuity and profitability.)
capital declarado: stated capital (The amount of capital that a company must hold, in order to pay dividends and other payouts. Stated
capital usually equals a stocks stated value times the amount of outstanding stock.)
capital desembolsado: paid-up capital (Four percent of the paid-up capital, as a minimum, in the form of a dividend to shareholders )
capital economico: economic capital (Economic capital thus helps determine the equity capital the Bank requires to protect itself against
such risks and ensure its long-term viability.)
capital en acciones/capital social: capital stock ( the Bank completed the repurchase of 6,244,700 common shares for an amount of
$473 million, which reduced Common capital stock by $74 million and Retained earnings by $399 million.)
capital en riesgo: capital at risk (The assessment of the Banks capital at risk, or economic capital, is based on the credit risk assessments
of various borrowers.)
capital establecido: stated capital (The amount of capital that a company must hold, in order to pay dividends and other payouts. Stated
capital usually equals a stocks stated value times the amount of outstanding stock.)
capital estatal mixto/capital estatal conjunto: joint state capital (Currently, the Cuban financial system is integrated by eight state-owned
commercial banks (SOCBs), a bank with joint state capital from Cuba and Venezuela (Banco Industrial de
Venezuela-Cuba), nine non-bank state financial institutions, and 15 representative offices of foreign financial
institutions.)
capital exigible: callable capital (Canada increased its "callable capital" in the IDB by $4-billion, a move that cost nothing up front because
callable capital is a promise of cash rather than an actual infusion.)
capital golondrina: swallow capital (Sponsored by the Washington Consensus, speculative flight capital - known in Latin America as
swallow capital - has flown in and out, gobbling up juicy profits.)
capital humano: human capital (Investment in human capital is the basis for a society of innovation and knowledge.)
capital legal: legal capital (Legal capital refers to the portion of owners equity and assets that cannot be distributed, and is therefore
permanent in nature.)
capital mnimo: minimum capital (The Bank ensures that capital levels at all times exceed the minimum capital requirements established
by the guidelines of the Superintendent according to the standards of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).)
capital ocioso: idle capital (Definition of idle capital: the money and assets of a business that are not being invested productively.) / (Idle
41

capital, a problem for many Indian banks.)
capital pagado: equity capital (Only on the basis of sufficient accepted equity capital can a bank operate and expand its commercial
operations.); paid-in capital
capital ponderado en funcin al riesgo: risk weighted capital (This incentive was increased by the implementation of the first Basle4 risk
weighted capital adequacy regulations
capital primario: Tier 1 capital (The principal form of eligible capital to cover market risks consists of shareholders equity and retained
earnings (Tier 1 capital) and supplementary capital (Tier 2 capital) as defined in the 1988 Accord.); core capital;
basic equity
capital promedio: average equity (Net profit/loss for the year x 100/Average equity)
capital propio: equity capital (Only on the basis of sufficient accepted equity capital can a bank operate and expand its commercial
operations.)
capital regulatorio: regulatory capital ( new models or changes to existing models that markedly impact regulatory capital must be
reported to the Board once a year.); capital base (Owing to its strong capital base combined with its internally
generated capital, the Bank is in a good position to face the new Basel III requirements.)
capital secundario: Tier 2 capital (The principal form of eligible capital to cover market risks consists of shareholders equity and retained
earnings (tier 1 capital) and supplementary capital (tier 2 capital) as defined in the 1988 Accord.); supplementary
capital
capital social: share capital (On that date share capital redenomination will occur automatically.); equity capital (It is only when it has
sufficient recognised equity capital that a bank can do business and expand its ...)
capital terciario: Tier 3 capital (the Committee believes that Tier 3 capital is only appropriate to meet market risk)
capitalizar: capitalize (The fair value of the options was capitalized as part of the purchase price.)
captacin de fondos: fundraising (This adversely affects both fundraising and investing.)
captar y colocar fondos: raising and placing funds (The Bank is active both in raising and placing funds in Rubles and foreign currency,
as interbank deposits or under bilateral loan agreements.)
captar: capture (Our overall financial performance captured the attention of investors.)
caracterstica distintiva/caracterstica singular: distinctive feature (Distinctive features are grouped into categories according to the
natural classes of segments they describe ); unique feature (Above all else, we should not forget that the dispute
settlement system is a unique feature of the WTO.) / (A unique feature of this work force is that more than 60
percent are women.)
caracterizado por: marked by (... a favourable economic environment in Canada, marked by a strong rebound in employment, ...)
carbn mineral: coal
carbn vegetal: charcoal
carbonfera: coal (China presents a particular energy challenge, specifically with its coal industry.); coaling (Guantnamo was a sleepy
former coaling station for U.S. naval vessels)
carencia: lack (German managers say lack of qualified personnel is becoming the biggest challenge for Europes biggest economy.);
shortage ( in spite of shortages and difficulties.)
carga (estorbo/obstculo): drag (Keeping a large staff is a drag on our income.)
carga de trabajo: workload (We also believe that the current increase in its workload should receive appropriate administrative support.)
carga fiscal: tax burden (We favour lightening the tax burden on workers,)
carga y descarga autopropulsada: roll-on-roll-off
carga/cargamento: lading
cargar con: bear ( a too-slow adjustment that would require another twenty years of bearing the costs of monetary duality.)
cargar: charge (he always charges payments directly to his current account)
cargo por peso: weight charge
cargos diferidos: deferred charges (Amortization of deferred charges is determined using the straight-line method based on the ...)
cargos y comisiones bancarias: bank charges and commissions (... practical problems with the introduction of the single currency are
beginning to surface as time goes on, such as its inflationary effects and the increase in bank charges and
commissions.); bank fees and commissions (Mexicos central bank, Banxico, announced new policies on bank fees
and commissions charged for banking transactions occurring in Mexico.); banking charges and commissions (...
commission payable against the banking services rendered in accordance with the banking charges and
42

commissions approved and announced by the Bank.); banking fees and commissions (Mexico puts limits on
banking fees and commissions.) ::
cargos y comisiones: fees and commissions (If these fees and commissions are significant, the MFI should create two subaccounts: one
for fees and commissions from clients and the other for fees and commissions from related parties.); charges and
commissions (Charges and commissions are recognized either right at the time of the operation or during its
course, depending on ...)
carta de crdito confirmada: confirmed letter of credit (U.S. exporters concerned about the political or economic risk associated with the
country, in which the bank is located, may wish to obtain a confirmed letter of credit.)
carta de crdito stanby: stanby letter of credit (A documentary credit is sometimes used as collateral in place of a bank guarantee. Such a
documentary credit is called a standby letter of credit.)
carta de crdito: letter of credit (329 letters of credit amounting 275 million convertibles pesos were issued in the year.)
carta de garanta: letter of guarantee (The applicant maintains that the Commission unlawfully and culpably refused to return those letters
of guarantee, although it had no reason to retain them.)
carta de porte areo: air waybill (Air waybill for one of the deliveries made by Imperial Armour)
carta de porte: consignment note (The creation time for the trip plan is the receipt of the consignment note from the customer.); waybill
(the waybill has been signed by Shipper's authorised representative) / (A waybill (US) or consignment note (UIC)
is a document issued by a carrier giving details and instructions relating to the shipment of a consignment of goods.)
carta de triunfo: trump card (something that gives you an advantage over others) (This is the trump card that liberals carry into all these
negotiations.)
cartera de crditos en ejecucin: loan portfolio in recovery
cartera de crditos en mora: non-performing loan portfolio
cartera de crditos incobrable: worthless loans
cartera de crditos vencida: past-due loans
cartera de crditos vigente: performing loans
cartera de crditos: credit portfolio (Retail credit risks should be under control when the credit portfolio increases.)
cartera de fideicomiso: trust portfolio (By the end of the year its trust portfolio topped out at 1,489,711.3 million, a 28.1% improvement
over the previous year.)
cartera de financiamiento: financing portfolio (Taken together, these three account for 97 per cent of the commercial financing
portfolio)
cartera de inversin: investment portfolio (Get an investment portfolio tailored to your goal.); banking book (The interest rate gap is
constructed by distributing by term the sensitive on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet banking book positions
and balances.)
cartera de negociacin: trading portfolio (Instruments classified in the trading portfolio, including financial derivatives, are recorded at fair
value, with changes taken to the income statement.); trading book (It was our group that introduced the amendments
relating to the trading book.)
cartera de prstamos: loan portfolio (The loan portfolio of Banco de Crdito y Comercio is financed with resources coming from
customers and other domestic and foreign financial institutions.)
cartera: portfolio (Buying Unsponsored BDRs Level I means the investor has a possibility of diversifying its portfolio.)
cartilla de racionamiento: ration book (A ration book is a book of coupons which is used to control consumption of certain products which
may be in high demand.); ration card (Consideration of a phasing out of the ration card, )
casa de cambio: exchange houses However, credit unions, microfinance associations, remittance companies and exchange houses do
not know these obligations nor enforce practical application (except an exchange house); bureau of exchange
(Wherever possible, you should convert currency at a bank, official bureau of exchange or major hotel.); exchange
bureau
casa matriz: central office (The Republic Bank, whose central office is based in Trinidad and Tobago,); head office (Furthermore, there
should be no impediments to onsite visits by head office auditors, risk managers or compliance officers.); parent
company
casi cada: almost every (the great diversity of subjects that life brings to us, almost every day)
casi tanto: almost as much (Itll cost almost as much to repair your computer as to buy a new one.)
casi todos/casi todas: almost every (that this draft constitution represents a considerable advance in almost every area.)
casi: almost (Setting this parameter to a large number is almost always a bad idea.); nearly(while nearly 11.0% of the banks employees
43

are studying to reach that level.); just about (Immorality and general disrespect for our fellow beings is just about the
norm in this day and age.)
caso de fuerza mayor: act of God (An act of God is an unusual natural event, such as a flood or earthquake, that could not have been
reasonably expected to happen.) (a sudden and inevitable occurrence caused by natural forces and not by the
agency of man, such as a flood, earthquake, or a similar catastrophe) / (we're not insured against acts of God);
case of force majeure
castigo contable: write-off (This amount is before any allowances for credit losses or partial write-offs); charge off
categora del prestatario: borrower grade
categoras de mayor riesgo: higher-risk categories
categorico (rotundo, terminante): flat (flat (His request for time off from work was met with a flat refusal.)
causar: bring about (the mistrust of consumers that, together with a reduction in earnings, brings about the fall in the consumption,);
touch off (The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US its
principal trading partner.)
Caza de Ballenas: Whaling
cedente: transferor (someone who conveys a title or property to another)(The transferor and transferee shall account for the collateral as
follows)
ceder (disminuir): abate (Therefore, after the introduction of the dual currency system inflationary pressures did not abate in Montenegro,
as foodstuff prices increased strongly.)
ceder (transferir): assign
ceder (transigir): yield (Its easy to yield to the temptation to borrow a lot of money.)
ceder el puesto: hand over (This evening the outgoing Parliament is handing over to the new Parliament)
ceder todo derecho, ttulo e inters: assign all right, title and interest (we assigned all our right, title and interest)
celebrar: hold (The election will be held on the 8
th
of November.)
clebre: renowned (Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, the renowned German baritone singer who performed for more than five decades on stages
in Berlin,...)
central azucarero/ingenio azucarero: sugar mill (The sugar mill Melanio Hernndez,)
centrar la atencin en: focus the attention on (This edition will focus the attention on the Medical Applications of Biotechnology.)
centrarse en: focus on (Tonights program focuses on homelessness.)
centro comercial: shopping mall (The web is the worlds biggest shopping mall.)
Centro de Inspeccin y Control Ambiental (CICA): Centre of Environmental Inspection and Control
Centro de Investigaciones Mdico-Quirrgicas (CIMEQ):Center for Medical and Surgical Research (CIMEQ)
Centro de Referencias: Referral Center
Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a las Inversiones (CIADI): International Centre for Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID) (The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) assists in the
mediation or conciliation of investment disputes between governments and private foreign investors.)
Centro Nacional de Educacin Sexual (CENESEX): National Centre of Sexual Education
Centro Nacional de Promocin y Educacin para la Salud (CNPES): National Centre of Health Promotion and Education
Centro para la Promocin de las Exportaciones de Cuba (CEPEC): Centre for Export Promotion of Cuba
centro/foco: focus (The focus of attention has shifted from the economy to improving the public schools.)
centro/ncleo/esencia: core (The core of most contracts is a set of mutual promises (in legal terminology, consideration).) / (The core of
the argument)
centros de acopio: collection centers (Starting in 1994 plastic has been packed at the collection centers.); wholesale points (Approved
farmers lists must be available at all wholesale points); storage centers (Moreover, the minister said that a total of
164 storage centers were opened throughout the country)
centros de poder econmico: economic centres of power (There are now four great economic centres of power: the US, Europe, China
and Japan.)
centros de poder financiero: financial centres of power ( economy and information concentrate decision-making power in the hands of
44

multinational corporations, around financial centres of power, and in multilateral )
centros de poder poltico: political centres of power (Paris campus is located in the heart of Paris, close to the political centres of power
and cultural attractions.)
centros de poder: centres of power (The development of multiple power centres represents a real risk to the peace process.)
cerca de: nearly (Nearly 50000 posts are under threat or have already been lost in the health service in England.); close on
cercenar: cut off (the so called Torricelli Act, which cut off our trade in medicine and foodstuffs with the subsidiaries of US companies based
in third countries.)
cerciorarse de: ascertain (The purpose of this verification shall be to ascertain that )
cerco: siege (to tighten the siege around the Island)
cerrar a la baja: close down (the Stock Exchange closed down yesterday); be down at the close (the Stock Exchange was down at the
close yesterday)
cerrar un acuerdo: conclude an agreement (Commissioner Lamy has been hard at work concluding an agreement with China)
certeza razonable: reasonable assurance (Those standards require that audits be planned and performed to obtain reasonable assurance
that the financial statements are free of material misstatement.)
certeza: certainty (the certainty that these quantification mechanisms are working as expected)
certificado de depsito: certificate of deposit (You can keep funds that you might need at short notice in a savings account or credit union
share account, a money market deposit account or even a short-term certificate of deposit (CD).)
Certificado de Liquidez: Liquidity Certificate (having issued a new instrument known as the Liquidity Certificate (LC).)
cesin de derechos de cobro: assigment of collection rights (As of December 31, 2004, the Group company SEITA had a financing system
involving the assignment of collection rights for securitization.); transfer of collection rights
cesin de derechos: cession of rights (The Commission therefore takes the view that what is involved is simply the cession of rights to
reclaim the subsidy between two state institutions.)
cesin de posicin contractual: assignment of contractual status (It is hereby understood that the assignment of contractual status by
the INVESTOR to another)
cesionario: transferee (the person to whom a transfer in made) (Such transfer may be made in favour of a single transferee only for each
certificate or extract therefrom.)
cesta de las principales monedas mundiales: basket of the major world currencies (... system founded on the US Dollar, the value of
which would be based on a basket of the major world currencies weighted according to the respective size of their
economies.
cesta petrolera: oil basket (the price of the Venezuelan oil basket reached a historic peak)
CFR (costo y flete): (cost and freight)
chanchullos: monkey business (There's been some monkey business connected with his tax returns.)
cheque certificado: certified check (This transaction should be by certified check at the bank specified in the call.)
cheque de viajero: travellers check (This payment is in cash, travellers check or internacional credit card.); travellers cheque
cheque devuelto: bad check (You may replace a bad check with a cashiers check, money order, debit card or credit card issued in your
name.)
cheque nominativo: nominative check (You will be able to obtain up to 10 in a nominative check that Chicco will send to you by mail.)
cheque sin fondo: bad check ( the borrower could be criminally prosecuted for writing a bad check.)
cheque: check (The entire non-state sector may use, in addition to cash, the following payment instruments: a) bank transfers, b) checks, c)
payment orders, d) debit or credit cards, e) local letters of credit, f) demand bills, g) promissory notes, and h) others
that are used in banking.)
ciclo de vida: lifespan/life-span (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its
Ministers to continue.)
ciclo economico: economic cycle (In everything we do and regardless of where we are in the economic cycle,...)
cierre de posicin: close-out (The Bank also negotiates master netting agreements that provide for the simultaneous close-out and settling
of all transactions with a given counterparty in the event of default.
CIF (costo, seguro y flete): CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (CIF means that the seller has the same obligations like with CFR (cost and
freight))
45

cifra: figure (The school system's enrollment figure was 86,893.) digit (6735 is a four-digit number.)
circulacin mercantil minorista: retail merchandise circulation (there was growth in the retail merchandise circulation by 6.7%)
crculos acadmicos: academic circles (The aim is to enhance visibility and recognition of this work, both in academic circles and among
the general public.)
citacin: summons (On each occasion he was told "to wait for a summons to appear in court".)
citaciones: summonses (serve summonses)
citado anteriormente: abovementioned (Generally the abovementioned actions or projects will be promotional activities )
clase dirigente: establishment (The establishment is the people who have most of the power within a country or in a particular
activity.: La clase dirigente (el establishment) son las personas que tienen la mayor parte del poder dentro de un
pas o en una actividad.)
clase media tradicional estadounidense: middle America (Joseph Kraft defined Middle America as a blue collar or rural white male,
traditional in his values and defensive against innovation.)
clasificacin crediticia: credit rating (They threatened to downgrade my credit rating if I dont pay the bill immediately.)
clasificacin: ranking (Academic Ranking of World Universities is the first world university ranking.)
clasificada por: sorted by (The database has information sorted by date, hazard, region, country, etc.)
clasificar: rank (According to Bloomberg, we ranked as the Canadian leader in government finance in 2011 in terms of underwriting
volume)
clasula walkaway: walkaway clause
cleptcrato (gobierno oficial que roba o usurpa dinero del tesoro de la nacin): kleptocrat (new requirements applied to domestic
politically exposed persons and international organisations, and to the family and close associates of all politically
exposed persons (who are often used by corrupt kleptocrats and officials to help launder the proceeds of
corruption).
cliente habitual: regular customer (Daniel Ungarsky was a regular customer at Taco Bell.)
cliente preferente: preferred customer (You can also enroll in the Preferred Customer Program.)
cliente: customer (customer=a person who buys goods or a service)
clientela: clientele (clientele=all the customers of a business when they are considered as a group)
clientes comerciales: commercial customers (Peco Energy Co.s commercial customers who have not shopped for an alternative electric
supplier might want to reconsider that strategy.)
clientes corporativos: corporate customers (We offer our corporate customers a wide range of services that are tailored to their needs
and professionally implemented.)
clientes exigentes: demanding customers (The bank competes to be the leading global provider of financial solutions for demanding
customers, )
clientes institucionales: institutional customers (Institutional customers is a term used in the financial services industry to differentiate
retail customers and corporate customers from other financial institutions )
clientes minoristas: retail customers (Only with price improvement will retail customers get the good prices they deserve.)
clientes particulares: private customers (Business customers require and receive different services compared to private customers.)
clientes que entran de la calle: walk-in customers (Note: We do not have the facilities for walk-in customers at our headquarters.) / (The
way you and your front line employees greet walk-in customers has a huge impact on your bottom line.) / (a lot of
our business is from walk-in customers)
cobertura (salvaguardia); a hedge (She invested in foreign companies as a hedge against inflation.)
cobertura contra la inflacin: hedge against inflation (She invested in foreign companies as a hedge against inflation.)
cobertura de divisas: currency hedging (In order to define the currency hedging strategies for imports and exports,an independent advisor
is used); foreign exchange hedging (the Company entered into foreign exchange hedging contracts to reduce its
foreign currency exposure)
cobertura del flujo de efectivo/cobertura del flujo de caja: cash flow hedge (The Company had the following currency risk management
contracts outstanding as at June 30, 2010 that qualify for cash flow hedge accounting.)
cobertura: cover (We have to make sure that the amount of cover is sufficient.) / (... that new expenditure must have the requisite financial
cover.); coverage (we were able to maintain adequate bad debt coverage)
46

cobranza: collection (Overdue accounts referred to a collection agency.)
cobrar al contado: encash (=To convert a financial instrument or funding source into cash.) / (You need to learn the technique of writing the
authorization letter to encash the cheque.)
cobrar en efectivo: encash (To convert a financial instrument or funding source into cash.) / (You can also encash from any SMART Store
or selected SMART Money Centers nationwide.)
cobrar fuerza/cobrar impulso: gather momentum (Pressure for reform of the health-care system is gathering momentum.)
cobrar un inters de: charge interest of (The Company may charge interest of 24% per annum on any overdue payment commencing on
the due date for payment and calculated at the end of each ...)
cobrar un inters sobre: charge interest on (Seller reserves the right to charge interest on any sum not received on due date.)
cobrar: collect (Russia would no longer collect overflight charges.)
cobro de deuda incobrable: bad debt collection (Credit Collections (UK) Ltd is a debt collection agency providing bad debt collection,
debt recovery & credit control services.)
cobro de deudas/cobranza de deudas: debt collection (Specialized debt collection courts resolve claims master)
cobro por servicios: collection of services ( its main problematic is the lack of financing, formation and internationalization, the
dilatoriness in the collections of services and the modernization of the sector.)
cobros y pagos: collections and payments (The most efficient way to manage your collections and payments.)
codeudor/codeudor solidario: co-signer (Cuban banks all of them run by the state only accepted liquid collateral such as solvent co-
signers, bank deposits and personal income.)
cdigo de tica: code of ethics (And we also have a code of ethics to which our members must adhere to make this experience safe and
enjoyable for everyone.)
cdigo postal: zip code (The Street, City, State, and Zip Code combination you entered appears to be incorrect.)
coeficiente de adecuacin patrimonial: capital ratio (This increase in the capital ratios was largely due to the Banks adoption of the )
coeficiente de deuda pblica: government debt ratio (The Council considers it necessary to maintain the government debt ratio on a
sustained declining trend.)
coeficiente de endeudamiento: debt to equity ratio (An overall analysis of the company's finances indicates a weak position, with a high
long-term debt to equity ratio and a low current ratio which indicates poor liquidity.)
coeficiente de ponderacin de riesgo: risk weight (Certain portfolios considered to be non-material are risk-weighted according to the
Basel II Standardized Approach for credit risk.) / (Requirements, namely the simple risk-weight method under the
market-based approach, as the term is used in the Basel II Accord.)
coeficiente de reduccin/aumento: rate of reduction/increase (Rate of reduction/increase applicable to imports in 1996 or 1997.)
coeficiente de solvencia: solvency ratio (In this way it was possible to minimise the amount of capital injected by the State in order to
strengthen the solvency ratio.)
coeficiente de variacin: coefficient of variation (The coefficient of variation is the standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the
mean.)
coeficiente intelectual (CI): intelligence quotient (IQ) (Nutritional deprivation leaves children tired and weak, and lowers their IQs, so they
perform poorly in school.)
coeficiente mnimo de capital: capital ratio (This increase in the capital ratios was largely due to the Banks adoption of the )
coeficiente: ratio (The utilization ratio of the bed capacity is at a level of 64,9%.); coefficient (The Gini coefficient decreased from 0.563 in
1999 to 0.515 in 2006.)
co-firmante: co-signer (Cuban banks only accepted liquid collateral such as solvent co-signers, bank deposits and personal income.)
colaboracin: help (With the Banks help, we successfully added highly strategic assets and increased our presence in the Canadian food
distribution market.)
colateral en efectivo: cash collateral (Cash collateral is the predominant form of collateral used in financial transactions including
securities lending, repurchase transactions and )
colateral financiero admisible: eligible financial colateral
colateral fsico admisible: eligible physical collateral
colateral: collateral (Collateral is an asset than can be repossessed if a borrower defaults.) / (the collateral with which the company will
obtain credit.)
colchn de liquidez: liquidity cushion (Liquidity cushion in the form of cash in euro deposited with an eligible counterparty must be
47

maintained at all times to cover all interest payments ); liquidity safety net (The American giant has gone from near
bankruptcy to having a liquidity safety net of 244,000 million dollars.)
colmar el vacio: bridge the gap (He was trying to bridge the gap between elders and youth, the middle class and poor.)
colocar: place (she placed o invested the money at 9%); put (This puts me in a very difficult position.); launch (to launch a product on to
the market)
combatir la corrupcin: fight corruption (Fidel Castro continues to mobilize thousands of young people to fight corruption.)
comentar: discuss (This booklet discusses how to invest money wisely.)
comenzar: commence (This Mandate will commence on 20 April 2012)
comerciable: tradable (the trend shown by tradable prices was ascribable to the same two components)
comercializacin en fro: cold marketing (Cold marketing is defined as any promotional activity that is geared toward random individuals
who have no personal, business, social or acquaintance relationship(s) with the promoter.)
comercializacin: marketing (consumers to distinguish between, and opt for, products, the extraction, processing and marketing of which
has complied with environmental protection standards.)
comercializar: market (Its a product that will sell if we can find the right way to market it.)
comerciantes: tradespeople (This has involved the training of local tradespeople in the installation of low carbon technologies.)
comerciar: trade (For centuries, Native Americans traded with European settlers.)
comercio de derivados extraburstiles: over-the-counter derivatives trading (Cutting down on over-the-counter derivatives trading
among banks will reduce the likelihood that if one bank goes under so will the rest.)
comercio de trueque: barter trade (Prices made under barter trade arrangements are normally considered to be unreliable.)
comercio detallista/comercio al por menor: retail trade (Households were however engaged mostly in agriculture, handicrafts and limited
retail trade services.)
comercio electrnico entre compaa y consumidor: business to consumer e-commerce (Business to consumer e- commerce is the
electronic commerce that involves transactions between business and the end user or consumer.)
comercio electrnico entre compaas: business to business e-commerce (Business to business e-commerce is the electronic
commerce that involves transactions between companies and their suppliers, manufacturers, or other companies.)
comercio exterior: foreign trade (Cuba foreign trade has had to face and solve two great transformations: the first was a consequence of
the incipient blockade of the United States authorities, ...)
comercio interior: domestic trade (Murillo said that retail trade, the main activity of the domestic trade ministry, is closely linked to
solutions aimed at meeting the pressing needs of ...)
comercio internacional: international trade (What the report calls fair international trade does not exist.)
comercio intraregional: intraregional trade (Only local production and intra-regional trade are sustainable and able to guarantee access to
food for everyone.)
comercio transfronterizo: cross-border trade (It is therefore encouraging that cross-border trade is also progressing.)
comienzo: opening (on the opening of personal credit and loans for non-state businesses); inception (Since its inception, the FATF has
operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its Ministers to continue.)
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) : Economic Comisin for Latin America and the Caribbean
Comisin Permanente de Implementacin y Desarrollo de los Lineamientos de la Poltica Econmica y Social del Partido y la
Revolucin: Permanent Commission for the Implementation of Development of the Guidelines of the Economic and
Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution
comisiones de corretaje: brokerage fees (The brokerage fees are very reasonable and the orders are placed very quickly.); brokerage
charges (These costs include brokerage charges, stamp duties (if applicable), custodian fees and administration
fees); brokerage commissions (brokerage commission shall be recorded either as a transaction cost to be
included in the cost of the asset or as expense)
comisiones por cobrar: commissions receivable (Revenue should exclude taxes on goods and services, but should include commissions
receivable.)
comit ad hoc/comisin ad hoc: ad hoc committee (The ad hoc committee will meet next week.)
comit de administracin de riesgo: risk committee (The Global Risk Committee defines the parameters of the policies that determine
risk tolerance and the overall risk strategy,)
Comit de Basilea para la Supervisin Bancaria: Basel Committee on Banking Supervisin (the consultative paper issued by the Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision, A New Capital Adequacy Framework)
48

comit de compensaciones: compensation committee
comit de crdito: credit committee (approved in credit committee)
Comit de Expertos de la ONU: UN Committee of Experts
Comit de Gestin de Riesgos: Risk Management Committee (It performs its mandate in this regard both directly and through its
committees, including the Audit and Risk Management Committee.)
Comit Ejecutivo del Consejo de Ministros: Executive Committee of the Council of Ministers (In 2005, the Executive Committee of the
Council of Ministers adopted Agreement 5517)
Comit Monetario y Financiero Internacional (CMFI): International Monetary and Financial Committee (Gordon Brown, chairman of the
International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), resigned as head of that policy advisory committee after
becoming British prime minister.)
Comit para el Desarrollo: Development Committee (The April 22-23 meetings of the IMFC and the joint World Bank-IMF Development
Committee took place at a time of continuing resilience and strength of the global economy.)
Comits de Defensa de la Revolucin: Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
como consecuencia de: as a result of (We couldnt afford to borrow money for a house as a result of the rise in interest rates.)
como consta en el acta: as stated in the minutes; as recorded in the minutes
como consta en el informe: as stated in the report; as recorded in the minutes
como en aos anteriores: as in previous years (As in previous years, the budget deficit is covered mainly through external financing on
concessional terms.); as in years past (As in years past, the Bank will continue to fully assume its social
responsibility, )
como en otras partes: as elsewhere (in Canada as elsewhere)
como era de esperar: as was to be expected; as might have been expected; as one might expect
como iba diciendo: as I was saying
como los/como las: as those (Loans to eligible officers are granted under the same conditions as those applicable to loans granted to any
other employee of the Bank.)
como mnimo: at least (Our economy must grow at the rate of at least ten per cent every year to get rid of poverty and generate
employment for all.)
como nunca: as never before (we need our allies as never before)
como parte de: as part of (These factors must, however, be considered as part of the strategy.)
como porcentaje de: as a percentage of (The second, backed by a group of Member States, consists in cuts to the budget as a
percentage of GDP.); as a % of (Federal Debt as a % of) / (Preterm Births as a % of Births)
como promedio: on average (On average (= usually), a persons income is highest when they are in their mid-50s.)
como que: inasmuch as (Inasmuch as funding is not available, building plans have been delayed.)
como resultado de: as a result of (Seven years of strong economic growth ended at the beginning of 2001, as a result of weaker domestic
demand.)
como se conoce: as is known (As is known, the situation in the occupied Palestinian territory continues to deteriorate, marked by deadly
violence, instability and high tension.); as you know; as we know
como se ve: as you see (as you can see from the diagram)
como si: as if (As if I didnt have enough problems.)
como tal: as such (This type of work is not considered as such by society and has no exchange value.)
como todos los aos: as with every year (As with every year, we take this opportunity to reciprocate the trust our shareholders and
investors have placed in us,)
como ltimo recurso: as a last resort (A lender of last resort is an institution which is willing to offer loans as a last resort .)
como un todo: as a whole (The situation has to be seen as a whole.)
como usted bien sabe: as you are well aware
como: as (As the Talmud teaches us, "He who saves one human life saves the world entire.); such as (rules dictated by international
supervisory bodies such as the Financial Stability Board); however (You can do it however you like, it really doesn't
matter.)
compaa de fideicomiso: trust company
49

compaa fiduciaria: trust company
comparabilidad: comparability (the accounting methods and financial reporting shall reflect economic reality, shall be transparent and
shall respect the qualitative characteristics of understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability.)
comparado con el ao anterior: compared to the previous year (the retail sales decreased by 4% in 2010 compared to the previous
year)
comparar con: contrast with (551 homes sold, an increase of 36% contrasted with the previous year when 404 homes were sold.);
compare to (However, that initiative is a drop in the ocean compared to what is needed.)
compartir: share ( since both starting models share many characteristics of the Soviet-style system.)
compatibilizar: reconcile (reconcile the right to inform with respect for peoples privacy)
compendio: summary (The assignment was to write a summary of the news.); abstract
compensacin bancaria: banking clearing (Therefore its main purpose is to host the range line of BKLINKs banking clearing products )
compensacin en efectivo: cash settlement (When an option is exercised with cash settlement, the settlement amount is calculated on
the basis of the difference between the strike and market price.)
compensacin: clearing (Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation (CDCC) acts as a central clearing counterparty for multiple financial
instrument transactions in Canada.); clearance ((Promote the use of the Regional Clearance Unitary System
(SUCRE) as a payment mechanism in order to strengthen the integral development of the ALBA-TCP (ECOALBA-
TCP) Economic Space.); netting (the implementation of multilateral settlement systems that allow settlement netting
among participating institutions (e.g., CLS Settlement) has contributed greatly to reducing the risks associated with
the settlement of foreign exchange transactions among banks.)
compensar: compensate (Public services partly compensate for the impact of taxes,); offset (The extra cost of commuting to work from
the suburbs is offset by cheaper rents.)
competencia desleal: unfair competition (Such measures would also contribute to avoid unfair competition.)
competencia mas fuerte/competencia mas dura: stiffer competition (Vehicle manufacturers and vehicle dealers both face stiffer
competition, leading to ever-diminishing profit margins.
competencia: jurisdiction (The Supreme Court ruled that the US government had no jurisdiction over crimes committed on Indian lands.)/
(it falls or comes within our jurisdiction)/(it falls or comes outside our jurisdiction)
competente: relevant (including the United Nations Security Council, the G20, other relevant bodies, and the FATF itself.)
competer a: concern (This is an issue that should concern everyone.)
competitivo: competitive (To be a sound, profitable and competitive regional financial group a leader in its field, with a clear customer
orientation.
compilar: compile (You can compile competitive information about various products and suppliers ...)
complacerse en: be pleased to (I am pleased to report that sales have increased by 15%.) / (the bank is pleased to inform its customers
that) / The Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank) is pleased to offer Banco de Credito y Comercio de Cuba)
complejo agroindustrial: agroindustrial complex (By means of a cooperation accord signed by China and Venezuela, there will begin the
construction of an agroindustrial complex to produce ...); agro-industrial complex
completo: absolute (There is absolute agreement between the parties.); full (The auditor had full and unrestricted access to the ARMC
(Audit and Risk Management Committee) to discuss audit and financial reporting matters.); complete (Commercial
Banking offers a complete range of services)
complicaciones monetarias y financieras: monetary and financial complications
componentes del capital: constituents of capital
componentes del riesgo de crdito: credit risk components
componer: comprise (Cooperatives are based on the free association of the workers who comprise it.)
comportamiento: performance (the performance of the euro against the dollar)
comportarse: behave (The judge will instruct the jury on how it is to behave.)
composicin orgnica del capital: organic composition of capital (Thereby the organic composition of capital tends to grow and at the
same time the source of value, labor is undermined.)
compra de ttulos de inversin: purchase of investment securities (The facility is for the borrowers general business purposes, including
the purchase of investment securities in the ordinary course of borrowers business.)
compra y venta de divisas: purchase and sale of foreign currency (The international currency market is a set of transactions of purchase
and sale of foreign currency, and the provision of loans under certain ...
50

comprender (incluir): comprise (We have audited the accompanying financial statements of the European Court of Auditors, which
comprise the balance sheet as at 31 December 2008,)
comprensibilidad: understandability ( the accounting methods and financial reporting shall reflect economic reality, shall be transparent
and shall respect the qualitative characteristics of understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability.)
comprobar: ascertain (We have a duty to ascertain whether abuse and torture have been committed.)
comprometer: commit (We are committed to the principles of corporate social responsibility.)
comprometerse a: undertake to (I undertook to help him learn English.)
comprometerse en: engage in (A covenant is a solemn agreement to engage in or refrain from a specified action.)
compromiso contractual: contractual commitment (Credit risk is the risk of a financial loss if an obligor does not fully honour its
contractual commitments to the Bank.)
compromiso mundial compartido: global shared commitment (The new FATF Recommendations show our global shared commitment
to strong and effective measures to fight financial crime.)
compromiso: commitment (Try the product for two weeks with no commitment to buy.); engagement (On behalf of the executive
management team, I wish to acknowledge their high level of engagement and thank them for their hard work and
contribution to the Banks success.); covenant (the non-performance of certain restrictive covenants); undertaking
(An issuing banks undertaking to reimburse a nominated bank is independengt of the issuing banks undertaking
to the beneficiary.)
compuesto de: composed of (It is composed of 24 Directors, who are appointed or elected ...); made up of (The Board is assisted by three
committees made up entirely of independent members: the Audit and Risk Management Committee, the Conduct
Review and Corporate Governance Committee, and the Human Resources Committee.)
computadoras conectadas a Internet (anfitriones Internet): Internet hosts (Internet hosts can generally be divided into server and client
computers which generally communicate in the client-server model.)
comunicacin: notification (Partial acceptance of an amendment is not allowed and wil be deemed to be notification of rejection of the
amendment.)
Comunidad de Estados Independientes (CEI): Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (It is a member of the United Nations and is
involved in the activities of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).)
Comunidad de Estados Lationamericanos y Caribeos: Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
Comunidad Econmica Europea: European Economic Community
con anticipacin: beforehand
con antelacin: beforehand (She had phoned beforehand to let me know she was coming.)
con apego a la ley: in accordance with the law (A trust created in accordance with the law specified by the preceding Chapter shall be
recognised as a trust.)
con apego a: in accordance with (We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards.)
con arreglo a: pursuant to (These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbour provisions of Canadian and U.S.
securities legislation.); in accordance with (We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally
accepted auditing standards.)
con dificultades: struggling (The Mexican Government had clearly been more eager to bail out struggling private banks in 2005 than it was
to bail out the social security system.)
con domicilio legal en: with legal domicile in (All individuals and legal entities with legal domicile in Bages district ); with legal domicile
at (The Politecnico di Mitano with legal domicile at piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, )
con el fin de/con el objetivo de: with the aim of (Canada recently launched an informal thematic series with the aim of bringing together
all the major actors in peacekeeping) / with the purpose of (with the purpose of facilitating and making the
access to information more efficient.)
con el paso de los aos: over the years (Over the years, the FATF has examined and responded to a number of new and emerging
threats:)
con el paso del tiempo: as time goes by (This figure will grow as time goes by.)
con el propsito de: with the aim of (Cooperative members associate with the aim of producing goods or providing services that are useful
to society, ); in order to (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange
rate reform ); for the purpose of (Representatives are not permitted to utilize cold marketing for the purpose of
customer acquisition.)
con el que/con la que/con lo cual: wherewith (Let us therefore follow after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one
may edify another.)
51

con el tiempo: eventually (You learn a lot in school, but eventually you forget most of it.); over time (This maximum risk exposure will, due
to amortisation of the loans, decrease over time.)
con el transcurso del tiempo/con el transcurrir del tiempo: as time goes by (the Security Council cannot remain silent and hope that
the situation will change as time goes by.); over time (This maximum risk exposure will, due to amortisation of the
loans, decrease over time.)
con ese trasfondo: against that background (Against that background, it is, if anything, absurd to attend todays debate.)
con eso/con lo mismo/con el mismo: therewith (By consensus, the Risk Management Group establishes the risk management rules,
policies and guidelines to which the operating units must adhere and also ensures compliance therewith.)
con este propsito: to this end (To this end they should deploy appropriate numbers of staff and resources.); with this end in view
con excepcin de lo dispuesto en: except as provided in (Except as provided in sub-article 29 (a))
con facilidad: easily (Send text messages cheaply and easily with goober.)
con frecuencia: often (we've often thought of emigrating)
con gran determinacin: single-mindedly (She single-mindedly pursued her goal of earning a law degree.)
con imparcialidad: fairly (In our opinion, as at October 31, 2010.)
con la mayor brevedad posible: at your earliest convenience (Please contact me at your earliest convenience so that we can discuss my
request.)
con la mayor prontitud/con toda prontitud: speedily (The error can be speedily corrected.)
con la presente/con el presente: herewith (I enclose three documents herewith.)
con la seguridad de que: with the assurance that
con lo cual: whereupon (Whereupon, the information enters the public realm through other routes); wherewith (Let us therefore follow
after the things which make for peace, and things wherewith one may edify another.)
con miras al futuro: forward-looking (These forward-looking statements reflect the current expectations or beliefs of the company based
on information ) Forward- looking describes someone or something with an eye to the future and a focus on
what is coming. / (From time to time, National Bank of Canada makes written and oral forward-looking
statements, such as those contained in the Major Economic Trends and the Outlook for National Bank sections in
this Annual Report,)
con objeto de: in order to (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform )
con posterioridad: subsequently (He was made a partner, but he subsequently retired.)
con que: with which (I congratulate him on the skill with which he has negotiated the eight compromise amendments...)
con relacin a/ en relacin a/ en relacin con: in relation to (Interested circles have expressed concerns in relation to these issues.) ( in
(or) with regard to (I am calling in/with regard to (= in relation to) your recent inquiry.); vis--vis (Our role as a
Parliament is accountability vis--vis the citizens.) / (On that basis, we would recommend a stimulating trade policy
vis--vis Hong Kong.); in respect of ( a schedule of anticipated yearly expenditures in respect of the programme
of activities for the immediate five-year period.); compared to (an increase of 3% compared to the previous year);
compare with (The amplification of sound and the reproduction of radio-broadcast signals are considered to be
secondary functions compared with the video reproduction function.); in connection with (We want measures in
connection with the private equity funds and hedge funds now.); concerning (If you have any information
concerning the incident, please contact the police.)
con respecto a: in (or) with regard to (I am calling in/with regard to (= in relation to) your recent inquiry.); vis--vis (On that basis, we would
recommend a stimulating trade policy vis--vis Hong Kong.); with respect to (No patent liability is assumed,
however, with respect to the use of the information contained herein.); regarding (The first is the Middle East
question regarding financial support.); concerning (There are a number of caveats concerning the network gain.)
con tal que/con tal de que: provided (that) (You may come provided it is early.); as long as (You may go as long as you get back before
eleven.)
con vencimiento inferior a tres meses: with maturity of less than three months (All highly liquid investments with maturity of less than
three months at the date of purchase are considered to be cash equivalents)
con vistas a: with a view to (These investment companies in turn invest in operating companies with a view to reselling these
investments)
conceder crdito a particulares: grant credit to private individuals (Conclusions and recommendations conditions between those granting
credit to private individuals)
conceder: grant (The Bank grants loans to its directors and officers under various conditions.); allow (he allowed us two hours to complete
the test) / (the extra income will allow me more freedom) / (He didnt allow enough time to finish the test.) / (we
52

allow a discount for cash)
concentrar la atencin en: focus the attention on (This edition will focus the attention on the Medical Applications of Biotechnology.)
concepto de reciprocidad: concept of reciprocity (The concept of reciprocity cannot be applied when assymmetries continue to exist
between the developed and developing countries.)
conceptuar: deem (When a loan is deemed impaired, interest ceases to be recorded and the carrying value of the loan is reduced to its
estimated realizable amount ...)
concerniente a: concerning (Details about other exposures are provided in the table concerning special purpose entities on the following
page.); relating to (The general allowance for credit losses covers all credit risks, including those relating to letters
of guarantee.); relevant to (information which may be relevant to this case)
concernir: concern (This is an issue that should concern everyone.)
concesin: allowance (The Commission adopted a Regulation which provides for a compensatory allowance to be granted if the
Commission finds that )
concesionalidad: concessionality (In the case of grants the concessionality level is 100 per cent.)
concesionario: licensee (In such a case, each licensee shall solely represent the party with whom the licensee has an agency relationship,
)
concesiones, concesiones recprocas (mutuas): compromise (Agreement was finally reached after much compromise.)
conciliacin bancaria: bank reconciliation (In Bank Reconciliation, it is no longer possible to import entries with dates outside created
accounting years.)
conciliacin de cuentas: account reconciliation (Account reconciliation is simplified as your payroll funds are withdrawn in one lump sum
)
conciliacin: reconciliation (Reconciliation of purchase value of fixed tangible assets.)
concisin: succintness (Lenin put it with characteristic succintness )
conciso: succint (His answer was succint: Hanging on.)
concomitante (correspondiente,relacionado,relacionada): attendant (a significant slowdown in economic growth and the attendant
reduction in excess demand in Q4)
concretar: firm up (Come back after lunch and well firm it up= Vuelve despus del almuerzo y lo concretaremos) / (That is why I
consider the time is now ripe to firm up on these proposals.); nail down (The six essential planning guidelines are:
identify the project, nail down the details, determine conversion methodology, develop a realistic conversion
schedule, determine who is going to do your conversion, and tie the pieces together.)
condicin precedente: condition precedent (In contract law, a condition precedent is an event which must occur, unless its non-
occurrence is excused, before performance under a contract becomes due, i.e., before any contractual duty arises.)
condicionalidad cruzada: cross-condicionality (Jamaicas milk industry suffered at the hands of the cross-conditionality between the
World Bank, the IMF and the Inter-American Development Bank.)
condicionalidad: condicionality (Spain has traditionally opposed the use of conditionality.)
condiciones del mercado: market conditions (The estimated fair value reflects market conditions on a given date and, consequently, may
not be indicative of future fair value.)
condiciones econmicas imperantes: economic environment (Our results undoubtedly benefited from a favourable economic
environment)
condiciones econmicas y financieras globales: world economic and financial conditions (In addition, concerns about world economic
and financial conditions have cast a shadow over the future demand for soybeans.)
condiciones equitativas: a level playing field (This is important in order to achieve a level playing field in international trade.)
condiciones macroeconmicas: macroeconomic conditions (That was accompanied by a gradual worsening of macroeconomic
conditions.)
conducir: lead (Spending in one part of the economy may lead to increased economic activity and spending in other parts.); conduct
(although the Obama administration will endeavour to conduct the negotiations, but without a clear mandate.);
channel (Pursuing its social vision, Banco Improsa continued with its approach of channeling the funds of major
investors into small and medium enterprises with limited financing capacity.)
conductor: driver (the main driver of our strong performance during the year)
confeccionado para: tailored to (Provide our customers superior financial solutions tailored to meet their needs.)
confeccionar: tailor (Implementing a full line of optimized products and services tailored to target client segments.)
53

Confederacin Espaola de Cajas de Ahorro (CECA): Spanish Confederation of Savings Bank
Conferencia de Bretton Woods: Bretton Woods Conference (The Bretton Woods Conference held in 1944 created the World Bank and the
IMF and envisaged the creation of an international trade organization.)
conferencia de prensa: press conference (A press conference is a meeting at which government or business officials make a public
statement and reporters can ask questions.)
confiable (fiable): dependable (The sales department relies on dependable data); reliable (Information should be of high quality,
diversified and reliable.)
confiar en: rely on (You can't rely on good weather for the whole trip.);
confidencialidad: confidentiality (Confidentiality shall be preserved until this period expires.)
confirmar ser: prove to be (The new safety procedures have so far proven to be satisfactory.)
confirmar: prove (The exception proves the rule.)
confiscacin (embargo,decomiso): confiscation (Confiscation or forfeiture takes place through a judicial or administrative procedure that
transfers the ownership of specified funds or other assets to be transferred to the State.) / (The law allows for
confiscation of vehicles used in crimes.); forfeiture
confiscado/confiscados: forfeit (his possessions were forfeit to the State (Law))
confiscar (embargar/decomisar): confiscate (Government agents confiscated the guns.)
conformar: shape (My generation's attitudes were shaped by the Vietnam War.)
conforme a las disposiciones legales: pursuant to legal provisions (Pursuant to legal provisions on investment, construction and
bidding; )
conforme a las disposiciones: according to the provisions of (Imposition, amendment, cancellation or exemption shall take place
according to the provisions of the Law.)
conforme a/en conformidad con: in compliance with (Decision-making authority is determined in compliance with the delegation of
authority set out in the Credit Risk Management Policy.); compliant with (conforming to requirements) ( are treated
in a manner that is fully compliant with international standards.)
conforme a: in line with (wages havent risen in line with inflation); pursuant to (Pursuant to legal provisions on investment, construction
and bidding; )
conforme al mismo/conforme a la misma: pursuant thereto (the provisions of this Directive and implementing measures adopted
pursuant thereto)
conforme con: complying with (Capital management consists in maintaining the capital required to cover risks, complying with the
regulatory capital ratios)
conforme: complying (they constitute a complying presentation)
confrontar: face (the similarities between the problems that Cuba is facing today in relation to those faced by Vietnam since 1986 )
congelacion de precios: freezing of prices (The governments freezing of prices of items such as fish, tea, coffee and some fruits and
vegetables, sausages and cheese is seen by analysts ...)
congelamiento de los salarios nominales: freeze on nominal wages (Among the main factors contribuiting to the stability of prices were
the freeze on nominal wages ...)
congelar cuentas bancarias en divisas: freeze foreign currency bank accounts (Cuban banks were forced to freeze foreign currency
bank accounts from foreign investors and suppliers.)
conglomerado financiero: financial conglomerate
conglomerado: conglomerate
conjuntamente con: in partnership with (Much of our business is done in partnership with other financial institutions.); in tandem with
(This news emerged in tandem with the U.S. debt ceiling saga and shook the confidence of consumers, businesses
and financial centres.)
conjuntamente: in tandem (This director and composer have worked in tandem on several films.); jointly (A separate seminar was
organised jointly by the Egmont Group and APG in the margins of the annual typologies meeting.)
conjunto de clientes: set of customers (Information about product preferences allows you to offer complimentary products or give specials
on items of interest to a specific set of customers.)
conjunto: set (She has a strange set of symptoms.)
conllevar: involve (The operation involves inserting a small tube into the heart.); entail (I mentioned that a failure to reach an agreement
would entail real and significant risks.); carry (Nevertheless, an evaluation of the effectiveness of past policies may
54

carry important lessons for the future.)
conminar: bind over (they bound him over to keep the peace) = lo obligaron por ley a mantener el orden pblico
conocimiento de embarque: bill of lading (A bill of lading (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BOL) is a document used in the transport of
goods by sea. It serves several purposes in international trade.); waybill
conocimiento prctico: know-how (Marlo has the know-how to fix your computer.) / (financial know-how) / (technical know-how)
conocimientos de: a background in (With a background in art and architecture, Martha Baker has transformed )
conocimientos previos: background knowledge (This serves as background knowledge before the students attempt to read in the foreign
language.)
conozca a su cliente/conocer al cliente/conocimiento del cliente/: know your customer (KYC) (A key part of the know your customer
review process is to establish the source of funds being placed.) / (Please describe any due diligence or know
your customer requirements.) / (Liberian banks are required to submit suspicious transaction reports to the Central
Bank pursuant to the know your customer banking regulations.)
consagrado por la Constitucin/consagrado en la Constitucin: enshrined in the Constitution (These are some of the main
achievements enshrined in the Constitution.)
consagrado por la Constitucin: enshrined in the Constitution (This principle is enshrined in the Constitution.)
consagrado por la ley/consagrado en la ley: enshrined in law (Is there a right to access to information enshrined in law or in the
constitution?)
consciente: aware (We are perfectly aware of the difficulties of the project.)
consecucin: attainment (... focused on securing additional resources to speed up their attainment.); achievement (The achievement of
these objectives will contribute to an actual sustainable development.)
consecuencia: consequence (If an EU armed force is established, the logical consequence would be the creation of an EU intelligence
service as well.);; impact ( the economy had to deal with consecutive impacts of negative external shocks.);
knock-on effect (the knock-on effects from the global crisis); aftereffect (This paper explains how the aftereffects of
flooding on library walls and shelving were dealt with by means of humidifiers and fans.)
consecuencias de la recesin: effects of the recession (This year the report focuses on the issue of housing and the possible effects of
the recession.)
consecuencias: aftermath (the aftermath of war)
consecuentemente: consequently (Consequently, all the following factors are considered in determining the useful life of an asset.);
thereby (Risk that the Banks operations or practices will be judged negatively by the public, whether that judgment is
with or without basis, thereby adversely affecting the perception, image or trademarks of the Bank,
consecutivo: in a row (Theyve won six games in a row.)
conseguir grandes cosas/lograr grandes cosas/conseguir mucho/lograr mucho/conseguir muchas cosas/lograr muchas cosas:
achieve a great deal (It is indeed an ideal tool to achieve a great deal in education and in a social context.)
conseguir ir/lograr ir: make it (do you think hell make it to university?) / (I couldnt make it to the party.)
conseguir: attain (In this way we can attain the ground rules that our people want.); achieve (surpassed the record performance
achieved in the previous year.)
Consejo de Administracin: governing body (The governing body may appoint subcommittees as it may deem necessary.)
Consejo de Direccin: Board of Directors (In its decision the Chamber requested the Board of Directors of the Trust Fund to submit
particulars of its intended activities in the Central African Republic.)
Consejo de la Administracin Provincial: Provincial Administration Council (The paper says that between 2010 and 2011 the number of
women heading the Provincial Administration Councils increased from)
Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad (IASB): International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) (The Banks consolidated
financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting
Standards Board (IASB) and set out in the CPA Canada Handbook.)
Consejo Monetario Regional: Regional Monetary Council (According to Carlos de la Torre, Delegate of the President of the SUCREs
Regional Monetary Council, the system is designed to avoid ...)
Consenso de Monterrey: Monterrey Consensus
Consenso de Washington: Washington Consensus (The Washington Consensus assumes that societies consist of people with a fair
chance of participating in the labour market and finding sustainable livelihoods.)
Conservacin de la Vida Marina: Marine Life Conservation
55

considerable: sizable/sizeable (Emanuel already has a sizable amount of money saved up for college.)
considerablemente: significantly (demonstrate that significant financial risks are eliminated or significantly reduced)
considerando que (documentos legales): whereas
considerar conveniente: believe advisable (Taking into consideration above mentioned, we believe advisable to suggest: )
considerar: regard (Laura is highly regarded by her colleagues.); deem (When a loan is deemed impaired, interest ceases to be recorded
); weigh (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform );
appraise (This is a complicated problem, which means we need to carefully appraise the measures to be adopted.);
discuss (We have been discussing the possibility of working together.)
consignar (destinar una cantidad de dinero en un presupuesto para un fin determinado): assign; allocate (State funds will not be
allocated to the program next year.)
consignar (enviar mercancias a un destinatario o cliente): send; dispatch; ship; consign
consignar (sealar o poner por escrito palabras, informacin, ideas, etc.): set down (It's often a lot of work to set your thoughts down
on paper.); state (I forgot to state my name.)
consiguientemente: therefore (We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.); thereby (Risk that the Banks
operations or practices will be judged negatively by the public, whether that judgment is with or without basis,
thereby adversely affecting the perception, image or trademarks of the Bank, ); consequently (I was very worried,
and consequently I couldn't concentrate.
consistir en: consist of (Cash and deposits with financial institutions consist of cash and cash equivalents, amounts pledged as collateral
as well as amounts placed in escrow.)
consolidacin: consolidation (Debt consolidation, the process of combining two or more loans into one big loan ) / (Intercompany
transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.)
consolidar (cuentas): consolidate (Consolidate is to combine the assets, liabilities and other financial items of two or more entities into
one.)
consolidar (posicin financiera): strengthen (The One client, one bank initiative is designed to strengthen the Banks positioning in this
important market segment )
constante: ongoing (However, there are ongoing concerns regarding political interference in the media.); unwavering (Our committment to
excellence is unwavering, and so we continue to innovate, ); continued (it was generally in the form of low
productivity and low income employment and cannot be a major source of continued growth.); relentless (Thanks to
its relentless double-digit annual growth, it has become the worlds second- largest economy and in many ways the
most dynamic.); steady (We are witness to the increasing influence of India and its steady economic growth that has
brought prosperity to an increasing number of people.); constant (a balanced model where business expansion
initiatives are coupled with a constant concern for sound risk management.)
constar de: consist of (This team consists of a group of individuals that meet regularly and possess the technical skills necessary);
comprise (the committee comprises 20 members); be composed of (The metropolitan area is composed of New
York City and parts of New Jersey and Connecticut.)
constar en acta: be in the minutes (This new proposal would be in the minutes of the meeting at which it was announced so that people
who were not at that meeting could see it ...); appear in the minutes (The positions taken by the members will
appear in the minutes transmitted to the Commission.) / (President, those were the remarks I made yesterday and
they do not appear in the Minutes.); have been minuted (All the meetings of the ALERC board of directors have
been minuted by the company secretary ); minute (The proceedings of the Board of Directors / General Meeting
shall be minuted.); state in the minutes (as stated in the minutes)
constar: state (it must be stated in the records that)
constituido mediante: created by (the National Intelligence System, created by presidential decree on July 21, 1992); set up by (The
Tunisian Economic and Social Council was set up by decree law in 1961.); set up by means of (any types of
permanent establishments which are set up by means of a public deed.); created by means of (This decentralized
governmental entity was created by means of Decree Law No. 144 of June 2, 1970.); created under ( the
National Register of Disappeared Persons, which was created under Act No. 589 of 2000.); constituted by (The
scheme relies on a fund constituted by monthly contributions); established by (A significant number of
ombudsmen for children have been established by legislation introduced specifically for that purpose,)
constituido por: made up of (the board is made up of seven members)
construccin de casas/construccin de viviendas: housebuilding (Inevitably in a downturn, housebuilding is going to decline
considerably.)
construccin y montaje: construction and assembly (he manufacturing processes, construction and assembly adequately conform to
those specified in the proposed type design)
consumibles: consumables (Consumables are short-term replaceable/disposable parts of the equipment, such as )
56

consumidor: consumer (Ensuring the networks neutrality, in order to improve consumer choice.)
consumo: consumer ( a rising consumer base)
contabilidad de devengo: accrual basis accounting (Some groups thus introduced cash basis accounting and others accrual basis
accounting.)
contabilidad en valores de caja/contabilidad de caja: cash basis accounting (Some groups thus introduced cash basis accounting and
others accrual basis accounting.)/(Cash basis accounting refers to the accounting method that recognizes
revenues and expenses when cash is actually received or paid out.)
contabilidad en valores devengados/contabilidad segn el principio del devengo: accrual accounting (The Commission has made
further progress in the implementation of accrual accounting, although some weaknesses are still observable.)/
(Accrual accounting is an accounting system that tries to match the recognition of revenues earned with the
expenses incurred in generating those revenues. It ignores the timing of the cash flows associated with revenues
and expenses.)
contabilidad financiera: financial accounting (In addition, training sessions with staff from the Financial Accounting and Finance groups
were held on an ongoing basis.)
contabilidad: accounting (A reform of accounting will be launched as a matter of urgency.) / (The internal auditor continually reviews the
accounting and control systems.)
contabilizacin de los activos: recognition of the assets (recognition of the assets when they are acquired); accounting for the assets
(accounting for the assets in accordance with Australian Accounting. Standards); posting for the assets (There is
nothing wrong in allowing the negative posting for the assets under contruaction.)
contabilizacin de los financiamientos: accounting for financing (This standard establishes general capitalization standards that include
specific accounting for financing in domestic and foreign currencies); (circumstances as you do your analysis
consider whether recognition of the financing amount as a liability meets the definition of a liability.)
contabilizado: posted (Economic growth in China remained robust at 9%, virtually unchanged from the 9.1% posted in the previous year) /
(These results were up 11% and 12%, respectively, compared to the record numbers posted in the previous year.) /
(The status column tells you which payments have already been posted.) / accounted for
contabilizar: post (You can simulate a document before you actually post it.) / (After a goods receipt for consignment material has been
posted, the consignment stock of the material increases.); account for (These investments are accounted for at
cost when the fair value cannot be reliably measured.); record (Forex differences are recorded in the profit and loss
account.)
contable: accounting (changes in the accounting policies and methods the Bank uses to report its financial condition) / (achieving fiscal
discipline and accurate accounting procedures)
contactar con: get ahold of (Im trying to get ahold of some of these people for our meeting tomorrow.)
contadsimo/contadsima: few and far between (Sunny, warm weekends have been few and far between this summer (= there have not
been many).
contaminacin atmosfrica: air pollution (Air pollution severely damages human health and the environment, causing )
Contaminacin por los Buques: Ship Pollution
contar con la presencia de/contar con la asistencia de: be attend by (The briefing was attended by more than 50 participants and
received very positive feedback.)
contar con: rely on (Loan portfolio managers rely on an array of methods to conduct a particularly rigorous follow-up on problem loans.);
depend on (you can depend on my support)
contar con/disponer de/poseer/tener: have in place (Of this group, 67 States have in place comprehensive or partial provisions to enforce
measures on securing the use, storage and transport of nuclear materials by criminal or administrative penalties.) /
(The Bank of Nova Scotia has in place comprehensive "Know Your Customer" policies and procedures.)
contemplar: cover (no law covers a situation like this)
contener/retener: hold (How long can you hold your breath?
contener/tener capacidad/cabida para: hold (Modern computers can hold (= store) huge amounts of information.)
contexto financiero y econmico: economic and financial environment (The economic and financial environment still favors very low
interest rates.)
contexto macroeconmico: macroeconomic context (First, trends in the macroeconomic context of investment between 1980 and 1994
are examined, ); macroeconomic environment (Maintaining a stable and sustainable macroeconomic
environment is one of the Treasurys three outcomes.)
contingencias y otras obligaciones: contingencies and other obligations (The contingencies and other obligations shown below are
nominal values.)
57

contingente arancelario: tariff quota (A tariff quota permits the import of a certain quantity of a commodity duty-free or at a lower duty rate,
while quantities exceeding the quota are subject to a higher duty rate.
contingente de importacin/cuota de importacin: import quota (Import quota is a means of restricting the quantity of imports through
import licenses, either of a certain item or from a certain country.)
continua/continuo: ongoing (This is an ongoing preoccupation for the Board.); continuing (Functions of a continuing nature should be
carried out by staff occupying established posts.)
continuacin: continuation (It's really just a continuation of the same street but called by a different name.) / (Right to family reunification
(continuation))
continuar apoyndose: continue to be supported (As in the past several quarters, Thailands economic growth continues to be supported
by strong domestic demand )
continuar aumentando: continue to increase (The largest twenty-five domestically chartered commercial banks in the United States
continue to increase lending to businesses)
continuar como: remain (Tight cost management also contributed to our results and remains a strategic priority.)
continuar con: pursue (In 2014, the Bank will pursue the design and implementation of other major initiatives to increase revenue and cut
costs.)
continuar creciendo: continue to grow (It is therefore certain that this group will continue to grow.)
continuar favoreciendo; continue to favor (As in previous years, figures continue to favor us by achieving a new all-time high of profits
before taxes)
continuar mejorando: continue to improve (Chinas deputy commerce minister said on Wednesday that the country will continue to
improve its regulations ...)
continuar planteando: continue to raise (The Union will continue to raise these issues in its contacts with Iran.)
continuar reduciendo: continue to reduce (The Commission will also continue to reduce unnecessary administrative burdens by
promoting the use of information and communication technologies.)
continuar saludable/continuar estando saludable: continue to be healthy (Business and profitability continued to be healthy for over 20
years )
continuar siendo: remain (Tight cost management also contributed to our results and remains a strategic priority.)
continuar: continue to (I will continue to say what I believe.); continue + verb (-ing) (I will continue saying what I believe.); remain (In order
for the standards to remain relevant and effective)
continuar: to be continued (Hearing for CIA protesters to be continued tomorrow.)
continuo: ongoing (This is an ongoing process.)
contra el blanqueo de dinero/contra el lavado de dinero: anti-money-laundering (AML) (This information is required in compliance with
Swiss anti-money laundering laws and to understand your banking needs.)
contra el lavado de dinero/contra el blanqueo de dinero: anti-money laundering (AML) (A few Directors called for the strengthening of
the anti-money laundering regime.)
contra la financiacin del terrorismo: counter-terrorism financing (CFT) (a counter-terrorism financing brochure was developed and
disseminated to sectors within the Betting and Gaming Industry.); anti-terrorist financing (ATF) (Payment institutions
should also be made subject to effective anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing requirements.)
contra todas las probabilidades: against all the odds (Against all the odds, she conceived her first child at the age of 56.)
contra todo pronstico: against the odds (Against the odds, our dedicated staff have delivered much more each year )
contrabando de grandes sumas de dinero en efectivo: bulk cash smuggling (Bulk cash smuggling is an increasing problem, with more
drug traffickers moving their profits across the US border.)
contraccin/bajn: downturn (In that time we have seen a major economic downturn.)
contraer: incur (debt) (certain procedure must be followed, The Ministry of Finance must issue a permission to incur debt); undertake
(obligation) (The Executive Secretary is authorized to undertake obligations and make expenditures for the
purposes for which the appropriations were made up ...)
contralor/contralora: comptroller (In the US, the SOA orders the Comptroller General of the US to conduct a study); controller (Perkins
was promoted to corporate controller.)
contralor/contralora: comptroller (In the US, the SOA orders the Comptroller General of the US to conduct a study)
Contralora General de la Repblica: Comptroller General of the Republic
Contralora General de la Repblica: Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic
58

contraparte: counterparty (the credit risk represented by the borrower or counterparty must be accurately assessed)
contrarrestar: offset (Grupo Financiero Improsa directed its efforts for most of 2009 to offsetting any risks or threats posed by the crisis.)
contrastar con/comparar con: contrast with (This contrasted with the previous year in which no cases were seen.)
contrato a futuro sobre divisas: currency future contract
contrato a futuro sobre tasas de inters: interest rate future contract
contrato a futuro: future contract
contrato a plazo/contrato a trmino/contrato forward: forward contract (In finance, a forward contract or simply a forward is a non-
standardized contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified future time at a price agreed today.)
contrato anfitrin: host contract (The Company identifies embedded derivatives that should be segregated from the host contract for
purposes of valuation and recognition.); principle contract ( a contract on genetic resources and traditional
knowledge drawn up with indigenous peoples had to be annexed to the principle contract on genetic resources;
otherwise, the principle contract could be declared null and void.)
contrato de bono/convenio de bono/pacto de bono: bond covenant (Bond Covenant is a legally binding term of an agreement between
a bond issuer and a bond holder. Bond covenants are designed to protect the interests of both parties. Negative or
restrictive covenants forbid the issuer from undertaking certain activities; positive or affirmative covenants require the
issuer to meet specific requirements.)
contrato de compraventa: contract of sale and purchase (A contract of sale and purchase of shares shall be formed between an
intending vendor and an intending purchaser )
contrato de crdito: credit agreement (Before you sign any credit agreement, remember that your signature legally binds you.)
contrato de financiamiento: funding contract (The Genesee County Human Service Committee recommended approval Monday of a
funding contract with the Business Education Alliance.); financing contract (KOMIPO revealed that it signed the
financing contract for Wampu Hydro Power Plant in Indonesia with Korea Eximbank on Feb. 23 in Jakarta,
Indonesia.)
contrato de intercambio/contrato de permuta: swap contract (The swap contract in question expired on 13 March 2009 with no actual
loss being made on this hedging operation.)
contrato escrito/contrato por escrito: written contract (you should always have written contracts for all your business relationships.)
Contrato Forward sobre Tasas de Inters (FRA): Forward Rate Agreement (FRA)
Contrato Forward sobre Tipos de Cambio: Forward Foreign Exchange Contract
contrato marco: framework contract (A framework contract is an agreement with suppliers, which establishes the terms governing
contracts which are awarded during a given period, in particular price and quantity.)
contrato principal: host contract (The Company identifies embedded derivatives that should be segregated from the host contract for
purposes of valuation and recognition.); principle contract ( a contract on genetic resources and traditional
knowledge drawn up with indigenous peoples had to be annexed to the principle contract on genetic resources;
otherwise, the principle contract could be declared null and void.)
contrato: contract (A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties.)
Contratos sobre Tasas de Inters: Interest Rate Contracts (Guaranteed interest rate contracts)
contravalor: countervalue (Calculation of this countervalue shall be based on the average daily value of those currencies, expressed in
euro,)
Contribucin a la crtica de la economa poltica: Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (... elaborated, wrote and published his
ideas on capitalism's relations of production and exchange in 1859 in a work titled Contribution to the Critique of
Political Economy.)
contribucin a la seguridad social: contribution to the welfare
contribucin por componente del gasto al PIB: contribution by expenditure component to GDP
contribuir a: help bring about (The EU budget must primarily be used to create full employment in Europe and to help bring about
sustainable social, economic and environmental development.); help to bring about (Legal protection of individual
rights is clearly important, and high-profile cases may help to bring about social and cultural change over time.)
contribuir con: contribute (Tourism contributes millions of dollars to the regions economy.)
contribuir decisivamente a: be instrumental in (Our One client, one bank initiative, launched in 2009, has been instrumental in
strengthening our bank and our core competencies as bankers.)
contribuyente: contributor (The European Union is still the main contributor of funds to the executive board.); taxpayer (Such a situation
adds burdens to the taxpayer who has to deal with two administrations instead of a single one, ); tax payer (The
59

consumer becomes a tax payer simply by making a purchase, even if it is just a loaf of bread.)
control de cambio: exchange control (Acquisition of foreign currency in the country is currently limited due to the exchange control regime
in effect as from February 5, 2003.)
control de la natalidad: birth control (Birth control is an umbrella term for several techniques and methods used to prevent fertilization or
to interrupt pregnancy at various stages.)
control interno: internal control (In accounting and auditing, internal control is defined as a process effected by an organizations
structure,)
controlador: controller (The auditor or controller must obtain evidence that the work of the other has been undertaken ...)
controlar la inflacin: control inflation (At the same time, it serves as an instrument to control inflation.)
Convencin de las Naciones Unidas contra el Trfico Ilcito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Psicotrpicas: United Nations
Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Convencin de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupcin: UN Convention against Corruption
Convencin de las Naciones Unidas contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional: United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime
Convencin de las Naciones Unidas para Contratos de Venta Internacional de Bienes: UN Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods
Convencin de Lom: Lom Convention (The Lom Convention was a trade and aid agreement that the European Union first signed in
1975 with 48 of its ex-colonies.)
convencional: standard (These transactions are concluded in accordance with standard terms and conditions for such transactions.)
conveniente: appropiate (It is appropriate to elaborate guidelines for the distinction between the kinds of products.); advisable (It is also
advisable to minimise the number of proposals you make,)
convenio colectivo de trabajo: collective labor agreement (Collective labor agreement is a contract between the employer and the
employees acting through the agency of the representative organization or group.)
convenio colectivo: collective agreement (The company has a collective agreement with its workers, just as Swedish employers have
with theirs.); collective bargaining (The employee must be protected by legislation or collective bargaining or both.)
Convenio de Pagos y Crditos Recprocos: Agreement on Reciprocal Payments and Credits (The Associao Latino-Americana de
Integraos (ALADIs) Agreement on Reciprocal Payments and Credits facilitated financial cooperation to settle
trade transactions.)
convenio: accord (The accord establishes mutual responsibilities for the designation of foreign officers as well as greater support in
activities such as Travel Events and Fairs )
convenios relativos al terrorismo: conventions relating to terrorism (All or some Member States are party to a number of conventions
relating to terrorism.)
Convergencia Internacional de Medidas y Normas de Capital: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards
conversin de monedas: foreign currency translation (as a result of foreign currency translation adjustments); currency conversion (One
of the cooperating companies claimed an allowance for currency conversion based on an alleged difference in
exchange rates between the sales order and the actual invoice date.)
convertibilidad: convertibility (Full exchange rate convertibility was achieved in 1998 with the creation of the Currency Board.)
convertir en efectivo: encash (To date, 87 percent or $433.2 million of the total subscription has been encashed.)
convertirse en: turn into (He recalled that the Committee should not turn into a negotiating body.); evolve into (All begin as raw materials
from our tropical homelands, but evolve into something more, through local creativity and ingenuity.)
conviccin: assurance (to obtain reasonable assurance)
convocar: convene (The secretariat offered to convene a meeting between the two States if they so wished.); call (It will be Judge Joan
Lenard who will call a hearing to issue the next decision.); summon (Parliament has been able to launch ideas and
summon the European spirit.)
Cooperacin Econmica Asia Pacfico: Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation
cooperativa: cooperative (Transformation of the agricultural sector, which has had land distribution in usufruct to private citizens and
cooperatives as its main action.)
cooperativas de base/cooperativas de primer grado: primary cooperatives (Members of primary cooperatives shall have equal voting
rights on a one-member-one-vote principle.)
60

Cooperativas de consumidores: Consumer cooperatives (Sales have risen considerably, however, since consumer cooperatives and
other private retailers began selling fair trade products.)
Cooperativas de consumo: Consumer cooperatives (Consumer cooperatives are those in which their associates collectively obtain
goods or services.)
Cooperativas de Crditos y Servicios (CCS): Credit and Service Cooperatives (CCSs) (Credit and Service Cooperatives (CCSs,
Cooperativas de Crditos y Servicios) in which farmers maintain their individual farm properties but associate with
others for mutual benefit and in order to receive services, technical assistance and materials supplied by the State.)
Cooperativas de Crditos y Servicios: Cooperatives of Credits and Services (The UBPCs, the Agricultural Production Cooperatives
(CPAs), and the Cooperatives of Credit and Services (CCSs) accounted for 83.6 percent of the total ...)
cooperativas de primer grado: first grade cooperatives (Acopaex joins together fifteen first grade cooperatives which are mainly situated
in the province of Badajoz.) / (First-grade cooperatives are created as a socialist form of collective property in
different sectors, constituting an economic organisation that is a legal entity with its own property.)
Cooperativas de Produccin Agropecuaria (CPA): Agricultural Production Cooperatives (The sector outside the state includes: workers
employed in joint ventures, cooperative workers employed in the agricultural sector, which includes the members of
Agricultural Production Cooperatives (CPA) and the Basic Units of Cooperative Production (UBPC), as well as
independent farmers.)
Cooperativas de produccin: production cooperatives (Production cooperatives are those where partners collectively produce goods
and / or services.)
cooperativas de segundo grado: second degree cooperatives (Our goal is to analyze the peculiarities of second degree cooperatives
like a way of cooperation among cooperatives.)
cooperativas de tercer grado: third degree cooperatives (In Venezuela, the third degree cooperatives make up the National Confederation
of Cooperatives (CONACOVEN) that brings together the Federation of Cooperatives and National Cooperative
Central de Venezuela (CECONAVE) formed by the Central Regional Cooperative.)
cooperativas no-agrcolas: non-agricultural cooperatives (The new financial regulations apply equally to the forthcoming non-agricultural
cooperatives and other non-state entities that may be allowed in the future.)
cooperativas urbanas (de la ciudad): urban cooperatives (there is a clear intention to establish urban cooperatives in many small-scale
production and service entities)
cooperativistas: cooperativists (Discuss the characteristics of successful cooperativists, and the role cooperativists perform in our
economic system.)
cordiales saludos (en correspondencia): Yours truly
Corporacin Andina de Fomento (CAF): Andean Development Corporation (Andean Development Corporation (ADC) is a multilateral
financial institution that mobilizes resources from international markets to Latin America, in order to provide multiple
banking services to both public and private clients of its shareholder countries.)
Corporacin Financiera Internacional (CFI): International Finance Corporation (The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is the
private sector lending arm of the World Bank Group, providing financial services to businesses investing in the
developing world.)
Corporacin Interamericana de Inversiones: Inter-American Investment Corporation (The Inter-American Investment Corporation is a
multilateral financial institution that is a member of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Group.)
corredor (de bolsa, de valores): broker; dealer (For the Partnership business, a total of 25 new distribution agreements were signed with
various brokers/dealers, ...)
corredor de cambio: currency dealer (Financial analyst, then currency dealer at Socit Gnrale, Australia and New York.)
corredor de divisas: currency trader (The currency market is a fascinating exciting world for the currency trader.)
correlacin: correlation (correlation between transactions)
correr a cargo de: be chargeable to (any costs incurred are chargeable to the customer)
correr riesgos: take risks (One expert noted that being an entrepreneur was not about taking risks, but rather involved managing risks.)
corresponde a: it is up to (The Council considers that it is up to competent authorities to decide)
corresponder a (algo): come from (out of profits of 50 million, 40 million comes from overseas sales); account for (out of profits of 50
million, overseas sales account for 40 million)
corresponder a (alguien): fall to (this decision falls to the director); it is up to (it is up to you to decide)
corresponder con: correspond with (Other dates and deadlines should correspond with this basic date.)
61

correspondiente a: corresponding to ( and must be based on the analysis of the payments corresponding to each regulation.); for
(together with the rest of complementary notes for the annual accounting year ended at that date)
correspondiente: corresponding (Income was up compared to the corresponding (= similar) period last year.
corresponsal extranjero: foreign correspondent (With our extensive foreign correspondent bank network, outbound funds transfers can
be executed to foreign beneficiaries worldwide.)
corresponsala: correspondent (Member States shall prohibit credit institutions from entering into or continuing a correspondent banking
relationship with a shell bank)
corretaje de valores: securities brokerage (Nikko: financial services including retail and wholesale securities brokerage, investment
banking, asset management and fund administration, )
corridas bancarias: bank runs (That situation, though there are no bank runs, can transform liquidity problems into solvency problems,)
corrupcin: corruption (If we really want to fight corruption, like President Raul Castro said, then we must first expose those who are
corrupt no matter who they are.)
Corte Internacional de Justicia: International Court of Justice
corte manual de caa: manual sugarcane cutting (The wages and workers rights for those employed in manual sugar cane cutting are
regulated under Brazil law.)
corte: cut-off (
corto plazo: short-term (In order to maintain the ideal funding profile, the Bank seeks to minimize short-term funds borrowed on the
institutional market and is careful to diversify its funding sources.)
cosignatario: co-signer (Cuban banks all of them run by the state only accepted liquid collateral such as solvent co-signers, bank
deposits and personal income.)
costo amortizado: amortized cost (which are measured at cost or amortized cost calculated using the effective)
costo de capital promedio ponderado (CCPP): weighted average cost of capital (WACC) (If the organization has access to an expert in
valuation they can estimate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), but this is too technical for the vast
majority of non-specialists.)
costo de los recursos onerosos: cost of interest-bearing liabilities (The spread, the differential between the rate of yield on earning assets
and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, improved in the first nine months to 4.12%...)
costo de reposicin: replacement cost (The replacement cost represents the Banks maximum credit risk associated with derivative
financial instruments as at the Consolidated Balance Sheet date.)
costo medioambiental real: real environmental cost (...price of goods must reflect their real environmental cost.)
costo salarial: expenditure on salaries (The rapid growth of expenditure on salaries, allowances and pensions in the last three years are
the consequences of implementation of the ... ); expenditures on salaries (plural) (In Ontario, expenditures on
salaries increased by 9 per cent over the entire ...)
costos operacionales/costos operativos: operational costs (Their operational costs will shrink.)
cota: height (No effort is spared as we constantly strive to reach new heights, ) / (Stock prices reached new heights yesterday.);
benchmark (The only criticism was that the inflation benchmark had been exceeded by one tenth of a percent.)
cotejar: compare (This is essential to be able to compare and benchmark.) collate (The aim is to collate and widely disseminate information
on prevention measures that have been proven to be successful )
cotidiano: day-to-day (Your day-to-day (= ordinary and regular) responsibilities will include sorting the mail and making appointments.)
cotizacin: quotation (He called back to say the price quotations were not accurate.)
cotizar en bolsa: quote on the stock exchange (In short, everything should be quoted on the stock exchange.); list on the stock exchange
(Avira's national and international customers include renowned corporations listed on the stock exchange)
cotizar: quote (Since quoted market prices are not available for retained interests, the Bank estimates the initial and future fair value using
primarily the present value of estimated cash flows.)
coyuntura actual: present juncture (At the present juncture, )
coyuntura econmica: economic situation (taking into account the current worldwide economic situation and the high volatility of the
markets,); economic conditions (Since the beginning of 2009, the global economic conditions have changed
significantly in the sugar sector.); economic conjuncture (We all agree that the current economic conjuncture is
good.); economic juncture (the current economic juncture with strong inflationary pressures is reducing the room
for manoeuvre)
coyuntura poltica: political situation (the presence of this debate has been a constant, albeit with highs and lows dictated by the political
situation); political conjucture (the use of specific protest tactics, then, have to take into account the specific
62

nature of the political conjuncture.); political juncture (We are at a very important political juncture for Europe,
perhaps even a turning point.)
coyuntura social: social situation (The current economic and social situation implies the need of a higher qualification and international
rotation for the new generations of young professionals.); social conjuncture (the presence of a favourable political
and social conjuncture; social juncture (influenced by the special attention given to Africa in the present difficult
political, economic and social juncture.)
coyuntura: juncture (Pragmatism is what serves people better at this juncture.); conjuncture (The global conjuncture or, to use a more
precise term, the global correlation of forces after Seattle and Porto Alegre is quite different from that in the mid-
1990s.); situation (I was in a situation where I didnt have cash handy.)
creacin: inception (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its Ministers to
continue.); development (Funds have been voted for the development of a translation service.)
crear dinero de la nada/crear dinero a partir de la nada: create money ex nihilo (if investment can be financed by banks, which have
the power to create money ex nihilo during the credit operation,)
crear: generate (The new construction project will generate 500 new jobs.); create (The new hotel is expected to create 200 jobs.)
crecer en: grow by (The economy is expected to grow by 2% next year.)
creciente: growing (There is a growing awareness of the seriousness of this disease.); increasing (There is increasing pressure on
financial institutions to provide products and services at lower prices); ever-increasing (There's an ever-
increasing demand for new styles.); to continue raising
crecimiento basado en las exportaciones: export-led growth (Rapidly developing economies in Asia reliant on export-led growth have
been impacted by falling exports.)
crecimiento econmico: economic growth (In terms of economic growth, was achieved a GDP increase of 2.1% (at constant prices),)
crecimiento promedio: average growth (Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is an average growth rate over a period of several
years)
crdito al exterior: cross-border loan
crdito autorenovable: revolving credit (Acted as co-underwriter, joint bookrunner and administrative agent for Cominar Real Estate
Investment Trust on the $550 million revolving credit facilities)
crdito bancario: bank credit (Yet in Africa as a whole, bank credit to the private sector remains very limited, and in many countries it does
not even reach 10 per cent of GDP.)
crdito comercial: trade credit (Another possibility is to use those funds to help developing countries finance guarantees for trade credit
)
crdito de inversin a largo plazo: long-term investment loan (Although a lot of banks are solvent, they seldom grant long-term
investment loans.); long-term investment credit (industry was forced to depend upon to meet its
needs.)
crdito de inversin: investment credit (The subsidy is an aid for the remission or partial remission of investment credits for flood-caused
damage on investment property.); investment loan (All investment loans and leasing operations with a final maturity
of at least 3 years are eligible for cover.)
crdito disponible en un banco designado: a credit available with a nominated bank (A credit available with a nominated bank is also
available with de issuing bank.)
crdito disponible para aceptacin: credit available by acceptance
crdito disponible para negociacin: credit available by negotiation
crdito disponible para pago a la vista: credit available by sight payment
crdito disponible para pago diferido: credit available by deferred payment
crdito disponible: available credit (The terms and conditions of this backstop liquidity facility do not require the Bank to advance money to
the conduit if the conduit is insolvent or involved in bankruptcy proceedings or to fund non-performing assets beyond
the amount of the available credit enhancement.)
crdito documentario a la vista: documentary credit payable at sight (A documentary credit payable at sight provides the exporter with
payment immediately as the documents specified in the terms and conditions of the documentary credit are
presented by the exporter during the validity of the documentary credit.)
crdito documentario a tiempo: time documentary credit (A time documentary credit includes an agreed term of payment: for example,
90 days after the date of shipment.)
crdito documentario confirmado: confirmed documentary credit (A confirmed documentary credit is an irrevocable commitment of both
the issuing and the confirming bank.) / (The Employer shall instruct its bank to issue an irrevocable confirmed
63

documentary credit made available to the Contractor in a bank in the country of the Contractor.)
crdito documentario irrevocable: (An irrevocable documentary credit is the issuing banks commitment to pay the beneficiary against
documents specified in the terms and conditions of the documentary credit.) / (The Buyer must arrange for an
irrevocable documentary credit in favour of the Seller to be issued by a reputable bank, )
crdito documentario no confirmado: unconfirmed documentary credit (An unconfirmed documentary credit is the issuing banks
irrevocable commitment to pay the exporter.) / (An unconfirmed documentary credit will be communicated
(advised) to the seller through a bank most likely located in the sellers country, )
crdito documentario transferible: transferable documentary credit (A transferable documentary credit can be fully or partially
transferred to a second beneficiary, such as a subcontractor, at the exporters request.) / (Customer (transferor)
receives a transferable documentary credit and upon customer request, the documentary credit is transferred by
us to the second beneficiary (transferee).)
crdito documentario: documentary credit (The only way for you to hedge against this risk is to take out an insurance policy or use
documentary credit as a means of payment.); documentary letter of credit (... including confirmation from his or
their bank of the opening of an irrevocable documentary letter of credit by the purchaser's financial institution
relating to the agreed delivery.)
crdito en mora: default loan (As said, a repossessed car is often sold at an auction to pay off your default loan amount.)
crdito formal: formal credit (Since that date, the self-employed, micro businesses and private farmers are able to access formal credit
and banking services.)
crdito hipotecario: mortgage credit (The legislative proposal on access to banking services and mortgage credit is welcome.)
crdito interbancario: interbank credit (An Interbank Credit transaction is processed without a PIN or Track 2 data.)
crdito mercantil negativo: negative goodwill (The acquisition of FINSA by BICSA subsequently generated USD 2,242,293 of negative
goodwill.)
crdito mercantil: goodwill (Goodwill represents the amount by which the price paid exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired.)
crdito no recuperable: irrecoverable debt (The system automatically adopts the open item total as irrecoverable debt.)
crdito reforzado: credit enhancement (The Bank provides backstop liquidity and credit enhancement facilities under the commercial
paper program.)
crdito respaldado por una aceptacin: acceptance credit (An acceptance credit is a type of letter of credit that is paid by a time draft
authorizing payment on or after a specific date, )
crdito sindicado: syndicated loan (Red Elctrica de Espaa has renegotiated the syndicated loan for Euros 700 million over five
years,); syndicated credit (syndicated loan: Large loan arranged jointly by two or more financial institutions to
share the risk involved. Also called multibank credit or syndicated credit.)
crdito transferible: transferable credit (A transferable credit may be made available in whole or in part to another beneficiary (second
beneficiary) at the request of the beneficiary (first beneficiary)
crdito transferido: transferred credit (Transferred credit means a credit that has been made available by the transferring bank to a
second beneficiary.)
crdito: credit (These credit facilities are available for a period of two to three years); loan (Collateral is not required in all cases; it
depends upon the level of risk presented by the borrower and the type of loan granted.)
crditos con intereses: interest bearing credits (Moreover, the companies take interest bearing credits (taken from the households
savings) for investments.) interest credits (They assume the concession of small low interest credits to a portion of
the population that can hardly collateralize them.)
crditos sin intereses: non-interest bearing credits (Firms usually receive non-interest-bearing credits from suppliers of materials and
services, and customers.); non-interest credits (... the customers make cash payments for their purchase orders, the
majority of sales (over 98% in 2008) were made under credit conditions (non-interest credits).)
crditos sociales: social credits (The examination included the so-called social credits granted to the population)
crditos: appropriations (There has been no increase in appropriations for research and development whatsoever.)
cra de animales: animal husbandry (Group subsidiary dedicated to farming and animal husbandry.)
cra de ganado/: stockbreeding (Stockbreeding is widespread, specially bovine stock, sheep and goats, which provide great products that
enrich the local gastronomy.)
crisis alimentaria global: global food crisis (The global food crisis is now of a structural nature.)
crsis cclica de superproduccin: cyclical crisis of overproduction (Two things are underway in the economy today: One is that there is a
cyclical crisis of overproduction.)
crisis de la balanza de pagos: balance of payments crisis (The balance of payments crisis in 2008-09 )
64

crisis de la deuda: debt crisis (The private debt crisis should not simply be traded for public debt.)
crisis de liquidez: liquidity crisis (At the moment the main fears revolve around the liquidity crisis turning into an insolvency crisis.)
crisis econmica global: global economic crisis global economic crisis (The global economic crisis has also hit the worlds poor, and
support for developing countries remains a priority
crisis econmica mundial: world economic crisis (Even more, how can we manage all this during the worst world economic crisis in 60
years and continue to actively invest in international markets?)
crisis financiera global: global financial crisis(the new capital standards established by the worlds bank regulators in the wake of the
recent global financial crisis.)
crisis financiera: financial crisis (The term financial crisis is applied broadly to a variety of situations in which some financial institutions or
assets suddenly lose a large part of their value.)
criterio de admisin: eligibility criteria (Under the Banks Employee Share Ownership Plan, employees who meet the eligibility criteria can
contribute up to 8% of their annual gross salary by way of payroll deductions.)
criterio de asignacin: slotting criteria (the Group has chosen to apply the supervisory slotting criteria approach, as featured in the Basel
Accord of June 2004 and in the Solvency Circular.)
criterio de concentracin: granularity criterion
criterios de poltica monetaria: monetary policy criteria (For this reason, monetary policy criteria that are designed to achieve some
desired macroeconomic target)
criterios de sostenibilidad de la deuda: debt sustainability criteria (Main objective of this study is to test whether Turkish economy satisfies
debt sustainability criteria in light of foreign debt repayment.)
cronograma de amortizacin: amortization schedule (An amortization schedule is a table detailing each periodic payment on an
amortizing loan (typically a mortgage), as generated by an amortization calculator.)
cronograma de medidas: schedule of measures ( the Portuguese authorities presented a schedule of measures designed to overcome
the constraints cited. )
cronograma: timeline ( and summarises what was learned from creating the system on a tight timeline.); timescale (An appendix outlines
the timescale of the whole project.); timeframe (This not only gives the decision maker an idea of the time frame
involved but also aids in identifying potential weaknesses.); schedule (The head librarian had set up a timetable of
activities for her in advance and topics and schedules for the courses she would teach at the library school.)
crucial: crucial (Cooperation is now more crucial than ever.); all-important (Friendship with oneself is all-important because without it one
cannot be friends with anyone else in the world. by Eleanor Roosevelt.)
cualquier/cualquiera: whichever (It's going to be expensive whichever way you do it.)
cualquiera que sea/cualesquiera que sean: whatever (Whatever the problem, whatever the cause, whatever the reason, there is no
place for violence in our society.) / (whatever difficulties you may encounter)
cualquiera que: whichever (whichever you choose you will have a good bargain)
Cuando a Roma fueres, haz lo que vieres.: When in Rome do as the Romans do.
Cuando el gato no est los ratones estn de fiesta.: When the cat is away the mice will play.
Cuando el ro suena agua lleva.: Theres no smoke without fire.
cuando proceda/cuando sea el caso/cuando corresponda: when applicable (In order to save staff time and costs it is also a good idea,
when applicable, to recruit volunteers who can help with clerical and administrative tasks.)
cuando sea necesario/cuando es necesario: when necessary (The External Auditor takes part when necessary.)
cuando sea: whenever (Monday, Tuesday, or whenever)
Cuando veas las barbas de tu vecino arder, pon las tuyas en remojo: When the next house is on fire, its high time to look to your own.
cuando: when (People are ready to demand change when the opportunity arises.); as (The governing body may appoint subcommittees as
it may deem necessary.); whenever (thanks to the Banks remote distribution network and 448 branches across
Canada, clients can do their daily banking whenever and wherever they wish.)
Cuanto antes, mejor.: The sooner, the better.
Cuanto mas, mejor: The more the merrier.
Cuatro ojos ven mas que uno: Two heads are better tan one.
cubrir (reportar): cover (Harold covers sports for the Times.)
cubrir/sufragar (gastos): cover (Will $150 cover your expenses?)
65

cuello de botella: bottleneck (Bureaucratic bottlenecks delayed the projects start.)
cuenta acreedora: credit account (If you already have an online Volkswagen Credit account, enter your Username and Password and then
click the Login button.)
cuenta bancaria: bank account (A bank account is a financial account recording the financial transactions between the customer and the
bank and the resulting financial position of the customer ...)
cuenta corresponsal: correspondent account (nostro or vostro account) (A correspondent account is an account (often called a nostro or
vostro account) established ...)
cuenta corriente: current account (The current account position deteriorated somewhat from previous year.); checking account (The other
new financial measure is that banks may open checking accounts in Cuban pesos or convertible pesos for non-
state sector clients.)
cuenta de ahorro: savings account (The prize will be deposited in the savings account linked to the winners card.)
cuenta de capital de la balanza de pagos: capital account of the balance of payment (The capital account of the balance of payment of a
country deals with the financial transactions.)
cuenta de capital: capital account (Financial reforms included liberalization of interest rates and opening up of the capital account.)
cuenta de colateral en efectivo: cash collateral account (Cash Collateral Account is a Bank account in the name of a borrower that
serves to secure and service a loan.)
cuenta de crdito: loan account (There is also no limit on the number of transfers you may make to any loan account(s) with us.)
cuenta de depsito: deposit account (Activities affecting a deposit account carried out at the request of the account owner.)
cuenta de extranjeros: vostro account= A foreign banks account with a domestic bank, either in local currency or foreign currency. The
domestic bank maintains the account and prepares the statement. Opposite: nostro account. (A nostro or vostro
account is a deposit account that a bank holds at a foreign or correspondent bank for the purpose of international
payments.)
cuenta de garanta en efectivo/cuenta de garanta accesoria: cash collateral account (Cash Collateral Account is a Bank account in the
name of a borrower that serves to secure and service a loan.)
cuenta de prdidas y ganancias: profit and loss account (Unrealised losses shall be debited to the profit and loss account and such
amounts shall be credited to a liability account as other liabilities.)
cuenta de plica/cuenta en plica: escrow account (An escrow account can be a convenient and trouble-free manner of ensuring that your
insurance and tax payments are made on time.) (If such confirmation is obtained, the export is permitted and eligible
for payment from the escrow account.)
cuenta de prstamo: loan account (There is also no limit on the number of transfers you may make to any loan account(s) with us.)
cuenta de regularizacin: accruals and deferred income (Negative differences are entered under charges in the profit-and-loss account,
while positive differences are deferred and entered under accruals and deferred income on the liabilities side.)
cuenta de reserva: reserve account (The daily reserve holding of an institution is calculated as the end-of-day balance on its reserve
account.)
cuenta de resultados: profit and loss account (Balance sheets and profit and loss account for the last three financial years, duly up to
date and signed.)
cuenta de saldo cero/cuenta de balance cero: zero balance account (When your business uses a number of accounts to segregate
money, zero balance accounts are the fastest, most cost effective way to monitor your account balances.)
cuenta en banco extranjero: nostro account= A banking term to describe an account one bank holds with a bank in a foreign country,
usually in the currency of that foreign country. (... term used by a correspondent to describe an account held on
behalf of a foreign credit institution; the foreign credit institution would in turn regard this account as its nostro
account.); foreign account (Simplify your daily foreign account management to help optimize your cash flow.);
external account (You must verify that you own the external account that you are attempting to add.); overseas
account (The government assumes that you have other motives for maintaining such an overseas account if you
allow yourself to be non-disclosed.)
cuenta en descubierto: overdrawn account (an overdrawn account has had more money taken from it than it contained)
cuenta en divisas: foreign currency account (It will be paid, on the basis of the annual programme for its use, into a foreign currency
account to be specified by the Mozambican Government,)
cuenta fiduciaria: trust account (The accounting method for trust account has been modified.)
cuenta morosa: delinquent account (WIPO reserves the right to suspend the service to a delinquent account without prior notice.)
cuenta presupuestaria: budgetary account (Such acquisitions are charged against budgetary accounts in the year of purchase.)
cuenta sobregirada: overdrawn account (an overdrawn account has had more money taken from it than it contained)
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Cuenta nica del Estado: Single State Account (The year 2005 saw the creation of the Single State Account as part of a counter-reform
process that included financial centralisation.)
cuenta nica: single account (The State started to be funded by the entities directly from a single account)
cuenta: account (I have about $800 in my checking account.)
cuentacorrentista: current account holder (As a current account holder, you are allowed to use cheques as a way to make payments.)
cuentapropismo: self-employment (measures to encourage self-employment and business start-ups)
cuentapropista: self-employed worker (If you are a self-employed worker aged 18 and over whose annual employment income is more
than 3 500 $, you contribute to the Qubec Pension Plan.); self employed person (A self-employed person is
defined as an independent worker, who works independently of an employer, in contrast with an employee, );
freelance worker (A freelancer, freelance worker, or freelance is somebody who is self-employed and is not
committed to a particular employer long term.); freelancer; freelance
cuentas a cobrar: accounts receivable (Accounts receivable also known as Debtors, is money owed to a business by its customers and
shown on its Balance Sheet as an asset.)
cuentas a pagar: accounts sight (Accounts payable is a file or account sub-ledger that records amounts that a person or company owes to
suppliers, but has not paid yet (a form of debt), ...)
cuentas annimas: anonymous accounts (In no case will obligated persons maintain anonymous accounts nor accounts under fictitious
or inexact names.)
cuentas de clientes: customer accounts (Bastien will be in charge of our customer accounts from the United States.)
cuentas de contrapartida: contra-accounts
cuentas dentro de balance: on-balance sheet items (Residual contractual maturities of on-balance-sheet items and off-balance-sheet
commitments); on-balance sheet transactions
cuentas fuera de balance: off-balance sheet items (off-balance-sheet items such as commitments to extend credit, letters of guarantee
and letters of credit.): off-balance sheet transactions
cuentas por cobrar: accounts receivable (A general rule is that accounts receivable should not exceed one months income)
cuentas por pagar: accounts payable (Accounts payable is a file or account sub-ledger that records amounts that a person or company
owes to suppliers, but has not paid yet (a form of debt), ...)
cuentas presupuestarias: budgetary accounts ( it increased in 2000-2001 due to the reclassification of large financial operations
previously excluded from budgetary accounts.)
cuestin de derecho: point of law (This is a point of law on which we may disagree)
cuestin de principios: point of principle (I believe that this is an important point of principle and here I would like to make a personal
observation.)
cuestin de procedimiento/cestin de orden: point of order (We are all well aware that this was not a point of order.)
cuestin: matter (It is not just a matter of energy efficiency, but of financial efficiency.); question (The question of cost-effectiveness would
consider whether the publishing of the book was the best way to improve literacy.)
cuestionable: dubious (NATO imposed to the Security Council a dubious resolution) / (The immigrants, they say, are taking our
jobsa dubious assertion.)
cuestionamiento: questioning (The questioning of the autonomous character of BANDEC and Comimport denotes a total lack of
knowledge about the legal standards that apply to both institutions.)
cuestiones actuales: current issues (A detailed presentation of all current issues would exceed the scope of this paper.)
cuestiones planteadas: questions raised (The questions raised by these problems are complex.); issues raised (A summary of the main
issues raised by the market test is presented in the paragraphs below.)
cuidadoso: thoughtful (a thoughtful examination)
cuidar a: take care of (We are the Bank that truly takes care of its clients)
cultivo: crop (Their main crops are corn and wheat.)
cultivos de regado: irrigated crops
cultivos de secano: dry-farmed crops
cultivos varios: diverse crops (Study shows diverse crops in Africa more productive than monocultures.)
Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y Gobierno de los pases miembros de CARICOM y Cuba: Summit of Heads of State and Government of
CARICOM countries and Cuba
67

cumplimiento de: compliance with (we welcome the planned visits to developed countries in order to monitor their compliance with
resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005)
cumplimiento: fulfillment (Morales said that owning his own home was the fulfillment of a dream.); accomplishment (Proud as we are of
our fiscal 2011 accomplishments, ) compliance (The Bank has been in compliance with the Basel II regulatory
framework since November 1, 2007.)
cumplir con: discharge (He continued to discharge his duties as administrator of the fund.); meet ( we have determined that the Bank
meets the stricter requirements.); do (we did our duty); carry out (I carried out the task assigned to me); perform (I
performed the task assigned to me); comply with (he failed to comply with the relevant legal procedure)
cumplir el contrato/cumplir con el contrato: honor the contract (I intend to honor the contract)
cumplir en todos los aspectos: comply in all respects (The website from which you are linking must comply in all respects with the
content standards set out in our Acceptable Use Policy.)
cumplir lo prometido: deliver (If there is also the political will to deliver, we can find better answers and better situations in the future.) /
(Here Bosnia and Herzegovina will have to deliver.)
cumplir los requisitos para: be eligible for (You have to be employed six months to be eligible for medical benefits.)
cumplir: fulfill (She said the president had failed to fulfill his campaign promises.); carry out (The Office of the President carries out its
responsibilities as a team,); accomplish (On retiring from the Congress, he said he had accomplished everything
he set out to do.)
cuota: share (In most areas of services, small enterprises account for a larger share.)
cupn segregado de crdito reforzado: credit enhancing interest-only strip
cupn segregado: interest-only strip (Definition of interest-only strip: A security with cash flows based entirely on the monthly interest
payments received from a mortgage pool.)
cupn: coupon (The credit ratings and coupons were based on the terms set out in the restructured notes of the MAV conduits.)
currculo: curriculum; curriculum vitae; rsum
cursar invitacin: extent an invitation (We want to extent an invitation to all parents to get involved and support our school.)
curva de rendimiento: yield curve (interest rate yield curves)
custodia/plica/fideicomiso: escrow (Depending on how the escrow contract is structured, Iron Mountain will contact the depositor and, if
there is no contention, release the source code to the licensee.)
custodio: custodian (In other words, typically, no trustee or custodian is appointed.)
cuyo/cuya (de cosa): whose (the matter whose details you know); of which (the matter, the details of which you know)
cuyo/cuya (de persona): whose (the woman, whose sister works in Germany) / (the man whose house we saw) ; of whom (this woman,
the sister of whom works in Germany) / (the man, the house of whom we saw)
(INICIO)

D
dadas las circunstancias: given the circumstances; in view of the circumstances; under the circumsances
dado que: since (since the Committee believes that tier 3 capital is only appropriate to meet market risk); given that
daada: impaired (severely impaired) (Lack of sleep impaired her ability to think clearly.) / (Banks have already taken steps to address the
problem of impaired assets)
daado: impaired (severely impaired) (Lack of sleep impaired her ability to think clearly.) / (Banks have already taken steps to address the
problem of impaired assets)
dao collateral: collateral damage
dao: impairment (The Bank performs an annual impairment test of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.) / (No
impairment loss was recorded for 2009.)
daos y perjuicios: damages (a claim for breach of contract and the resulting damages claim.)
dar a conocer: disclose (These commitments are disclosed in Note 28 to the consolidated financial statements.)
dar estimacin: quote estimate (Many regulatory and governmental authorities quote estimates each year for the amount of money
laundered, either worldwde or within their national economy.)
68

dar la bienvenida a: welcome (Everyone is agreed on welcoming this initiative, thanks to which 90 000 students every year take up the
opportunity to study abroad.) / (We went next door to welcome our new neighbors.) / (We welcome the Government
of South Sudan for becoming State member of the United Nations.)
dar la palabra/prometer: pledge (Many countries have pledged food and funds to aid the region.)/(The police pledged to arrest those
responsible.)
dar licencia: license (Shes licensed to teach elementary school.)
dar lugar a importantes cambios: bring about important changes (The wars helped to bring about important changes in the British
colonies.)
dar lugar a: bring about (the mistrust of consumers that, together with a reduction in earnings, brings about the fall in the consumption,)
dar origen a: give rise to (give rise to undesirable effects.)
dar permiso: license (Shes licensed to teach elementary school.)
dar por descontado/dar por hecho/dar por sentado: take for granted (Fundamental rights for disabled passengers when travelling by air
ought to be something we take for granted.) / (I fully realize that this trust cannot be taken for granted.)
dar por terminado: call off = to decide that (a planned event) will not happen (Union leaders called the strike off at the last minute.)
dar resultado: pay off (I hope this investment pays off.)
dar seguimiento a: pursue (Pursuing its social vision, Banco Improsa continued with its approach of channeling the funds of major
investors into small and medium enterprises with limited financing capacity.); follow up (This is a fundamental
objective of the development process, the main stages of which consist of selecting, planning, implementing and
following up on initiatives.)
dar seales de/mostrar signos de/mostrar sntomas de: show signs of (The eurozone is already starting to show signs of fraying at the
edges.)
dar/hacer pblico/revelar (noticias): break (Her words reveal the excitement of someone waiting for the right moment to break big news.) /
(The newspaper reporters who broke the story won the Pulitzer prize.)
dar: allow (he allowed us two hours to complete the test) / (the extra income will allow me more freedom) / (He didnt allow enough time to
finish the test.) / (we allow a discount for cash)
datar: date (Throughout this period, the trend of economic recovery, which dates from the end of 1994, was sustained.
datos agrupados: pooled data (We could not assess the effect of HBOT on tinnitus by pooled data analysis.)
datos primarios/datos brutos/datos sin procesar: raw data (The raw data shall be presented in tabular form.) / (Why is there no
requirement to publish the raw data on which the findings of studies are based?)
datos que faltan: missing data (Missing data have been estimated for countries to the extent possible.)
datos y cifras: facts and figures (World facts and figures has statistics on every country in the world.)
datos: data (They had data on health, education, and economic development.)
de abajo a arriba: bottom-up (These two inextricably linked strands serve to join bottom-up and topdown processes.)
de acuerdo a este documento: hereunder (The rights granted to You hereunder are non-exclusive and revocable.)
de acuerdo a: according to (The teacher sorted the exams according to grade, with the As on top and the Fs on the bottom.)
de acuerdo con lo estipulado en: as provided for in (as provided for in the treaty)
de acuerdo con: in accordance with (In accordance with school rules, the teacher asked him to remove his hat when inside the building.);
in line with (A new tax system is also to be constructed in line with the introduction of new economic actors beyond
the state sector. ); as per (The awardee, upon a formal call, will have a time to sign the Agreement as per the
conditions set forth by the Calling Instrument, )
de ah: hence (A better working environment improves peoples performance, and hence productivity.)
de ahora en adelante: from now on (Candidate countries should therefore be involved in the process from now on); hereafter (I will let
you in this time, but hereafter you have to get permission in advance.)
de ahora en adelante: hereafter (I will let you in this time, but hereafter you have to get permission in advance.); hereinafter
de all en adelante: thereafter (on February 15, 2014 and on February 15 every five years thereafter.)
de alto rendimiento: top-performing (on par with the top-performing Canadian institutions.)
de amplias miras: broad-minded (As legislators, we need to be broad-minded enough to create tools for the public that solve the problems
of today,)
69

de ao en ao: from year to year (Their number varies from year to year, according to inspection priorities.)
de antemano (saber, agradecer): in advance (If youre coming to the party, please let me know in advance.)
de antemano: beforehand (As in all contractual relationships, proposed amendments have to be notified beforehand.)
de aqu a: hence (five years hence) / (The project should be completed by next March, six months hence.)
de aqu en adelante (en lo sucesivo): hereinafter (Each Member State shall designate an authority (hereinafter referred to as "N.SIS I
Office"); hereafter
de arriba a abajo: topdown (These two inextricably linked strands serve to join bottom-up and topdown processes.); from top to bottom
de avanzada/de vanguardia: leading-edge (Exploring the practical application of leading-edge thinking)
de base: grassroots (Interaction with municipalities and grassroots organizations will be strengthened.)
de buena fe: in good faith (The parties shall be obliged to negotiate access to storage in good faith.)
de cada: out of (eight smokers out of ten) / (she got five out of ten in French) / (the loss could exceed that amount in only one out of 100
cases)
de calidad superior: premium (Premium product, first-rate service and competitive pricing!)
de comn acuerdo: by mutual agreement (I want to say, very frankly, that this has been done by mutual agreement.)
de conformidad con el mismo/de conformidad con la misma: pursuant thereto (The Registry shall observe the rules, policies and
procedures laid down in this Regulation and adopted by the Commission pursuant thereto.) / pursuant thereto
(Commission may decide in the framework of its responsibilities under the Treaty or the directives adopted pursuant
thereto, )
de conformidad con: pursuant to (Any copies which You are permitted to make pursuant to this Agreement must contain the same
copyright and ); in accordance with (In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, )
de conjunto: overall (The overall situation is good.); integrated
de cuando en cuando: every so often (Every so often, we hit those defining moments where we ask ourselves the all-important
questions.); from time to time (Its thrust changes from time to time and is constantly innovating.)
de dos dgitos: double-digit (There were 13 countries with double-digit growth in 2003 and 2002)
de duracin indefinida: open-ended
de esa manera/de esta manera: thereby (and thereby help the poor acquire the capability to free themselves from poverty.)
de ese modo: thereby (involve additional work in processing transfers, thereby increasing the cost and processing time.)
de eso/de esto/de ello/de la misma/de lo mismo/derivado de ello: therefrom (the annexed documents are true copies of official records
or extracts therefrom)
de eso/de esto/de lo misma: thereof (If the book is returned more than one day late, undergraduates are fined 20 cents per week or a
fraction thereof.); hereof (to the effects hereof)
de esta manera: in this way
de este modo: thus (Canada has thus recovered from the recession.)
de esto: hereof (to the effects hereof)
de forma continua: on an ongoing basis (We are required to obtain information ofcorrespondent banks with regard to kyc/aml on an
ongoing basis.); on a continuous basis (The work places of most of us expect high level cognitive functioning on a
continuous basis.)
de forma general: in a general way (Our stories disclose in a general way what we used to be like, what happened,...)
de forma ordenada: orderly (in order to contribute to the monetary and exchange rate stability, as well as the orderly development of the
economy.)
de forma remota: remotely (The client remotely accesses the data that is stored on the server machine.)
de forma significativa: significantly (which may cause the Banks actual results to differ significantly from those set out in the forward-
looking statements.)
de forma sostenible: in a sustainable way (This demand must be managed in a sustainable way.)
de forma totalmente automatizada: in a fully automated way ( will allow banks to process credit transfers in a fully automated way.)
de funcionamiento: operational (The availability report reflects the operational quality of the equipment and the maintenance as a whole.)
de gestin: managerial (In addition, it poses a number of managerial problems for heads of office.)
70

de golpe: all at once (It is not intended that changes happen all at once, fracturing the macroeconomic and institutional stability of the
country.)
de gran importancia: all-important (Every so often, we hit those defining moments where we ask ourselves the all-important questions.)
de gran valor y buena calidad: blue-chip (A blue-chip company is renowned for the quality and wide acceptance of its products or
services, and for its ability to make money and pay dividends.) / (Even a profitable team like the Cowboys cant keep
all their blue-chip players.)
de hecho: in fact (In fact, as can be seen, the Vietnamese reform took several years to complete significant transformations of the economic
system.) / (He was in fact near death by the time they reached him.)
de hoy en da: present-day (The story takes place in present-day (= modern) Greece.)
de igual forma/de igual manera/de igual modo/de la misma forma/de la misma manera: likewise (Likewise, it places great emphasis on
research.); by the same token (By the same token, it would be difficult to achieve a balance between any two such
groups in terms of their geographical representation, legal expertise and cultural diversity.)
de importancia: of note (There was nothing of note in the report.)
De la abundancia del corazn habla la boca: What the heart feels the mouth speaks.
de la misma forma/de la misma manera: likewise (Likewise, it places great emphasis on research.); by the same token (By the same
token, it would be difficult to achieve a balance between any two such groups in terms of their geographical
representation, legal expertise and cultural diversity.); in like manner
de la oferta: supply-side (supply-side economics)/(supply-side factors)
de lo contrario: otherwise (Parts of the company will be sold or otherwise dismantled.)
de los que/de las que/de los cuales/de las cuales: of which (a number of factors, many of which are beyond the Banks control)
de manera continua: on an ongoing basis (We are required to obtain information ofcorrespondent banks with regard to kyc/aml on an
ongoing basis.); on a continuous basis (The work places of most of us expect high level cognitive functioning on a
continuous basis.)
de manera general: as a whole (For 2010 as a whole, the Canadian economy is headed for growth of 3.1%.)
de manera general: in a general way (It is also difficult to name accurately in a general way the groups of people who suffer racial
discrimination.)
de manera ordenada: orderly (in order to contribute to the monetary and exchange rate stability, as well as the orderly development of the
economy.)
de manera que: so (so there is no need for new infrastructure.); so that (We need to establish the structures of this dialogue so that it can
begin its work promptly.)
de modo que: so that (so that the Commission obtains reasonable conditions.)
de momento: for the time being (So we are forced, for the time being, to put the purchase of buildings on hold.)
de no especificarse lo contrario: unless otherwise stated (Unless otherwise stated, all amounts presented in this MD&A are expressed in
Canadian dollars.)
de obligado cumplimiento: enforceable (legislation should be simple, clear and enforceable.)
de organizacin: organizational (organizational structures)
de otra clase: otherwise (it may not be transmitted by any means, electronic or otherwise)
de otra manera: otherwise (Corruption also misallocates resources that could otherwise be used for provision of public services.)
de otro modo: otherwise (It allows for more flexible and less stringent forms of legislation in areas where, otherwise, any detail would have
to be determined by the legislative act itself.)
de peso: material (In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the
Bank as at)
de por s: as such (As such, the process will continue more or less as it has in past years, marked by ups and downs.)
de primer orden: blue-chip (A blue-chip company is considered to be a safe investment for your money because it is well-established and
has performed well in the past) / (A blue-chip company is renowned for the quality and wide acceptance of its
products or services, and for its ability to make money and pay dividends.)
de primera (categora): blue-chip (Even a profitable team like the Cowboys can't keep all their blue-chip players.)
de primera calidad: premium (Premium product, first-rate service and competitive pricing!)
de primera lnea: front-line (Our focus in this phase is the simplification of internal processes and the implementation of an advanced sales
71

and service platform that will support front-line employees in forging stronger customer relationships.)
de primera mano: firsthand (Firsthand information and impressions I received from that study tour have been vital for this research.)
de primera/de primer nivel/de primer orden/de primera categora: first-rate (Premium product, first-rate service and competitive pricing!)
de primera: blue-chip (A blue-chip company is renowned for the quality and wide acceptance of its products or services, and for its ability to
make money and pay dividends.)
de principio a fin/desde el principio hasta el final: straight through (it is important to provide routing numbers and complete address
details to ensure straight-through processing.)
de principios (persona): principled (She was known among her colleagues as a principled professional.)
de punta: state-of-the-art (it is the best and most modern of its type); (the application of state-of-the-art technologies); blue-chip (A blue-
chip company is renowned for the quality and wide acceptance of its products or services, and for its ability to make
money and pay dividends.)
de que/de lo cual/del cual/de los que: whereof (In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of )
de que: that (to obtain reasonable assurance that the Financial Statements are free of significant errors)
de rentabilidad segura: blue-chip (A blue-chip company is renowned for the quality and wide acceptance of its products or services, and
for its ability to make money and pay dividends.) / (blue-chip shares)
de repente: all at once (It is not intended that changes happen all at once, fracturing the macroeconomic and institutional stability of the
country.)
de suma importancia: of vital importance (A stable price for his bananas is of vital importance.); all-important (Every so often, we hit those
defining moments where we ask ourselves the all-important questions. What has made us who we are?...)
de tal manera que: in such a way that; in such a manner that
de toda la vida/de siempre: lifelong (The only solution is to support education and lifelong learning.)
de todas formas/de todas maneras/de todos modos: in any case (In any case, the fact that an agreement has been reached is an
achievement in itself.); in any even (In any event, the text of the title is not what matters, but rather the content of the
debate.); anyway (Anyway, we always tend to be very demanding ); nevertheless (Nevertheless the whole
display will have a worldwide interest and feel.); still (still, it could have been worse)
de todo el mundo: around the world (The response of the governments around the world has also been very good.)
de todo el pas: from all over the country (They come from all over the country.)
de todos modos: anyway (Anyway, in the end we just agreed to stop seeing each other.)
de un vistazo: at a glance (The consumer must be able to see at a glance the certificate of origin.)
de una parte, y de la otra parte: of the one part, and of the other part (His Majesty the Emperor of the French, King of Italy, of the one
part, and of the other part their Majesties the Kings of Bavaria and of Wurtemburg )
de una vez por todas: once and for all (They settled the matter once and for all (= completely and finally).
de vanguardia: leading (European Union seek to play a leading role); state-of-the-art (it is the best and most modern of its type); (This
state-of-the-art manufacturing facility uses the latest technology.)
de venta libre: over-the-counter (OTC)
de vez en cuando (cada cierto tiempo): from time to time (The agreement may well be varied from time to time.); every so often (Every
so often, we hit those defining moments where we ask ourselves the all-important questions.); every once in a while
(You meet some really interesting people every once in a while (= sometimes, but not regularly).
debate: discussion (The matter is still under discussion (= being considered).) / After some discussion the proposal was approved.)
debe sealarse que: note that (Note that series as a whole are not eligible. For instance, an episode in a TV show may be eligible, but the
TV show itself is not.)
debe: should (For the purposes of assessing compliance with the FATF Recommendations, the word should has the same meaning as
must (=tener).)
deber de (intencin): be supposed to (The plan was supposed to give a boost to our ailing economy.)
deber: owe (I still owe you for the meal.); owe [be influenced by] (her interpretation of history owes a lot to Marx); must [obligation] (I must
say everywhere looks very tidy.); must [supposition] (they must not have known about the change in plans); duty
[responsibility] (Nobody likes it, but we have a duty to pay taxes.)
debidamente autorizado: duly authorized (and for having cooperated with duly authorized audits or investigations.)
debidamente: duly (Duly signed by the president, the bill will become law.) / (The terms of the Letter of Credit shall by duly honored upon
72

presentation to us.)
debido a: due to (the possible mental and physical degradation due to age.); because of (It will be closed for a month because of the
damage caused by the floods.); on account of (She claimed that she was denied admission to the school on
account of her race.) / (hundreds of people die each year on account of natural disasters.); by virtue of
dbil crecimiento: weak increase (Emerging economies offset the weak increase in GDP by 2.7% in developed countries.)
debilitado/debilitada: ailing (The plan was supposed to give a boost to our ailing economy.)
debilitarse: fade (Its contribution to GDP growth has appeared to be fading.)
decida lo que decida: however you may decide
decidido a: intent on (be intent on doing something)
decir mucho: speak volumes (Our financial results speak volumes about their professionalism and determination)
decir: read (the text reads as follows) / (The sign reads, No parking here to corner.); say
decisin colegiada: collegiate decision (The European Commission adopts a legislative proposal by collegiate decision after a
consultation process)
decisin seleccionada: selected decision (...limit the number of separate opinions and dissenting opinions contained in the selected
decisions.)
declaracin de bancarrota: declaration of bankruptcy (The process of obtaining a legal declaration of bankruptcy, assuming everything is
in order, can take up to six months.) / (Also, for the three years following your declaration of bankruptcy, youll
have a trustee appointed to manage your financial affairs.
declaracin de quiebra: declaration of bankruptcy (The process of obtaining a legal declaration of bankruptcy, assuming everything is in
order, can take up to six months.) / (Also, for the three years following your declaration of bankruptcy, youll have a
trustee appointed to manage your financial affairs.
declaracin de responsabilidad: statement of liability (Statement of Liability: Due to variations inherent in specific applications, the
technical information contained herein, )
declaracin fiscal/declaracin tributaria/declaracin de impuestos/declaracin de la renta: tax returns (There's been some monkey
business connected with his tax returns.) / (Tax returns are documents on which you report your income each year,
showing how much money you owe the government or the government owes you.)
declararse en quiebra: file for bankcruptcy (Call and speak to a local bankruptcy attorney to see if you qualify to file for bankruptcy.)
declarar: state (he has publicly stated that)
decomisar: seize (The term seize means to prohibit the transfer, conversion, disposition or movement of property on the basis of an action
initiated by a competent authority or a court under a freezing mechanism.)
decretar: enact (President Kennedy enacted the Cuban Trade Embargo.)
Decreto-Ley 259: Decree-Law 259 (The process to deliver idle lands, stipulated in the Decree Law 259 of 2008, continues advancing.)
dedicarse a: engage in (I want to engage in activities other than those specified on my visa.); pursue (She single-mindedly pursued her
goal of earning a law degree.)
deduccin: deduction
deducible: allowable (Some laws consider as an allowable expense the part of the gift not used as credit.)
defecto: flaw (The main flaw in European integration today is the lack of emphasis on this second pillar.); shortcoming (A rigorous follow-up
process ensured that shortcomings in their anti-money laundering/counter-terrorism financing (AML/CFT) systems
were monitored and addressed.)
defender: uphold (Those are the principles this Parliament must uphold.)
defensor de la economa de mercado: (a proponent of a free-market economy) free marketeer (George Osborne, the free-marketeer,
ridicules the Robin Hood Tax.)
deficiencia: lack (German managers say lack of qualified personnel is becoming the biggest challenge for Europes biggest economy.);
shortcoming (A rigorous follow-up process ensured that shortcomings in their anti-money laundering/counter-
terrorism financing (AML/CFT) systems were monitored and addressed.)
dficit en la balanza comercial: trade dficit (A trade deficit, which is also referred to as net exports, is an economic condition that occurs
when a country is importing more goods than it is exporting.)
dficit habitacional: housing shortage (The housing shortage has two aspects: quality and quantity.)
dficit presupuestario pblico: government budget deficit (The government budget deficit as a percentage of GDP was reduced from
over 8% in 1998 to 2.6% in 1999 and just over 1% in 2000.)
73

degradar: downgrade (They threatened to downgrade my credit rating if I dont pay the bill immediately.)
dejar (tiempo/espacio): allow (Be sure to allow room in your bags for the souvenirs youll want to bring home.) / (allow three hours for the
journey)
dejar atrs: outrun (Its pace of technological innovation outruns that of practically any other ) / (Demographic growth, which outran
average growth in GDP during the period 2000-2005, contributed to negative growth in annual GDP per capita.);
outrank (We must not let our optimism outrank realism in our assessments for the future of Iraq.)
dejar claro que: be clear from (It is clear from the report that)
dejar de: fail to (because we had failed to receive the goods)
dejar en herencia: bequeath (For the first time in a half-century, Cubans will be allowed to buy and sell real estate openly, bequeath
property to relatives without restriction ...)
dejar los estudios: drop out (He dropped out of school when he was 16.)
del cual/de la cual: of which (The Bank has decided to apply the first option, the impact of which is a $359 million reduction to retained
earnings.)
Del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho: Saying is one thing, doing it is another
del mismo modo: likewise (Likewise, river and maritime transport can also complement each other very well.); by the same token (There
is, by the same token, no denying the fact that we see things differently in certain areas.)
del presente documento: hereof (to the effects hereof)
del que/de la que/del cual/de la cual: of which
del total de: of the total ((In fact, of the total mills in Cuba, 16 percent have a daily milling capacity below 2300 tons.)
delante: ahead (We have a lot of hard work ahead of us.)
deliberada: willful (willful misrepresentation)
deliberado: wilful (The children suffered from their mothers willful neglect.)
deliberar: discuss (We have been discussing the possibility of working together.)
delito de financiamiento del terrorismo: terrorist financing offence (References to a terrorist financing offence refer not only to the
primary offence or offences, but also to ancillary (=adicionales) offences.)
delito de lavado de dinero: money laundering offence (References to a money laundering offence refer not only to the primary offence or
offences, but also to ancillary offences.)
delito financiero: financial crime (There will also be particular emphasis on combating drugs and the financial crime often associated with
it.)
delito fiscal: tax crime (In 2005, more than 110 tax preparers were convicted of tax crimes.)
delito: offence (how it will define those offences and the nature of any particular elements of those offences that make them serious
offences.)
demanda de dinero: demand for money (It can bring about considerable changes in the composition of demand for money)
demanda del consumidor: consumer demand (Supply-demand imbalances are expected to continue as consumer demand for ethical &
ecological products rises.)
demanda interna: domestic demand (Growth is being driven by both a strong export performance and the expansion of domestic
demand.)
demanda: demand (His demand was accepted by the courts ); claim (After the storm, dozens of claims were filed to collect crop
insurance.); lawsuit (The notification of the lawsuit is still pending.); suit (The author filed a suit against the City of
Prague)
demandado: defendant (The prosecutor must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty.)
demandante (querellante): plaintiff
demandar (judicialmente): sue (She was hit by a city bus and is suing the city for $2 million.) / (to sue you for damages) / sue (One of
them even tried to sue the city on charges of discrimination.);
demandar: call for (The proposal calls for sweeping changes in public land use.); demand (People are ready to demand change when the
opportunity arises.); claim (And Article 34 allows these people to claim social security from their host state.); request
(To request an end to the legal harassment of political opponents.); prosecute (In view of the fact that the Belgian
courts have now decided not to prosecute SWIFT, )
74

demasiado: overly (Sales forecast were overly optimistic.); too (The apartment was nice but it was just too expensive.); unduly (The Bank
cannot unduly postpone a settlement without facing significant penalties, due to the large size of amounts involved.)
demora: delay (You need to call back without delay.)
demostrar ser: prove to be (The new safety procedures have so far proven to be satisfactory.)
demostrar: prove (I had to take all my records to the bank to prove (that) the mistake was theirs.); show (I do not know how to show my
thanks for all your help.)
denodados esfuerzos/intensos esfuerzos: strenuous efforts (All this has been possible by the strenuous efforts of the Cuban people,)
denominacin: denomination; a unit of value, esp. of money (The machines take coins of any denomination.)
denominado en lo sucesivo: hereinafter named (Scientific Technical Center SINTEZ [hereinafter named as STC SINTEZ] )
denominado: denominated (The transactions shall be denominated in Euro.)
denominado: so-called (These so-called experts dont know anything.)
dentro de balance y de fuera de balance: on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet (The interest rate gap is constructed by distributing by
term the sensitive on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet banking book positions and balances.)
dentro de una semana: in a weeks time
dentro de dos semanas: in two weeks time
dentro del tiempo establecido: within the time allotted
dentro y fuera de balance: on and off-balance-sheet (Market risk is defined as the risk of losses in on and off-balance-sheet positions
arising from movements in market prices.)
departamento de fideicomisos de un banco: bank trust department (Bank Trust Department is the part of a bank which settles estates,
performs agency services, and administers trusts and guardianships.)
Departamento del Tesoro: Department of the Treasury (The Department of the Treasury performs four basic functions: formulating and
recommending economic, financial, tax, and fiscal policies.)
depende de: it is up to (It is up to each Member State to establish the conditions under which citizenship is acquired or forfeited,)
dependencia del comercio/dependencia comercial: dependence on trade (There was a time when Canada sought actively bilateral
trading links with Europe as a way of reducing its dependence on trade with the United States.); trade dependence
(Increased trade dependence has characterized economic growth in the region.)
dependencia del mercado exterior: dependence on foreign market ( development by systematically reducing imported goods and
dependence on foreign market, while encouraging domestic production, ...)
dependencia externa: foreign dependency ( the economy reached a situation of low growth and greater foreign dependency.)
dependencias: premises (Its premises are situated in Brussels.)
depender de (determinarse por): depend on (a good deal depends on what happens tomorrow)
depender de (ser dependiente de): depend on (this town depends on the tourist trade)
depender de: depend on (Europe cannot depend on the media war, on statements and threats.); rely on (Unlike most export credit
agencies that rely on ) / (The system relies too heavily on one means of financing.)
depender en gran parte de/depender en gran medida de: depend largely on (They will depend largely on public assistance, both
domestic and international.)
depositador: pledger (Pledger is one who makes or gives a pledge.)
depositante: depositor (OSFI regularly examines the operations of the Bank to ensure that it is in a sound financial condition and that
depositors are protected.)
depositar fianzas y garantas/el depsito de fianzas y garantas: posting bonds and guarantees (Posting bonds and guarantees is a
necessary part of exporting that can tie up your cash flow.)
depositario de plica: escrow agent (When you know what a title company is, and what this company and the escrow agent do, its easy to
understand the important role that the title company plays in the ...)
depositario: pledgee (The right to vote can be granted to a pledgee, but only with the prior consent of the Board of Directors.)
depsito a la vista: demand deposit (funds held in demand deposit accounts and interest bearing bank deposits); sight deposit (sight
deposits of banks on deposit at the Central Bank)
depsito a plazo fijo: fixed term deposit (The Central Bank has been fixing the interest rates on sight deposits and fixed term deposits for
state banks )
75

depsito bancario: bank deposit; banking deposit
depsito interbancario: interbank deposit (The Bank is active both in raising and placing funds in Rubles and foreign currency, as
interbank deposits or under bilateral loan agreements.)
depsitos a la vista en bancos: demand deposits with banks (Cash equivalents include demand deposits with banks and all highly liquid
investments with original maturities of three months or less.)
depsitos a plazo en bancos: term deposits with banks (Term deposits with banks have become a major asset holding of Australian
households )
depsitos a trmino en bancos: term deposits with banks (Term deposits with banks have become a major asset holding of Australian
households )
depsitos bancarios a la vista: bank deposits at sight (Liquid assets comprise bank deposits at sight or on demand with maturities of up
to twelve months.)
depsitos bancarios: bank deposits (The assets of NBFs clients accounted for approximately 56% of personal savings, while 29% were
made up of bank deposits.); banking deposits
depsitos de bancos y otras instituciones financieras: deposits from banks and other financial institutions (deposits from banks and
other financial institutions (inter-bank deposits) were 3%.)
depsitos de fondos pblicos: public deposit (The term public deposit implies any money received by a company through the deposits
or loans collected from the public.)
depsitos en bancos: due from banks (Due From Banks bank assets that consist of demand and time deposits maintained in other
banks to facilitate the transfer of funds ...)
depreciacin acelerada: accelerated depreciation (In the middle of a recession, accelerated depreciation can be critical in encouraging
frightened firms to invest, )
depreciacin acumulada: accumulated depreciation (The balance in the account Accumulated Depreciation will be reduced when an asset
that has been depreciated is removed.); accrued depreciation (... goods were to be resold at a given moment in the
future, revenue would be forgone in an amount proportional to the accrued depreciation.)
derecho administrativo: administrative law (There is also some value in continuing to work within the particular limitations of the
administrative law approach.)
derecho civil: civil law (Adoption of the euro is valid for all civil law, tax and other purposes.)
derecho consuetudinario: common law (It should be specified that the concept of the authentic act does not exist in common law
systems.)
derecho contractual: contract law (The franchising arrangement is a legal document relying on contract law and inevitably on mutual trust
between both parties.)
derecho de llave: compensation for goodwill (In Germany, based on an analogy with the rules applicable to commercial agents, dealers can
get compensation for goodwill if their contract is ended.)
derecho de retencin de: lien on
Derecho del Mar: Law of the Sea (In conclusion, my delegation reiterates its call for adherence to the provisions of the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea.)
Derecho Especial de Giro (DEG): Special Drawing Right (SDR) (The Special Drawing Right (SDR), created by the International Monetary
Fund in 1969, was designed as an international reserve asset to supplement Fund members reserve holdings.
derecho fiscal: tax law (Tax law oversee the taxation process, which involves charges on estates, transactions, property, income, licenses
and more by the government.)
derecho internacional: international law (It is about boosting the principles and norms of international law.)
derecho laboral: labor law (The area of labor law is governed by both federal law, state law and judicial decisions.)
derecho mercantil: commercial law (Commercial law governs the broad areas of business, commerce, and consumer transactions.);
business law
derecho penal: criminal law (Criminal law, also known as penal law, involves prosecution for an act that has been classified as a crime.);
penal law
derecho poltico: constitutional law (Constitutional law is the body of law which defines the relationship of different entities within a state,
namely, the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary.)
derecho tributario: tax law (Tax law oversee the taxation process, which involves charges on estates, transactions, property, income,
licenses and more by the government.)
derechos anti-dumping y compensatorios: anti-dumping and countervailing duties (Definitive anti-dumping and countervailing duties
76

should therefore be imposed against the eleven companies concerned.)
derechos de cobro: claims (Realizable assets: the total of property or claims whose conversion into liquid funds is presumed possible at
short notice.)
derechos del consumidor: consumer rights (Consumer protection organisations and consumer rights belong to the European Unions key
fundamental values.)
derivado de crdito: credit derivative (Credit derivative positions in collateralized debt obligations are provided in the following table.)
derivado implcito: embedded derivative (These instruments have been deemed to contain embedded derivatives and have been subject
to valuation using a binomial model.); implicit derivative (In the event that such contracts include implicit
derivatives, they are registered separately to the original contract, if the economic characteristic of the implicit
derivative is not directly related to the economic characteristics of the original principle contract.)
derivado: by-product (This sugar cane by-product is called bagasse.)
derivados extraburstiles: over-the-counter derivatives (The Company must value over-the-counter derivatives on a daily basis.)
derivados financieros: financial derivatives (The Group uses certain financial derivatives to hedge against variations in exchange and
interest rates.)
derivados: derivatives (Transactions in financial derivatives are treated as separate transactions rather than as integral parts of the value of
underlying transactions )
derogar: abrogate (Nobody knows whether the Bush Plan for Cuba of 2004 has been abrogated.)
derrocar (gobierno): bring down (An economic crisis could bring down the government.)
derrumbe burstil: stock exchange collapse (Stock exchange collapse continues, international companies in the country fight for
survival.)
desaceleracin: slowdown (The global economic slowdown could aggravate this trend.)
desacelerar: slow down (What are the factors to accelerate or slow down the achievement of agreements in this area?); decelerate
desacertado: ill-advised (The transparency argument is ill-advised in this case.)
desajuste: mismatch (This has created an enormous currency mismatch between the earnings of the debtors and their debt.)
desalentar: deter (The EU should support the regulatory, legal and financial framework, both to encourage investment and to deter
corruption, organised crime and criminality.)
desanimar/desalentar: dampen (increases in volatile prices of certain food items dampened the inflation downturn)
desapalancamiento: deleveraging (There is, moreover, no immediate end in sight to either the financial crisis or global deleveraging, and
ongoing financial stress in other Member States could result in further needs for financial assistance.)
desaparecer: fade (Its contribution to GDP growth has appeared to be fading.)
desarrollado: developed (the interests of the least developed countries have badly suffered as a result of this.)
desarrollar mecanismos: develop mechanisms (I appeal to the need to develop mechanisms of financing and governing with practical
effects for the accomplishment of this strategy.)
desarrollar: develope (The final stage is to develop a robust system of regulation which can enforce the rules.); evolve (Turkey quickly
needs to evolve a comprehensive approach in order to reduce regional inequality.); flesh out (The strategy also
recognises that the short-term objective is to flesh out the operational parts of the strategy for the period of 2000-
2004.)
desarrollarse: evolve (Promoting female education means helping the continent to evolve.)
desarrollo econmico y social sostenible y armnico: sustainable and harmonious economic and social developmen (To continue to
promote solidarity among all regions and provinces in the country in order to ensure sustainable and harmonious
economic and social development (Cuba).)
desarrollo sostenible: sustainable development (Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of growth in which resource use aims to meet
human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs ...)
desarrollo sostenido: sustained development (But this is an important aspect of sustained development trajectories.)
desarrollo: development (The main role of the Board of Directors (the Board) is to oversee the management of the Bank, safeguard its
assets, and ensure its viability, profitability and development.)
desayuno continental: continental breakfast (un desayuno sencillo que consiste de caf, pan/pasteles, mantequilla/mermelada y un jugo
de frutas.)
descendente: topdown (How to deal with multiplier effects of energy savings and how to avoid double counting in mixed topdown and
bottom-up calculation methods.)
77

descender: go down (And as prices go down, so quality needs to rise, as consumers become able to choose between different products
and pick the best quality goods.)
descenso abrupto: steep plunge (Of note was a steep plunge in other operating income )
descenso de las exportaciones: decline in exports (The continuing decline in exports would have serious repercussions on the
employment scenario)
descentralizacin de la gestin empresarial estatal: decentralisation of the States corporate management (Among them should be
highlighted the promotion of foreign investment, tourism, individual enterprise and the entry of remittances, in
addition to greater decentralisation of the States corporate management.)
desconectado de/desconectada de: out of step with (an absurd and increasing complexity, which is out of step with reality.)
desconfianza de los consumidores: mistrust of consumers (Another factor influencing this slow recovery is the mistrust of consumers.)
descongelar cuentas bancarias: unfreeze bank accounts (Call to demand U.S. Treasury Department unfreeze bank accounts of
Palestinian human rights activist and his family.)
desconocimiento: ignorance (Given the ignorance that exists in our country on cooperatives)
desconvocar (huelga): call off (Union leaders called the strike off at the last minute.)
describir y evaluar: describe and assess (The objective of the Initiative is to describe and assess the credit and loan reporting systems)
descripcin engaosa: misrepresentation
descripcin incorrecta: misrepresentation
descubierto: overdraft (A good overdraft facility at the bank is needed if money from the Social Fund is to be received.)
descuento comercial: trade discount (Type of procedure used to calculate the trade discount percentage.)
descuento por pronto pago: cash discount (A cash discount is a deduction allowed by the seller of goods or by the provider of services in
order to motivate the customer to pay within a specified time.)
descuento sin recurso: discount without recourse (Exporter can obtain discount without recourse without a credit line in place.); non-
recourse discounting (In some places, the discount can go as high as 20% to 30% of the invoice value, particularly
for non-recourse discounting.)
desde ahora: from now on (That is why it is important for them to participate from now on, and for us to listen to their opinions.)
desde el comienzo mismo: from the very beginning
desde el comienzo/desde el inicio: from the inception (From the inception of the multilateral trading system, agriculture has been treated
in a special way not subject to the entirety of trade disciplines.)
desde el momento en que: as of the time (An issuing bank is irrevocably bound to honor as of the time it issues the credit.)
desde el principio: from the outset (From the outset we planned to conduct our research together.); all along (Do you think hes been
cheating us all along (=from the beginning)?
desde el punto de vista financiero: in financial terms (We know precisely what the house buying process means in financial terms.)
desde entonces: ever after; ever since; since then
desde este momento: hereafter (I will let you in this time, but hereafter you have to get permission in advance.)
desde este punto de vista: from this point of view (From this point of view, the situation is not dangerous for any decision connected to)
desde finales de: as from the end of ( As from the end of 1997)
desde hace mucho tiempo: for a long time ((The balance of payments is now more healthy than for a long time.)
desde inicios de: from beginnings of (is known in Slovakia territory from beginnings of the 18
th
century.)
desde la aplicacin: since the implementation (Argentina has significantly increased its exports of finished leather since the
implementation of export restrictions as from 1972.)
desde todo punto de vista: in all respects; in every respect
desde: as of (As of (= Starting) next month, all the prices will go up.); from
desdolalizar: de-dollarize (government announced it would de-dollarize the economy.)
desdolarizacin: de-dollarization (This would allow Uruguay to reap associated growth benefits, protect the poor, promote de-dollarization,
and)
desechable: non-returnable (non-returnable products) / (non-returnable containers); disposable (disposable diapers)
78

desembolso: outlay (Moreover, shortterm savings are bound to lead to the need for very much heavier outlay in the longer term..)
desempear: perform; act; play (the bank has played a major role)
desempeo: performance (the best performance in six years)
desempleo juvenil: youth unemployment (Action is also required to tackle youth unemployment which is on average double the overall
unemployment rate.)
desempleo urbano: urban unemployment (Urban unemployment rose to 9.2 % in the first quarter of 2002, the highest rate registered in
the last twenty-two years.
desempleo: unemployment (The unemployment rate was 4 percent in October.)
desencadenar: trigger (In 2008-09 the Cuban economy faced a balance of payments crisis triggered by three external adverse factors.);
touch off (The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US its
principal trading partner.)
desenvolvimiento: development (The Bank views risk as an integral part of its development and the diversification of its activities)
desequilibrio de la balanza comercial: imbalance in the trade balance (An increasing imbalance in the Trade Balance often shows a
great deal about the current account figures)
desequilibrio: imbalance ( to control the three-digit inflation that had emerged at the beginning of the decade as a result of the crisis and
macroeconomic imbalances.), mismatch
desfasado de: out of step with (they may prove to be completely out of step with reality or even give rise to undesirable effects.)
desfase de plazos de vencimiento: maturity mismatches
desglosar: break down (Its easier to handle the job if you break it down into several specific assignments.)
desglose: breakdown (Breakdown of the loan and acceptance portfolio.) / (We need a breakdown of the crime statistics into violent and
nonviolent crimes.)
deshacerse de: get rif of (Our economy must grow at the rate of at least ten per cent every year to get rid of poverty and generate
employment for all.)
designado/designada/persona designada: designee (Designee - Staff person who has been appointed to act with authority in the
absence of the director, region director, and/or institution warden/superintendent.) / (The committee or its designee
shall personally interview )
designar: appoint (The independent auditors were appointed by); designate (The chairman designated his daughter as his successor.);
nominate (By nominating a bank to accept a draft or incur a deferred payment undertaking)
desigual: uneven (The contest was uneven because one team was much stronger than the other.) / (The world recovery is proceeding at an
uneven pace.) / uneven (Development and reconstruction efforts are slow and uneven.)
desigualdad: inequality (social/racial inequality)
desigualdades econmicas y sociales: social and economical inequalities (Social and economical inequalities have an adverse effect
on infant mortality.)
desinflacin: disinflation
desnivelado: uneven (The contest was uneven because one team was much stronger than the other.)
desocupacin/desempleo: unemployment (Unemployment (or joblessness), as defined by the International Labour Organization, occurs
when people are without jobs and they have actively sought work ...)
despachar (expedir, enviar): dispatch (The specialized agencies shall have the right to use codes and to dispatch and receive
correspondence by courier or in sealed bags, which shall have the same immunities); ship off (After it's put
together, we'll ship it off to Florida.)
despacho (expedicin, envo): dispatch
despegar: get off the ground (Our common foreign policy is having difficulty getting off the ground.)
despegue econmico: economic take-off (They made important contributions to Chinas trade and development, especially in the early
years of Chinas economic take-off.); economic upturn (only an economic upturn and accompanying economic
growth will secure increased state revenue.)
desplegable/folleto/panfleto: brochure (For further information, or to request a brochure, please contact )
desplegar: deploy (To this end they should deploy appropriate numbers of staff and resources.)
despliegue: deployment (The main focus should be on maintaining the tight schedule of program development and deployment.)
79

desplomarse: slump (Home computer sales slumped dramatically last year.); plunge (our banks and financial groups did see their
accumulated profits plunge)
despojo: plundering (Should the United States do nothing, it will be the sole responsible for the plundering of Havana Club trademark from
his legitimate owner,)
despus de eso: thereafter (on February 15, 2014 and on February 15 every five years thereafter.)
despus de lo cual: whereupon (Crucially, it is time-limited to three years to specifically correct the market failure, whereupon we will
revisit the subject.)
despus de todo: after all (The implementation and maintenance of internal controls is, after all, a management responsibility.)
despus de: in the wake of (in the wake of the recent global financial crisis); following (following changes); in the aftermath of (We are
proud to be the first major Canadian bank to increase dividends in the aftermath of the financial crisis.)
despus/mas tarde: afterward/afterwards (Afterwards, NATO violated this same resolution)
destacado: outstanding (Youve done an outstanding job.); leading (She is a leading expert on the art of ancient Greece.)
destacar/destacarse: stand out (The European agricultural model should genuinely make us stand out in the world and be an example to
it.)
destacar: highlight (The report highlights the need for increased funding.) (The following list highlights the Banks strategic focus:)
destacarse de: stand out from ( stand out from their competitors)
destacarse por: stand out because of (stand out because of their tradition)
destinar: allocate (the resulting time savings will allow us to allocate more resources to other revenue-generating activities and to reduce
costs.); earmark (I think we would do well to earmark financial assistance for this.); intend (...revenue intended for
benefit the local community...)
destinatario de la oferta/aceptante de la oferta/ persona a quien va dirigida la oferta: offeree (A contract is formed when one party (the
offeror) makes an offer which is accepted by the other party (the offeree).
destrezas administrativas: administrative skills (Administratives skills are technical skills in information gathering, data analysis,
planning, organizing, and other aspects of managerial work.)
destruccin creativa: creative destruction (This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism.)
desvanecerse: fade (More recently, however, its contribution to GDP growth has appeared to be fading.)
desvirtuar: misrepresent (He misrepresented facts about his legal experience on his application.)
detener: halt (inflation was halted) (The increase in unemployment and emigration from disadvantaged regions must be halted.)
deteriorado/deteriorada: impaired (To establish whether the assets have been impaired, it is necessary to consider whether the reduction
in its fair value is significantly below cost )
deteriorarse: deteriorate (The current account position deteriorated somewhat from previous year.)
deterioro: deterioration (a deterioration in relations between the two countries); impairment (The Bank performs an annual impairment test
of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.) / (No impairment loss was recorded for 2009.)
determinar: bring about (Such circumstances brought about the fall of the Empire.); ascertain (In reality two days is what we will need to
ascertain if we go further with your enquiry.)
deuda de rango superior: senior debt (The $2.5 billion rise in unsecured senior debt was part of the funding needed to ensure sound
liquidity management.)
deuda dudosa: doubtful debt (The decrease in doubtful debts can mainly be explained by the recovery of loans from defaulting debtors.)
deuda en poder del pblico: debt held by the public (data cover only what the United States Treasury denotes as "Debt Held by the
Public)
deuda exigible: debt due (Amounts of EUR 5.5 million already agreed to be paid are included as a debt due to Member States.)
deuda externa: foreign debt (Foreign debt is still a heavy burden.); external debt (The main difference is the level of their external debt.)
deuda preferente/deuda privilegiada: senior debt (The $2.5 billion rise in unsecured senior debt was part of the funding needed to ensure
sound liquidity management.)
deuda pblica: government debt (The Council considers it necessary to maintain the government debt ratio on a sustained declining
trend.)
deuda que asume prdidas: bail-in debt (The Basel Committee and the FSB are developing a well integrated approach to systemically
80

important financial institutions which could include combinations of capital surcharges, contingent capital and bail-in
debt.)
deuda reestructurada: restructured debt (The restructured debt will be repaid in two Tranches: Tranche "A" for US$130 million and
Tranche "B" for US$125 million.)
deuda renegociada: rescheduled debt (agreements granted by the Paris Club have allowed the individual creditor countries to apply very
soft terms to the rescheduled debt.); renegociated debt (lnformation that includes a description of the manner in
which debt is renegotiated and the terms and conditions of the renegotiated debt may also be)
deuda soberana: sovereign debt (...concerns over the European sovereign debt.)
deuda subordinada: subordinated debt (Since October 31, 2012, subordinated debt decreased $44 million due to a fair value hedge
adjustment.)
deuda vencida: overdue debt (A framework for an overdue debt management reform.)
deuda: debt (This debt has been a subject of negotiation.); indebtedness (We all agree that for some developing countries external
indebtedness is a major obstacle to growth and development.)
deudor moroso: delinquent debtor (to provide you with an in-depth accounting of the full assets and liabilities of the potential credit
customer (or delinquent debtor).
deudor prendario/deudor pignorante: pledgor (The risks and rewards of the pledged assets reside with the pledgor.)
deudor: debtor (Student loans force students to graduate as debtors.); obligor (Obligors may be borrowers, issuers, counterparties or
guarantors.)
devaluacin competitiva: competitive devaluation (Currency war, also known as competitive devaluation, is a condition in international
affairs where countries compete against each other to achieve a relatively low exchange rate for their own currency.)
devaluar: devaluate; devalue (In order to do away with the dual currency and overcome financial imbalances, monetary policy must devalue
the two domestic currencies.
devastar/destrozar: ravage (Hurricane Mitch ravaged the tiny Central American country.)
devengar intereses: bear interest (The sums to be recovered shall bear interest.)
devengo: accrual (The Commission has made further progress in the implementation of accrual accounting, although some weaknesses
are still observable.) / (Can I change between cash and accrual methods in different tax years?)
devorar jugosas ganancias: gobble up juicy profits (Sponsored by the Washington Consensus, speculative flight capital - known in Latin
America as swallow capital - has flown in and out, gobbling up juicy profits.)
da hbil bancario: banking day
da hbil/da laborable: business day (This agreement may be cancelled on 15 business days written notice by one party to the other)
da natural: calendar day (That date shall not be earlier than 90 calendar days after publication of the decision.); natural day (The
maximum response time is 5 natural days, although the average response time was 2.5 days.); civil day
dicen que: they say that (they say that he was killed by a terrorist)
dicha/dichas/dicho/dichos: the said (the said company was dissolved in 1994)/(the said animals)/(said documents must be submitted
immediately)
dictamen de los auditores independientes: independent auditors opinin (Our independent auditors opinion expresses substantial
doubt); opinion of independent auditors (as well as the opinion of Independent Auditors regarding the fiscal
year concluded on December 31, 2008.); independent auditors report (See Independent Auditors Report dated
April 3, 2003); report of independent auditors (The accompanying report of independent auditors from KPMG
LLP, dated April 6, 2010, stated )
dictar sentencia: give a judgement (The European Court of Justice must first adopt a position and give a judgment.)
dictar: promulgate (To promulgate the necessary norms ensuring that financial system entities adequately comply with agreements
subscribed by the Republic aimed at preventing money laundering.); dictate (Should the EU dictate to other
countries how criminal activity should be combated?); issue (issue decrees and provisions on the basis of and
pursuant to the existing laws and...)
diferencia: gap (Analyzing interest rate sensitivity gaps is one of the techniques used by the Bank to manage interest rate risk.)
diferencial en tasas de inters/diferencial de tasas de inters: (t's more difficult to make money-developing commodities than finding an
income stream through the differential of interest rates.)
diferencial: spread (This loan bears interest at Euribor plus a spread.)
diferente a los/diferente a las: other than those (I want to engage in activities other than those specified on my visa.)
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diferir: defer (You can order the furniture now and defer payment until September.)
difcil: tough (Weve had to make some very tough decisions.); difficult (Hes in a difficult situation and could go bankrupt.); hard (hard
questions to answe)
dificultades e insuficiencias: difficulties and shortfalls (an updating of the information of the statement of the major impacts,
achievements, difficulties and shortfalls for each continuing activity of the programme.)
difundir: disseminate (How to disseminate results.)
difunto (especialmente cuando es reciente): late (She gave her late husbands clothes to charity.)
dgito: digit (6735 is a four-digit number.)
digno de atencin/digna de atencin: noteworthy (Noteworthy in relation to the cash flows from investing activities was the volume of
investments); of note
digno de declararse/digno de notificarse: to be reportable (What is judged to be reportable on one class of product, )
digno de destacar/digna de destacar: noteworthy (Noteworthy in relation to the cash flows from investing activities was the volume of
investments)
digno de mencin/digna de mencin: of note (Of note was a steep plunge in other operating income); noteworthy
dilacin: delay (You need to call back without delay.) / (we cannot allow any delay in this matter)
diligencia debida mejorada/diligencia conveniente mejorada: enhanced due diligence (There is no legal obligation to carry out
enhanced due diligence for higher risk categories of customers / business relationships.)
diligencia debida/debida diligencia: due diligence (Financial entities like this enjoy exceptionally high international risk ratings and manage
their portfolio by means of extremely rigorous processes of due diligence and follow-up.) / Our rigorous due
diligence requirements ensure that all projects and transactions we support are financially, environmentally and
socially responsible. (En economa, diligencia conveniente, es cundo en un empresa se planea meticulosamente
todos los movimientos y decisiones que se toman y a la vez se chequean sus implicaciones.)
Dime con quien andas y te dir quien eres: Show me your company and I will tell you who you are
dinmica de crecimiento: growth dynamics (The major upside risk is that growth dynamics may have been underestimated.)
dinmica de funcionamiento: operational dynamics (This study examines the elements of operational dynamics in light of their use as
tools in the development of such a plan.)
dinmica de grupo (grupal): group dynamics (Group dynamics refers to a system of behaviors and psychological processes that occur
within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups ...)
dinmica: dynamics (The fight for the leadership revealed a lot about the groups dynamics.)
dinamismo: dynamism (When this professional services sector began to lose dynamism and ); drive (We demonstrate efficiency, drive
and competence in everything we do.)
dinamizar: invigorate (to invigorate the rural sector and to strengthen environmental protection); enliven (This initiative is intended to
enliven and distinguish local crafts.)
dinero de bolsillo: pocket money
dinero efectivo: cash (Cash movements are also an easy means of moving terrorist funding.)
dinero electrnico: electronic money (We need electronic money which is valid in a given environment.); e-money (There is no possibility
that monetary instability will arise from the phenomenon of e-money.); e-cash (E-Cash: Electronic cash is a
payment mechanism designed for the Internet.)
dinero en sentido amplio: broad money (In economics, broad money refers to the most inclusive definition of the money supply. Since
cash can be exchanged for many different financial instruments and placed in various restricted accounts, it is not a
simple task for economists to define how much money is currently in the economy. Therefore, the money supply is
measured in many different ways. Broad money is used colloquially to refer to a broad definition of the money
supply.)
dinero en sentido estricto/dinero en sentido estrecho: narrow money (Narrow money is a category of money supply that includes all
physical money like coins and currency along with demand deposits and other liquid assets held by the central
bank.)
Dinero llama dinero.: Money makes money.
dinero negro/dinero sucio: dirty Money (So where, in your economy, is the dividing line between dirty money and allegedly clean money?)
dinero para gastos personales: spending money; pocket money
dinero: money (Theres not much money in our savings account.)
82

Dios los cra y ellos se juntan.: Birds of a feather flock together.
diplomado: graduate course
direccin de correo electrnico personal: personal email address
direccin: steering (The FATF Steering Group is an advisory body and is chaired by the President.)
directivo/directiva: managerial (While every effort was made to identify those staff with managerial functions ); manager; executive;
management
director adjunto/directora adjunta: deputy director
director ejecutivo: executive director (The request is made on behalf of the Executive Director of the South Centre.)
director general (de una gran empresa): chief executive officer (A chief executive officer (also abbreviation CEO) of a company is
usually the most powerful person in the company, with the most important responsibilities. )
directriz: guideline (requirements established by the guidelines of the Superintendent)
dirigente: decision maker (A market for information and possibilities that no decision-maker should miss.)
dirigido a: aimed at (These ads are aimed at young people.)/(The measures are aimed at preserving family life.); targeted at (programs
targeted at reducing infant deaths)
dirigir a: aim at (These measures should aim at specific audiences, in particular researchers and members of ethics committees,); head
for (Canadian economy is headed for growth of 3.1%.); target at (programs targeted at reducing infant deaths)
dirigir: conduct (we conducted our audits)( The experiments were conducted by leading scientists.); mastermind (The Cuban territory has
never been used, nor will it be ever used to mastermind, finance or carry out terrorist acts against any country,
including the United States.); channel (Pursuing its social vision, Banco Improsa continued with its approach of
channeling the funds of major investors into small and medium enterprises with limited financing capacity.)
discapacidad: disability (The law bars discrimination against those with disabilities.); handicap (His loss of hearing was a severe
handicap.)
discapacitado/discapacitada/minusvlido/minusvlida: disabled (person); handicapped (person); differently abled person
discapacitados/discapacitadas/minusvlidos/minusvlidas: the disabled; the handicapped
disciplina presupuestaria: budgetary discipline (This reform should contribute to better management of public finances and help
budgetary discipline.)
discusin: discussion (The council had discussions on issues such as housing and living conditions.)
discutible: dubious (NATO imposed to the Security Council a dubious resolution) / (The immigrants, they say, are taking our jobsa
dubious assertion.)
diseminar: disseminate (To disseminate the information that required to make decisions.)
diseadores de la poltica econmica: designers of the economic policy ( it is also hard to decipher for foreign businessmen and
investors operating in Cuba and even for the very designers of the economic policy.)
disfrazar: conceal (Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of money obtained by illicit means.); hide (He said nothing is
wrong, but I think hes hiding something.)
disfrutar de beneficios : enjoy profits (Against that background, it is unjustifiable for energy companies who enjoy profits like these to
impose such high bills on hard-pressed ...)
disfrutar de ganancias: enjoy profits (Against that background, it is unjustifiable for energy companies who enjoy profits like these to
impose such high bills on hard-pressed ...)
disipar (duda): clear up
disminucin de las inversiones permanentes: decrease in permanent investments (Increase in inventories through a decrease in
permanent investments ...)
disminucin de las inversiones temporales: decrease in temporary investments (The decrease in temporary investments in the current
period of $9026511 reflected the transfer of marketable securities into bankers acceptances with ...)
disminucin de otros activos: decrease in other assets (a 43509 million yen decrease in deferred tax assets, and a 32930 million yen
decrease in other assets due to the reclassification of ...)
disminucin: decrease (Most of the decrease was attributable to credit losses in Commercial Banking,); reduction; slowdown (The
slowdown in the export of services and the absence of a new engine for economic growth essentially explain this
dynamic.)
disminuir en: diminish by; decrease by; reduce by; bring down by; come down by
83

disminuir las probabilidades: lengthen the odds
disminuir progresivamente: wind down (As the work of the mission begins to wind down, my delegation reiterates its consistent support
for the)
disminuir: diminish (Administrative workload will diminish and front-line staff will have more time for building customer relationships.);
decrease (The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to reach 2.5% in 2024 and remain at that level thereafter.);
go down; lessen (to lessen the impact of the exchange rate changes on the economic agents)
dispar: uneven (Its an uneven movie, but some of the scenes are hilariously funny.)
disparejo: uneven (The contest was uneven because one team was much stronger than the other.)
disponer: set out (Your contract sets out the terms and conditions of your employment.)
disponibilidad de efectivo: cash availability (Increase your cash availability while reducing your monthly payments.)
disponibilidad de fondos: available funds (However, these transfers shall be subject to the existence of available funds in the budget of
the Commission.)
disponibilidades: availabilities (The values recorded under availabilities, accounts receivable, other circulating assets, accounts payable
and miscellaneous provisions will come close to the realization value ...)
disponible: available (Her new book is available in bookstores all across America.)
disposicin: provision (The contract contains a provision covering additional expenses.)
disposiciones legales vigentes: legal provisions in effect (The stipulations of the consolidated text of the legal provisions in effect for
local government, approved by )
disposiciones transitorias: transitional provisions (This is included in the transitional provisions of the Statutes.); transitional
arrangements (transitional arrangements aiming at the fullest participation in the results of the negotiations)
dista de: far from (The situation is improving but is far from being fully satisfactory.)
distinto al: other than that (A place for presentation other than that of the issuing bank is in addition to the place of the issuing bank.)
distintos a los: other than those (I want to engage in activities other than those specified on my visa.)
distorsin: misrepresentations (cultural misrepresentations, stereotypes and other negative generalisations)
distorsionar: distort (There are those who would distort the facts to serve their own political ends.); misrepresent (He misrepresented
facts about his legal experience on his application.)
distorsionar: misrepresent (He misrepresented facts about his legal experience on his application.)
distribucin: allocation (capital allocation to the business units)
disuadir: deter (The Security Council and the international community must break out of their impotence and paralysis and deter Israel from
its bloody policies.)
disyuntiva: alternative (I have no alternative but to ask you to leave.)
dividendo: dividend (Net interest income comprises interest and dividends related to financial assets and liabilities associated with trading
activities, )
divisas libremente convertibles: freely convertible currency (All monetary contributions shall be paid in freely convertible currency );
freely convertible foreign exchange ( where sufficient freely convertible foreign exchange is available for the
transaction in question.)
divisas: foreign currency (they highlighted the best external position of the country, as well as the largest income of foreign currency from
family remittances); foreign exchange (Sisal was the countrys main foreign exchange earner ); forex
divulgacin: disclosure (Such disclosure must take into account the legitimate interests of the parties concerned that their business secrets
...)
divulgar: disclose (Terms of the agreement were not disclosed.); disseminate (we can help them disseminate this knowledge in their own
countries.)
doble moneda: dual currency (Therefore, after the introduction of the dual currency system inflationary pressures did not abate in
Montenegro, as foodstuff prices increased strongly.)
doble rasero: double standards (The US Government, in order to be consistent with its proclaimed commitment to the fight against
terrorism, must act without double standards against those who, from Us territory, have committed terrorist acts
against Cuba.)
doctorado: doctorate; doctors degree (A doctor's degree is one of the highest-ranging degrees given by a university, esp. the doctor of
philosophy (abbreviation Ph.D.).; PhD; DPhil
84

doctorarse: get ones doctorate; get a doctorate; get a doctorate degree; get ones PhD
documentar: document (The objective is to identify and document traditional knowledge and practices concerning the use of environmental
resources.)
documento adjunto: annexed document (The management company managing the investment fund submits the notification letter,
annexed documents and translations.)
documento consultivo: consultative paper
documento justificativo: documentary evidence (It is necessary to establish a model for this documentary evidence.)
Documentos de Estrategia de Lucha contra la pobreza (DELP): Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) (The operational
expression of this conceptual approach is the use of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) in low-income
countries, or of equivalent instruments established along the same principles.)
domicilio legal: legal address (Written proof is required about your identity, your legal address and your economic background.)
dominante: dominant (the current dominant big state sector in Cuba.)
dominar (tcnica/procesos/reglamentos/disposiciones): master (I was saying that it is impossible to be a leader without mastering the
provisions and the ruling documents concerning our work.) / (Each agency must master the process for itself.) / (The
budget for language training has also to take into account the requirement of the new staff regulation to master a
third language before the first promotion.)
donativo prometido: pledge (The telethon raised $150,000 in pledges for leukemia research.)
donde sea necesario: where necessary
dondequiera que: wherever (thanks to the Banks remote distribution network and 448 branches across Canada, clients can do their daily
banking whenever and wherever they wish.)
Dos cabezas piensan mas que una./Dos cabezas piensan mejor que una.: Two heads are better than one.
dotacin: endowment (The most stable source of income is the Endowment Fund.)
dotado de: endowed with (Angola has been generously endowed with resources by nature.)
dotar con: equipping with (The project consisted of equipping the dam with certain services.)
dotar de personal: staff (The after-school program is staffed entirely by volunteers.)
Dow Jones (ndice de los valores negociados en la Bolsa de los E.E.U.U.):
drsticamente: severely (Resources have been severely curtailed and services increasingly outsourced to the private sector or
dropped.)
dualidad monetaria y cambiaria: exchange rate and monetary duality (To eliminate the exchange rate and monetary duality, Cuban
authorities must now )
dualidad monetaria: currency duality (The currency duality and its exchange and financial repercussions have formed part of an economic
policy of a discretional nature, ...)
duda: misgiving (This cooperation produced an excellent result, in spite of some misgivings.); doubt (There is no doubt that this is
extremely significant for undertakings.)
dudoso/dudosa: doubtful (This is a very doubtful measure from an ecological and economical point of view.); uncertain; touch and go (At
one point, the operation was touch-and-go.)
duracin: lifespan/life-span (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its Ministers
to continue.)
durante (en el transcurso de): during (They work during the night and sleep by day.); over (She made a lot of changes over the past six
months.)
durante casi: for almost (For almost two years, David Mcira has laboured tirelessly..)
durante demasiado tiempo/durante mucho tiempo: for far too long (Many major proposals are still pending, and have been for far too
long.) / (The international community has accepted that situation for far too long.)
durante el segundo semester: during the second half (During the second half of 2010 started the work associated with)
durante este tiempo: during this time; along the way (Ive been here for thirty years, and Ive picked up a lot of experience along the way
(= during this time).
durante los ltimos meses/durante los ltimos aos/en los ltimos meses/en los ltimos aos: over the last few months/years (This
superiority has decreased over the last few years.); over the past months/years (She made a lot of changes over
the past six months.)
85

durante mas de: for over (The dream of Cuban independence had existed for over one-hundred years before the final war for
independence from Spain began in February 1895.); for more than (Yoga has been practiced for more than 5000
years, and currently, close to 11 million Americans are enjoying its health benefits.)
durante todo el ao: all the year round (many of these myths and beliefs find expression through fairs and festivals, all the year round.)
durante un recorrido por: during a tour of (The Queen with guests during a tour of the National Museum of Liverpool as part a visit to
Merseyside, 1 December 2011.)
duro: tough (We were expecting tough, rigorous negotiation,)
(INICIO)

E
echar las bases de/poner las bases de/sentar las bases de: do the groundwork for; lay the groundwork for (The planning committee will
lay the groundwork for the conference.)
echar mano a: dip into (Low petrol prices forced the country to dip into its currency reserves in order to meet its external obligations and)
economa abierta: open economy (An open economy in a globalising world is often - and erroneously - confused with an economy without
barriers.)
economa agraria: agricultural economy (The relative importance of the sector for the agricultural economy has tended to increase over
the last ten years.); agrarian economy (This strength lies in its agrarian economy.)
economa basada en las exportaciones: export-led economy (Transitions from export-led economies to consumption-led economies
never have been easy.)
economa cerrada: closed economy (China is managing three transitions at the same time: from a planned economy to a market one, from
a rural society to an urban one and from a closed economy to a globalized one.)
economa de libre mercado: open market economy (India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic
policies remain.)
economa de mercado: market economy (In a market economy the prices in question may simply reflect differences in the negotiating
power ...); market-oriented economty (FDI inflows had become significant in Benin only after the establishment of a
market-oriented economy in the late 1980s.)
economa de trueque: barter economy (To avoid the inconveniences associated with a barter economy, one of the goods can be used as
a medium of exchange.)
economa deprimida: sluggish economy (Sluggish economy is a state in the economy in which the growth is slow, flat or declining.)
economa desarrollada: developed economy (Some of the common characteristics of a developed economy are low birth rate )
economa domstica: domestic economy (Growth with employment; pay attention to the domestic economy, form human capital.)
economa ecolgica: green economy (The concept of a green economy should be approached within a framework of sustainable
development ...)
economa emergente: emerging economy (To meet the increased demand of emerging economies, we need to encourage the agricultural
development of those countries.)
economa en desarrollo: developing economy (A country with a small population and a developing economy requires new technologies.)
economa estatal centralizada: centralized state economy (The consequences of this complex macro-financial situation adds to the
inefficiencies and distortions in the Cuban centralized state economy, )
economa globalizada: globalized economy (In this world with a globalized economy, poverty is the result but of centuries of colonialism
and neo colonialism and an unjust, )
economa hecha a mano: handmade economy (Flint Handmade is a non-profit that fosters a local, handmade economy around the city.)
economa madura: mature economy (Mature economy is an economy that has reached an advanced stage of development characterised
by slowing GDP growth, low population growth and an ...)
economa nacional: domestic economy (It emphasises how important a functioning network is for tourism and the domestic economy.)
economa orientada al mercado: market-oriented economy (In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make
most of the decisions.)
economa planificada: planned economy (A planned economy is an economic system in which decisions regarding production and
86

investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, ...)
economa socialista centralizada: socialist centralised economy (1990s resulting from the traumatic transition from a socialist
centralized economy to a privatized market created much anger among Russians)
economa subterrnea: underground economy (Excessive regulation is often a key factor that keeps businesses in the underground
economy.)
economa sumergida: underground economy (Excessive regulation is often a key factor that keeps businesses in the underground
economy.)
economa verde: green economy (The green economy is about consumption as well as production.)
economa: economics (ciencia; disciplina)
economa: economy (Tourism contributes millions of dollars to the regions economy.)
economas avanzadas: advanced economies (Though growth in the advanced economies is more modest,)
economas desarrolladas: mature economies (to take into account the fiscal adjustments that governments of the mature economies are
about to implement); developed economies
economas emergentes: emerging economies (Emerging economies are in the drivers seat.)
econmicamente: financially (We're in fairly good shape financially.)
econmico/econmica: economic (economic growth/policies); cost-effective (Energy efficiency offers a powerful and cost-effective tool
for achieving a sustainable energy future.
ecuacin contable: accounting equation (The basic accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity.)
edad de jubilacin: retirement age (In her view, the difference between the retirement age for men and that for women was not that
great.); pensionable age (Given these circumstances, it is more obvious to lower, rather than increase, the
pensionable age.)
edificaciones y otras construcciones: buildings and other structures (All the Companys buildings and other structures are free of all
encumbrances.); buildings and other constructions
educacin formal: formal education (It serves as the basis for all formal education in the field of sustainable development.)
educacin primaria: primary education (Primary education is very important for our government.)
educacin secundaria: secondary education (The State shall provide free primary and secondary education to all citizens in public
schools.)
educacin superior: higher education (Eight in ten of that university's students are the first in their family to receive higher education.)
educacin universitaria: university education (There are already signs that the explosive growth of university education is having an
impact on the salaries their graduates can command.); college education (A college education offers a better future
for you and your family.)
efectivamente: as a matter of fact (As a matter of fact, an examination of the accounts in question showed significant ...)
efectividad: effectiveness (Information flowed both ways, increasing the effectiveness of the initiative.)
efectivo disponible: cash on hand (Cash comprises cash on hand, bank notes and coin.)
efectivo en caja y bancos: cash in hand and at banks (At the end of March, cash in hand and at banks amounted to EUR 41.1 million )
efectivo en caja y depsitos bancarios a la vista: cash on hand and demand deposits (According to International Accounting Standard 7
(IAS 7), Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits.
efectivo en caja y depsitos en bancos: cash on hand and due from banks (Cash on hand and due from banks, consists of gold, silver
and currency in our own vaults and deposits with other banks payable on demand.)
efectivo equivalente: cash equivalents (Cash equivalents is highly liquid, very safe investments which can be easily converted into cash,
such as Treasury Bills and money market funds.)
efectivo y depsitos en bancos: cash and due from banks (For the purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash
equivalents represent those amounts that are included in cash and due from banks.)
efectivo y depsitos en instituciones financieras: cash and deposits with financial institutions (Cash and deposits with financial
institutions consist of cash and cash equivalents, amounts pledged as collateral as well as amounts placed in
escrow.)
efectivo y equivalentes: cash and cash equivalents (Thus, debtors have two options: they can either provide a bank guarantee (shown
under contingent assets) or make a provisional payment (shown under cash and cash equivalents in the balance
sheet.)
87

efectivo y valores: cash and securities (The currency component was transferred in the form of cash and securities.)
efecto bancario: bank bill (the invoices which were paid with the bank bill can only be archived when the bill of exchange due date is
exceeded.)
efecto domin: ripple effect (It is hoped the arts center will have a ripple effect by attracting retailers and other arts-related activities.)
efecto econmico adverso: adverse economic effect (The problems affect their own health, but also cause serious social problems and
can have adverse economic effects.)
efecto invernadero: greenhouse effect (The greenhouse effect and deforestation also have a considerable impact.)
efecto multiplicador: multiplying effect (... a growth model based on the export of professional services with a low multiplying effect.)
efecto posterior: aftereffect (This paper explains how the aftereffects of flooding on library walls and shelving were dealt with by means of
humidifiers and fans.)
efecto riqueza: wealth effect (The wealth effect is an economic term, referring to an increase (decrease) in spending that accompanies an
increase (decrease) in perceived wealth.)
efecto social adverso: adverse social effect (Construction and operation of the Project has the potential to generate adverse social effects
as a result of noise and vibration, air quality, and traffic and access, ...)
efecto vinculante/carcter vinculante: binding effect (Any relaxation of that rule does not have binding effect.)
efecto: impact ( the economy had to deal with consecutive impacts of negative external shocks.) effect (the effects of changes in
monetary policy)
efectos de la recesin: effects of the recession (On top of that, the effects of the recession put a $3 trillion hole in our budge.)
efectos por cobrar: receivables (Net working capital equals trade receivables plus inventories minus trade payables.)
efectos por pagar: payables ( transactions with foreign payables and receivables solutions in as many as 25 currencies.)
efectos: securities (the right to convert would have gone to the owner of the securities.)
efectuar: carry out (The table below summarizes the other transfers carried out by the Bank.); make (the payments will be made in cash);
effect (which will be effected by means of)
eficacia: efficiency (We demonstrate efficiency, drive and competence in everything we do.); effectiveness (...considers that it is important
to increase the effectiveness of communications.); efficacy
eficiencia administrativa: administrative efficiency (For reasons of administrative efficiency both investigations were combined.)
eficiencia energtica: energy efficiency (Energy efficiency offers a powerful and cost-effective tool for achieving a sustainable energy
future.)
eficiencia financiera: financial efficiency (It is not just a matter of energy efficiency, but of financial efficiency.)
eficiencia operacional: operational efficiency (increase its operational efficiency with a view to possible savings)
eficiencia: efficiency (Improve the efficiency of corporate functions.)
eje de las transformaciones: core of transformations (A second core of transformations for which we have systematic evaluations involve
social investment funds designed to combat poverty, ) at the (en el) (Such unexpected changes and the dynamics
of the system are at the core of transformations )
ejecucin de caja del presupuesto: cash budget execution (The committee is responsible for daily monitoring of cash budget execution,
proper management of reserve money, and overall adherence of macroeconomic ...)
ejecucin: performance (she has to rely on others for the performance of the simplest tasks)
ejecutable: enforceable (legislation should be simple, clear and enforceable.)
ejecutivo: executive (More importantly, he is able to mentor executives by encouraging them to take risks and to have ...); decision maker
(A market for information and possibilities that no decision-maker should miss.)
ejercer: bring to bear (The Board is attentively monitoring progress and bringing to bear its collective experience in business and
governance to assist management in ...)
ejercicio fiscal: tax year (Can I change between cash and accrual methods in different tax years?)
ejercicio: accounting period (it is compulsory to mention the corresponding data on the previous accounting period in euros); financial year
(The Accounts are audited at the end of each financial year.); accounting year ( accounting system will be
encouraged to adjust it at the beginning of the accounting year.); performance (in the performance of his duties)
el abajo firmante: the undersigned (We, the undersigned, wish to protest the planned closing of the local library.)
el ao anterior: the previous year (higher than the 1.4% of the previous year.); the preceding year; the year before
88

el asunto que nos ocupa: the issue that concerns us
el caso es que: the point is that (However, the point is that we can strive for these values.)
el contrato tiene validez legal y es obligatorio para las partes: the contract is legal and binding
el cual/el que: which (the newspaper in which the article appeared)
El dinero es la raz de todos los males: (The love of ) money is the root of all evil.
el dinero le quema en el bolsillo: money burns a hole in his pocket
El dinero llama al dinero.: Money makes money.
El fin justifica los medios.: The end justifies the means (Machiavelli actually endorsed the idea that the end justifies the means.)
El hbito no hace al monje.: The dress does not make the man.
El hambre es mala consejera.: Hunger is a poor adviser.
el hecho es que: the fact remains that
El hombre propone y Dios dispone.: Man proposes and God disposes.
el mas alto funcionario: the most senior officer (The most senior officer must always walk to the right of the junior officer especially to
facilitate saluting.)
El ojo del amo engorda al cabello.: No eye like the eye of the master.
el primero de todos: the very first
el primero/la primera: the former (Of the two suggestions, I prefer the former.)
el primeroel segundo/la primerala segunda: the formerthe latter (night and day, the former dark, the latter light)
el principio de la legalidad: the force of law; the rule of law
El que no se arriesga no pasa la mar.: Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
El que re ltimo, re mejor.: He who laughs last laughs longest.
el que/ la que/los que/lasque:
el segundo/la segunda: the latter (He directed The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind, receiving an Oscar for the latter.)
el sistema: the Establishment (The Establishment is a term used to refer to a visible dominant group or elite that holds power or authority
in a nation.)
El sol sale para todos.: The sun shine on the just and on the unjust.
El tiempo es oro.: Time is Money.
el ltimo de todos: the very last
el ltimo/la ltima: the latter (He directed The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind, receiving an Oscar for the latter.)
elaborar: draw up (The lawyers drew up a contract over the weekend.); prepare; devise; work out (It is, though, up to each school to work
out its own strategy for promoting equal opportunities.)
eleccin y aplicacin de polticas constables adecuadas: selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies (that are free from
material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error; selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies;
and making accounting estimates that are reasonable in the circumstances.
elegibilidad: eligibility (When you apply to pay in instalments, you loose your eligibility for the discount.)
elemento central: core element (Financial investigations are one of the core elements in the fight against money laundering and terrorist
financing.)
elevar de categora/subir de categora: upgrade (the college was upgraded to university)
elevar: boost (The concrete target is to boost collective trade and investment levels.)
elemento clave/elemento fundamental: key enabler (Technology will be a key enabler.) (Spectrum is a key enabler for Mobile TV
services,) (enabler: one that enables another to achieve and end)
eliminacin progresiva: phasing out (Consideration of a phasing out of the ration card, )
eliminar progresivamente: phase out (Many airlines have begun to phase out (= stop using) airplanes 20 years old or older.)
eliminar: eliminate (You can never totally eliminate the possibility of human error.); remove; do away with; iron out (They met to iron out
the details of the contract.)
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elogiar: commend (We commend the United Kingdom for pointing the way.)
embalse/presa/represa: dam (the first stage of the East-West decanting system that includes the Nipe dam pipeline)
embarque (de carga): shipment (A shipment of raccoons arrived from Illinois.)
emergente: emerging (It is therefore - by definition - an emerging power.)
emisin de acciones para que antiguos inversores aporten el nuevo capital necesario: cash call
emisin: issue (The monetary issue and the piling up of debt unleashed speculation ); issuance (particularly due to issuances of covered
bonds in an amount of US$2.4 billion.); issuing (This due date shall be the last day of the second month following the
issuing of the order.)
emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero: greenhouse gas emissions (I believe that we must use every possible means of reducing
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.)
emisor/emisora: issuing (The issuing authority may indicate the capacity in which the holder of this certificate may act.); issuer (The
primary objective is to reduce concentration risk by industry, issuer, country, type of financial instrument and credit
quality.)
empeado en: committed to (We are all committed to the task of reconstruction.)
empeo: endeavor (Bioproducts for agriculture a new endeavor of the Labiofam Entrepreneurial Group.)
empeorar: aggravate (They should help enhance diplomatic efforts rather than aggravate conflicts and lead to confrontation.)
emperador sin ropa/emperador sin indumentaria: emperor without clothes (Mr President, I do not feel like an emperor without clothes,
but you can judge for yourself.)
empezar a funcionar: get off the ground (The Authority needs to get off the ground as quickly as possible and evolve towards being an
arbiter in food safety matters.)
empleado: employee (The Bank sees its employees as among its greatest assets.)
empleo a tiempo determinado: fixed-term employment (Overall, the proportion of fixed-term employment contracts is increasing)
employment at will (If you are employed at will, your employer does not need good cause to fire you.)
empleo a tiempo indeterminado: unspecified-term employment (As a reaction to the common practice of executing fixed-term rather than
unspecified-term employment agreements, a new provision (Art. 251) ...)
empoderamiento: empowerment (All of these contribute to community empowerment and development.)
emprender acciones legales contra: take legal action against (He worked with Congress to regulate monopolies and take legal action
against companies that violated the law.
emprender: undertake (a willingness to undertake gradual reform) / (The Initiative has undertaken a number of activities in response to
requests by central banks from)
empresa (proyecto/negocio/firma): undertaking (The opening of credit by state banks allows the addition of new resources at the
disposition of private undertakings.); enterprise (The road is bordered by shopping centers, restaurants, retail
outlets, and other commercial enterprises.)
empresa (tarea): undertaking (Preparing for the US national census every ten years is a massive undertaking.)
empresa comercial: trading company (All export sales were handled by a related trading company.); business firm (US business firms
enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant)
empresa conjunta: joint venture (Joint venture creates a new entity to implement various types of project structures.)
empresa cooperativa por acciones/empresa cooperativa annima: join-stock cooperative enterprises (it cannot be denied that some
join-stock cooperative enterprises having been transformed in accordance with relevant governmental regulations
may evolve into partnership enterprises with changes in their external environments, such as the removal of relevant
preferential policies.)
empresa de capital mixto: mixed-capital enterprise (ENEL, the Italian energy company, has been an important partner in this mixed-
capital enterprise.)
empresa de propiedad estatal: state-owned enterprise (SOEs) (The Chairman of this group is employed by a State-owned enterprise that
is the largest FeMo producer in China )
empresa en funcionamiento/empresa en marcha: going concern (These financial statements have been prepared on a going concern
basis, conforming to the historical cost convention using the accrual method of accounting.)
empresa estatal (en Canad)/ corporacin estatal (en Canad): crown corporation (Founded in 1944, EDC is a Crown Corporation that
operates as a commercial financial institution.)
empresa estatal: state enterprise (It was created in 1948 as a state enterprise; in 1997 the State sold majority of the companys shares...)
90

empresa familiar/negocio familiar: household business (One of the greatest omissions in the management of household business
activity is the lack of a plan.)
empresa fantasma: shell company (A shell company is a company that exists but does not actually do any business or have any assets.)
empresa mixta: joint venture (Joint venture creates a new entity to implement various types of project structures.)
Empresa Municipal de Comercio y Gastronoma: Municipal Enterprise of Trade and Gastronomy
empresa que marcha bien/empresa establecida: going concern (These financial statements have been prepared on a going concern
basis, conforming to the historical cost convention using the accrual method of accounting.)
empresa socialmente responsable: socially responsible enterprise (SRE) (Intercultural management is an instrument for fleshing out the
social dimension of Socially Responsible Enterprise.)
empresa: concern (He heads a large concern in the midwest.); enterprise (The road is bordered by shopping centers, restaurants, retail
outlets, and other commercial enterprises.)
empresarial: entrepreneurial (The rise of entrepreneurial China.)
empresario individual: sole trader (An SME may be as small as a sole trader or a partnership of three or four people.)
empresario: businessman (What is the difference between an entrepreneur, a businessman, and an investor?); entrepreneur (Hes an
entrepreneur who made his money in computer software.)
empresas de produccin domstica: home-based putting-out enterprises (Most women microentrepreneurs work in informal street
markets and home-based putting-out enterprises for local producers.)
empresas estatales: state-owned enterprises (SOEs) (Employment in state-owned enterprises may be a better way of providing social
security than social assistance payments)
empresas grannacionales: grannational enterprises (The concept of Grannational Enterprises emerged in opposition to that of the
transnational companies.)
emprestar: borrow (For personal loans and personal lines of credit, employees may not borrow more than 50% of their annual gross base
salary at the reduced rate.)
empujar adelante: push forth (developing countries are now pushing forth their own agenda.)
empujar: push (This could push the EU into a deep and longer-lasting recession: )
empuje: momentum (transition does not go smoothly and critical momentum can be lost.); boost (The presidents approval rating got a
boost following his speech.); drive (We demonstrate efficiency, drive and competence in everything we do.)
En abril aguas mil.: April showers bring Mayflowers.
en adelante: onward (From 2004 onward ); hereinafter (Access and/or usage of this website (hereinafter "our website") attributes visitors
the condition of user.)
en algn grado/en alguna medida: to some extent (To some extent, the Bank also reduces credit risk by using the protection provided by
credit derivative financial instruments such as credit default swaps.)
en algunos aspectos: in some respects (While Cuba believes it is not perfect and in some respects falls short of our expectations, we
decided nevertheless to endorse the position of the G-21 and )
en algunos sentidos: in some respects (in some respects the old one is better)
en alza: rising (Rising temperatures and more frequent floods, droughts and storms are impacting millions of peoples lives.)
en ambos casos: in both cases (In both cases the financial contribution shall be increased proportionately ...)
en apoyo de: in support of (He produced charts and graphs in support of his argument.); in furtherance of (in furtherance of his claim)
en apuros: struggling (Finding the right market and coming up with a kick-butt idea can easily make the difference between a struggling
business and a successful one.)
en asociacin con: in partnership with (Much of our business is done in partnership with other financial institutions.)
en auge: boming (Exports are booming, business confidence is up and the labour market is developing positively.)
en aumento: rising (the country is faced with rising unemployment/violence)
en base a: on a base of (... projects and connect diverse desires on a base of common histories and shared dreams.); based on (a
programme based on subjective criteria)
En boca cerrada no entran moscas.: If you keep your mouth shut, you wont put your foot in it.
en breve tiempo: early on (It was a great race for Needles, who took the lead early on (= shortly after the start). / (Business investment was
a driving force of the recovery early on.)
91

en buena parte: largely (This increase in the capital ratios was largely due to the Banks adoption of the ); mainly (Revenue growth was
driven mainly by higher loan volumes )
en buena posicin: well placed (With these operational and communication measures in place, the FATF should be well placed to carry
out the work assigned to it under its new mandate.)
en busca de: in search of (This phenomenon also generates the movement of people to other areas in search of a better livelihood.)
en cada caso/de acuerdo con las circunstancias que concurran en cada caso: on and ad hoc basis (The admission of this evidence
shall be decided by yhe Board on an ad hoc basis.)
en cambio: by contrast (By contrast, I do not believe in sanctions when they affect the general population...); in contrast (In contrast,
whites constitute just 46% of Californias adult population, but. 66% of the states likely voters.)
en caso contrario: otherwise (Otherwise, the representative of the government concerned should be able to ask for the communication)
en caso de: in case of (This situation will likely further deteriorate in case of a surge of such imports )
en caso necesario: where necessary (The contents of this website are continuously checked and brought up to date where necessary.)
en cierta medida: up to a point (This is very clear both in China and Russia, but is also valid up to a point for some countries of East
Europe.); in part
en cierto sentido: in some sense (I think that both interpretations are in some sense correct.)
en ciertos aspectos: in certain respects (In certain respects this is clearly important.)
en colaboracin con: in partnership with (en asociacin con: in partnership with (Much of our business is done in partnership with other
financial institutions.)
en comparacin con: in comparison with (In comparison with the previous proposal, the action plan made further progress in );
compared with (Most experts feel that the risk is very low compared with the benefits.); compared to (The number
of statutory staffing grew towards 320 at the end of 2009, which is an increase of 40% compared to the year
before.)
en concordancia con: in accordance with ( was prepared in accordance with the requirements set out in)
en conformidad con: in compliance with (Decision-making authority is determined in compliance with the delegation of authority set out in
the Credit Risk Management Policy.); compliant with (conforming to requirements) ( are treated in a manner that is
fully compliant with international standards.)
en conjunto: altogether (Altogether, she gave away some $60 million in her lifetime.), taken as a whole / (We can accept three groups of
amendments which, altogether, make up more or less half of them.)
en consecuencia: in consequence (In consequence, the reliability of the information presented has not been verified by arithmetical ...);
accordingly (The Commission is reviewing the state of progress and will act accordingly.); thereby (The Office of the
President carries out its responsibilities as a team, thereby ensuring consistency as well as information and
knowledge sharing among the Banks business units.
en consideracin a: in consideration of (In consideration of the funding provided by AcRF, the university shall grant MOE, upon the
written request of MOE, )
en consonancia con: in line with (This is in line with the recommendation of the External Auditor.);; in keeping with (In keeping with this
emphasis on enhanced cooperation)
en consonancia: accordingly (Accordingly, the Member States should find a common response to the challenges.)
en contra de todas las probabilidades: against all the odds (Against all the odds, she conceived her first child at the age of 56.)
en contraste con: in contrast with (She is quite petite, in contrast with her tall sister.)
en cualquier caso: at any rate (At any rate, the Commission will examine the measures taken by Member States according to ); in all
events (In all events, the report proposes encoding messages as the main form of protection.)
en cualquier momento: whenever (thanks to the Banks remote distribution network and 448 branches across Canada, clients can do
their daily banking whenever and wherever they wish.); at any time (Credit ratings may be revised at any time
based on macroeconomic factors or the current or projected financial condition of the Bank.)
en cuanto a eso: in that respect (The General Assembly had a major role to play in that respect and should not remain silent.)
en cuanto a esto: in this respect (In this respect, particular attention will be devoted to the use of consultant services and ...)
en cuanto a si: as to whether (The decision as to whether a body may participate as an observer to the FATF is taken by the Plenary.
en cuanto a: as regards (There is no problem as regards (= about) the financial arrangements.), in (or) with regard to (I am calling in/with
regard to (= in relation to) your recent inquiry.); as for (As for the Trade Balance); as to (I cant answer questions
as to how long the concert will last.); with regard to (Meritage leads competing solutions over most time periods with
regard to the rates of return delivered to investors.); regarding (This paper evaluates the three objectives of the
92

proposed reform regarding monetary and exchange rate policy.)
en cuanto: as soon as (As soon as any faxes arrive, theyre put in a special box.)
en cuestin: concerned (Shareholders whose shares are held by a market intermediary are asked to contact the market intermediary
concerned.)
en curso: ongoing (We must not forget that this is an ongoing process.) (the investigation is ongoing)
en cuyo caso: in which case (The simple majority, in which case the decision is taken according to...)
en definitiva: eventually (The plan seemed initially attractive but it was eventually dropped.)
en depsito: in escrow (Bank common shares valued at $171 million issued and placed in escrow in the name of the vendors.)
en desarrollo: ongoing (We must not forget that this is an ongoing process.) (the investigation is ongoing)
en dicha fecha: in the said date (Changes in the said date will be announced in the media by the Electoral Commission.); on the said date
(The conversion ratio on the said date was 0.9422 shares per bond.)
en dificultades: struggling (The Mexican Government had clearly been more eager to bail out struggling private banks in 2005 than it was
to bail out the social security system.)
en donde: wherein (The industry will have a situation wherein many companies will be unable to afford to stay in business.)
en efecto: as a matter of fact (As a matter of fact, an examination of the accounts in question showed significant ...); indeed (we are indeed
faced with a revolutionary invention)
en el mbito nacional: on a nationwide basis (0n a nationwide basis the number of housing units authorized in the 3,014 selected permit-
issuing places accounted for about 86 percent of all new residential); on a nation wide scale
en el caso de: in the case of (In the case of sensitive population groups, ozone pollution may lead to irritation of the eyes, sore throats and
breathing problems.)
en el centro de: in the middle (the industries are concentrated in the middle of the country)
en el corto plazo: in the short term (this could happen in the short term) in the near run (Reduced market liquidity could exacerbate
volatility in the near run.)
en el ejercicio de las funciones/en el cumplimiento de las funciones: in the discharge of the functions (The President, in the discharge
of the functions as the President, owes his/her duty entirely to the FATF and to no other authorities or institutions.)
en el exterior/en el extranjero: abroad (If somebody is ill, they should be given the possibility of receiving medical care abroad.)
en el futuro: hereafter (I will let you in this time, but hereafter you have to get permission in advance.); going forward (Going forward,
weaker demand, both domestically and internationally, will further exacerbate the downturn.); in future; in the future
en el mejor de los casos: at best (at best, well just manage to cover costs)
en el menor tiempo posible/en el menor plazo posible: in the shortest posible time (every effort must be made to achieve this also in
the candidate countries in the shortest possible time.); within the shortest possible time (I do not expect a rapid
result at any price but rather the best possible result within the shortest possible time.); in a minimum time (so
as to maximise the impact of public spending in a minimum time.)
en el momento de: at the time of (The enquiry was made at the time of updating the inventory.)
en el mundo entero: around the world (The four big companies together buy almost half the coffee beans produced around the world.)
en el otro extremo: at the far end (Is that the light at the far end of the Tunnel?)
En el peligro se conoce el amigo.: A friend in need is a friend indeed.
en el periodo posterior: in the ensuing period (The survey results were systematized and processed in the ensuing period.); in the
aftermath (We are proud to be the first major Canadian bank to increase dividends in the aftermath of the financial
crisis.)
en el periodo que sigui a: in the aftermath of (We are proud to be the first major Canadian bank to increase dividends in the aftermath of
the financial crisis.)
en el que/en la que: wherein (The industry will have a situation wherein many companies will be unable to afford to stay in business.)
en el que; en la que; en los que; en las que: in which (the Bank aims to have a positive influence on the communities in which it
operates)
en el segundo semestre de: in the half of (In the second half of 2003 the number of false banknotes in circulation levelled off.)
en el sentido estricto de la palabra: in the strict sense of the word (An international monetary system in the strict sense of the world
does not presently exist.)
93

en el tiempo asignado (establecido): in the time allotted (It has been formatted to fit this screen, to run in the time allotted and edited for
content)
en l: therein (an advertisement shall not be inaccurate, misleading or inconsistent with that contained in the prospectus or that expected
to be contained therein.)
en ello radica: (Therein lies the true touchstone of peace, what is known as ...)
en escala reducida: small-scale (Opening of a small-scale non-state sector )
en ese contexto/en ese entorno: against that background (Against that background, even if the 2008 harvest was normal, stocks would
not increase significantly )
en ese momento: hereupon
en ese sentido: in that regard (We therefore call on Russia to become more open in that regard.); at this juncture (This should be made
quite clear at this juncture.)
en eso radica/en eso reside: therein lies(Therein lies the true touchstone of peace, what is known as ...) (therein lies the problem/risk)
en eso: therein (therein lies the problem)
en eso: therein (Therein lies our strength.)
en especial: notably (In some subject fields, notably business, there may be both bibliographic and non-bibliographic data bases covering
different aspects of the topic.)
en este aspecto: in this respect (It is important for you to know your rights in this respect.); in this regard (Biosensors are proving to be
very promising in this regard.)
en este caso: in this case (In this case the program tells you which recurring document has been flagged for deletion.)
en este contexto: in this context (In this context, targeted bureaucratic reform and standardisation would be a priority.)
en este momento: at this moment (This corresponds to reality at this moment.); at present (This research may contribute to the economic
changes that are happening in Cuba at present. )
en este orden de ideas: in this spirit (In this spirit, it is to be considered in conjunction with document); by the same token; with this in
mind; in this vein (In this vein, producer organisations have at their disposal the operational programmes)
en este sentido: in this regard (Not a great deal has happened in this regard.); in this respect (In this respect, the appeal to the HDZ in
Herzegovina is justified, )
en esto: therein (Therein lies the risk (= Here is the risk).)
en estos momentos: for the time being (For the time being, therefore, there is no need to increase the quota.)
en favor de: in favor of (The city council voted in favor of (= in support of) the proposed housing development.)
en fe de lo cual: in witness whereof (IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Secretary-General of AMU and the Director-General of UNESCO have
signed this Agreement in two copies, in Arabic and in French,)
en fideicomiso: in trust; a legal arrangement in which a person or organization controls property or money for the benefit of another person
or organization (The money is being held in trust for her until she turns 21.)
en fin (quitando importancia): anyway (weve had quite a few problems this year, but anyway, were still going); in short (in short, I
havent had a moments rest)
en forma mensual (mensualmente): on a monthly basis (It meets on a monthly basis to monitor progress and address issues related to
the action plan.)
en forma resumida: in an abridged form (the Inspection and Evaluation Division would have to cancel or postpone those exercises and
carry out others in an abridged form)
en forma seminal (semanalmente): on a weekly basis (their class is supervised on a weekly basis by the head teacher)
en funcin de: on the basis of (consumers make their purchases on the basis of quality and price); according to (the money will be
distributed according to the needs of each country); depend on (cultural development depends on the political
structure of a country)
en funcionamiento: in operation (An agency in operation for several years shows a stable and ); in place (Therefore, China should float
its currency at some point soon, and dismantle the capitals controls that are currently in place.)
en general: on the whole (On the whole, I prefer classic music.); at large (Society at large will benefit from this.); in the main; mostly; by
and large (There are a few things that I dont like about my job, but by and large (= when everything about my job is
considered together) its very enjoyable.); in general
en gran medida: in large measure (These are in large measure the consequences of that policy,); largely
94

en gran parte: largely (This increase in the capital ratios was largely due to the Banks adoption of the ); mainly (Revenue growth was
driven mainly by higher loan volumes )
en grandes cantidades: in bulk (The relief organization buys food in bulk.)
en la duda, abstente: when in doubt, dont (the more extreme or highly restrictive versions of precaution (the "when in doubt, don't"
approach) are problematic for reasons of both pragmatism and equity.)
en la mayora de los casos: in most cases (These policies are reviewed on a regular basis in most cases, annually); in the majority of
cases (in the majority of cases, school attendance was mandatory between the ages of 5 and 16.)
en la medida de lo posible: to the extent posible (Missing data have been estimated for countries to the extent possible.)
en la medida en que: in so far as; inasmuch as (It also links us, inasmuch as we have an obligation to satisfy the demand for solidarity);
Inasmuch as and insofar as are used interchangeably. Inasmuch as, written in two words, is a long but useful
synonym for because or since. ...) / (A mechanism like this will provide adequate risk measurement inasmuch as it
effectively differentiates risk levels by pool.)
en la misma lnea: by the same token (By the same token, one should avoid setting up procedures likely to fix a priori the allocation of
appropriations)
En la necesidad o el peligro se conoce al amigo.: A friend in need is a friend indeed.
en la que/en la cual: wherein (The industry will have a situation wherein many companies will be unable to afford to stay in business.)
en la que/en las que: in which
en la segunda mitad de: in the second half of (The session is now scheduled in Mexico in the second half of November 2009.)
en lnea: on line (I went on-line to see if I got any e-mail.)
en lneas generales: broadly speaking (Broadly speaking, the most flexible and market-focused approaches have been the common
denominator )
en lo adelante se denominar: hereinafter referred to as (The participants in this negotiation shall be the 23 above-listed States
hereinafter referred to as the participants.)
en lo alto de: at the top of (enterprises with a culture that places these imperatives at the top of its priorities will gain competitive
advantage.)
en lo que a esto se refiere: in this respect (In this respect, additional training and consultation are required to encourage supervisors to
assess staff more objectively.)
en lo que concierne a: with respect to (Consecutive years of strong financial results have positioned the Bank favourably with respect to
sthe new capital standards )
en lo que se refiere a: concerning (concerning your last remark)
en lo que va de ao: so far this year (So far this year, over 200 000 hectares of forest have been destroyed ...);
en lo que va de: so far this (So far this year, labour market conditions are firm, however, partial indicators ...)
en lo sucesivo (de aqu en adelante): hereafter (I will let you in this time, but hereafter you have to get permission in advance.);
hereinafter
en los plazos: on terms (The Federal Financing Bank is authorized to purchase and sell the Corporations obligations on terms and
conditions determined by the ...)
en los ltimos aos: in recent years (In recent years, we have established a collaborative working relationship); over the past few years
(the economic variables which could explain the better part of the GDP growth over the past few years are)/over
the last few years
en los ltimos meses: over the past months (She made a lot of changes over the past six months.); over the last few months
en los ltimos (durante, en el curso de): over the past few
en lugar de: in place of ( and will be charged merely an application fee of 900 in place of the total amount of 1600 to be paid at
present.); instead of (We went by train instead of by car.) rather than (She wants us to meet her here rather than
go to her apartment.)
en manos de la poblacin: in hands of the population (... contributing to excess liquidity in hands of the population by offering a limited
amount of goods at lower prices (often below production costs).
en marcha: ongoing (We must not forget that this is an ongoing process.) (the investigation is ongoing)
en mas de: at more than (it is reckoned at more than a thousand)
en mayor o menor medida/en mayor o menor grado: to a greater or lesser extent (The Basel II Accord proposes a range of approaches
of varying complexity, the choice of which determines, to a greater or lesser extent, the sensitivity of capital to
95

risks.)
en medio de: in between (In the new context of staff cuts, this decision has increased the number of staff in between assignments.); in the
midst of (The Bank is in the midst of implementing its One client, one bank strategy, ); in the middle of (in the
middle of a recession); amid (Pope John Paul arrived in New Delhi amid tight security to begin a 10-day tour of
India.)
en millones de pesos: in millions of pesos
en mitad de: in the middle of (in the middle of the night)
en muchos sentidos: in many respects (In many respects this is an unnecessary waste of energy.)
en nombre de: on behalf of/in behalf of (someone) (On behalf of the executive management team, I wish to acknowledge); in/on
(someones) behalf (he argued on her behalf that she had been very ill)
en otras circunstancias: otherwise (people who might otherwise have died will live)
en otras palabras: in other words (In other words, the obstacles we face are not of an institutional nature.)
en otros trminos: in other words (In other words, an alliance between citizens and the institutions created )
en particular: notably (In some subject fields, notably business, there may be both bibliographic and non-bibliographic data bases covering
different aspects of the topic.)
en pie de igualdad: on an equal footing (This new legal framework puts them practically on an equal footing with the financial services and
credit that SOEs can access.)
en pleno/en plena: in the midst of (The Bank is in the midst of implementing its One client, one bank strategy, )
en plica: in escrow (The $279 million purchase price consisted of $108 million in cash ($22 million in escrow))
en pocas palabras: briefly (the facts, briefly, are these)
en preparacin para: in prepation for (A platform had been set up in preparation for the ceremony.)
en primer lugar: first of all (First of all, computers have become a crucial tool in transmitting ideas, thoughts and knowledge.); firstly
(Firstly, the initiative to the reforms dates back to 1996.); first and foremost (First and foremost, we should try to
get back to the facts.)
en principio: in principle (In principle, clients pay for the points they accumulate when making purchases and, consequently, a portion of
the revenues realized during purchases should be deferred.)
en profundidad: in-depth (in-depth investigation)
en proporcin directa con/en razn directa con: in direct ratio to
en proporcin inversa/en razn inversa: in inverse ratio (The cultural wealth of indigenous peoples stood in inverse ratio to their income,
and poverty was more widespread among ethnic minorities.)
en provecho de: for the benefit of (the offence was committed for the benefit of a legal person established in their territory.); to the
benefit of (It welcomes any ideas to improve the functioning of the system to the benefit of the Member States.)
en realidad: actually (I havent actually decided what to do yet.); in fact (He was in fact near death by the time they reached him.); as a
matter of fact (Are you new around here? As a matter of fact, Ive lived here for ten years.)
en relacin con este tema: regarding this subject (Regarding this matter, Panama would like to state that we are concerned by and
condemn the decision taken by)
en representacin de: on behalf of (a representative body that speaks with authority on behalf of enterprises from all sectors in every part
of the world)
en respaldo de: in furtherance of (in furtherance of your claim)
en respuesta a una pregunta/repondiendo a una pregunta: answering a question (Answering a question on trade protectionism, Clinton
said)
en respuesta a: in response to (This letter is in response to your letter)
en resumen: in summary (In summary, it is high time for us to start working like bees.); in short (In short, improving accessibility leads to
improved competitiveness ); briefly (the facts, briefly, are these)
en seguida/enseguida: speedily (The error can be speedily corrected.)
en s: as such (As such, actual results could differ from these estimates,)
en sntesis: in summary (In summary, the results were good.)
en su aspecto mas simple: at its simplest (At its simplest, resource monitoring is nothing more than obtaining information )
96

en su carcter de: in his character of/in her character/in its character of (In addition, in 1926, in his character of Director of the University
of Buenos Aires)/In her character of representative of the Nez family)
en su conjunto: on the whole (In spite of all this, on the whole, in the media only one out of five voices of experts is a woman.); as a whole
(The Community objective applies to the Community as a whole.)
en su forma mas simple: at its simplest (At its simplest, chargeback provides a quick and effective refund mechanism for the consumer.)
en su mayor parte: mostly (It was mostly focused on the possibility of a bioterrorist attack.)
en su mayora: mostly (Consisting mostly of securities, average assets rose to $103.0 billion compared to $92.6 billion in 2010.)
en su totalidad: as a whole (this will affect Europe as a whole); in its entirety (Let us move cautiously and evaluate the proposal in its
entirety.)
en suma: briefly (the facts, briefly, are these)
en tal caso: in that event (In that event the competent authorities may authorize the company); in such a case (And in such a case the
following procedure is to be observed.)
en tal sentido: in such sense (A taking of conscience in such sense is an urgent obligation.); in that regard (Our report sends out a political
signal in that regard.)
en tanto que: whereas (Stable funds are used to fund bank activities, whereas funds from the wholesale markets are used to fund financial
market activities.
en tercer lugar: thirdly (Thirdly, there is the risk of going over the top in the quest for liberalisation.)
en trminos de resultados: in terms of results (In terms of results, disparities in the employment of ethnic minorities had diminished a
further 2 per cent since 2005.); in terms of outputs (Ensuring value for money and quality in terms of outputs is as
important as ensuring adequate resourcing.);
en trminos de: in terms of (In terms of economic growth,)
en trminos generales: in broad terms (she talked about the problem in broad terms); generally speaking (Generally speaking, I can
inform you that work is proceeding normally ); overall
en terminos generals podra decirse que: overall, one could say that
en trminos sencillos: at its simplest (At its simplest, resource monitoring is nothing more than obtaining information )
en terminos porcentuales: in percentage terms (In the case of countries at or near the floor, any increases in assessment rates are high in
percentage terms.)
en todas partes del mundo: in every part of the world
en todo caso: at any rate (At any rate, is a call for serene reflexion ...); in all events (In all events, I think that we are on the right track.)
en todo el mbito nacional: throughout the whole country
en todo el pas: all over the whole country (Children die for hunger all over the whole country); troughout the country (hospitals
throughout the country reached 1.217 in 2004.); all over the country (courses are offered all over the country.);
nationwide (we now have over 300 branches nationwide)
en todo momento: at all times (to ensure that it has sufficient capital at all times)
en todo sentido: in every respect (That will affect the cost of producing and marketing food in every respect.)
en todos los aspectos: in all respects (Miscellaneous Application Form duly completed in all respects and signed in two places.); in every
respect (This does not necessarily require that all participants adopt identical rules in every respect.); in every way
en todos los rincones: in every nook and cranny (Growth opportunities reside in every nook and cranny of this economy.)
en todos los sentidos: in all respects (in order to allow for sustainable development in all respects.); in all senses (On such a scale that
they might give rise to a process of recession in all senses.)
en todos sus detalles: in every detail (Having followed the matter of the buildings in every detail, it is clear to me that it has been
dominated by bad faith.); in all particulars (the obligation to provide regular sales reports that are complete,
exhaustive and correct in all particulars in order to allow proper monitoring by the Commission.)
en total: in all (In all, an average citizen of the United States consumes 2,483 cubic metres a year - about three times as much as a Kenyan
or a Chinese.); in total (In total, a sum of 30 million euros is being spent on giving these facilities a facelift.); all told
(There were 550 people there all told.)
en un inicio: at first (At first, two currency exchange markets were created)
en un momento de: at a time of (Mr. Waldheim also came to the United Nations at a time of financial crisis.)
en un tiempo: at a time of (Mr Hammerstein, who will speak later, will launch a cross-party pamphlet, Making the Green Energy Switch at a
97

Time of Crisis.)
en una poca: at a time of (Mr. Waldheim also came to the United Nations at a time of financial crisis.)
en una semana: in a weeks time
en dos semanas: in two weeks time
en verdad: as a matter of fact (As a matter of fact, an examination of the accounts in question showed...)
en vez de: in place of ( and will be charged merely an application fee of 900 in place of the total amount of 1600 to be paid at
present.); instead of (We went by train instead of by car.) rather than (She wants us to meet her here rather than
go to her apartment.); as opposed to (I'd prefer to go in May, as opposed to (= rather than) September.)
en vas de desarrollo: developing (We must get away from the idea that it is our farmers versus the farmers in the developing world.)
en vas de ejecucin/en marcha: underway (A number of projects are underway to improve credit decision models and shorten response
time.)
en vigor: in force (New regulations limiting fishing on this river are now in force.); in effect (Winter parking rules are in effect (= must be
obeyed).)
en virtud de un contrato con: under contract with (The study was prepared by Prof. U. Sieber of the University of Wrzburg under
contract with the European Commission.)
en virtud de: by virtue of (Measures to combat corruption have been taken by tightening the requirements on politically exposed persons,
who may pose a higher risk of corruption by virtue of the positions they hold.)
en virtud del mismo/en virtud de la misma: pursuant thereto (The Registry shall observe the rules, policies and procedures laid down in
this Regulation and adopted by the Commission pursuant thereto.) / (Pursuant thereto, the Heads of State and
Government adopted a Declaration on Social and Human Issues.)
en vista de que: in view of the fact that (This forum was of particular importance in view of the fact that 60% of the population is under 26
years of age and this group constitutes the first generation to grow up in peacetime and in a rapidly changing
society.)
en vista de: in the light of (The price had risen significantly in the light of the upturn in the coke and steel market.); in light of (In light of the
latest regulatory changes)
en: by (empleado para mostrar medidas o cantidades): (prices increased by 12%) / (Financial market fees increased by more than 7% as
activity rebounded, and revenues from banking services increased as well, reflecting a resurgence in corporate
activity.
encaje bancario: bank reserves (Bank reserves serve two purposes: they allow banks to pay depositors on demand, and they play a role in
monetary policy.)
encaje legal: reserve requirements (Excludes reserve requirements on f/x deposits and various government deposits in f/x at the central
bank.); legal reserve (The legal reserve in national currency was lowered from 17% to 15% in October 2008.)
encaminado a: aimed at (The measures are aimed at preserving family life.)
encaminarse a: head for (For 2010 as a whole, the Canadian economy is headed for growth of 3.1%.)
encarar: face (the similarities between the problems that Cuba is facing today in relation to those faced by Vietnam since 1986); address
(Nearly all of the jurisdictions identified by the FATF are working closely with the FATF to address these issues)
encargado de : in charge of (Three SOCBs [Banco Metropolitano, Banco de Crdito y Comercio, and Banco Popular de Ahorro] are in
charge of providing the new loans and financial services.)
encargado de tomar decisiones: decision-maker (A market for information and possibilities that no decision-maker should miss.)
encargarse de: undertake to (I undertook to help him learn English.); deal with (We have to deal with problems as they arise.); take over
(She took over management of this department last winter.)
encargarse por s solo: afford on its own (The budget should aim at the future and endorse action which no single Member State can
afford on its own.) / (It is often complicated for a production company to afford on its own the production of a film
in terms of financing and workload.)
encauzar: channel (Pursuing its social vision, Banco Improsa continued with its approach of channeling the funds of major investors into
small and medium enterprises with limited financing capacity.)
encima de eso: on top of that (On top of that, the effects of the recession put a $3 trillion hole in our budget.)
encomiar: commend (Lamos should be commended for creating important opportunities for minority actors.)
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encubrir: conceal (Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of money obtained by illicit means.); hide (He said nothing is
wrong, but I think hes hiding something.)
endeudamiento excesivo: overborrowing (There are conditions under which private external debt may lead to overborrowing and
generate more vulnerabilities than public sector external debt.)
endeudamiento: indebtedness (This development in the labour market will counsel prudence to households, whose indebtedness leaves
them vulnerable to a rise in interest rates)
endosante: endorser (The category of Endorser is open to organizations of any size as well as to individuals.)
endosatario: endorsee ( the endorsee must register the same in order to exercise his rights.)
endoso limitado: qualified endorsement (With a qualified endorsement, the endorser will not assume any responsibility for paying the
check if it is returned for any reason.)
energa elica: wind power (The intensive use of wind power is associated with significant operational challenges.); wind energy (Wind
energy is one of the renewable energies that are undergoing greater development.)
energa solar: solar energy (There is currently no way for the European citizens to know how much money is spent on solar energy or wind
power.); solar power
enfatizar: emphasize (She emphasized the importance of good nutrition.)
enfocar: approach (We should approach this problem logically.)
enfoque integral: comprehensive approach (In my report, I wanted to take a responsible, balanced, comprehensive approach.)
enfoque simple: simple approach
enfoque radical: big bang approach (The changeover in Slovenia confirms the relevance of the Big-bang approach for future entrants, in
particular for smaller countries.)
enfoque: approach (to adopt a different approach to the problem) / (a new and original approach to the problem)
enfrentamiento al delito: confrontation to crime (Cuban penitentiary policy harmonizes with the confrontation to crime in society.)
enfrentar los problemas segn van surgiendo: deal with problems ad hoc (Unfortunately, we deal with problems ad hoc.); tackle
problems ad hoc
enfrentar problemas financieros: face financial problems (The new rules should guarantee that SMEs no longer face financial problems
due to the late payment of invoices addressed to public authorities or to companies )
enfrentar: face (They are faced with major financial problems.); face up to (We have to face up to the fact that there has not been full
cooperation ...); confront (I had to confront many dangers.); tackle (There are many ways of tackling this problem.)
enfrentarse a: deal with (We have to deal with problems as they arise.) / (Alternatives policies to deal with crisis )
enfrentarse con: cope with (By and large, your ability to cope with change varies inversely with age.)
enfriar la economa: cool the economy (China, on the other hand, continued the pace of rapid growth despite intervention by the Chinese
government to cool the economy.); cool down the economy (The policies conducted in China to cool down the
economy could have a negative impact on exports from countries such as the United States, Japan or Australia.)
engaoso: deceptive (Appearances can be very deceptive.)
enjuiciable (pleito/juicio): actionable
enmienda: amendment (As in all contractual relationships, proposed amendments have to be notified beforehand.)
enorgullecerse de: take pride in (The United Nations should take pride in being subject to more public scrutiny; reform must be an ongoing
effort.)
enorme: huge (The currency and exchange rate duality has huge costs for the entrepreneurial system.); yawning (there is a yawning gap
between the moderates and the left wing of the party)
enormemente/inmensamente: vastly (I think the original movie was vastly superior to the remake.); enormously (it is enormously
expensive); beyond measure (our knowledge has increased beyond measure)
enseanza media superior/educacin media superior: upper secondary education (Upper secondary education (ISCED 3) corresponds
to the final stage of secondary education in most OECD countries.)
enseanza superior/educacin superior : tertiary education (Investment in tertiary education has also increased.); higher education
(European higher education must be acknowledged to be of high quality and in line with the needs)
enseres y equipos de oficina: fixtures and office equipment (Plant and equipment used by mining, oil, and construction activities; except
furniture and fixtures and office equipment.)
entablar un pleito contra: take a legal action against (He worked with Congress to regulate monopolies and take legal action against
99

companies that violated the law.)
entidad calificadora de riesgo: credit rating agency (information from external sources such as credit rating agencies)
entidad con cometido especial/entidad de cometido especial/entidad de propsito especial: special purpose entity (A Special
Purpose Entity (SPE) is an entity set up for a specific purpose or limited duration.)
entidad financiera: financial institution (We must not forget the role played by financial institutions.)
entidad jurdica: legal entity (The project will be coordinated by a legal entity which operates a research infrastructure.)
entidades presupuestadas: budgeted entities (The economic relations between enterprises, budgeted entities and the ...)
entonces: thereupon (Thereupon the German government was prepared to reduce by one third the national aid)
entorno de trabajo: working environment (I wish to thank you for being so positive in emphasising this important matter of the working
environment.)
entorno econmico: economic environment (the EUs economic environment will also undergo changes over the next five years.)
entorno financiero: financial environment (The resulting yield curve has delivered a financial environment very significantly supportive to
economic recovery.)
entorno: environment (a good business environment)
entrada de remesas: entry of remittances (the entry of remittances into this country reached some US$4.023 billion. ...)
entrada en vigor y vigencia: entry into force and validity (Entry into force and validity of this Decision. This Decision shall enter into force
on 2 August 2000. It shall apply until the Agreement enters into force.)
entrada en vigor: entry into force (Two years after the entry into force of this Regulation.)
entradas de: incoming (Furthermore, all operators must provide evidence of clear weekly accounts showing all incoming and outgoing milk
and cheese.)
entraar: involve (the business involves a number of difficulties); entail
entrante: coming (We look forward to even greater success in the coming year.); incoming (If so, identify the incoming and outgoing
auditor.)
entrar en crisis: go into crisis (after Greece comes Hungary and who knows who else, the whole European system might go into crisis.)
entrar en recesin: enter into recession (Everyone is well aware that the euro zone was the first to enter into recession because it had the
lowest growth rate in the world for eight years.)
entrar en vigor: enter into force (The Treaty of Lisbon has been ratified and must enter into force as soon as possible.); come into effect
( a unanimous vote and that it will come into effect very soon); come into force ( that we have to wait for this
agreement to come into force.); take effect
entrar en: enter (Since 2010, the Cuban economy has entered a new period of economic reform ); enter into ( is limited to the provision
of general guidance, without entering into the details of a proposal.)
entre (mas de dos): among (China and India are among the great tourism source countries for the UK.); amongst
Entre la espada y la pared.: Between the devil and the deep blue sea.
entre otras medidas: among other measures (Among other measures, BCRA introduced changes in the methodology for asset
valuation)
entre otros factores: among other factors (Since 1985 the armed conflict in Colombia, among other factors, has resulted in the
displacement of between two to three million Colombians.)
entrega contra reembolso: cash on deliver (C.O.D.) (Unless otherwise stated, all sales are made on a C.O.D. (cash on delivery) or C.I.A.
(cash in advance) basis, at the Sellers option.)
entrega de tierras en usufructo: delivery of lands in usufruct (These initiatives were accompanied by measures such as the delivery of
lands in usufruct and the expansion of self-employed workers )
entrega de tierras ociosas en usufructo: delivery of idle lands in usufruct; delivery of fallow lands in usufruct
entregar en mano: deliver by hand (Applicants for renewals must attach photostat copies of their current licences and submit them by
registered post or deliver by hand.)
entregar: hand over (This evening the outgoing Parliament is handing over to the new Parliament)
enunciar: state (The 25-29 guidelines clearly state that will create cooperatives beyond the agricultural sector as well as second degree
cooperatives.); enunciate (The administration enunciated a new policy on security issues.)
envejecimiento poblacional: population ageing (With regard to the countrys demographic composition, the population ageing poses a
100

challenge to social policy.)
envergadura: importance (The importance of such a large-scale project to the cause of promoting European integration should also be
strongly emphasised.); scope (I am grateful for what I perceive to be a growing understanding of the scope of this
problem.); magnitude (That is a change of some magnitude and it is making Europe better.) extent (In order to
weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform )
enviar un giro telegrfico a: wire money to
enviar: dispatch (On November 22 of that year a copy of the aforesaid Report was dispatched to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru.)
envo: dispatch (Receipt from the delivery of the dispatch in accepted as evidence for the delivery, and the time for delivery.)
poca de vacas flacas: lean years (these are lean years for the car industry) / (the lean years that followed the war); lean season (And
because of poverty and debt, the lean season is becoming longer every year.)
poca de vacas gordas: boom years(these are boom years for the car industry)
equilibrio entre costo y beneficio: balance between cost and benefit (The selected design is an optimal balance between cost and
benefit.)
equilibrio entre precio y calidad: trade-off between price and quality
equilibrio negociado: negotiated balance (Negotiated Balance of Rights and Obligations in WTO International trade relations came to be
regulated within the framework of World Trade Organisation ...)
equilibrio: balance (there is a stable balance between the two superpowers); trade-off/tradeoff (The tradeoff in a democracy is between
individual liberty and an orderly society.)
equipo de trabajo: working team ( develop as an effective working team, and consequently have greater impact upon clientele
problems.)
equipos de climatizacin: conditioning equipment
equipos de computacin: computer equipment (Buildings, equipment and furniture, leasehold improvements, and computer equipment
leased under a capital lease)
equivalente a: equivalent to (A mile is equivalent to about 1.6 kilometers.)
equivalentes de efectivo: cash equivalents (Cash equivalents are defined as cash in hand, current accounts and short-term deposits with
a maturity less than 3 months which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and subject to insignificant risk
of changes in value.)
equivaler a: amount to (this amounts to a refusal)
error: flaw (this report precisely demonstrates the structural flaw at the heart of the European project.); error (the Financial Statements are
free of significant errors); mistake (there must be some mistake)
errores y omisiones: errors and omissions (These errors and omissions could not have escaped efficient quality control.)
es veces mas grande: it is times bigger
es casi: be about (it is about time to open)
es de nuestra competencia: it falls/comes within our jurisdiction
es de: stand at (unemployment stands at three million) / (Operating expenses stood at $2,811 million in 2010, ...)
es decir: viz. (in sum, to add to the list mentioned therein a new category of the "unreached", viz. orphans and children living in children's
homes.)
es esencial: ; is essential (A knowledge of Spanish is essential for this job.); is of the essence (I feel that it is of the essence to eliminate
from this debate any demagogic and stormy rhetoric styling )
Es mas fcil decir que hacer: It is easier said than done.
es mas: what is more (What is more, it is cut out for them.); moreover (he discovered, moreover, that this was not the first time)
es por ello que: it is therefore that (It is therefore that I have written the book URBAN ECOLOGY, which is composed of 30 short stories.)
es posible que se/es probable que se: is likely to be ( the previous trend is likely to be regained.)
es que es: is that it is (The most fascinating part of the entire book is that it is true.)
esbozar: outline (The Guidelines have a section on monetary and exchange rate policy that outlines the intended changes for
implementation in that field.)
escala salarial: salary scale (There is a basic salary scale for each grade, divided into a number of steps.); wage scale (The wage scale in
the civil service sector shows no difference in wages between the sexes.)
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escalada: escalation (This situation is deteriorating due to the international escalation of food prices.
escasez de vivienda: housing shortage (The scheme is likely to address the problem of housing shortage by providing cost-effective
technology options for those who...); (Californias housing shortage is not so severe)
escasez: shortage (There is a severe shortage of low-cost housing in the city.); lack (German managers say lack of qualified personnel is
becoming the biggest challenge for Europes biggest economy.)
escaso/escasa: few and far between (Sunny, warm weekends have been few and far between this summer (= there have not been
many).)
escatimar: spare (No effort is spared as we constantly strive to reach new heights, )
escena/mbito: scene (He disappeared from the political scene after failing to win reelection.)
escenario monetario y financiero: monetary and financial scene (The Cuban monetary and financial scene is currently reduced to an
economy based on two currencies the Cuban peso and the convertible peso, ...)
escenario propicio: fitting scenario (we shall be having important meetings that will serve as more fitting scenarios to delve into
complex matters.)
Escoba nueva barre bien: A new broom sweeps clean.
escoger la fecha que mejor convenga: choose the date that suit the best (choose the date that suit you the best)
escoger selectivamente/seleccionar cuidadosamente: cherry-pick (Hollywood's biggest stars can cherry-pick the best projects and
directors.)
esconder: conceal (Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of money obtained by illicit means.); hide (He said nothing is
wrong, but I think hes hiding something.)
escritura de constitucin: deed of constitution (The collective partners are to figure in the deed of constitution.); articles of association
(Additional conditions and further restrictions may be set out in the articles of association.)
escritura de venta: bill of sale
escritura notarial/escritura pblica: notarial deed (A notarial deed is required to establish a professional partnership.)
escritura/contrato/instrumento formal: indenture (Indenture is a contract between an issuer of bonds and the bondholder stating the time
period before repayment, amount of interest paid, if the bond is convertible (and if so, at what price or what ratio), if
the bond is callable and the amount of money that is to be repaid.)
escritura: deed (According to the deed, she owns the land from here to the river.)
esencia: essence (the essence of his philosophy); core (The core of most contracts is a set of mutual promises (in legal terminology,
consideration).) / ( the core of the argument)
esencial: essential (A knowledge of Spanish is essential for this job.)
esencialmente/en esencia: in essence (In essence, shes saying that she may quit her job.)
esforzarse por conseguir: pursue (The government decides to pursue happiness, not just economic gross.
esforzarse por: strive for (We strive for achieving zero injuries and zero incidents in our workplace.); strive to (No effort is spared as we
constantly strive to reach new heights, )
esfuerzo: endeavor (in spite of our best endeavors)
especializarse en: specialize in (other financial institutions that solely specialize in serving this market segment.(
especialmente: mostly (Current shortages, concerning mostly merchant marine officers, do not, however, affect all Member States to the
same extent.)
especies en vas de extincin: endangered species
especificar: state (If a teletransmission states full details to follow (or words of similar effect))
especular: speculate (He made his money speculating in the gold and silver markets.)
esperanza de vida al nacer: life expectancy at birth (In countries with high infant mortality rates, the life expectancy at birth is highly
sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life.)
esperanza de vida: life expectancy (The life expectancy of the population is low: 52 years for men and 55 years for women)
esperar (con atencin/con inters) look forward to (I look forward to hearing your reply later on.) / (I am looking forward to seeing this
draft law implemented.)
esperar: expect (to think or believe that something will happen)/ (We expect to see a similar increase in contract prices in); hope (to
express the feeling or wish that something desired will happen) / (Im hoping the company gives us a bonus this
102

year.) / (We hope to see you soon.); wait (to allow time to go by, esp. without doing much, until something happens
or can happen) / (Several people are waiting to use the phone.)
espritu de cuerpo/sentido de pertenencia: esprit de corps [the proud and comfortable feeling that you are a member of a group whose
purpose you believe in] / (People who live on houseboats have a certain esprit de corps.)
espritu de equipo: team spirit (cooperation and team spirit)
esquema de trabajo: working scheme (This department has a working scheme.)
esquisto bituminoso: oil-shale (The restructuring of the oil-shale industry has only just started and should be accelerated.)
estabilidad macroeconmica: macroeconomic stability (Niger has made significant progress in restoring macroeconomic stability and
liberalizing its economy.)
estabilidad monetaria y cambiaria: (International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization created to promote global
monetary and exchange stability)
establecer la fecha: set the date (The agreement does not, however, set the date for the elections.)
establecer los procedimientos: establish procedures (Establish procedures to ensure the independence and professionalism of the
External Auditors )
establecer una lnea de crdito: establish a line of credit (requires a security deposit in order to be able to establish a line of credit.)
establecer: establish (It is up to governments to establish coherent education policies.); enact (Will Congress enact legislation to restrict
gun ownership?; ascertain (It is not enough to ascertain the existence of the deficit ); state (the contract states
that)
establecido en: set out in (In accordance with the procedure set out in the Regulations of the Registry )
establecimiento: premise (Soon every dwelling or business premise in Murcia will be connected to a water treatment plant, )
establecimientos comerciales/locales comerciales: business premises (In total, over a thousand houses were damaged, and the
destruction of factories and business premises meant that many people lost their livelihoods.)
estadsticas demogrficas: demographic statistics (The key objective for demographic statistics will be to provide the comprehensive set
of data and analyses necessary to assess the implications of demographic change )
estadsticas vitales: vital statistics (Life expectancy can be calculated from vital statistics on deaths if reporting is complete.)
estado cliente/pas cliente: client state (Client state is one of several terms used to describe the subordination of one state to a more
powerful state in international affairs.)
estado consolidadado de ganancias y prdidas: consolidated statement of income (Instruments classified as held for trading are
measured at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recognized in consolidated statement of income.)
estado de cuentas consolidado: Consolidated Balance Sheet (Cash and deposits with financial institutions totalled $2.3 billion as at
October 31, 2010, virtually unchanged from the Consolidated Balance Sheet amount of 2009.)
estado de flujo de caja: cash flow statement (In a cash flow statement, the focus is on the timing of receipt and disbursement of cash,
regardless of when the income was earned or the )
estado de movimiento de utilidades retenidas: statement of movement of retained earnings (Acergy S.A. and subsidiaries. Statement of
movement of retained earnings. For three months ended february 28, ...)
estado de movimiento del capital: capital movement statement (The Company prepared a full set of financial documentation: balance
sheet, profit and loss statement, cash flow statement and capital movement statement.)
estado de origen y aplicacin de fondos: state of origin and application of funds (The State of Origin and Application of funds allow
managers, administrators and managers analyze historical sources and uses of funds. ...)
estado de prdidas y ganancias: profit and loss statement ( by your financial backers on classic financial measures: the balance sheet,
the profit and loss statement, and the cashflow statement.)
estado de resultados: profit and loss statement (We have a team of advisors who draft the microenterprises balance sheet, their budget,
profit and loss statement, cash flow and determine their capacity for growth.); income statement (A business plan
includes an income statement, balance sheet, and a cash flow statement.)
estado de situacin financiera: statement of financial position (A business plan should include a statement of financial activity, a
statement of financial position, and a cash flow statement.)
estado fallido: failed state (Chomsky sets out the thesis that the first failed state in the world is the United States,); failing states (the
existence of failing states can be a source of instability and can create safe havens for terrorists and criminals.)
estado financiero: financial statement (other currencies are converted into euros at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in
effect at the date of the financial statement.); financial statements consolidated
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Estado Parte: State Party (Cuba is a State Party to the 13 existing international conventions on terrorism, )
Estados en Bancarrota de Amrica: Bankrupt States of America (Welcome to the Bankrupt States of America, where 80 of your
paycheck will go to Federal Government to pay for lazy ass slackers who dont want to get a job.)
estados financieros consolidados: consolidated financial statements (we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance
whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement.)
estados financieros: financial statements ( that audits be planned and performed to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial
statements are free of material misstatement.)
Estados Unidos de Amrica: United States of America (The United States of America is often referred to as the U.S., the U.S.A., U.S. of
A., the States, and America.
estamos adjuntando: we are attaching (For that reason we are attaching a short guide explaining how)
estancamiento: stagnation (High costs have caused stagnation in the building industries.) / (aggravated by the stagnation of the
economy following the collapse of the Soviet Union.)
estancarse: stagnate (The Cuban economy has stagnated since 2008, and is suffering a domestic financial crisis.)
estndar de comparacin: benchmark (In contrast to other Asian funds, F&Cs does not depend much on benchmarks.)
estandarizar: standardize (With respect to operational risk, the Bank is using the Standardized Approach.)
estar a punto de: be about to (I think he might well be about to bring Parliament good news from Greece.)
estar acorde con: be in line with (This definition should be in line with the definition used by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the
United Nations (FAO)); be attuned to
estar atrasado: be behindhand (he is behindhand with his payments)
estar a las puertas de : be at the threshold of (we are at the threshold of a conflict)
estar al borde del abismo/estar al borde de la ruina: be on the brink of ruin
estar al frente: be in the drivers seat (Emerging economies are in the drivers seat.)
estar al tanto de: to be acquainted with (We want the young students to be acquainted with at least some of the tourist highlights of their
home country so that they will be able to answer all...)
estar atento: be on the ball (We need someone whos really on the ball.)
estar capacitado para: be able to
estar casi: be just (be just ready)
estar compenetrado con/estar en consonancia con/estar en sintona con/entender bien: be attuned to
estar complacido con: to be pleased with (The Board of Directors is pleased with National Banks financial performance in fiscal 2010.)
estar compuesto de: consist of; be composed of
estar condenado al fracaso/estar condenada al fracaso: be a non-starter (his proposal is a non-starter)
estar con retraso: be behindhand (he is behindhand with his payments)
estar de acuerdo con: agree with (I agree with them on that point.);
estar de acuerdo: agree (Most economists agree that it would be unwise to cut taxes right now.); be in agreement (we are in agreement on
that)
estar deseoso en tener: be keen to have (I am aware of the dangers to some extent and I would be keen to have an open discussion
about these points with other Members and also with the Commission.) / (We have learned that the Swedish
Presidency is keen to have this matter concluded swiftly.)
estar en aumento: be on the rise (It should be noted, however, that detection of such crimes is on the rise.)
estar en consonancia con: be in line with (Those rules should be in line with todays priorities,)
estar en la vanguardia de/estar a la vanguardia de: be in the van (vanguard) of ;be in the forefront of
estar en marcha: underway/under way (Work is currently underway to upgrade production technologies to international standards, ) /
(Economic recovery is already under way.)
estar en sintona con: be attuned to (allows it to be attuned to the important issues that may require examination.); be in tune with (By
being in tune with our customers, we are gaining...)
estar estrechamente relacionado con: go hand in hand with
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estar facultado a: be entitled to (banks will be entitled to use tier 3 capital solely to support market risks)
estar familiarizado con: be acquainted with (In addition, it is important to be acquainted with regulation on the ...); be conversant with (it is
vital that staff members at all levels in the organisation are conversant with the concepts and principles of RBM)
estar interesado en tener: be keen to have (I am aware of the dangers to some extent and I would be keen to have an open discussion
about these points with other Members and also with the Commission.) / (We have learned that the Swedish
Presidency is keen to have this matter concluded swiftly.)
estar mas que dispuesto a/estar mas que dispuesta a: be more than ready to (In any case, I assure you that I am more than ready to
continue to look for the best possible solutions); be more than willing to (I know that colleagues in Parliament are
more than willing to contribute to such an exercise.)
estar mas que listo para/estar mas que lista para/estar mas que preparado para/estar mas que preparada para: be more than ready
for (So it's more than ready for your bar code scanners, printers and RFID readers.)
estar muy por debajo de: be far below (For some countries, the figure was far below that level.)
estar muy por encima de: be well above (These rates are well above those seen in the developed worlds, and reflect the underlying
strengths of our economy.)
estar orgulloso de: take pride in (It is important that young people take pride in their intangible heritage.)
estar satisfecho con/ estar satisfecho de: be pleased with (The Board of Directors is pleased with National Banks financial performance
in fiscal 2010.)
estar seguro: be certain (The Bank cannot be certain when or under what conditions, if any, approval will be granted.)
estar vigente/tener vigencia: be in effect (Winter parking rules are in effect (= must be obeyed).)
estatal: state-owned (Norfund is a state-owned company established by law with limited liability.); state (Accordingly, given that state aid
and regional policy are complementary, they need ...)
ste ltimo/sta ltima/el segundo/la segunda: the latter (In developing countries, the latter seems to be the most adequate option.)
estilo: style (The book is written in the style of an 18
th
-century novel.); approach (It would be difficult to find two men more diverse in their
approach.)
estimacin: estimate (I can only make a rough estimate (= an amount that is not exact) of how many people will attend.); estimation (The
estimation may be produced by means of a model.)
estimaciones de/estimaciones para: estimations for (Two estimations for these values are presented, both with ) / (In the statistical
appendix the observed information is presented, estimations for 2006 and perspectives for 2007)
estimado de vida til: estimated useful life (many businesses choose to depreciate the cost of the equipment over its estimated useful
life, instead of listing a one-time expense.)
estimar: deem (When a loan is deemed impaired, interest ceases to be recorded ) / (The president asked Congress for authority to take
whatever steps he deemed necessary, including the use of force.); appraise (This is a complicated problem, which
means we need to carefully appraise the measures to be adopted.)
estimular (crecimiento): encourage (to encourage deposit and investment growth)
estimular (economa, produccin, comercio, un proceso): boost (We took various steps to try to boost sales.)
estimular la produccin nacional: boost domestic production (Property taxes can also help to boost domestic production,); stimulate
domestic production (Develop and implement competition policies that will help stimulate domestic production
while safeguarding consumer welfare,) encourage domestic production (has some discretion about how far to
encourage domestic production...)
estipular (ley/documento): provide (Many loan agreements provide that the interest rate will change.); state (A credit must state an expiry
date for presentation.)
esto es, mediante: namely by (The government is also taking steps to shore up the banking system, namely by using up to $130 billion in
EU funds to recapitalize struggling banks)
estorbo: hindrance (The current debate on sharia law in Britain shows that good intentions can often be more of a hindrance than a help.)
stos ltimos/stas ltimas: the latter (The latter are known to cause the greatest number of casualties.)
estoy adjuntando: I am enclosing (I am enclosing a copy for your convenience.)
estoy totalmente de acuerdo con usted: I totally agree with you
estragos: ravages (They survived the ravages of disease and malnutrition.)
estrategia a largo plazo: long term strategy (We evidently need a medium and long term strategy.) estrategia de desarrollo: strategy of
development (Strategy of Development of Transport Sector in the Republic of Azerbaijan.)
105

estrategia deficiente/estrategia defectuosa/estrategia errnea/estrategia imperfecta; flawed strategy (By the same token, the
consequences of flawed strategies will be revealed sooner and more painfully.)
estrategia: approach (The Banks approach to controlling these diverse risks begins with optimizing diversification of its exposures.)
estricto: ironclad (The new contract provides employees with ironclad job security.); strict (in the strict sense of the word)
estructura bancaria nacional: domestic banking structure (In both Asia and Latin America, limited availability of capital from domestic
sources and an inefficient domestic banking structure were important motivations for opening up banking
systems.)
estructura etaria/estructura por edades: age structure (This age structure presents a potential asset for economic development.)
estructura financiera: financial set up (The financial set-up of the Project consists of a 26-year bank advance for an amount of Euro 344
million and)
estructura recargada en la cspide: top-heavy structure (J. WHO is characterized by an ageing staff in a top-heavy structure.)
estructuracin/pitufeo/trabajo de hormiga/fraccionamiento de depsitos/fraccionamiento de transferencias: smurfing (Structuring,
often known as smurfing, is a method of placement by which cash is broken into smaller deposits of Money, used
to defeat suspicion of Money laundering and to avoid anti-money laundering reporting requirements.)
estudiante que abandona los estudios: dropout (As a high school dropout he'll never get a decent job.)
estudiante universitario (no graduado an): undergraduate = (a student at a college or university who has not yet received a bachelors
degree) (The U.S. undergraduate classroom environment is generally one where students are expected to actively
participate in the learning experience.)
estudiar: discuss (We have been discussing the possibility of working together.)
estudio de factibilidad tcnico-econmico: Technical and Economic Feasibility Study (in 1996 MINCA completed the exploration phase
and performed the Technical and Economic Feasibility Study.)
estudio de factibilidad: feasibility study (We are now in the final phase of complying with the recommendations of the feasibility study.)
estudio de mercado: market research (Market research for identifying potential suppliers.); market survey (Presentation of the different
market assumptions arising from the market survey.); consumer research
etctera/etc.: so forth (UNESCO, as a laboratory of ideas, standard-setting organization, and so forth, derived from the three main strategic
thrusts.); etc. (The title is distinct from the subject (landscape, portrait, still-life, etc. are subjects)
eurodivisa: Eurocurrency (Eurocurrency is money in the form of bank deposits of a currency outside the country that issued the currency.
The use of the prefix "euro" is somewhat misleading. It is used for historical reasons. Eurocurrency deposits may be
of any currency in any country. The most common currency deposited as eurocurrency is the US dollar, and the
term eurodollar is often used to refer to dollar deposits. )
evaluacin del desempeo: performance review (NASCO also indicated that it had undergone a performance review of its activities and
implemented many of the decisions arising from the review.)
evaluacin del rendimiento: performance reviewn (UNOPS is also reviewing its Performance Review and Appraisal system to improve
the criteria by which staff are evaluated.)
evaluacin del riesgo de crdito: credit risk assessment (The credit risk assessment method varies according to portfolio type.)
evaluacin por homlogos/evaluacin por pares/evaluacin paritaria/evaluacin por colegas: peer review (Assessing and monitoring
its Members, through peer reviews (mutual evaluations) and follow-up processes,)
evaluacin: appraisal (I was pleased with the appraisal of my work.); assessment (Credit-granting decisions are based first and foremost
on the results of the risk assessment.)
evaluar: assess (The Bank assesses the specific risk of the shares held in its trading portfolios using an internal model.); weigh (In order to
weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform ); appraise (This is a
complicated problem, which means we need to carefully appraise the measures to be adopted.); evaluate (Have
they evaluated what their next step is?); size up (After sizing up the opposition, Abe suggested a strategy.)
evasin fiscal/evasion de impuestos: fiscal evasion (Legal control would be facilitated; this would particularly contribute to reducing fiscal
evasion.); tax evasion (forms of crime that make use of corrupt practices as an effective mechanism for
committing crimes of a fiscal, economic or financial nature, such as tax evasion, business fraud and asset
laundering.); tax dodge
eventualmente: possibly (These are times of change, economic crisis, social crisis and possibly political crisis.);
evidente: self-evident (So when it was time to choose a bank that was most capable of serving his companies well, the decision was self-
evident.)
evitar: refrain from (A covenant is a solemn agreement to engage in or refrain from a specified action.)
evolucin: development (The Bank views risk as an integral part of its development and the diversification of its activities) / (I took a
106

history course that dealt with the development of popular culture.)
evolucionar: evolve (Money laundering and terrorist financing trends and techniques evolve over time.)
ex: former (A former Socialist state is now providing less protection for its citizens than states that have always been capitalist.) / (the
former Primer Minister); ex (All the advances of capitalism against the masses, from the loss of social gains to the
capitalist restoration in the ex 'socialist' countries, will be placed at issue once again.)
exacto/exacta: accurate (the credit risk represented by the borrower or counterparty must be accurately assessed)
examinar: examine (an audit includes examining); vet (Before we signed this contract, our lawyer vetted it.); screen (Screen and assess
the complaint.); discuss (We have been discussing the possibility of working together.)
excedente de explotacin: operating surplus (In the event of a predetermined operating surplus, 70 % of it would be used to pay back the
aid granted previously.)
excederse: go over the top (But you should not go over the top.)
excelente: outstanding (Youve done an outstanding job)
excepcionales condiciones reinantes: exceptional conditions prevailing (Notes that, despite the exceptional conditions prevailing in
1973, )
excesivamente/demasiado: unduly (The Bank cannot unduly postpone a settlement without facing significant penalties, due to the large
size of amounts involved.)
exceso de demanda: excess demand (a significant slowdown in economic growth and the attendant reduction in excess demand in Q4)
exclusivamente: solely (banks will be entitled to use tier 3 capital solely to support market risks)
exclusivo/exclusiva: sole (for the sole purpose of meeting a proportion of the capital requirements for market risks)
exencin de impuestos corporativos: corporate tax break (The government also sought to boost the domestic economy by accelerating
infrastructure programs, offering corporate tax breaks for employers to retain workers, and expanding export credit
facilities.)
exento de errores significativos: free from material misstatements (These standards require me to plan and carry out the audit so as to
obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatement.)
exento de impuestos: non-taxable
exhaustivo/exhaustiva: exhaustive (Many thanks for that very good and very exhaustive reply.); comprehensive (Instead, we should
continue to carry out a comprehensive case-by-case risk analysis.); in-depth (the preparation of public reports
containing a systematic in-depth description)
exigir legalmente: bind over (they bound him over to keep the peace)
exigir: call for (The proposal calls for sweeping changes in public land use.)
existente: existing (The Bank strives to serve all the financial needs and maintain the loyalty of its existing clients.)
xito en todos los sentidos: (... the strong and active dedication of members of the current College is anything to go by we will achieve
success in all respects.)
xito: success (On behalf of the executive management team, I wish to acknowledge their high level of engagement and thank them for their
hard work and contribution to the Banks success.)
expansin: expansion (Nevertheless, this expansion was carried out at the expense of quality.)
expediente de crdito: credit file (Additional steps to take to maximize your credit file during and after credit restoration.)
expedir (despachar): ship off (After it's put together, we'll ship it off to Florida.)
experiencia reconocida: acknowledged expertise (The Member States have acknowledged expertise in the field of military shipbuilding.)
experiencia: background; a background in (A background in emergency management is useful in a leadership position.)
experimentar: undergo (He recently underwent heart bypass surgery.)
explicar: account for (One day, we will have to account for the own goals in which the EU excels.); show (The diagram shows how to fit
the pieces together.); set forth (a condition set forth by Ecuador to all countries around the globe.); discuss (This
booklet discusses how to invest money wisely.)
explicativo/explicativa: explanatory (as well as a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes.)
explotacin sexual, incluyendo la explotacin sexual de menores: sexual exploitation, including sexual exploitation of children
expoliacin: plundering (the opulent North would seem to be finally starting to compensate the South for so many years of plundering.)
exponer: set out (Your contract sets out the terms and conditions of your employment.); show (go a bit deeper still if we are to show
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cause and effect as they really are.); set forth (She set forth her views in); discuss (This booklet discusses how
to invest money wisely.); state (you have half an hour to state your case)
exportacin de servicios profesionales: export of professional services ( a growth model based on the export of profesional services
with a low multiplying effect.)
exportacin: export (In case of export or import, please specify the exporting or importing country(ies).)
exportador de matera prima: raw material exporter ( which would make countries like Brazil, Chile, Argentina or Venezuela become the
main raw materials exporters to China.)
exportar: export (Chile exports a large amount of copper to Japan.)
exposicin al riesgo crediticio: exposure to credit risk (The amounts shown in the table below represent the Banks maximum exposure
to credit risk as at the balance sheet date); credit risk exposure (There is no credit risk exposure since these
loans are fully secured.)
exposiciones problemticas: problematic exposures (Need to recognize problematic exposures in an early stage? Wish to up-sell to
good clients? Predict the probability of default using behavioral approach on ...)
expresado en miles de: stated in thousands of (Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Stated in
thousands of Canadian dollars except per share amounts ); expressed in thousands of (and the related
consolidated statements of operations and of cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31,
2003 all expressed in thousands of constant Chilean pesos.)
expresar sus ideas/expresar sus ideas/expresar sus puntos de vista: speak their mind (Innocenti explained that allowing parish youths
to speak their minds is essential to conquering the fear and stigma that often surround HIV and AIDS.) / (A sharing
session, in which all participants are encouraged to speak their mind, follows the reports.)
expresar: voice (Conservative groups voiced strong objections to the TV film about nuclear war.); state (he was asked to state his views on
the subject)
expresiones similares: words of similar effect
extender los plazos: extend deadlines (Chinas banks can extend deadlines on loans )
extensin: extent (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform )
externalizacin: outsourcing
extraburstil: over-the-counter (OTC) (The Bank limits the credit risk of over-the-counter contracts by dealing with creditworthy
counterparties and ) / (A decentralized market (as opposed to an exchange market) where geographically
dispersed dealers are linked by telephones and computer screens. The market is for securities not listed on a stock
or bond exchange. The NASDAQ market is an OTC market for U.S. stocks. Antithesis of listed.)
extraccin de agua dulce: freshwater withdrawal ( irrigated agriculture uses 70 per cent of freshwater withdrawal globally.)
extraer informacin: glean information (to glean information from the newspapers.)
extrahotelera/extrahotelero: non-hotel ( before a packed audience comprising over one hundred businessmen and directors from the
tourism industry, particularly the hotel and non-hotel.)
extranjero: foreign (Most of this labour force is foreign.); foreigner (What kinds of taxes must a foreigner pay in Costa Rica?); alien (A
State may also impose general conditions upon an alien who is in transit.); stranger (I would like to be able to share
with everyone my conviction that, in our countries, no one is a stranger.)
(INICIO)

F
fbrica donde se explota al obrero: sweatshop
fabricacin de azcar: sugar production (to improve the structure of sugar beet growing and sugar production); manufacture of sugar (In
the manufacture of sugar from both sugar cane and sugar beet); sugar manufacturing (Unlike most other spirits,
rum is not grain-based. It's made from a by-product of sugar manufacturing that you and I know as molasses.)
fabricacin en serie: mass production
fabricante (en gran escala): manufacturer (Canadian liquor manufacturers held a press conference advocating lower taxes on alcohol.)
fabricante (en pequea escala): maker (The makers of music videos show a fantasy world.)
fachada: window-dressing (But it is window-dressing because it gives the national parliaments no real power of opposition.)
108

facilidades de pago: credit facilities (These credit facilities covered up to 75% of the face value of the notes.)
facilitar: facilitate (for example to facilitate the development of ecological criteria); provide (Please provide the information requested.);
bring about (We support Egyptian efforts to bring about a cessation of violence, particularly in Gaza, ); furnish
(Please furnish quantitative and descriptive information on the progress realized and the ...); ease (Coordination
with the studies centers to ease access to information); enable (We must enable better quality and cheaper
housing for everyone,); supply (Persons duly authorised to act may supply the information on behalf of their
clients.); release (In particular, to what extent should operators be compelled to release data?); open up (the
purpose of this directive is to make it easier to open up the market in port services)
fcilmente comprensible: readily understandable (The first requirement of The Economist is that it should be readily understandable.)
fcilmente: easily (Send text messages cheaply and easily with goober.)
factibilidad: feasibility (Feasibility studies will be conducted in those areas ...)
factible: feasible (Its no longer feasible to fund this research.); operable
factor clave: key enabler (Technology will be a key enabler.)
factor de ajuste monetario: currency adjustment factor (CAF) (The freight rates shown are all-in, that is they include currency adjustment
factors)
factor de riesgo: risk factor (Changes in the regulatory or legal framework are a significant potential risk factor for the Bank.)
factor interno: domestic factor (Chinese monetary policy is driven more by domestic factors than by external ones,)
factorizacin: factoring (The report suggested that factoring is specifically targeted and suitable for smaller businesses.) / (Factoring is the
sale of a firm's accounts receivable to a financial institution known as a factor.)
factura consular: consular invoice
facultades suficientes: sufficient powers (In practice, the anti-corruption agency (or agencies) has sufficient powers to carry out its
mandate.)
facultar: authorize (To authorize the Board of Directors, as broadly as possible, to exercise the authorization granted by this resolution );
empower (It was also to empower the group to organise credit facilities.); entitle (banks will be entitled to use tier 3
capital solely to support market risks)
fallar en contra de: rule against (which was supported by the decision of the World Trade Organizaton Dispute Settlement Panel that ruled
against the United States)
fallar: fail (this method never fails)
fallecido (especialmente cuando es reciente) late (She gave her late husbands clothes to charity.)
fallo (judicial): ruling (Lenard must hold a new hearing to issue that ruling.)
fallo: flaw (The system has a structural flaw, they argued.)
falsear: misrepresent (He misrepresented facts about his legal experience on his application.)
falsedad: misrepresentation (That is a vile misrepresentation.)
falsificacin y piratera de productos: counterfeiting and piracy of products
falsificacin: forgery (These twenty-dollar bills are forgeries.); counterfeiting (counterfeiting currency)
falsificar: forge (He was accused of forging his fathers signature on the check.); counterfeit (They were accused of counterfeiting credit
cards and selling them.)
falta de liquidez: illiquidity ( at least since 2002, has been characterised by continuous illiquidity and insolvency, increasing losses and
negative asset value.); lack of liquidity (As you know, the lack of liquidity and uncertain economic outlook had a
heavy impact on financial markets in 2008.)
falta de ortografa: spelling mistake (A spelling mistake or an oversight can cast a shadow of doubt over your professional ability.)
falta de vivienda: homelessness (Government documents provide a source of information on homelessness.)
falta: lack (German managers say lack of qualified personnel is becoming the biggest challenge for Europes biggest economy.)
familia (ncleo familiar): household=a group of people, often a family, who live together (The project led to improvement in agronomic
practices, farm yield and income of 5,500 households.)
famoso: well-known (The book is by a well-known historian.); renowned (Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, the renowned German baritone singer
who performed for more than five decades on stages in Berlin,...)
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation
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favorecer: encourage (The visa facilitation agreement will help encourage contacts between the peoples of the EU and Russia.); favor
(Fazio was looking to favor a concentration of banking capital in the hands of upstart Italian capitalists ); facilitate
(And when this is done, we must immediately facilitate the utilisation of available funds.)
favoreciendo as: thus favoring (shipping costs have been increasing, thus favoring the location of manufacturing facilities closer to retail
outlets.)
fecha de emisin: date of issuance (Unless and electronic record contains aspecific date of issuance, the date on which it appears to have
been sent by the issuer is deemed to be the date of issuance.)
fecha de vencimiento: due date (This due date shall be the last day of the second month following the issuing of the order.); maturity date
(Bank acceptances have a maturity date of up to one (1) year); expiry date (A credit must state an expiry date for
presentation.)
fecha lmite/fecha tope: deadline (The deadline for filing income taxes is April 15
th
.); cut-off date (For the purposes of this report, the cut-
off date is 31 March 2007.)
fechado/fechada: dated (This letter is in response to your letter dated)
fechar: date
fenmeno econmico: economic phenomenon (We can also expect to improve understanding of economic phenomenon )
fenmenos econmicos: economic phenomena (Both economic phenomena could be taken into account only in the context of the
elaboration of ...)
feria comercial: trade fair (Members of the purchasing committee were taken to an international trade fair in Delhi )
feriado oficial/festivo oficial: legal holiday (A legal holiday is a day on which government offices and many businesses are closed.)
fiabilidad: reliability ( the accounting methods and financial reporting shall reflect economic reality, shall be transparent and shall respect
the qualitative characteristics of understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability.)
fiador: guarantor (This should correspond to the premium that a market economy guarantor would have required for these guarantees.); co-
signer/cosigner (At that time we can let you know if you are a qualified co-signer.)
fianzas y garantas: bonding and guarantees (We have a range of bonding and guarantee solutions, offered in partnership with financial
institutions, which can help you to free up the working capital you need.)
fideicomisario: trustee (A trustee is a common example of a person acting in a fiduciary capacity.)
fideicomiso: trust (Trusts are not a recognized legal concept under Norwegian law.)
fideicomisos financieros: financial trusts (Financial Trusts have acquired a lot of importance in our country in the last few years.)
fideicomitente: settlor (Settlors are natural or legal persons who transfer ownership of their assets to trustees by means of a trust deed or
similar arrangement.)
fidelidad: loyalty (The Bank strives to serve all the financial needs and maintain the loyalty of its existing clients.)
fiduciario: fiduciary (Much of this success is due to the fact that Banco Improsa is the primary fiduciary for many of the countrys banks )
figurar: rank ( our overall performance ranked among the best in the banking industry.)
fijacin de precios: pricing (Pricing Methods. To determine prices of goods or services, and to help, you decide what to charge for your
product.); price-fixing
fijar la fecha: set the date ( the Greek authorities confirm that they initially set the date of 31 December 1999 for the completion of the
investment plan.)
fijar: set (The Central Bank sets minimum and maximum interest rate ranges.)
finalmente (al final): eventually (The plan seemed initially attractive but it was eventually dropped.)
finalmente (por ultimo/para finalizar): finally (Finally, I recommend that all extrajudicial negotiation between the parties, would be more
useful ); lastly (Lastly, the total capital ratio remained steady due to)
finalmente pero no menos importante: last but not least (And, last but not least, education is absolutely essential.)
financiacin de contingencia: contingency funding (Taking into account their financial stability tasks, it is necessary to ensure that central
banks have appropriate access to the information related to banks contingency funding plans.)
financiacin extranjera: foreign financing (Countries remain heavily dependant on foreign financing.); foreign funding (Most of the
projects stopped when foreign funding dried up.)
financiacin: financing (these businesses had greater access to markets for their financing needs.); funding (Better coordination of these
funding sources will contribute to increasing the performance of both financing bodies ...)
financiamiento al consumo: consumer financing (Other important activities include consumer financing, financing of distributors or
110

intermediaries and small and medium enterprises (SME s).); consumer finance (This project involves providing
consumer finance and working capital finance to micro, small and medium-size enterprises )
financiamiento al sector no estatal: funding to the non-state sector (There have been significant increases in funding to the non-state
sector...); non-state sector financing (education through non-state sector financing are also highlighted)
financiamiento corporativo: corporate financing (CIT is a global leader in corporate financing services and corporate finance solutions.)
financiamiento de cartas de crdito: letters of credit funding (For more information about financial instrument funding, unconditional
contract funding and letters of credit funding, click here.)
financiamiento de corto, mediano y largo plazo: short-, mdium-, and long-term financing (Ex-Im Bank can provide short-, medium-,
and long-term financing for renewable energy projects that utilize U.S.-made technologies and services.)
financiamiento de la proliferacin de armas de destruccin masiva: financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (The
threat to the financial system posed by the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction was
identified through the typologies work of the FATF.)
financiamiento del exterior: foreign funding (It is also reasonable for governments to regulate foreign funding of civil society groups in
order to promote greater transparency, )
financiamiento del terrorismo: terrorist financing (Terrorist financing is the financing of terrorist acts, and of terrorists and terrorist
organisations.)
financiamiento externo: external financing (Definition of external financing: Money obtained from outside investors and lenders and not
from a firms internal reserves.)
financiamiento extranjero: foreign financing (Foreign financing conditions have become more restrictive due to a deteriorating external
scenario and growing risk ...)
financiamiento presupuestario: budgetary financing (Subsidies for loss-making enterprises will be eliminated and, as a norm, enterprises
will not receive budgetary financing for the production of goods and services.)
financiamiento: financing (The 97.5 % of a gross balance of loan portfolio amounting to 14,435.7 million pesos corresponds to financings
granted for institutional customers.); funding
financiar: finance (How will you finance a new house (= provide the money to obtain it)?); fund (He plans to donate money to fund health
centers that treat Vietnam veterans.)
financiero/financiera: financial (financial institution); (financial management); (financial problems) / (National Bank Financial Group is an
integrated provider of financial services to retail, commercial, corporate and institutional clients.); financier
(someone who controls a large amount of money and can give or lend it to people or organizations)
finanzas informales: informal finance (This would avoid a proliferation of informal finance.)
finanzas: finance (The finance sector controls trillions of dollars that could potentially be directed towards investments in a green economy.)
firma commercial: business firm (US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in
decisions to expand capital plant)
firmar a mano: sign by handwriting (A document may be signed by handwriting, facsimile signature, perforated signature, stamp, symbol
or any other mechanical or electronic method of authentication.)
firmar un contrato/suscribir un contrato: sign a contract (For this purpose, the Head of Mission shall sign a contract with the
Commission.)
firmar: sign (For the Partnership business, a total of 25 new distribution agreements were signed with various brokers/dealers, ...)
firme: unwavering (My country gives its unwavering support to the peace process and the agreements...); sound (business development
initiatives are accompanied by a constant concern for sound risk management.) ; tight (Tight cost management also
contributed to our results and remains a strategic priority.)
Fiscala General de la Repblica: Office of the Attorney General of the Republic
flete: freight (I voted in favour of liberalising the freight market because freight was not working.)
flexibilizacin cuantitativa/relajacin cuantitativa: quantitative easing (Quantitative easing (QE) is the practice where a central bank
tries to mitigate a potential or actual recession by increasing the money supply for their home economy.)
floreciente: booming (One need only look at the booming Chinese economy to see proof of this.)
flujo de caja/flujo de efectivo: cash flow (In a cash flow statement, the focus is on the timing of receipt and disbursement of cash,
regardless of when the income was earned)
flujo de capitales: flow of capitals (Its strict regulations, based on treaties and international laws, its dollarization, open flow of capitals and
economic stability,)
flujo de efectivo de actividad de financiacin: cash flow from investing activity (Cash flows from financing activities: these include the
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proceeds received as a result of the acquisition by third parties of securities issued by the Company or from loans
and other financing instruments granted by banks or third parties, together with the payments made to repay such
loans and financing instruments.)
flujo de efectivo de actividad de inversin: cash flow from investing activity (Noteworthy in relation to the cash flows from investing
activities was the volume of investments in Group companies, associates, jointly controlled entities and available-
for-sale financial assets (equity instruments), )
flujo de efectivo/ flujo de caja: cash flow (The statement of cash flows is one of the main financial statements.)
flujo de entrada: inflow (These measures resulted in the inflow of cash dollars dropping from 80% to 30%,...)
flujo de remesas: flow of remittances (promote greater contact between separated family members in the United States and Cuba, and
increase the flow of remittances and information to the Cuban people.)
flujo neto de efectivo de actividad de financiacin: net cash flow from financing activity (During the nine months ended January 25, 2009,
our net cash flows from financing activities were used to repay $9.7 ...)
flujo neto de efectivo de actividad de inversin: net cash flow from investing activity (Equipment purchases are shown under the net
cash flows from investing activities section.)
fomentar: boost (We took various steps to try to boost sales.), foster (by fostering an environment of low interest rates); promote (A new
campaign has been launched to promote safe driving.) ; encourage (The city needs to encourage job creation.);
develop
fondo corrupto/fondo contaminado: tainted fund (Money launderers continue to receive the assistance of professional facilitators, who
assist in a range of ways to mask the origin and ownership of tainted funds".)
fondo de comercio: goodwill (The Bank performs an annual impairment test of goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives.)
Fondo de Fideicomiso: Trust Fund (If the cost changes, the Trust Fund will revise the charge they are required to pay.)
fondo de inversin estatal: state investment fund (In April will begin the works included in the State Investment Fund (18/03/2009).)
fondo de pensiones: pension fund (A pension fund has an obligation to be generally acceptable.)
Fondo de Reservas y Convergencia Comercial: Fund of Reserves and Trade Convergence (The Fund of Reserves and Trade
Convergence is the third instrument to settle the payments for that purpose, Sucres will be assigned in ...)
fondo habitacional: housing stock ( the illegal construction utilizing low quality materials and techniques have affected the characteristics
of the housing stock.); accommodation stock (Repairing of social housing units and social institutions and
rehabilitation and conservation of the accommodation fund.)
Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrcola (FIDA): The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (The International Fund
for Agricultural Development (IFAD) model is similar to the system adopted by the International Development
Association.)
Fondo Monetario Internacional: International Monetary Fund. An organization founded in 1944 to oversee exchange arrangements of
member countries and to lend foreign currency reserves to members with short-term balance of payment problems.
fondo mutualista/fondo mtuo: mutual fund (Mutual fund shares may be accepted by the Foundation.)
fondo soberano: sovereign wealth fund (Qatars sovereign wealth fund (QIA) is seeking investment opportunities in Europe, Asia and the
United States [...]) / (The purpose of sovereign wealth funds is to invest surplus state reserves to yield profits.)
fondos buitres: vulture funds (Some unscrupulous speculative funds, called "vulture funds" make juicy profits at the expense of the
people.)
fondos de cobertura: hedge funds (Hedge funds may represent a source of counterparty risk for financial institutions which lend to them.)
fondos de inversin libre: hedge funds (It has also consulted specifically on a series of issues relating to the activities of hedge funds.)
fondos de inversin: investment funds (As a result, the Bank must consolidate special purpose entities that were not consolidated prior to
the IFRS transition date, including NBC Capital Trust, Canadian Credit Card Trust, and certain investment funds.)
fondos disponibles: available funds (From now on, the management of all available funds is the responsibility of the respective...)
fondos propios: equity capital (It is only when it has sufficient recognised equity capital that a bank can do business and expand its ...)
fondos: moneys (moneys standing to the credit of)
forjar: forge (the implementation of an advanced sales and service platform that will support front-line employees in forging stronger
customer relationships.)
forma de gestin no estatal: non-state form of management (Introduce non-state forms of management in commerce, above all in food
services and in domestic services and tradespeople.)
forma de gestin: form of management (This requires the formulation and implementation of strategies and new forms of management
112

that ensure efficiency, efficacy and effectiveness.); way of management (UNESCO should furthermore seek new
ways of management,); method of management (Distinguishing between the two methods of management
enables each to be defined more succinctly.)
forma de propiedad: form of ownership (Is its significance altered in any way by the form of ownership?)
forma empresarial no estatal: non-state business form (Other non-state business forms, such as private enterprises, Hong Kong,
Macao, Taiwan and foreign-invested enterprises, joint-stock cooperative, joint, collective enterprises,)
forma no estatal: non-state form (Why SOEs [state owned enterprises] have grown so slowly while non-state forms of ownerships have
flourished?
forma socialista de propiedad colectiva: socialist form of collective property (First-grade cooperatives are created as a socialist form of
collective property in different sectors, )
formacin (para empleo): training (We got two weeks of on-the-job training on how to conduct interviews.)
formacin: inception (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its Ministers to
continue.)
formado por: composed of (The management board shall be composed of the representatives of the infrastructure managers); made up of
(The Board is assisted by three committees made up entirely of independent members: the Audit and Risk
Management Committee, the Conduct Review and Corporate Governance Committee, and the Human Resources
Committee.)
formar parte de: party to (Tunisia is a state party to the six core United Nations human rights treaties.)
formar: shape (The mid-term review and occasional ministerial meetings, as necessary, provide other mechanisms whereby Ministers may
shape the strategic direction of FATF policy-making.
fortalecer: reinforce (reinforce the administrative structures for the coordination); buoy (Growth will be buoyed by the emerging
economies.)
fortalecido: reinforced (The capitalist restoration has reinforced competition within the world working class as hundreds of millions of
workers reenter the world market.)
fortalezas y debilidades: strengths and weakenesses (Where possible, competitors must be listed and their strengths and weaknesses
identified.)
fracasar: fail (this method never fails)
fracturar: fracture (It is not intended that changes happen all at once, fracturing the macroeconomic and institutional stability of the
country.)
franqueo: postage
fraude: fraud (Similarly, fraud to obtain a degree or a diploma is more likely to occur at university level.)
frenar: deter (to deter and prevent terrorism)
frente a: versus (Personal loans now account for 35.5% of total loans versus 34.3% in 2009.)
fuente de financiacin/fuente de financiamiento: funding source (Emphasis will be placed on the diversification of funding sources.)
fuente renovable de energa: renewable energy source (This criterion only applies to tourist accommodation that has access to a market
that offers energy generated from renewable energy sources.)
fuera de bolsa: over-the-counter (The Bank limits the credit risk of over-the-counter contracts by dealing with creditworthy counterparties
and )
fuera de toda duda: beyond doubt (No person whose age or civil status had not been ascertained beyond doubt could be enrolled.)
fuera del pas: abroad (Although the volume of such operations abroad represents a sizable portion of its overall liquidity management, the
Bank has a centralized approach to liquidity management.)
fuerte: tough (Tough new safety standards for cars are being introduced this week.); robust ( a robust industrial production)
fuerza de trabajo especializada/fuerza de trabajo calificada: skilled workforce (The country has become a service-based economy a
highly beneficial change given the faster growth of the service industries, lower energy consumption and better use
of the skilled workforce.)
fuerza de trabajo intelectual: thinking workforce(developing a forward thinking workforce able to contribute to the future of the
business.); intellectual workforce (the determination to tap an abundant intellectual workforce that is cheap,
perfectly trained, and available in the country)
fuerza mayor: force majeure (
fuerza motriz: driving force (Business investment was a driving force of the recovery.)
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fuerzas productivas: productive forces (Privatisation results in the destruction of productive forces, problematic performance, a fall in the
quality of the services provided, terrible social inequalities, higher prices and fewer jobs.)
fuga de capitales: capital flight (Capital flight, where it occurs, is a major hindrance to the mobilization of domestic resources for
development.)
fuga de cerebros: brain drain (To avoid flows of capital and a brain drain towards the rich countries, new arrangements for the transfer of
knowledge need to be devised very quickly.)
funcin esencial: vital role (It plays a vital role in the resolution of issues of operational cooperation.)
funcin vital: vital role (In particular, the biotech sector plays a vital role in integrating explorations of new research opportunities )
funcionamiento integral: overall operation ( the overall operation of the payment system.)
funcionario: officer (The Bank grants loans to its directors and officers under various conditions.); official (in government service) (all
studies are conducted with the active participation of country officials)
funciones y atribuciones: functions and powers (This article establishes the functions and powers of the Executive Director, )
funciones: functions (The Office of the President, which is composed of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the officers
responsible for the Banks main functions and business units, )
fundamental: fundamental (We need to make fundamental changes in the way we treat our environment.); basic (We help with basic
needs like food and shelter.); primary (The primary goal of the space flight was to recover a satellite.); material (In
our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the
Bank as at); ultimate (The ultimate means for completely eliminating such a risk is for the Bank to complete no
payments or settlements before receiving the funds due from the counterparty.)
fundamento legal: legal basis (the legal basis behind this policy remains intact)
fundamento: grounds (He refused to answer on the grounds that he'd promised to keep it secret.); foundation (The two leaders have laid
the foundations of a new era of cooperation between their countries.)
fundamentos macroeconmicos: macro economic fundamentals (Third, the macro-economic fundamentals were quite healthy in most
East Asian economies.)
funesto/funesta: dire (Despite dire warnings from the experts regarding the consequences of this global problem)
fusin: merger (Merger is the combination of two companies in which one purchases the other, assuming control of all property and
liabilities.)
(INICIO)

G
Gabinete (ministerial): Cabinet (The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive
branch of the Federal government of the United States)
Gaceta Oficial de Cuba: Official Gazette of Cuba
gama de servicios: range of services (National Bank Financial Group offers a complete range of services: )
gama: range (We offer a wide range of options.) array (It provides a vast array of articles, including on politics, culture, sports and news.)
ganadera (actividad): livestock farming (The cold climate of these regions means a shorter growing season and higher costs both for
arable and livestock farming.)
ganadera (crianza): stockbreeding (Stockbreeding and the conservation of natural areas are two entirely related activities, )
ganado a duras penas/ganado con esfuerzo/ganado con mucha dificultad: hard-won (During the last years, a series of hard-won
improvements in the Cuban economy have been aimed at achieving sustained growth,)
ganado lechero/ganado de leche: dairy cattle (Farmers have told me that the welfare of dairy cattle is a priority, and their protection is
also important for milk production.)
ganado vacuno (reses)/ganado de carne: cattle (There are sizeable pasture areas with herds of cattle and goats, not to mention other
livestock such as swine and birds.); beef cattle (The feed of beef cattle in these areas is generally similar to that for
dairy cattle,)
ganado: livestock (We live in an area in which livestock, poultry, and dairy farming predominate.)
ganancia acumulada hasta la fecha: year-to-date profit (The report includes information about the current year-to-date profit)
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ganancia antes de impuestos: profit before taxes (the Community industry should yield a profit before taxes of 5 %.)
ganancia bruta: gross profit (The gross profit can be displayed on the basis of the ratio of the gross profit to the sales price of the item.)
ganancia cada vez mayor: ever-increasing profit (transactions on financial markets created the impression of ever-increasing profits.)
ganancia cada vez menor: ever-diminishing profit (Vehicle manufacturers and vehicle dealers both face stiffer competition, leading to ever-
diminishing profit margins.)
ganancia creciente: ever-increasing profit (transactions on financial markets created the impression of ever-increasing profits.)
ganancia de explotacin: operating profit (Although operating profit fell from 126 million euros to 117 million euros)
ganancia de ventas: sales profit (The sender profit center, P1234, reflects the sales made with the sales profit center.)
ganancia decreciente: ever-diminishing profit (Vehicle manufacturers and vehicle dealers both face stiffer competition, leading to ever-
diminishing profit margins.)
ganancia del ejercicio: accounting years profit (In this bexample the first accounting years profits are 60000.)
ganancia despus de impuestos: profit after taxes (Profit after taxes from continued operations has amounted to 200.2 million euros,
which entails an increase of 13.3% with respect to 2005.)
ganancia imprevista/ganancia inesperada: windfall (Vietnam had a windfall in the form of oil revenue at the time of the reform.)
ganancia neta declarada: declared net profit (the ECBs declared net profit for 2009 amounted to 2,253 million)
ganancia neta: net profit (Net profit in the first nine months amounted to 1.792 million euro, )
ganancia operativa: operating profit (Although operating profit fell from 126 million euros to 117 million euros)
ganancias netas: net earnings (During 2006, the company increased its revenue, net earnings and margins.)
ganancias o prdidas resultantes: gains or losses resulting (gains or losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are included in
results of operations.)
ganancias por trabajador: profit per worker (Here we may calculate the rate of profit per worker per day.)
ganancias retenidas: retained earnings (This increase is principally due to an increase in retained earnings of the foreign subsidiaries and
affiliates.); retained profit (The progression of retained profit for the year will take it to a level of FRF in 2006.)
ganancias: return; earning; proceeds (All proceeds from the auction hill be donated to charity.)
ganar fuerza/ganar impulso: gather momentum (Pressure for reform of the health-care system is gathering momentum.)
ganarle a: outdo (On only two scores can The Economist hope to outdo its rivals consistently.)
garante: guarantor (Government was important only as facilitator for business and guarantor of debt repayment.)
garanta a la vista: demand guarantee (Demand guarantee is a guarantee usually issued by a bank, under which the beneficiary is only
required to make a demand.
garanta bancaria: bank guarantee (A bank guarantee and a letter of credit are similar in many ways but theyre two different things.) / (A
bank guarantee is a one-way contract between a bank as the guarantor and a beneficiary as the party to whom a
guarantee is made.)
garanta bancaria; bank guarantee (The Commission may require the beneficiary to lodge a bank guarantee.)
garanta convencional: conventional collateral (The fact that microenterprise loans in many cases are not backed by conventional
collateral)
garanta en efectivo/garanta accesoria: cash collateral (Cash collateral is the predominant form of collateral used in financial
transactions including securities lending, repurchase transactions and )
garanta hipotecaria: mortgage guarantee (The requirement for the loan is the provision of a mortgage guarantee for property.)
garanta incondicional: (... provider would currently be prepared to give any consumer an absolute guarantee of uninterrupted service on
a particular day.)
garanta no convencional: unconventional collateral (By law, BANRURAL is permitted to accept unconventional collateral such as family
assets, machinery and other instruments in order to facilitate microcredit.)
garanta razonable: reasonable assurance (The audit was planned and performed to obtain reasonable assurance that the accounts are
reliable and the underlying transactions are legal and regular.)
garanta solidaria: joint guarantee (Securities transferred by reinsured organisation with joint guarantee or substitution )
garanta subsidiaria: collateral (This enables the goods to be used as collateral for a loan.)
garanta: guarantee (This guarantee shall be valid from the date of delivery to the customer.); warranty (We cannot give a warranty on the
115

delivery time.); collateral (The value of collateral must be, during the entire period of the contract, at least equal to
the total value of the financial instruments lent.)
garantizar: ensure (the government has ensured the safety of the refugees)
gas de esquisto: shale gas (Sixth, the United States will promote the use of shale gas.)
gasto acumulado a pagar/gasto acumulado por pagar: accrued expense payable (I would use the liability account Accrued Expenses
Payable for the accrual type adjusting entries made at the end of the accounting period for items such as ...);
accumulated expenses payable (Accumulated expenses payable presented in the consolidated balance sheets as
of December 31 is summarized as follows.)
gasto administrativo: administrative expense (Administrative expenses in 2008 amounted to 26% of total expenditures.)
gasto autorizado/gastos permitido: allowable expense (The intent of this list is to indicate some of the allowable and non-allowable
expenses.)
gasto de administracin: administration expense (On page 14 of the 2010-2011 budget document, it states that administration expenses
are 3.6% of the total budget.)
gasto de consumo: consumer expense (The consumer expenses in the U.S. have registered their smallest increase for the last three
months in April.)
gasto de defensa: defence expenditure (There is increasing concern caused by the opacity of China's defence expenditure.)
gasto de operacin: operating expense (In 2008, the net assets represented a reserve of 9.3 months of operating expenses.)
gasto de personal: personnel expense (Changes in exchange rates raised personnel expenses by 254 million. ...)
gasto financiero: financial expense (Financial expenses include all expenses of the business generated by the possession of capital
provided by a third party.)
gasto general: overhead (The overhead is calculated according to the costing sheet in the requirements class.); overheads (Helping to
reduce overheads by 400 million.); general expenses (General expenses also cover all other expenditure which
has not been taken into account directly under any other heading ...)
gasto laboral por empleado: labour cost per employee (It is defined as an average labour cost per employee in the manufacture of motor
vehicles industry group.)
gasto no autorizado/gasto no permitido: non-allowable expense (The intent of this list is to indicate some of the allowable and non-
allowable expenses.)
gasto operacional: operational cost (Efforts should also be made to reduce the operational costs related to the liquidation period.);
operational expenses (The biggest proportion of these resources is dedicated to institutional capacity-building, but a
significant proportion is dedicated to cover the operational expenses ); operational expenditures (Total
expenditures, which include such items as capital spending and debt service payments in addition to operational
expenditures, ...)
gasto operativo: operating expense (The effective portion is reclassified as operating expenses in net income in the same period as the
hedged operating expenses are incurred.)
gasto por cargo y comisin: fee and commission expense (Fee and commission expense consists of fees paid to third parties to
facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers.)
gasto por intereses: interest expense (Interest expense decreased principally due to lower average interest rates.); interest charge (When
you enter a bill of exchange receivable, you can also enter collection fees and the data to calculate the interest
charge.)
gasto por peso de ingreso: expense per peso of revenue (It is also important to highlight the decrease of the index of cost and expenses
per peso of revenue, the accounts due and the energy ...)
gasto por provisiones de activos financieros: provision expense for financial assets (No net provision expense for financial assets
was recognised during the period.)
gasto por servicios: service expense (The increase in external service expenses was due to higher commercial activity and improved
service quality and customer services.) expense for services (Utilities: An expense for services such as gas,
electricity, telephone, water and sewer that are provided to your facility for normal use.).
gasto salarial: salary expenditure (The salary expenditure in the Romanian public sector will be cut in 2011 down to the 2005 levels of 7.4
percent of gross domestic product, ...); expenditure on salaries (The rapid growth of expenditure on salaries,
allowances and pensions in the last three years are the consequences of implementation of the ... ); expenditures
on salaries (plural) (In Ontario, expenditures on salaries increased by 9 per cent over the entire ...)
gasto nico/gasto efectuado por una sola vez: one-time expense ((many businesses choose to depreciate the cost of the equipment
over its estimated useful life, instead of listing a one-time expense.)
gasto: expense (The pattern of expenses associated with these assets and liabilities is different.); cost (The Medicare program pays for
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some medical costs of the elderly; the Medicaid program, for medical costs of low-income families.); expenditure
(The first calculation is based on income and expenditure only for the current period.); charge (The User will have to
pay the charge for post and packing.); spending (At the same time, the traditional priorities continue to require as
much spending as before.); outlay (Outlays for the acquisition of subsidiaries are reduced by the cash and cash
equivalents taken over.); outgoing (Authorize the incoming, outgoing and payments budget of the foundation.)
gastos adicionales: additional charges
gastos consulares: consular charges
gastos de descuentos: discount charges
gastos de envo: postage and handling
gastos de exportacin: export charges
gastos de importacin: import charges
gastos de recupero/gastos de rescate: salvage charges
gastos en destino: charges at destination
gastos en origen: charges at origin
gastos mnimos: minimun charges
gastos varios: miscellaneous expenses (This expenditure corresponds to the miscellaneous expenses incurred during the financial year.)
generador de negocio (que trae negocio a una empresa): rainmaker (A rainmaker is any person who brings clients, money, or respect to
an organization based solely on his or her association.)
General de Ejrcito: Army General
general: overall (The overall situation is good.); overarching (The overarching objective of our One client, one bank initiative is to increase
our ability to provide superior client service in a multi-channel environment.)
generar ingresos en divisas: generate foreign exchange earnings (The project will create two hundred direct jobs and generate foreign
exchange earnings of $457 million during the first ten years )
generar ingresos: generate revenue (Few projects generate revenue, and, if they do, it is usually during the operation implementation
phase only.)
gente: people (the place was full of people) / (There were a lot of people there.)
gerencial: managerial (Managerial experience in trade associations, both in the coffee sector and other sectors.)
gerente de relaciones/director de relaciones: relationship manager (Your relationship manager starts by simplifying things and
understanding your specific situation)
gestin de activos: asset management (Their integration into this new asset management platform constitutes a distinct added value.)
gestin de activos y pasivos: asset and liability management (The Other heading reports on Treasury operations, including the Banks
asset and liability management, certain non-recurring items and the unallocated portion of corporate units.)
gestin de capital: capital management (Capital management is an important component of financial management at the Bank.)
gestin de cobro: collection management (Factoring is a service, based on the transfer of collection rights of your invoices, offering
hedging, collection management and financing.)
gestin de fideicomiso: trust management (In 2009, Banco Improsa consolidated its leadership in trust management, occupying first
place well above the rest of the Costa Rican banking system.)
gestin de los recursos: resource management (In organizational studies, resource management is the efficient and effective deployment
of an organizations resources when they are needed.)
gestin de pagos: payment management (Leading banks are now automating payment management systems.)
gestin de patrimonios: wealth management (Advisory and wealth management services for major private clients.)
gestin de proyectos econmicos: management of economic projects (The sound planning and management of economic projects is
required for the protection of economic values,)
gestin de riesgo: risk management (One of the key responsibilities of the Board is to review and assess the Banks risk management
capabilities)
gestin de venta/gestin de ventas: sale management (It is just one of the stages in a company's purchase and sale management
process...)
gestin del conocimiento: knowledge management (Systems for quality control, monitoring and evaluation should be seen as tools for
117

knowledge management, and be designed to assist the organization to learn and improve its performance.)
gestin del riesgo: risk management (Inspection and control constitute risk management measure, which should not be confused with risk
assessment.)
gestin del riesgo del crdito: credit risk management (A detailed description of the Banks credit risk management practices is provided
on pages 65 to 70)
gestin del riesgo de liquidez: liquidity risk management (The Banks liquidity risk management practices are described on pages 76 to
82)
gestin descentralizada: decentralized management (Today, with the increase in technical cooperation activities and funding, the
decentralized management approach faces new challenges.)
gestin econmica y financiera: economic and financial management (We will optimize the use of resources by integrating economic and
financial management and the operation of the institution.)
gestin macroeconmica: (Macroeconomic management assesses the monetary, exchange rate, and aggregate demand policy
framework.)
gestin: management (Generation and management of knowledge through culture.)
girador: drawer (A personal cheque is an order of payment issued by a drawer to a third party (transferee/exporter) or to the drawer him or
herself through a charge to his or her account at a financial ) / (... a bill of exchange on which he is named as the
drawee and the vendor as the drawer.)
giro a la vista: sight draft (Sight bills (also known as sight drafts or bills payable on demand) are the documents that allow for the collection
of an amount previously agreed between ...)
giro bancario: money order (In the event that you pay by check or money order, Morningside cannot process your case until the check or
money order is received.) bankers draft (A bankers draft is useful for larger purchases. It is secure because only
the named payee can use the draft.); bankers order (Paying through Bankers Order is the most convenient way to
make regular contributions.)
giro en descubierto: overdraft (Overdraft protection that is linked to a line of credit can be expensive because of interest charges.) / (The
Credit Union offers overdraft transfer and overdraft line of credit.)
giro librado: draft drawn (A credit must not be issued available by a draft drawn on the applicant.)
giro librado a cargo del ordenante: draft drawn on the applicant (A credit must not be issued available by a draft drawn on the applicant.)
giro postal: money order (According to the available information, Postes market share in respect of money orders and bankers orders
amounted to 16 % in 2008.); postal order (Unemployment benefit will be paid to you by postal order at the end of
each week of unemployment.)
global: global (Furthermore, by the second half of this century global agricultural productivity may start to decrease.) ;comprehensive (In my
report, I wanted to take a responsible, balanced, comprehensive approach.); overall (The overall situation is
good.); overarching (The overarching objective of our One client, one bank initiative is to increase our ability to
provide superior client service in a multi-channel environment.)
globalizacin neoliberal: neoliberal globalization (Latin America is the world region where neoliberal globalization was applied most
rigorously and exactingly.)
globalizacin: globalization (A discussion on globalization and interdependence should therefore reflect all aspects of the phenomenon..)
gobernante: ruling (In April 2011, the Sixth Congress of the ruling Communist Party (PCC))
gobernanza (arquitectura de la gobernanza): governance arquitecture (The Internal Auditor considered that the governance architecture
of the Commission had solid foundations.)
gobierno de cooperativistas cultos: regime of cultured cooperativists (Lenin put it with characteristic succinctness: socialism is none other
than the regime of cultured cooperativists.)
gobierno nacional: national government (The coordination of international aid is led by the national government.)
gobierno provincial: provincial government (The provincial government that exercise administrative control over them appoints such
officers.)
gobierno: government; governance (manera de gobernar) (In charge of implementing governance rules, procedures and policies.)
golpe de fortuna: windfall (Vietnam had a windfall in the form of oil revenue at the time of the reform.)
gracias en gran parte a: largely thanks to (Largely thanks to the European Parliament, the Community now has significant resources to
back up its policies and declarations.)
gracias por anticipado/gracias por adelantado/gracias anticipadas: thank you in advance (Thank you in advance for your response to
the following questions.)
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graduado de la enseanza superior: graduate of higher education (higher education is moving towards a mass enrolment system as
modern economies become increasingly knowledge intensive and therefore depend more on graduates of higher
education, who constitute a thinking workforce; higher education graduate (how to secure maximum employment
opportunities for higher education graduates.)
graduado universitario: university graduate (One in every 11 citizens is a university graduate and one in eight has technical-professional
qualifications.)
gradualmente: by degrees
gran escala (a gran escala/engran escala): large-scale (Large-scale state enterprises formed only a small part of its economy.)
gran parte de eso: much of that (Much of that has changed over the years.)
granelero (buque granelero): bulk carrier (The rock is discharged from the bulk carrier on a conveyor belt and sent to a store.)
gratuito/gratuita: free of charge (The number of free-of-charge medical scholarships offered by Cuba to South African low-income youths
increased to 80 up from 60.)
gravar a la poblacin con impuestos: burden the people with taxes (We do not want to burden the people with taxes, he said.)
gravar con un impuesto: tax (In the real economy, if it is possible to tax a consumer, he or she will always be taxed.)
gravar: tax (I dont see why any government would want to tax its people in that way.)
gravemente: severely (These measures severely restricted trade, in many cases totally blocking exports.)
Grupo Agroindustrial de Granos: Grains Agro-industrial Group
Grupo Azucarero (AZCUBA): Sugar Group (AZCUBA) (The event is sponsored by Cubazucar, the International Sugar Organization and
the Sugar Group (Azcuba)).
Grupo Banco Mundial: World Bank Group (The World Bank Groups mission is to fight poverty and improve the living standards of
people in the developing world.)
Grupo de Accin Financiera del Caribe: Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF)(The draft National Strategy, based on
Caribbean Financial Action Task Force recommendations, is presently under review.)
Grupo de Accin Financiera Internacional (GAFI): Financial Action Task Force (FATF) (The principal global initiative to reduce money
laundering to date was the formation of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in 1991.)
Grupo de Accin Financiera Internacional sobre el Blanqueo de Dinero: Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (The
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering has made recommendations concerning politically exposed
persons.)
Grupo de Asia/Pacfico sobre el Blanqueo de Dinero: Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG) (Palau participates in money
laundering detection training through the Asia Pacific Group on Money Laundering.)
Grupo de los 77 y China: Group of 77 and China (On behalf of States Members of the United Nations that are members of the Group of
77 and China.)
Grupo de los Ocho (G8): Group of Eight (G8) (The Group of Eight (G8) is a forum for the governments of eight of the worlds largest
economies. (It excludes, however, two of the actual eight largest economies by nominal GDP: China, 2
nd
, and Brazil,
6
th
).
Grupo de los Siete (G7): Group of Seven (G7) the Group of seven industrially advanced nations (known as G8 after adding Russia in
1997).
Grupo de los Veinte (G20): Group of Twenty (G20) (The Group of Twenty (G20) is the premier forum for international economic
cooperation with members from 19 countries and the European Union.)
grupo de trabajo: task force (For this mission LABIOFAM has created a permanent task force, integrated by specialists from different
areas.)
grupo electrgeno: power unit; power plant; generator; generating set; electricity generator
Grupo Empresarial de la Agroindustria Azucarera: Sugar Agro-Industry Management Group (The sector that was once the motor of
Cubas economy will now be directed by the Sugar Agro-Industry Management Group.); Sugar Agro-Industry
Business Group (replacing the Sugar Ministry with the Sugar Agro-industry Business Group with the aim of
achieving more efficient management)
grupo empresarial: entrepreneurial group (Part of the activities of this summer was the attendance, for the first time, of the LABIOFAM
Entrepreneurial Group to the EXPOCUBA trade fair in Havana,); business group (Norwegian Business Group is
a non-profit organisation for Norwegian related companies in the United Arab Emirates.)
grupo familiar: household=a group of people, often a family, who live together (She became part of his household.) / (This development in
the labour market will counsel prudence to households, whose indebtedness leaves them vulnerable to a rise in
interest rates.)/(The project led to improvement in agronomic practices, farm yield and income of 5,500
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households.)
Grupo Regional de Amrica Latina y el Caribe (GRULAC): Latin American and Caribbean Group
guardar algo en la manga: have something up ones sleeve (Mark Williams has a few strategies up his sleeve )
guardar: set aside (The governor wants to set aside (= keep separate and not spend) $50 million for emergencies.); put aside
gubernamental: governmental (Indeed, cooperation with governmental and non-governmental institutions both within and outside the
region was found to have been significant.)
guerra comercial: trade war (they have increased the probability of a U.S.-Chinese trade war that would do considerable damage to both
sides.)
guerra de divisas/guerra de las divisas: currency war (It was Guido Mantega, Brazil's finance minister, who first suggested in September
that the world is embroiled in a "currency war".)
guerra econmica: economic warfare (an act of economic warfare); economic war (Instead of waging a nonsensical economic war, what
is needed is close cooperation.)
(INICIO)

H
ha habido: there has been (in order to determine whether there has been an other-than-temporary decline in fair value.)
haba/hubo (singular): there was (there was a $9.0 billion increase in loans)
habida cuenta de que: in view of the fact that (This forum was of particular importance in view of the fact that 60% of the population is
under 26 years of age and this group constitutes the first generation to grow up in peacetime and in a rapidly
changing society.)
habilidad: ability (Someone with that kind of ability will do well.)
habitantes: people (Madrid has over four million people.) inhabitants (a town of 10,000 inhabitants/people)
habitual: day-to-day (Your day-to-day (= ordinary and regular) responsibilities will include sorting the mail and making appointments.)
habla por si mismo/habla por si misma: speaks for itself (The report deserves credit and speaks for itself.)
hablan por si mismos/hablan por si mismas: speak for themselves (It may be politically incorrect to say so but the facts speak for
themselves.)
Hablando del rey de Roma y por la puerta asoma.: Talk of the devil and he will appear.
hablar con una sola voz: speak with one voice (Europe must speak with one voice when it comes to its foreign energy policy.)
hablar sobre: bring up (I hate to bring up business at lunch.)
hacer (guerra/campaa): wage (In this war, waged with the most advanced and lethal military technologies)
hacer avances: make inroads into (the company is making inroads into the computer market) / (Some inroads have been made in terms
of structural changes.)
hacer bajar: bring down (recovery will be slow, and will not generate sufficient employment growth to bring down high unemployment
levels.)
hacer constar en acta: minute (We shall minute your point of order, Mr Posselt, ); put on the record (I wish to put on the record my
support for the Treaty of Nice.); place on record (I should like to place on record, on your behalf, our thanks to the
services.)
hacer constar: point out (It gives me great pleasure to point out that gross profit amounted ); state
hacer cumplir: enforce (We need to enforce the traffic laws.)
hacer efectivo: encash (And cheques are encashed very fast and no fees for cheques!)
Hacer el bien sin mirar a quin: To cast one's bread on the waters
hacer entrada de dbito: make a debit entry (I authorize CSE to contact the financial institution and make debit entries and adjustments
for any credit entries made in error to my account.)
hacer frente a los problemas segn van surgiendo: deal with problems ad hoc (Unfortunately, we deal with problems ad hoc.)
hacer frente a: face (They are faced with major financial problems.); deal with (We have to deal with problems as they arise.) (Alternative
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policies for dealing with the crisis.); confront (The government has refused to confront the problem.)
hacer la guerra a la inflacin: wage war on inflation (Consumers really can wage war on inflation.)
hacer lo mismo: do likewise (We put up a fence, and other neighbors did likewise.)
hacer negocios en: do business in (In 2010, we helped more than 8 200 Canadian companies do business in close to 200 countries.
hacer notar: set forth (The board set forth the conditions for her release.); point out (First, we should point out that the confidence shown
by investors and creditor banks was one of the main pillars of stability for Grupo Financiero Improsa in 2009.)
hacer resaltar: throw into relief; bring into relief (The crisis has brought into relief the weaknesses of the present EU arrangements)
hacer respetar las leyes: uphold the laws (We uphold the laws, we don't break them.)
hacer respetar: enforce (We need to enforce the traffic laws.)
hacer un asiento en el debe: make a debt entry (You specify whether you are making a debit or credit entry.)
hacer un asiento en el haber: make a credit entry (You specify whether you are making a debit or credit entry.)
hacer un contrato con: enter into a contract with (If you doubt whether an individual with whom you are dealing has authority to enter into
a contract with you, insist that the contract be reviewed and signed by by the corporations president.)
hacer un trato con: make a deal with (And we will also make a deal with the womens crafts cooperatives to send some knits to the
Europes)
hacer una licenciatura en: take a degree in (In order to become a social worker, you will have to take a degree in social work at a UK
university.)
hacer uso de: make use of (The user wil have to make use of it according with this Disclaimer); draw on (the Initiative draws upon
international and national expertise on the subject)
hacerse cargo (comprender/darse cuenta/ser consciente): aware of; realize; appreciate (I can appreciate your concern)
hacerse cargo (encargarse): take over (... proved impossible to find an investor willing to take over the activity of these firms.); take charge
of
hacia arriba: upward(s)(operators will be tempted to raise prices by unfairly rounding them off upwards.)
hasta ahora todo va bien: so far so good (It will be weeks before we have clear details, but markets are telling us, so far so good!); so far,
so good
hasta ahora: so far (So far, only two Democrats have entered the race for governor.); up to now (The US has up to now injected about 1.2
trillion dollars in its economy.); until now (Until now, we have had five risk categories.); thus far (Thus far, its
response has been promising.); heretofore; as yet (as yet, we've had no reply)
hasta aqu: up to here (Everything we have said up to here leads us to the conclusion that the essential categories in economics are cash
and credit interpersonal exchanges); thus far
hasta cierto punto: up to a point (This is very clear both in China and Russia, but is also valid up to a point for some countries of East
Europe.); to a certain extent (To a certain extent our strategy proved to be right.); to some degree (To some
degree, the banking system obtained independence from fiscal policy ); to a certain degree
hasta el momento: so far (So far we have been unable to arrive at acceptable solutions.)
hasta este momento: heretofore
hasta la fecha: so far (So far, only two Democrats have entered the race for governor.)
hasta la suma de: up to the amount of ( the credit card will be refunded up to the amount of the payment first.)
hasta tanto: until (The request shall not be deemed to be filed until the conversion fee has been paid.); unless and until
hasta: up to (Right up to the end, she worked tirelessly to help Europe.)
hay (plural): there are (There are several differences between IFRS and Canadian GAAP related to the accounting for business
combinations.)
hay (singular): there is (There is no credit risk exposure since these loans are fully secured.)
hecho consumado: fait accompli (Israel continues to create a new fait accompli on the ground in Jerusalem, in violation of relevant
Security Council resolutions.)
hecho por mano de obra explotada: sweated (swetaed goods)
hecho segn los requisitos/hecho a la medida de las necesidades: tailor-made (Forwards are tailor-made agreements transacted in the
over-the-counter market.)
hechos y no palabras: deeds, not words (they were demanding deeds, not words)
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heredero: heir (If you are the heir of someone who has a Swiss bank account, upon his or her death you are entitled to the funds on the
account.)
herramienta de presin: a tool to apply pressure (the blockade as a tool to apply pressure)
herramienta dirigida/herramienta destinada: targeted tool (This work has resulted in a set of Recommendations that will provide
governments with stronger and more targeted tools to take action against financial crime.)
hito: milestone (Therefore it represents an important milestone in the achievement of the Kyoto target.); landmark (The invention of the
silicon chip is a landmark in the history of technology.); turning point (Such an event would be a historic turning
point in the relations between the two States.); watershed (This is a watershed in the development of Ukraine, but
also for the EU.)
hoja de ruta: roadmap (The present roadmap identifies the main of these measures and decisions as well as the deadlines ...); road map
(There did not seem to be any alternative to returning to the road map.);
Hombre precavido vale por dos.: Forewarned is forearmed.
honesto y juicioso: honest and thoughtful (The last two days of the meeting were marked by honest and thoughtful reflection on the
benefits and challenges that lay ahead.)
honrar (cumplir un acuerdo o promesa existente/aceptar una forma de pago): honor (An issuing bank is irrevocably bound to honor as
of the time it issues the credit.)
hora estndar del este: Eastern Standard Time (Eastern Standard Time restrictions start the first Sunday in November and end the
second Sunday in March.)
hora lmite/hora tope: cut-off time (For U.S. dollar and foreign currency payments the cut-off time is 1530 hrs.)
hora oficial: Standard Time (tiempo oficial en el lugar con respecto al tiempo de Greenich); Standard time is the time that is officially used
in a region in the fall, winter, and spring.
horario de atencin al pblico (bancario): banking hours
horario de verano: daylight saving time (Daylight saving time is the time set usually one hour later in summer so that there is a longer
period of daylight in the evening.) / (Daylight saving time is a system adopted by some countries to make the best
use of daylight.)
horario flexible: flextime (work flextime); flexitime
horario laboral: business hours (Our staff will send email responses during business hours, only.)
hotelera: hotel trade (Some of the activities that have been started are: hotel trade, village shops, etc.) / (this information from the
International Labour Union of alimentation, agriculture, hotel trade and tobacco,); hotel business (In particular, the
Hotel Business Law prohibits hotels from refusing a customer merely on the ) / (The Four Seasons Resort is
setting new standards in the luxury hotel business ...)
hoy en da: nowadays (Nowadays, we have the problem that product placement is almost everywhere, but is illegal ...)
hoy en el mercado: today on the market (The indices are generated and updated automatically based on the average price in the ads for
sale (in rubles), available today on the market in St. Petersburg.)
hubo/haba (plural): there were (As at December 2, 2011, there were 160,410,526 common shares and 7,898,060 stock options
outstanding.)
hundirse: plunge (our banks and financial groups did see their accumulated profits plunge)
(INICIO)

I
ida y vuelta: round trip (Frequency: at least one round trip per day.)
identidad corporativa: corporate identity (The Bancaja brand is a faithful and simple reflection of its corporate identity.)
idoneidad demostrada: suitability tested (In all districts, as the protocol of the meeting put it, there is an increasing number of requests by
economic organizations to have their young workers suitability-tested [by vocational counseling.]); demostrated
appropriateness(...its demostrated appropriateness to the level of indigenous skills and socio-cultural context.)
idoneidad: suitability (there is no doubt about her suitability for the job); appropriateness (I have my doubts about her appropriateness for
the job.); eligibility (It has eighteen months to decide an applicants eligibility.)
idneo: suitable (the suitable material); ser idneo para: be suited to (In other words, the restructuring plan seemed to be suited to
restoring the companys longterm viability.)
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ignorar (no prestar atencin): disregard (If this amount has already been paid, please disregard this notice.)
iguala: retainer (A retainer is a fee charged in advance to retain the services of someone.); regular fee
igualdad de condiciones: a level playing field (help ensure a level playing field)
igualmente: likewise (Likewise, significant increases can be observed in relation to the total production and in )
ileso: unscathed (There is no sector or grouping that has emerged unscathed or unblemished.)
ilimitado: unrestricted (Access to information today seems unrestricted and at the same time deficient.)
iliquidez: illiquidity (During periods of illiquidity the Directors may have difficulty in obtaining a reliable valuation ...)
ilustracin: artwork (As it happened before, interest in science and technology appeared not only in technological artworks.)
imagen corporativa: corporate image (Work on the graphic typography in order to define a simple, elegant and infinite corporate image.)
impacto econmico externo: external economic impact (China will minimise any negative external economic impact and maintain stable,
relatively fast growth.)
impacto favorable: favourable impact (Actions and activities which have a favourable impact on the environment but which do not come
under environmental protection are excluded.)
impacto: shock ( the economy had to deal with consecutive impacts of negative external shocks.)
impago: nonpayment (He has a long record of nonpayment of traffic violations.)
impar: uneven (The jury shall comprise an uneven number of experts.)
imparcialmente: fairly (these consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Bank)
impedimento: hindrance (I do not see this as a hindrance to future negotiations,)
impedir: deter (This reflects a new realism about the need for active measures to ensure proper accountability and deter wrongdoing.)
imperante: prevailing (The price or prices shall also reflect the prevailing market conditions for that share.)
imperecedero: imperishable (The document accompanying the grant had to be inscribed on imperishable material - copper or stone.)
imperfeccin: flaw (... University of Chicago won the 2007 Nobel prize in economics for investigating market flaws.)
imperiosa necesidad: pressing need (There is a pressing need to address the relationship between culture and violence, especially
regarding the different forms of gender-based violence.); urgent need
mpetu: momentum (Technology seems to create its own momentum.); onrush (The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual
development of a "two-tier labor market")
implementacin y mantenimiento de controles internos: implementation and maintenance of internal controls (The implementation and
maintenance of internal controls is, after all, a management responsibility.)
implementacin: implementation (The priorities concern both legislation and its implementation.)
implementado: implemented (Problems can only arise with countries which have not implemented such a tonnage tax scheme.)
implementar normativas: implement regulations (These organisations publish policy documents, develop strategies, monitor food intake or
health, and in some cases implement regulations.)
implentacin de los lineamientos: implementation of the guidelines (As described by Miguel Gmez, Director of the RUTA Project, the
National Technical Units support implementation of the guidelines drawn up by the Central American Agricultural
Council (CAC))
implicar: entail (Any investment entails risk.) / (The project will entail considerable expense.); involve (this change will involve a lot of extra
work)
imponible: taxable (taxable profits) / (taxable value) / (taxable income) / (taxable base) / (The Bank uses the taxable equivalent basis to
calculate net interest income, other income and income taxes.)
importadores de bienes de capital: importers of capital goods (These developing countries are now sources of growth and importers of
capital goods and developed countries services.)
importante: significant (Any changes to these estimates and assumptions may have a significant impact on the Banks operating results
and financial position.); importantly (She has a pleasant personality, but more importantly, she is well qualified for
the job.); important (it is important for everyone to be here on time); sizable (Emanuel already has a sizable amount
of money saved up for college.); material (In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all
material respects, the financial position of the Bank as at)
importe en letras: amount in words (For example: a written amount routine where, given an amount a literal is retrieved with the amount in
words [1010 => A thousand and ten])
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improbabilidad: unlikelihood (The market research described above confirms the unlikelihood of such replacement.)
improbable que: unlikely to (The 27 new ministers are unlikely to contradict the president.)
improductivo/improductiva: non-yielding; unproductive
improrrogable: that can not be extended
impuesto a pagar: tax payable (Any tax credit that is not used because it exceeds the final amount of tax payable may be carried over and
used within five years following the year in ...)
impuesto al valor agregado (IVA): value added tax (VAT) (The rate of value added tax (VAT) has been lowered to 12 per cent.)
impuesto de circulacin: (On top of this tax comes VAT and then, over the course of the years, you have to pay a circulation tax, which is
a nominal amount.)
impuesto sobre beneficios de actividades ordinarias/impuesto sobre ganancias de actividades ordinarias/impuesto sobre
utilidades de actividades ordinarias: tax on profit on ordinary activities (Tax on profit on ordinary activities
calculated at United Kingdom corporation tax rate of 28%.)
impuesto sobre beneficios extraordinarios: windfall tax
impuesto sobre beneficios/impuesto sobre ganancias/impuesto sobre utilidades: profit tax (Malaysia reduced the profit tax and
simplified tax filing online to reduce the time burden by 24 hours.) / (Tunisia also reduced the corporate profit tax
from 35 to 30 per cent.)
impuesto sobre el consumo/impuesto al consumo: excise tax (California's excise tax on cigarettes is 87 cents a pack.); excise duty
(and also regulates the structure of excise duty on cigarettes.); consumption tax (Elimination of consumption tax
on certain articles (mainly food items).
impuesto sobre la renta: income tax (The Bank uses the taxable equivalent basis to calculate net interest income and income taxes.)
impuesto sobre la utilizacin de la fuerza de trabajo: tax on the utilization of the labor force (In addition, Law 73 established that
profitable enterprises pay a 25 percent tax on the utilization of the labor force, )
impuesto sobre las ventas: sales tax (A few basic products such as books, food and certain types of machinery are exempted from sales
tax.)
impuesto: tax (Taxes paid abroad are credited against the part of the domestic tax levied on the income taxed abroad.)
impuestos indirectos: excise (Recently, the Directorate General of Customs and Excise has installed an Electronic Intelligence Note
Analyst System)
impulsado por/motivado por: driven by (Growth is being driven by both a strong export performance and the expansion of domestic
demand.)
impulsar: boost (We took various steps to try to boost sales.); drive (Moreover, targets and standards can drive green investments.)
impulso (estmulo): boost (The presidents approval rating got a boost following his speech.); impulsar (We took various steps to try to
boost sales.)
impulsor / impulsora: driving force (She was the driving force behind the company.)
inactivo: sluggish (The prolonged sluggish market has proved a blessing in disguise for promoters as it offered a good opportunity to buy
shares cheaper and ...)
inamortizable: nonamortizable (Long-lived assets represent net property, plant and equipment, nonamortizable and net amortizable
intangible assets and investments in noncontrolled affiliates.)
inadito/inadita/sin precedente: unheard-of (In referring to this unheard-of event, Mr. Adam Szubin, director of the Office of Foreign
Assets Control (OFAC) of the Treasury Department)
incapacidad: inability ( this model has shown, for over 20 years, its inability to achieve significant recovery of the Cuban familys living
standards after the downfall of the European socialist countries.)
incapaz: unable (I was unable to find a pay phone.); not able (Consequently, the government was not able to reduce the stock of
accumulated social expenditure ...)
incentivo/complemento/extra: fringe benefit (Some employers are offering it as a fringe benefit.)
incertidumbre: uncertainty (this range reflects the level of uncertainty associated with these models.)
incesante: relentless (Thanks to its relentless double-digit annual growth, it has become the worlds second- largest economy and in many
ways the most dynamic.)
incipiente: nascent (Cubans can now use personal property such as jewelry, cars and works of art as collateral for loan applications under
the island's nascent lending system.)
inclaudicable: uncompromising (We understand the importance of uncompromising ethics in ensuring respect for our clients and the
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communities we serve as well as compliance with laws and regulations.)
incluir como factor a tener en cuenta: factor in (The children's welfare should be factored in before a divorce is granted.); factorinto
(factor it into your decision-making)
inclusin social: social inclusion (mobilising private and public funds and integrating social enterprises into employment and social
inclusion measures.)
incobrable: irrecoverable (A value reduction or write-down is thus applied for amounts considered irrecoverable.); uncollectible (It shall
disclose separately the amount recognised as an expense in the period for impairment losses on uncollectible
loans and advances)
incomparable: matchless (The museum has a matchless collection of Rembrandt etchings.)
incompetencia: inability ( this model has shown, for over 20 years, its inability to achieve significant recovery of the Cuban familys living
standards after the downfall of the European socialist countries.)
incongruencia: non-sequitur (it is a non-sequitur)
incongruente (contradictorio): inconsistent (in terms not inconsistent with the)
inconveniente: liability (Not having our own delivery trucks is a liability in our business.); hindrance (Often his training has proved a
hindrance rather than a help.)
incorporar/integrar: mainstream (Rather, we have to mainstream adaptation and risk reduction into development cooperation.) / (This
complements efforts to mainstream disaster reduction into development strategies.)
incrementar (ventas, produccin): boost (We took various steps to try to boost sales.)
incrementar: enhance (The Bank enhanced its offering with changes to); increase (Theyve increased the price of gas by two cents a
gallon.); up (We wont be able to make a profit unless we up our prices.)
incremento: enhancement (Enhancement of local transportation is a priority.); increase (There was a slight increase in unemployment last
month.), incremental
incumbir: concern (This is an issue that should concern everyone.)
incumplimiento de contrato: breach of contract (The breach of a contractual duty of secrecy can constitute not only a breach of contract
but also an act of unfair competition.)
incumplir: breach (in so far as the overall limits in the 1988 Accord are not breached)
incurrir en: incur (expense) (We incurred heavy expenses to repair the)
indagar: ascertain ( carry out investigations to ascertain whether a State body had violated the rights of an individual or of a group.)
indemne: unscathed (Her husband died in the accident, but she escaped unscathed.)
independientemente: regardless (Activities and initiatives are now planned with the objective of providing clients with seamless financial
advice, investment solutions and services that meet their needs, regardless of where the relationship was initially
developed.)
indicacin: indication (theres every indication that the economy is on the upturn)
indicadores: indicators (we achieved positive momentum in other key performance indicators
indicar el camino: show the way (Ill show you the way to the meeting room.)
indicar: set forth (The board set forth the conditions for her release.); point out (First, we should point out that the confidence shown by
investors and creditor banks was one of the main pillars of stability for Grupo Financiero Improsa in 2009.); state (A
credit must state the bank with which it is available with any bank.)
ndice (indicio o seal de una cosa): (figurative) The rate of consumer spending is often thought to be an index of public confidence (=
show the state of the publics confidence) in the health of the economy.
ndice Armonizado de Precios de Consumo (IAPC): Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) (On average, the Harmonised Index
of Consumer Prices (HICP) increased by 1.1% in 1999, )
ndice burstil: stock index (This accolade serves to single out excellence among the corporations listed in the DAX - the German stock
index -); stock market index (a put option that can be exercised if a stock market index reaches a specified
level); stock exchange index (BEA is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and is included in the Hang Seng
index (the main Hong Kong Chinese stock exchange index).)
ndice de Desarrollo Humano: Human Development Index (The country ranks 51, with a Human Development Index of 0.838, placing it
among countries classified as having high human development (UNDP, 2008).
ndice de eficiencia: efficiency ratio (The efficiency ratio is the traditional measure for bank productivity. At its simplest, it is the cost
required to generate each dollar of revenue.)
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ndice de endeudamiento: debt ratio (The steady reduction of the debt ratio requires sustaining high primary surpluses for a long period of
time); indebtedness ratio (While there are several ways to measure a firms degree of financial risk, the most
common is the indebtedness ratio.)
ndice de Gini: Gini Index -El ndice de Gini es el coeficiente de Gini expresado en porcentaje, y es igual al coeficiente de Gini multiplicado
por 100. El coeficiente de Gini es una medida de la desigualdad ideada por el estadstico italiano Corrado Gini.
Normalmente se utiliza para medir la desigualdad en los ingresos, dentro de un pas, pero puede utilizarse para
medir cualquier forma de distribucin desigual. El coeficiente de Gini es un nmero entre 0 y 1, en donde 0 se
corresponde con la perfecta igualdad (todos tienen los mismos ingresos) y donde el valor 1 se corresponde con la
perfecta desigualdad (una persona tiene todos los ingresos y los dems ninguno).
ndice de mortalidad: death rate
ndice de natalidad: birth rate; birthrate (Officials expressed concern over Quebecs declining birthrate.)
ndice de precios al consumo: consumer price index (A consumer price index (CPI) measures changes in the price level of consumer
goods and services purchased by households.); retail price index
ndice de riesgo de mota: default risk ratings (the default risk ratings must be reviewed annually.)
ndice del costo de vida: cost-of-living index (A cost-of-living index is a theoretical price index that measures relative cost of living over
time or regions.)
ndice: contents; table of contents; index (If you want to find the place in the text that Henry James is mentioned, look it up in the index.)
ndice: rate (The rate of impunity amounts to 99 percent.); index (the Dow Jones index)
ndices de actividad: activity ratios (Activity ratios measure the effectiveness of the firms use of its resources.)
indicio/seal: indication (Early indications show that ) / (The jury gave no indication of their decision as they came back into the
courtroom.)
indiscutiblemente/incuestionablemente: unquestionably (However, the progress that has unquestionably been made to date is now
being threatened ...); undeniably (Such techniques would undeniably represent progress for humanity)
indispensable: all-important (Managing information or creating new products has become all-important.)
indudablemente: undoubtedly (Our fiscal 2010 results undoubtedly benefited from a favourable economic environment in Canada,);
without a doubt; without doubt
industria de fabricacin: manufacturing industry (It is important to know that you share the view that the manufacturing industry needs to
be put back at the top of the policy agenda.)
industria fabril: manufacturing industry (Between 1975 and 1991, manufacturing industry and the government (in the former West
Germany) spent some US$250 billion on pollution abatement or prevention )
industria hotelera: hotel industry ( improving training in the hotel industry, with particular emphasis on hotel management and
administration.)
industria manufacturera: manufacturing industry (Particular attention is given to the needs of manufacturing industry and small and
medium sized enterprises.)
industria siderrgica: iron and steel industry
industria textil: textile industry (We have seen what has happened with the textile industry throughout Europe.)
industrial: manufacturing (in certain sectors of activity and key portfolios (e.g., forestry products, manufacturing, etc.).)
indita/indito: unprecedented (Let me say that this was an unprecedented act of transparency.)
ineludible: absolute (Health insurance is an absolute necessity in the United States.); unavoidable (War is now unavoidable.); inevitable
(Accidents are the inevitable result of carelessness.)
inestabilidad de los flujos de capital: They found that instability in capital flows has a negative effect on the growth of developing
economies.)
inestabilidad de los mercados: volatility of the markets (taking into account the current worldwide economic situation and the high
volatility of the markets,)
inestabilidad: instability (Teenagers often go through periods of emotional instability.)
inestable: shaky (Recent economic statistics, which have shown much weaker-than-expected growth in the first six months and a shakier
recovery, have dampened the economic outlook for the United States.)
inevitable: unavoidable (the unavoidable exchange rate devaluation)
inexactitud: inaccuracy (Rose says the story was loaded with inaccuracies.)
inexorable: relentless (Thanks to its relentless double-digit annual growth, it has become the worlds second- largest economy and in many
126

ways the most dynamic.)
nfimo/nfima/insignificante: negligible (The use of only a negligible part of the worlds enormous nuclear arsenal will mean the end for the
human species.) / (The effect on sales was negligible.)
inflacin: inflation (Low inflation is an important advantage of the current Cuban reform compared to the reform of the early 1990s, )
inflexible: uncompromising (We understand the importance of uncompromising ethics in ensuring respect for our clients and the
communities we serve as well as compliance with laws and regulations.)
influencia significativa: significant influence (Significant influence is understood to be that which enables whoever is exercising it to
influence the financial or operational decisions of the entity )
influencia: leverage (the power to influence results) (financial/political leverage) / (The US has very little leverage in that part of the world.);
clout (This is where we need Europe to have more clout on the world stage.); bearing (the fast declining oil prices on
world markets had the strongest bearing on the slowdown in inflation); influence (exerting further favourable
influence on overall influence)
informacin bsica: bacground information (For example, the child doing a project about birds will require books to give him background
information,)
informacin de antecedentes/informacin sobre los antecedentes: background information (The latter document also contains
necessary background information) (
informacin de primera mano: first hand information (This is also an excellent opportunity to glean first hand information)
informacin precisa y fiable: accurate and reliable information (More specifically, the objective of the proposal is to ensure accurate and
reliable information on )
informacin previa: prior information (In addition, the article only covers the prior information which will eventually be reflected in the
contract.); previous information (It has not been possible to rely on previous information concerning how much
money is needed.); background information
informtica: information technology (changes in the economy, information technology and the financial services needs of all client
segments)
informtico/informtica: computer specialist; techie
informe anual: annual report (Many of these issues could be the subject for next year's annual report.)
informe de gestin: management report (The following is the Fiscal Year 2007 Annual Management Report which presents FHAs
accomplishments and financial condition.)
informe por cada prstamo: loan-by-loan reporting (The European Central Bank said it's postponing the introduction of loan-by-loan
reporting requirements for some asset-backed securities)
infringir: breach (in so far as the overall limits in the 1988 Accord are not breached)
Ingls estndar/Ingls normativo (oficialmente aprobado): standard English
ingreso a cobrar: unrealized income (Unrealized income (paper profit) is profit which has been made but not yet realized or collected
through a transaction, )
ingreso bruto: gross earnings (Unless otherwise specified, the level of wages refers, in principle, to gross earnings.)
ingreso cobrado por adelantado: revenue received in advance (Prepayments of ARs should be treated as revenue received in advance
or as a liability until the transaction is completed.); revenues collected in advance
ingreso de explotacin: operating income (Such depreciation could affect our operating income and financial position.)
ingreso de operacin: operating income (The investment in shares are recorded at fail value, the results obtained are recorded in other
operating income.)
ingreso financiero: financial income (Their financial income depends on the country in which they are situated.)
ingreso global: comprehensive income (Comprehensive income (or earnings) is a specific term used in companies financial reporting
from the company-whole point of view.)
ingreso neto por cargos y comisiones: net fee and comission income (Net fee and commission income comprises fees for services
performed for and by third parties in respect of securities transactions and related services. ...)
ingreso neto por intereses: net interest income (Higher revenues from net interest income and insurance activity and flat operating ...)
ingreso neto: net income ( a change in interest rates of 1 percent (or 100 basis points) would impact net income and cash flows by $0.8
million annually, )
ingreso operativo: operating income (... the royalty charge will have an adverse effect on our operating income and cash flow.)
ingreso petrolero: oil revenue (Vietnam had a windfall in the form of oil revenue at the time of the reform.)
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ingreso por cargos y comisiones: fee and commission income (Fee and commission income consists primarily of investment fund
management fees, distribution fees from investment funds, commission revenue ...)
ingreso por dividendos: dividend income (Note that while dividend income can fluctuate it is less volatile than share price )
ingreso por intereses: interest income (... arising on purchased securities are calculated and presented as part of interest income and are
amortised over the remaining life of the assets.)
ingreso por operaciones de cambio: foreign exchange transaction income (This decrease in foreign exchange transaction income was
partially offset by higher interest income due to higher interest rates in Brazil and increased )
ingreso por recuperacin de activo financiero: income from financial asset recovery (The financial stability report also refers to income
from financial asset recovery, )
ingreso por servicios: service income (After a small increase in 2003, service income from the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD) remained stable in 2004 ); income for services (A captive insurance company would normally
earn an income for services it provides.)
ingreso total: total revenue (Total revenue is the total receipts of a firm from the sale of any given quantity of a product.); total income (The
total income of the wealthiest 500 persons in the world is higher than the income of the 416 million poorest
persons.)
ingreso tributario: tax revenue (the process to reduce this imbalance has been slow despite Madrid's efforts to raise new tax revenue and
cut spending.)
ingreso: income (They will ask you to provide documentation of your income, debt, expenses and savings.); earnings (This has created an
enormous currency mismatch between the earnings of the debtors and their debt service obligations.) proceeds (All
proceeds from the auction will be donated to charity.); returns (In that case, the returns from the market and from
the aid may be especially low.); incomings (You use the accrual/deferral function to calculate the expenses
(outgoings) and revenues (incomings) for a period on a certain key date/period-end closing )
ingresos: revenue (Company revenue rose 4% last year.)/( our financial results surpassed the previous years in both net income and
revenue)
Iniciativa para los pases pobres muy endeudados (PPME): Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (At their Joint Annual
meeting in October 1996, the IMF and the World Bank jointly launched the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
(HIPC) Initiative)
Iniciativas Municipales de Desarrollo Local: Municipal Initiative for Local Development ( projects to stimulate economic activity and
create new jobs under a program called the Municipal Initiative for Local Development )
inicio de la sesin: beginning of the session (The beginning of the session was overshadowed by the looming war in Iraq.)
inicio: inception (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its Ministers to
continue.)
ininterrumpido: uninterrupted (... provider would currently be prepared to give any consumer an absolute guarantee of uninterrupted
service on a particular day.); continuous (A secondary source of power shall be sufficient to replace the primary
source of power for a continuous period of three days.)
inmediatamente: at once (Substantial measures must be taken at once to increase employment.)
inmenso: huge (The currency and exchange rate duality has huge costs for the entrepreneurial system.)
inmovilizar flujo de efectivo: tie up cash flow (Posting bonds and guarantees is a necessary part of exporting that can tie up your cash
flow.)
inmuebles: real estate (For the first time in a half-century, Cubans will be allowed to buy and sell real estate openly, bequeath property to
relatives without restriction ...)
inmunizacin: inmunization (Inmunization is a strategy that matches the durations of assets and liabilities thereby minimizing the impact of
interest rates on the net worth.)
innovacin: innovation (The recording industry is driven by constant innovation.)
inquebrantable: unwavering (My country gives its unwavering support to the peace process and the agreements)
inscribir en: register in (All Estonian companies and foreign companies doing business in Estonia must register in the commercial
register)
inspeccionar: examine (An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements, assessing the accounting principles ...)
instalacin petrolfera: oil-bearing facility (The Luftwaffe failed to disable the oil-producing facilities and destroy the most significant oil-
bearing facilities of the Caucasus.)
instalaciones: premises (United Nations premises had also been attacked.)
128

institucin financiera comercial: commercial financial institution (Founded in 1944, EDC is a Crown Corporation that operates as a
commercial financial institution.)
institucin financiera: financial institution (When calculating the interest rate, the financial institution should ensure that )
instituciones acadmicas que otorgan ttulos: degree-granting academic institutions (authorizes accredited US graduate and
undergraduate degree-granting academic institutions to engage in travel-related transactions)
Instituciones de Bretton Woods (IBW): Bretton Woods Institutions (BWI) In practice, where these reforms are supported by a Bretton
Woods Institutions (BWI) programme, this condition is automatically satisfied.
instituciones financieras estatales no bancacias: non-bank state financial institutions (The non-bank state financial institutions will
also be revamped.)
instituciones financieras no bancarias: non-banking financial institutions (The financial statements of the non-banking financial
institutions must be audited by the ICAP members.); non-bank financial institutions
Instituto Cubano de Radio y Televisin: Cuban Institute of Radio and Televisin
Instituto de Aeronatica Civil de Cuba: Institute of Civil Aeronautics of Cuba
Instituto de Cardiologa y Ciruga Cardiovascular: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Institute (The pacemaker and
electrophysiology service of the Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Institute )
Instituto Mundial de Cajas de Ahorros (IMCA): World Savings Banks Institute (WSBI) (The members of the World Savings Banks
Institute.)
Instituto Nacional de Deportes, Educacin Fsica y Recreacin: Nacional Institute of Sports, Physical Education and Recreation
Instituto Nacional de la Vivienda: National Housing Institute
Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidralicos: National Institute of Water Resources
Instituto Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal: National Institute of Plant Health
instrumento al portador: bearer instrument (The physical cross-border transportation of currency and other bearer instruments is of
particular concern.)
instrumento al portador negociable: bearer negotiable instrument (Bearer negotiable instruments (BNIs) includes monetary instruments
in bearer form such as: travellers cheques; negotiable instruments (including cheques, promissory notes and money
orders) )
instrumento bancario a corto plazo: short-term bank instrument (The most attractive short-term bank instruments for corporate cash
managers are time deposits provided by banks or money-market funds offered by securities companies.)
instrumento convocatorio: calling instrument (Calling instrument is the document (Invitation, Publication and Book of Basis and
Conditions) through which the bid and its basis and conditions become known by...)
instrumento de capital: equity instrument (An equity instrument is a contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity
after deducting all of its liabilities.)
instrumento de deuda: debt instrument (In order to accept debt instruments with a more variable return, international investors are likely
to ask for a premium,)
instrumento de fideicomiso: trust deed (The trustee may resign to his office if it is expressly so authorized by the trust deed.)
instrumento financiero: financial instrument (The creation of a new financial instrument by the budgetary authority should help, together
with the actions of the Member States, to facilitate this process.)
instrumento hbrido: hybrid instrument (As to hybrid capital instruments, CEBS proposed conditions that any hybrid instrument should
meet in order to be considered to be eligible Tier 1 capital in the EU.)
instrumentos de pago: payment instruments ( all euro payments are considered domestic and are made with one set of payment
instruments.)
insumos intermedios: intermediate inputs (Policy-makers should not forget that 20 % of intermediate inputs of manufacturing industry
derive from services.)
insumos: inputs (The economic benefits of soil and water conservation as inputs to livestock production (e.g. through erosion control,
pasture and forage) and ); supplies (period the increase in the internal price of goods and services associated to
said raw materials and supplies, intensified )
intachable: impeccable (The behavior of Cuban professionals and their leaders was absolutely void of chauvinism and remained out of the
limelight.); faultless (Your professionalism is faultless and your kindness an asset.); flawless (Our laboratory has a
flawless testing record.)
integracin comercial: trade integration (With respect to market access, in a context of growing subregional trade integration, Malian
products faced stiff competition in both domestic and foreign markets.)
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integracin financiera: financial integration (Driven by broad financial integration, emerging Europe experienced a beneficial period of
growth.)
integrado por: made up of (The Board is assisted by three committees made up entirely of independent members: the Audit and Risk
Management Committee, the Conduct Review and Corporate Governance Committee, and the Human Resources
Committee.)
integral: comprehensive (providing a comprehensive view of each clients relationship with the Bank)
integramente: in its entirety; in their entirety (This ratio includes deductions applied in their entirety, as required starting in 2019..)
intensificar: enhance ( enhance data collection and analysis on global sustainable development.); accentuate
intentar conseguir: aim for (hes aiming for the presidency)
intentar: intend (It is not intended that changes happen all at once ); endeavor (I endeavored to explain the legal consequences of his
action.)
interanual: year on year (Thus total resources on the balance sheet grew 9.2%, while credit investment increased 975 billion with a year on
year growth rate of 5.8%.); yoy (Retail sales are improving on a monthly basis, but yoy growth in retail sales is
consolidating at around 4%.)
interbancario: interbank (the development of an interbank market.)
intercambiar: barter (They also barter their products and services for others they may need.); swap (Furthermore, the special liquidity
scheme operated by the Bank of England until January 2009 allowed participating banks to swap illiquid assets for
UK treasury bills.)
intercambio de deuda por obligaciones: debt-to-equity swap (the proposals by extending new credit and participating in a debt-to-
equity swap.)
intercambio financiero de crdito en mora: credit default swap (Credit default swaps are transactions in which one of the parties agrees
to pay interest expenses to the other party so that the latter can make a payment if a credit event occurs.)
intercambio financiero de deuda por acciones: debt-to-equity swaps (Converting debt to equity occurs when the lender converts a loan
amount (or a loan amount represented by outstanding bonds) into equity shares. No cash exchange occurs in the
debt-to-equity swap.)
intercambio financiero de materias primas: commodity swap (Commodity swaps are transactions in which counterparties exchange
fixed and floating rate payments, based on the notional principal value of a single product.)
intercambio financiero de participacin: equity swaps (Equity swaps are transactions in which counterparties agree to exchange the
return on one equity or group of equities for a payment based on a benchmark interest rate.)
intercambio financiero de tasa de inters en distintas divisas: cross-currency swap (Cross-currency swaps are transactions in which
counterparties exchange fixed rate interest payments and principal payments in different currencies.)
intercambio financiero de tasas de inters: interest rate swap (Interest rate swaps are transactions in which counterparties exchange
fixed and floating rate interest payments, based on the notional principal value in the same currency.)
intercambio financiero por anticipacin a los tipos: rate anticipation swaps (However, you should remember that rate-anticipation
swaps tend to be somewhat speculative, and depend entirely on the outcome of the expected rate change.)
intercambio financiero: swap (Swaps are over-the-counter contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash flows.)
inters acumulado: accrued interest (The accrued interest on the funds before the payment to beneficiaries belongs to the fund
providers.)
inters compuesto: compound interest (Compound interest is better, because it allows you to earn interest not only on your initial deposit
but ...)
inters por mora: defaul interest (At the end of the year, default interest shall be separately booked to the revenue); (Default interest is
the interest that a borrower would pay if the borrower will not fulfill the loan covenants.)
inters simple: simple interest (Simple interest is just that, its added once a year to your balance.)
inters sobre prstamos: interest on loans (Interest on loans is repayable from the first day of operation)
inters: interest
interesado/interesada: stakeholder (Merging an invalidated record by the Stakeholder.)
interesar: concern (This is an issue that should concern everyone.)
intereses a cobrar: interest receivable ( are not generated only by the differential of interest receivable/payable, but also by the fees and
commissions.)
intereses a pagar/intereses por pagar: interest payable (On each payment date, the net difference between the interest payable and the
130

interest receivable will be settled, )
intereses acumulados pero no pagados: interest accrued but not paid (Net interest reported equals interest paid plus interest accrued
but not paid minus interest reported in prior years.)
intereses acumulados por cobrar: accrued interest receivable (The fair value of derivative positions outstanding is included in accrued
interest receivable and other assets and accrued interest payable and other liabilities in the accompanying
consolidated balance sheets )
intereses acumulados por pagar: accrued interest payable (The fair value of derivative positions outstanding is included in accrued
interest receivable and other assets and accrued interest payable and other liabilities in the accompanying
consolidated balance sheets )
intereses de adelantos de bancos: interest on bank advances (Though there was a significant fall in the inflation rate in 1995-96, real rates
of interest on bank advances remained high.)
intereses devengados por las inversiones: interest earned on investments (interest earned on investments also increase funds
available.)
intereses ganados: interest earned (Excluding oil revenues, oil-related expenditures, and interest earned and paid ); interest income
(Other revenues are recognized when services are rendered and interest income on bank deposits and
investments are recognized as accrued.)
intereses generados por: interest generated by (As regards the principle of unity of the budget, the rule governing interest generated by
pre-financing should be simplified.); interest produced by (the interests produced by these sums are to be
allocated to the mass of creditors.); interest yielded by (The interest yielded by this account will be recorded as
budget revenue.)
intereses moratorios/intereses de mora/intereses de demora: interest on arrears (The rate of interest on arrears shall be no more than
one percentage point higher than the rate of credit interest )
intereses moratorios: interest on overdue payments (Interest on overdue payments: Payment within 30 days and interest on overdue
payments of 1.5% per month.)
intereses pagados: interest paid ( investments on the profitability of the Community industry is mostly taken into account in the form of
depreciation and interest paid.); interest expense (The net effect of such instruments was recorded as part of
interest expense )
intereses sobre depsitos: interest on deposits (The banks have to pay a high rate of interest on deposits to mobilize funds for their
operations.)
intereses sobre prstamos: interest on loans (Interest on loans are repayable from the first day of operation)
interino: acting (Ms. Lopez-Smith will be the acting treasurer (= temporarily perform those duties).
intermediacin financiera: financial intermediation (Financial intermediation continued to grow from a still relatively low level.)
intermediario: intermediary (Shareholders whose shares are held by a market intermediary are asked to contact the market intermediary
concerned.); counduit (The Bank administers a multi-seller conduit that purchases various financial assets from
clients and funds these purchases by issuing asset-backed commercial paper.)
interno/interna: domestic (The president's domestic policy has been more successful than his foreign policy.)
interponer una querella contra: bring a lawsuit against; bring an action against
interpretar: construe (The term liability should be construed so as to include either criminal or civil liability.)
intervalo de sensibilidad (susceptibilidad) a variaciones en las tasas de inters: interest rate sensitivity gap (Analyzing interest rate
sensitivity gaps is one of the techniques used by the Bank to manage interest rate risk.)
interventor corporativo: corporate controller (Perkins was promoted to corporate controller.)
interventor financiero: financial controller (The report by the financial controller, for example, was submitted relatively late.)
intranet: intranet (The Bank uses its intranet to better inform employees.)
intransferible: non-transferable
intransigente: uncompromising (People are intimidated by her uncompromising ways.)
intrarregional: intra-regional (Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries of the
same region or economic zone.)
invalidar: void (I'll just void the check and pay you in cash.)
inventario perpetuo/inventario permanente: perpetual inventory
inventario: inventory (Inventory represents one of the most important assets that most businesses possess,...); stocktaking (Physical
131

stocktaking has been completed.)
inversamente proporcional: in inverse proportion (However, this heading line nonetheless unfortunately decreasing in inverse proportion
to the emphasis we are placing on this matter here.); inversely proportional (I have felt for some time that the
success of a Presidency is inversely proportional to the size of the country.)
inversamente: inversely (By and large, your ability to cope with change varies inversely with age.)
inversin comercial: business investment (TD Canada Trust offers small business investment solutions to let you choose the best
option.)
inversin de capital/inversin en capital: capital investment (Capital investments are used for the financing of long-term tangible and
intangible property, ); (Capital investment over the next two years will probably come in at about US$1 million )
inversin de mnimo riesgo: blue-chip investment
inversin directa extranjera: foreign direct investment (Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become a key component of national
development strategies for almost all the countries over the globe.)
inversiones estatales/inversin estatal: state investment (State investments, tax cuts, cash injections measures aimed at stimulating the
economy are dominating the headlines in these times of recession.)
inversiones permanentes: permanent investments (This line item also includes other permanent investments in which there is no
significant influence.)
inversiones temporales: temporary investments (Financial instruments potentially subject to risk concentration consist mainly of accounts
receivable and temporary investments.)
investigacin de mercado: market research (The parties have had to rely on such estimates owing to the absence of publicly available
market research data.)
investigacin: enquiry (The enquiry was made at the time of updating the inventory.); inquiry
investigaciones ssmicas: seismic research (an ambitious plan for seismic research and drilling operations)
investigar: screen (Three States have implemented procedures and methods to screen travellers effectively against national and
international databases.)
inviabilidad: unfeasibility (Allegations of unfeasibility are not completely unjustified;)
inviable: unfeasible (Perfection is the enemy of good: pursuing unfeasible projects would mean not achieving the goal); non-viable
(Markets are often weak, with some sectors completely non-viable.); unviable (The proposal of agrifuels is
unviable, and it is ethically and politically unacceptable.)
involucrado: involved (In the normal course of their business, the Bank and its subsidiaries are involved in various claims)
involucrar: involve (In the normal course of their business, the Bank and its subsidiaries are involved in various claims,)
ir a la zaga: lag behind (Europe must not lag behind in this regard.)
ir camino de: head for (Canadian economy is headed for growth of 3.1%.)
ir en pos de: pursue (She single-mindedly pursued her goal of earning a law degree.)
ir mucho mcho mas all de: go far beyond (It is something that is deeper than that and it goes far beyond that.) / (It has taken on a
dimension that goes far beyond the sectoral policies pursued by the Commission.)
Ir por lana y salir trasquilado.: To go for wool and come home shorn.
ir rumbo a: head for (Canadian economy is headed for growth of 3.1%.)
irrevocable e incondicionalmente: irrevocable and unconditionally (The Guarantor irrevocable and unconditionally guarantees in favour
of the Bank the due and prompt payment by the Borrower of principal ...)
(INICIO)

J
jerarquizar: arrange in order (of importance); assign a rank
jubilacin anticipada: early retirement (It would also make sense to introduce an early retirement regulation.)
jubilacin por incapacidad permanente (invalidez): retirement for permanent disability (invalidity) (The pensions for retirement or
retirement for permanent disability (invalidity) under the Special Scheme for Civil Servants )
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jubilacin: retirement (This reduction was possible, in particular, due to the retirement of a number of directors.)
judiciable: actionable (This ruling establishes women's actionable (sueable) right to equal protection of the laws from law enforcement in
the eleven western states under 9th circuit jurisdiction.)
junto a : alongside (That is why solidarity and security must and will remain central European objectives alongside prosperity.)
junto con esta/junto con este (con la presente,con el presente): herewith (I enclose three documents herewith.)
junto con: together with (should be examined together with the other items of trading activity revenues.); coupled with (This set of rigid
rules, coupled with a modern production process, ) along with (Phrases such as together with, as well as, and
along with are not the same as and.); with (with the Alcntara it is the biggest ship in / of its class)
jurisdiccin: jurisdiction (The Supreme Court ruled that the US government had no jurisdiction over crimes committed on Indian lands.)/
(it falls or comes within our jurisdiction)/(it falls or comes outside our jurisdiction)
justo y razonable: fair and reasonable (I would argue quite strongly that we have achieved a very fair and reasonable balance of
interests.)
(INICIO)

L
la abrumadora mayora: the overwhelming majority
la actualidad cubana: the current situation in Cuba
La Audacia de la Esperanza: The Audacity of Hope (He calls upon the cowards to turn towards the America of Barack Obama, author of
(2006).)
La avaricia rompe el saco: A rich man and his money are son parted
La caridad empieza por casa: Charity begins at home
la cual/las cuales/los cuales/la que/las que/los que: which (your letter, which I received this morning, cheered me up) / (the cities to
which we are going) / (he explained the means by which we could achieve our objective) / (the meeting which we
attended) /
la decisin es inapelable y vinculante para las partes: the decision is final and binding on the parties
la inmensa mayora: the great majority; the vast majority
la mayor parte de: much of (Much of Connecticuts countryside is dotted with large estates and horse farms.); the better part of
la mayora de: most of (Due to the very nature of the Banks business, most of its revenues and expenses are cash items.); the majority of
(the party that absorbs the majority of the entitys expected losses)
La misma ocasin no se presenta dos veces.: Time and tide wait for no man.
La necesidad carece de ley.: Necessity knows no law.
La necesidad hace maestros./La necesidad aguza el ingenio.: Necessity is the mother of invention.
la personalidad jurdica: the legal personality (That information was intended to confirm the legal personality of the organization); the
juridical personality (This Constitution recognizes the juridical personality of the Catholic Church.)
lacra: blight (Violence against women is a blight on society.)
lamento informarle que; I regret to inform you (I regret to inform you that we are unable to process mail orders and online sales.)
lanzar: launch (The Cuban peso has been the historical national currency since it was launched in 1914.) / (to launch a product on to the
market) / (Improsa SAFI launches the first real estate development fund in Costa Rica )
lapso de vida: lifespan/life-span (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its
Ministers to continue.)
larga conservacin: long-life (SIG Combibloc, one of the worlds leading systems suppliers of carton packs for fresh and long-life food
products such as milk, juice, soups and sauces as well as the corresponding filling machines.)
larga data: long-standing (Most regional bureaux were already in existence and by and large constituted viable operations of long
standing.); logstanding
Las apariencias engaan.: Appearances are often deceitful. / Appearances are deceptive.
las cantidades que constituyen el saldo favorable de: the amounts standing to the credit of;
133

las cifras mas recientes: the latest figures show
Las desgracias nunca vienen solas.: Misfortunes never come singly. / It never rains, but it pours.
las estadsticas muestran que: statistics show that (Statistics show that cereals production has never been as high as in 2007.)
Las malas noticias llegan pronto. : No news is good news.
las partes abajofirmantes: the parties hereto (The parties hereto irrevocably submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of the Province of
Ontario, Canada.)
las partes contratantes: the parties to the contract (There are rules for interpreting written contracts in the event of a dispute among the
parties to the contract.)
las ltimas cifras muestran: the latest figures show
lastre financiero: financial burden
lastre: hindrance (his past was a hindrance to him in his career)
lavado de activos: asset laundering (forms of crime that make use of corrupt practices as an effective mechanism for committing crimes
of a fiscal, economic or financial nature, such as tax evasion, business fraud and asset laundering.)
lavado de dinero a travs del comercio/lavado de dinero basado en operaciones comerciales: trade-based money laundering(In many
cases, the various trade-based money laundering techniques are combined with other financial and business
transactions)
lavado de dinero y otros activos: money laundering and other assets ( to incorporate legislative measures to prevent, control and
sanction money laundering and other assets in order to protect the national economy and the stability of the
Guatemalan financial system.)
lavado de dinero: money laundering (Money laundering empowers corruption and organized crime.)
lazos comerciales: trade ties (and creating trade ties with other Latin American countries, which also have a great deal to offer.)
lazos econmicos: economic ties (Chvez and Fidel Castro strengthen their political and economic ties.)
lazos: ties (family ties are strong)
le agradecemos su: We thank you for your(We thank you for your interest in our product ...) / (We thank you for your kindness ) / (We
thank you for your support )
le agradecera tuviese a bien acusar recibo de: I should be obliged if you would acknowledge receipt of (I should be obliged if you
would acknowledge receipt of this letter and confirm your Governments agreement to its contents.)
le avisaremos oportunamente: we will inform you at the proper time; we will inform you at the appropriate time
le rogamos nos comunique: please notify us (please notify us immediately of any change of address)
le saluda atentamente (en correspondencia): Yours truly
le saluda atentamente: Sincerely yours; Yours truly; I remain, yours faithfully
lealtad: loyalty (The Bank strives to serve all the financial needs and maintain the loyalty of its existing clients.)
legalidad: legality (Attorneys questioned the legality of the police officers actions.); lawfulness
legalizacin: legalization (Small and medium-sized enterprises would suffer most from the legalization of software patents.)
legalizar: legalize (make legal) (The consular authorities are the only bodies competent to legalize these documents, )
legalmente: legally (The contract is legally binding.)
legar: bequeath (Under the law, citizens may own property, including foreign currency, both within and outside Tajikistan; inherit and
bequeath property) / (The artist cannot therefore bequeath that right by will.)
legislacin vigente/legislacin en vigor: legislation in force (Legislation in force in England at a particular date); existing legislation
(The emphasis could be put on better implementation of the existing legislation.); current legislation (This
weakness should be remedied by amendments to the current legislation.)
lejos de: far from (What is more, since the cold war era this threat, far from decreasing, is actually increasing.)
lengua materna: mother tongue (We know that the mother tongue is the language in which emotions are expressed.)
lengua subsidiaria/idioma subsidiario: subsidiary language (English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most
important language for national, political, and commercial communication.)
lento: sluggish (sluggish growth); (sluggish economy); (These factors combined with the sluggish recovery in manufacturing will weigh
on employment growth.)
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letra a la vista: demand bill (The entire non-state sector may use, in addition to cash, the following payment instruments: a) bank transfers,
b) checks, c) payment orders, d) debit or credit cards, e) local letters of credit, f) demand bills, g) promissory notes,
and h) others that are used in banking.
letra de cambio: bill of exchange (A bill of exchange must be in writing and signed and dated.);
levantar (el) acta de: write up the minutes of (The Secretary shall write up the minutes of the sessions of the Governing Board and of the
Executive Committee)
levantar vuelo: get off the ground (The Authority needs to get off the ground as quickly as possible and evolve towards being an arbiter in
food safety matters.)
ley aplicable: applicable law (In the absence of consent, the applicable law is the law of the country in which the person claimed to be
liable has his habitual residence.)
Ley contra el producto del delito y la financiacin del terrorismo: Proceeds of Crime and Terrorist Financing Act (Section 103 of the
Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act provided that extradition and rendition of
fugitive offenders and individuals who had committed ...)
Ley de Administracin de las Exportaciones de 1979: Export Administration Act of 1979
Ley de ajuste cubano: Cuban Adjustment Act (the abrogation of the Cuban Adjustment Act and the wet foot/dry foot policy)
Ley de Asistencia Exterior de 1961: Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
Ley de Comercio con el Enemigo de 1917: Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
Ley de Economa Sostenible: Sustainable Economy Act (The model proposed is in alignment with the projected Sustainable Economy
Act, and with the European Union's Europe 2020 strategy.)
ley de precio nico: law of one price (For the big energy-consuming companies, a European contract needs to be established for
purchasing energy at standard prices (comparable prices or law of one price), eliminating State aid (which distorts
competition). / (Law of One Price - states that the unit price of a product is the same in all geographic locations
after adjusting for transport.)
Ley de zonificacin/Ley de urbanismo: zoning law (Under the Zoning Law, local zoning plans specify the purpose of the land, the layout
of public purpose investments and a specification of the methods and conditions of land development.)
ley del menor esfuerzo: line of least resistance (The tendency of human nature is to follow the line of least resistance---like water---and
thus in youth, the formative period may neglect to form right habits of ...)
Ley del Mercado de Valores: Securities Market Law (The Securities Market Law has undergone numerous and substantial reforms in the
last few years.)
Ley Dodd-Frank de Reforma de Wall Street y Proteccin al Consumidor: DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection
Act (In July 2010, the president signed the DODD-FRANK Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a law
designed to promote financial stability by protecting consumers from financial abuses)
Ley Helms-Burton de 1996: Helms-Burton Act of 1996
Ley mnibus: Omnibus Appropriations Act (Such denial was issued under the protection of Section 211 of Omnibus Appropriations Act
sactioned by the United States Congress at the end of 1998, prohibiting the recognition and renovations of
trademarks associated to properties nationalized by the Cuban Government,)
Ley Patriota de EE.UU: USA PATRIOT Act (As required by the USA PATRIOT Act, we also collect information and take actions necessary
to verify your identification.)
Ley sobre Proteccin al Paciente y Atencin Mdica Asequible: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (In March 2010, President
OBAMA signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, a health insurance reform bill that will
extend coverage to an additional 32 million American citizens by 2016, through private health insurance for the
general population and Medicaid for the impoverished.)
Ley Torricelli de 1992: Torricelli Act of 1992
ley: act (parliamentary)
leyenda de foto: caption (Caption: Students at a school for the visually impaired in Tanzania working on their )
liberal: laissez-faire (Crude laissez-faire policies thus accentuate existing inequalities whilst attacking the very essence of human identity.)
liberalismo econmico: laissez-faire (To believe in the efficacy of laissez-faire and the invisible hand, she noted, requires a powerful
confidence in human nature.)
liberalizacin autnoma: autonomous liberalization (The lower applied rates largely reflect autonomous liberalization undertaken in the
past.)
liberalizacin comercial: trade liberalization (Columbian government is one of the closest in the region to the U.S. and one that does most
to promote trade liberalization.); commercial liberalisation (This agreement is very rich in terms of commercial
135

liberalisation.)
liberalizacin financiera: financial liberalization (The links between financial liberalization, financial flows and economic development
remain a contested area of discussion amongst economists.)
liberar: free up ( which can help you to free up the working capital you need.)
libertad de accin: scope (students must have scope to develop their own ideas)
librado/girado: drawee (Drawee is a person or bank that is ordered by its depositor, a drawer, to withdraw money from an account to pay a
designated sum to a person according to the terms of a ...)
librador: drawer (A personal cheque is an order of payment issued by a drawer to a third party (transferee/exporter) or to the drawer him or
herself through a charge to his or her account at a financial ) / (... a bill of exchange on which he is named as the
drawee and the vendor as the drawer.)
librar (cheque/letra/pagar): draw (We hereby agree with you that all drafts drawn under and in compliance with the terms of the Letter of
Credit shall by duly honored upon presentation to us.)
librar (guerra/batalla): wage (In this war, waged with the most advanced and lethal military technologies)
librarse de: get rid of (Our economy must grow at the rate of at least ten per cent every year to get rid of poverty and generate employment
for all.)
libre a bordo: free on board; f.o.b.; FOB (export price was made on the basis fob Polish border and fob Russian border respectively.)
libre comercio: free trade (Free trade is not the same as laissez-faire.)
libre de impuestos/exento de derechos de aduana: duty-free (duty free shop)
libre disponibilidad: free availability (Decree regarding free availability of foreign financing for mining industry projects.)
libreta de racionamiento: ration book (Consideration of a phasing out of the ration book, )
libro de actas: minute book (The minutes of each meeting of the congregation shall be attested by the moderator and the secretary and
shall be entered in the minute book of the session.)
licencia de exportacin: export licence (A screen appears that indicates whether the transaction requires an export license.)
licencia de importacin: import licence (Export and import license systems must be established.)
licencia de maternidad: maternity leave (It prohibited gender-based discrimination in the workplace and provided for maternity leave,
including compensation during such leave.)
licenciado en ciencias: B.S.; Bachelor of Science
licenciado en derecho: B.L. Bachelor of Law
licenciado en filosofa y letras/licenciatura en filosofa y letras: B.A.; Bachelor of Arts
licenciante: licensor (The two parties, licensor and licensee, are able to accomplish far more together in this type of partnership ...)
licenciarse en: earn a degree in (He earned a degree in mechanical engineering.)
licenciatario: licensee (The two parties, licensor and licensee, are able to accomplish far more together in this type of partnership ...)
licenciatura (ttulo): Bachelors degree
licenciatura de ciencia: Bachelors degree in science
licenciatura de derecho: Bachelors degree in law
licenciatura de filosofa y letras: Bachelors degree in arts
lder: leading (As the leading investment bank in Quebec with a strong presence across Canada, the Financial Markets segment provides a
diverse range of financing solutions)
liderazgo: leadership (The company was extremely successful under Murphys leadership.)
lidiar con: deal with (the economy had to deal with consecutive impacts of negative external shocks.)
ligera: nimble (The abolition of the ministry is part of a plan to make the sugar industry more nimble.)
limitar: limit (to fix prices or to limit production or sales)
lmite de crdito: credit limit (is subject to the same credit approval, credit limit and monitoring standards as those applied to the Banks
other credit transactions.)
lmite: breaking point (Weve been working 18 hours a day and we are all at the breaking point.); cutoff (For U.S. dollar and foreign
currency payments the cut-off time is 1530 hrs.); threshold (beyond a certain threshold, the cost of regulatory
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capital becomes prohibitive.)

lmites mnimos y mximos de las tasas de inters: minimum and maximum ranges of interest rates (Central Bank will regulate the
minimum and maximum ranges of interest rates.)
lnea de crdito contingente (LCC): stand-by credit line (When an un-drawn stand-by credit line expires, the guarantee would expire as
well.)
lnea de crdito renovada: renewed credit line (The renewed credit line matures in four years and has a one-year extension option.)
lnea de pobreza: poverty line (Unfortunately, today, there are over 60 million citizens living below the poverty line in the European Union,
and children are most exposed to the risk of poverty.)
lineamiento: guideline (These policies cover methodological considerations as well as the guidelines and processes to be applied.
Lineamientos de la Poltica Econmica y Social del Partido y la Revolucin: Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy of the Party
and the Revolution; Economic and Social Policy Guidelines of the Party and the Revolution
lineamientos generales: general guidelines (The following are general guidelines for Republic of Cuba-related financial transactions.)
lingote de oro: gold bullion (What was the objective of the US, in the wake of the World War II in pressuring countries to deposit their gold
bullion in the custody of the US Federal Reserve?)
lingotes fsicos: physical bullion (GoldMoney, the physical bullion provider which safeguards over $1.5bn of precious metals and
currencies,)
liquidacin en efectivo: cash settlement (or giving rise to a cash settlement determined by reference to transferable securities, currencies,
interest)
liquidacin: settlement (There are several other types of transactions that may generate settlement risk, in particular the use of electronic
fund transfer services.)
liquidar (vender a bajos precios): sell off (Competitive pressures will force the company to sell off its factories.)
liquidar: pay off (debts); pay the debts off (I had to sell one of my houses and a car, and also borrow some money from my friends to pay
the debts off about four months ago.)
liquidez acumulada: accrued liquidity (Money currency circulation- Accrued Liquidity in the hands of the people ...)
liquidez: liquidity (the Bank maintains an up-to-date liquidity contingency plan.)
Lista de Compromisos Especficos: Schedule of Specific Commitments (Each Member is required to indicate in its Schedule of Specific
Commitments the date of entry into force.)
lista de compromisos horizontales: schedule of horizontal commitments (He noted that, under the schedule of horizontal
commitments, foreign investors were not allowed to transfer their capital abroad before three years, but that in ...)
listo/lista/preparado/preparada: poised (Cooperatives seem poised to multiply, expand their range of activities and play a critical role in
the new Cuban socialist-oriented economic model that is emerging.)
llamado: so-called (These so-called experts dont know anything.)
Llamar al pan pan y al vino vino: Call a spade a spade.
llegar a consenso: arrive at consensus ( country delegates struggled through to the evening of the last day to arrive at consensus.);
arrive at a consensus (BoS are clearly contradictory and it does not seem possible to arrive at a consensus.); reach
a consensus; reaching consensus; achieve a consensus; come to a consensus
llegar a cuajar: get off the ground (Knowledge of their work is patchy and practical measures may never get off the ground.)
llegar a un acuerdo con: to do a deal a with (Essentially Lula did a deal with Washington and got Washingtons support and ...)
llegar a: make it (they made it through to the finals) / (I made it to work on time this morning.) / (youre good enough to make it to the top)
llegar al punto sin retorno: reach the point of no return (Once the contract is signed, weve reached the point of no return.)
llegar lejos: make it (youve got the talent to make it)
llenar el vacio: to bridge the gap (My journey to Cuba bridged the gap between these two separate spheres of my life; it was as healing as
it was painful.)
llevando el total a: bringing the total to (During 1995 eight more plants were installed, bringing the total to 22. ...)
llevar a cabo: carry out (Any redemption may be carried out without the consent of the Trust, subject to prior written notice and
Superintendent approval.); conduct (we conducted our audits); effect (which will be effected by means of); pursue
(Pursuing its social vision, Banco Improsa continued with its approach of channeling the funds of major investors
into small and medium enterprises with limited financing capacity.); get off the ground (He and his friend tried to
start a band but it never got off the ground.)
137

llevar adelante: carry forward (to assist the President in carrying forward the directions)
llevar las riendas: be in the drivers seat (Emerging economies are in the drivers seat.)
Lo barato sale caro.: If you buy cheaply, you pay dearly.
lo cierto es que: the fact is that; the truth of the matter is that; the sure thing is that
lo cual/lo que: what (I dont agree with the boss either, but what he says goes.); which (he refused to come, which did not surprise me) /
(he lost, which was sad)
lo dice todo: speak volumes (Our financial results speak volumes about their professionalism and determination)
Lo dicho, dicho est.: Time and words can never be recalled.
lo mas adecuado sera: the best thing; the most appropriate thing would be to
lo mas novedoso en: state-of-the-art in (It is state-of-the-art in that respect,)
lo mas probable es que: be likely to (global GDP is likely to expand about 3.5% in 2011.)
lo mismo: likewise (We put up a fence, and other neighbors did likewise.)
Lo pasado, pasado est.: Let bygones be bygones.
Lo que abunda no daa.: Store is no sore.
lo que es mas: what is more (What is more, the report of the independent doctor did not give sufficient reasons and)
lo que est en juego: what is at stake (What is at stake is our accountability.)
lo que ha significado: which has meant (The 2008 crisis occurs in the salmon industry because of the presence of ISA virus, which has
meant unemployment and breakdown of small enterprises.)
Lo que mucho vale, mucho cuesta: You have to pay for quality.
lo que representa: which represents (The amount allocated to offices in the region during the current biennium is $7,608,254 which
represents an increase of 18.1 per cent over that of the previous biennium.); representing (In 2008 $6.4 million was
spent, representing a 45 per cent increase from the previous year.)
lo ltimo en: state of the art in (State of the art in developing allergen vaccines in Cuba: )
local: premises (In 2009, the city of Mondeville gives to PACTE association two new premises which will replace the current premise in
June.)
lgica (razn): rationale (I cant see the rationale for this change.)
logstica (la logstica): logistics (There is also considerable innovative potential in the services and logistics sectors.)
logstico: (The social and logistic role played by the Armed Forces in rainforest regions to the benefit of those communities should be
stressed.)
lograr superar el problema: manage to overcome the problem (But Professor Mitchell warned: The fact that the Cubans have managed to
overcome the problem is very promising. However, it is not just a ...)
lograr: achieve (To achieve this goal, the Bank is); attain (You need financial security in order to attain emotional well-being.)
logro: achievement (The year 2010 was a year of achievements for Personal and Commercial Banking.); accomplishment (Theres a
feeling of accomplishment (= achievement) from having a job and all that goes with it.); success (On behalf of the
executive management team, I wish to acknowledge their high level of engagement and thank them for their hard
work and contribution to the Banks success.)
los aos venideros: the years ahead (As new platforms replace legacy systems in the years ahead,)
los del: those of (The transferred assets have been isolated from those of the Bank)
los dos/las dos: both (The Bank will disclose its capital ratios calculated according to both methodologies for each quarter until the start of
2019.)
los firmantes se hacen responsables: the undersigned become liable (Not withstanding the issuers liability, the undersigned become
liable for these contents, pursuant to applicable legal provisions.
los fondos existents en el haber de: moneys standing to the credit of
los once siguientes/los siguientes once: The Next Eleven (The Next Eleven (known also by the numeronym N-11) are the eleven
countries Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, and
Vietnam identified by Goldman Sachs investment bank and economist Jim O'Neill in a research paper as having a
high potential of becoming, along with the BRICs/BRICS, the world's largest economies in the 21st century.)
los primeros das de/los primeros meses de/los primeros aos de: the early days of; the early months of; the early years of
138

los pros y los contras: pros and cons (Pros and cons are advantages and disadvantages: We considered all the pros and cons carefully
before deciding to buy a bigger house.)
los prximos aos: the next few years (When the relationship between the US and Cuba changes in the next few years, travel and
investment opportunities will open for all US Citizens, greatly ...); the years ahead (As new platforms replace legacy
systems in the years ahead,)
los que/las que (cosas): those which (thing) (Compare your profile with those which are expected in other countries.)
los que/las que (personas): those who (person) (Accountability is, in sum, a relationship between those who wield and have more power
and those who have the least power.)
los siguientes once/los once siguientes: The Next Eleven (The Next Eleven (known also by the numeronym N-11) are the eleven
countries Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, and
Vietnam identified by Goldman Sachs investment bank and economist Jim O'Neill in a research paper as having a
high potential of becoming, along with the BRICs/BRICS, the world's largest economies in the 21st century.)
lucha contra la financiacin del terrorismo/luchar contra la financiacin del terrorismo: combat the financing of terrorism (CTF) (I
have tried to make a positive contribution to the Borghezio report to help combat the financing of terrorism.) / (The
resolution contains inter alia measures to combat the financing of terrorism ); terrorism financing combat (TFC)
(The case was filed by the Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Combat Unit at the Central Bank.)
luchar contra la inflacin: fighting inflation (I am of the opinion that stability is essential for fighting inflation and public deficits.); combat
inflation (During this time, the central government regulated the national economy to combat inflation.); tackle
inflation (To tackle inflation and stabilize the economy, the country had replaced its currency with the United States
dollar.); fight against inflation (Inflation and the fight against inflation are also a concern and obligation for the euro
zone governments.)
luchar por: strive for (However, the point is that we can strive for these values.)
luego de ser: after being (Diana Nyad gave up her attempt to swim from Cuba to Florida today after being stung on the body and on the
face by Portuguese man o war ...)
lustro: five years (I am not talking about a decade here, but five years at most.)
(INICIO)

M
macroeconoma: macroeconomics
macroeconmico: macroeconomic (Strangely enough, despite the significant macroeconomic changes affecting Cubas health sector, the
countrys basic health indicators still continued to increase ...)/( In this macroeconomic environment, high
productivity, great client service and agility are essential)
mafia anticubana de Miami: Miamis anti-Cuban mafia (as a result of the maneuvers of Miamis anti-Cuban mafia and its allies in
Congress)
magnitud: extent (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform )
Mal de muchos, consuelo de tontos.: It is a fool consolation to think that everyone is in the same boat.
mal uso: misuse ( the FATF works to identify national-level vulnerabilities with the aim of protecting the international financial system from
misuse.)
malgastar: squander (Government should not squander the taxpayers' money.); waste (You're just wasting your money buying that stuff.)
malhabido: ill-gotten (ill-gotten gains)
malversacin de fondos: embezzlement of funds (They were arrested for the embezzlement of company funds.); misappropriation of
funds
mancomunadamente: jointly (Construction of the new high school will be jointly funded by the city and the state.)
mandato (autoridad): mandate (In October 2001, the FATF mandate was expanded to include terrorist financing.)
mandato judicial: writ (service a writ)
manejo: handling (This would reduce the risk and cost of handling and accumulating excessive amounts of cash.)
139

manera de hacer las cosas: approach (It would be difficult to find two men more diverse in their approach.)
manera: fashion (The sale of the property has to be conducted in a systematic fashion.)
mano de obra calificada/mano de obra especializada: skilled labor (Many companies depend on skilled labor.)
mano de obra explotada/abuso laboral: sweated labor (In short, the EU is exploiting sweated labour, the same evil practice it is so keen
to eradicate here.)
mantener (algo/alguien) en vilo: keep (something/somebody) in suspense; keep (something/somebody) on tenhooks (The crisis that
began in 2008 still keeps the major economies in the world on tenterhooks)
mantener (atencin; inters): hold (His speech held the audiences attention for over an hour.)
mantener (conservar) : uphold (The continuation of the measures would also contribute to uphold the profitability of this investment
project.)
mantener (continuar teniendo): maintain (You have to maintain a minimum balance in your checking account.)
mantener (preservar en buena condicin): maintain (A large house costs a lot to maintain.)
mantener a flote: buoy (Growth will be buoyed by the emerging economies.)
mantener informado en todo momento: keep informed every step of the way (well keep you informed every step of the way)
mantenerse al nivel de/mantenerse a la par de: keep up with (income did not keep up with prices) / (wage increases have kept up with
inflation)
mantenimiento de cuentas: maintenance of accounts (For non-residents, the opening and maintenance of accounts in foreign currencies
or in euros with offices inside Spain of registered Entities is free from control.)
mantenimiento y reparacin de inmuebles: maintenance and repair of buildings (Facilities Management is often asked who is
responsible for the maintenance and repair of buildings and equipment.)
maquiladora: bonded assembly plant; (cross border) assembly plant
maquillar/presentar informacin especiosa: window dress (Supervisory authorities have at their disposal a number of effective measures
to ensure that banks do not "window-dress" by showing significantly lower market risk positions on reporting dates.)
informacin especiosa=informacin aparentemente lgica pero que contiene engao
mquina clasificadora de billetes: banknote sorting machine (The deposit processing system or banknote sorting machine: Numeron D
checks authenticates and sorts mixed banknote input and totals the values.)
mquina clasificadora de monedas: coin sorting machine (A coin sorting machine, in one of many forms, will sort, count and sometimes
even wrap loose coins.)
maquinaria en general: general machinery
marca comercial: trade mark (The name or trade name or trade mark and the address of the manufacturer.); brand name
marca registrada: trade mark (The name or trade name or trade mark and the address of the manufacturer.)
marca: brand (This isn't my usual brand of deodorant.)
marcar: tick (tick the correct box); show (the thermometer shows a temperature of 20 degrees)
marchando: proceeding (The world recovery is proceeding at an uneven pace.)
marco de la ley: framework of the law (Journalists shall freely exercise their profession within the framework of the law.)
Marco Integral de Desarrollo (MID): Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) (The Comprehensive Development Framework
(CDF) developed by the President of the World Bank Group, James D. Wolfensohn, espouses a holistic approach to
development, and is the basis for the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) prepared by developing countries
)
marco jurdico: legal framework (The legal framework for cooperatives must ensure that cooperatives, as social property, cannot be sold
nor their ownership transferred to other cooperatives, non-state forms of management or to individuals.)
marco legal: legal framework (The legal framework for cooperatives must ensure that cooperatives, as social property, cannot be sold nor
their ownership transferred to other cooperatives, non-state forms of management or to individuals.)
marco macroeconmico: macroeconomic framework (South Africas macroeconomic framework has served the economy well, but
should be strengthened to make the economy more resilient to ...)
marco para las negociaciones: framework for negotiations (The European Council invited the Commission to present the Council with a
proposal relating to a framework for negotiations with Turkey )
marco: famework (we have to operate within the framework of the law)
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margen de beneficios: profit margin (A profit margin is the amount that is made in a business after the costs have been subtracted: Many
farmers claim that the profit margin for growing trees remains slim.)
margen de ganancias: profit margin (A profit margin is the amount that is made in a business after the costs have been subtracted: Many
farmers claim that the profit margin for growing trees remains slim.)
margen de inters neto: (The Banks net interest margin widened significantly during the first nine months of the year, but was relatively
flat in the final quarter.)
margen de intermediacin financiera: margin of financial intermediation (It is worth indicating that the reduction of the margin of financial
intermediation was given in 19 banks, where in 6 it measured a slight increase.)
margen de utilidades: profit margin (A profit margin is the amount that is made in a business after the costs have been subtracted: Many
farmers claim that the profit margin for growing trees remains slim.)
margen financiero bruto: gross financial margin (The gross financial margin in the months elapsed in this year reached 5.15%.)
margen financiero neto: net financial margin (Net financial margin rose 3.6%, mainly due to higher financial income at Interbank, ...)
margen operacional neto: net operating margin (definition of net operating margin: Net operating income divided by revenues, expressed
as a percentage.) / (The total income of private hospitals rose by 9.0%, and expenditure by 9.9%, for a net
operating margin of 8.6%.)
margen operacional/margen operativo: operational margin (the gross cash flow per share rose 25.6% between 1998 and 1999 mainly
due to a better operational margin and to the increase in depreciation.)
marginacin social: social isolation; social alienation
marginacin: marginalization; alienation
mas abajo/mas adelante: hereinafter (Hereinafter, the same article states that); below (the passage quoted below) / (The table below
provides the share capital.)
mas all de: beyond (The 25-29 guidelines clearly state that will create cooperatives beyond the agricultural sector as well as second
degree cooperatives.)
mas alto (de mas arriba): topmost (talks at the topmost international level)
mas an: furthermore (Furthermore, this estimate also has an impact on Other comprehensive income in the Consolidated Statement of
Comprehensive Income.
mas bien: rather (A negative working capital has to be considered rather as a sign that a company may be facing bankruptcy or serious
financial trouble.)
mas de (+ cantidad): = in excess of (For the record, schools and libraries in the late 1960s recovered in excess of $10,000,000 from
publishers and wholesalers as a result of unfair practices highlighted by Mr. Scilken.); over (The ISDS has now been
in operation for over ten years.); more than (One 5 disk can thus hold more than a million characters (one
megabyte).) ; upwards of (IFLAs annual conference, held at a different venue each year and attracting upwards of
3,000 participants, is a major plank in its professional programme.)
mas debil de lo esperado: weaker-than-expected (Recent economic statistics, which have shown much weaker-than-expected growth in
the first six months)
mas importante: ultimate (Some people believe that he is the ultimate painter of this century.)
mas moderno: advanced (to authorize Poland to purchase nearly $ 60 millones in advanced oil refinery equipment.)
mas o menos: just about (its just about finished); about (thats about all I could find); more or less (It weighs 50 pounds, more or less (=
approximately).
mas que antes/mas que nunca/mas que nunca antes: more than ever before (More than ever before, the international community was
needed to facilitate a rapprochement between the parties.); as never before (we need our allies as never before)
mas rpido de lo esperado: quicker than expected (The stronger Canadian dollar is slowing a recovery that has been quicker than
expected.)
Mas vale algo que nada.: Half of loaf is better than no bread.
Mas vale mal ajuste que buen pleito: A poor agreement is better than a good court case.
Mas vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer.: Better the devil we know than the devil we dont know.
Mas vale maa que fuerza.: Brain is better than brawn.
Mas vale pajaro en mano que ciento volando.: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
Mas vale prevenir que lamentar.: Better safe than sorry.
Mas vale tarde que nunca.: Better late than never.
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mas: further (Call your local library for further information.)
masa monetaria: money supply (Changes in the money supply and the general level of interest rates can impact the Banks profitability.)
Master: Masters degree; Master of Arts (MA); Master of Science (MSc); Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Matar dos pjaros de un tiro.: To kill two birds with one stone.
materia prima:; raw material (The cost of raw materials was going up.)
materiales de construccin:; building materials (Accidental fires are common in areas with highly inflammable building materials);
construction materials (in other sectors that are generally private in the developed economies, such as fertilizers,
mining, electricity, construction materials and so forth.)
matricular: register; enroll (hes going to register o enroll for a German course)
maximizar las ganancias: maximize profits (They have acted like traditional investors, seeking to maximize profits, not meddle in other
countries politics.)
maximizar: maximize/maximise (The companies belonging to the group share a philosophy for project management aimed at maximising
profitability and contributing profits to sustainable development.)
mximo histrico: all-time high (As in previous years, figures continue to favor us by achieving a new all-time high of profits before
taxes)
mayor competencia: stiffer competition (Vehicle manufacturers and vehicle dealers both face stiffer competition, leading to ever-
diminishing profit margins.
mayor transparencia: improved transparency (Improved transparency makes it harder for criminals and terrorists to conceal their
identities or hide their assets behind legal persons and arrangements.)
mayor: bigger (This would give those affected a bigger safety margin in terms of planning.); greater (this could bring even greater benefits)
; higher (in 2003 the gross profit was newly higher); larger (Poverty also blights a larger proportion of families in the
regions.)
mayora absoluta: absolute majority (The ordinary meeting of the General Assembly shall adopt decisions by the absolute majority of
votes cast by the members present.)
mayora relativa/mayoria simple: relative majority (There is a relative majority against the concept of a free market in CIS states.)
mayoritariamente: mainly (The group is mainly made up of young people.); chiefly (Today John-Philip Sousa is known chiefly for his music
played by marching bands all over the US.); mostly
mayormente: mostly (Parties derive their existence mostly from demographic realities that cannot be undone through ...)
me alegra: it gives me great pleasure (it gives me great pleasure to inform you that ); I am pleased to (I am pleased to inform you
that)
me complace: it gives me great pleasure (it gives me great pleasure to inform you that ); I am pleased to (I am pleased to inform you
that)
me corresponde: it is for me (it is for me to do that job); it is up to me (it is up to me to decide)
me es grato: it gives me great pleasure (it gives me great pleasure to inform you that ); I am pleased to (I am pleased to inform you
that)
me reconforta saber que: I am comforted by the knowledge that (I am comforted by the knowledge that many peoples lives have been
concretely improved as a result of my work and the work of others.)
Mecanismo de reestructuracin de la deuda soberana: Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism (SDRM) (A second proposal was the
establishment of a Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism (SDRM), a type of international bankruptcy
procedure which would have been embedded in international law.)
mediante el cual/mediante la cual: whereby (They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over several months.)
mediante: through (Ownership can be fostered through the availability of locally based finance and credit schemes.); by means of (This
should be effected by means of a verified, legally binding treaty.); via (I sent the application papers via fax.)
medicamento sin receta mdica/medicamento por la libre: over-the-counter drug (The painkiller is available as an over-the-counter
drug.); over-the-counter medicine. They are drugs which do not require a doctors prescription at a pharmacy.
medicina alternativa: alternative medicine (Alternative medicine is a wide range of treatments for medical conditions that people use
instead of, or with, Western medicine.)
mdicin de los riesgos de mercado: measuring market risks (In measuring market risks both assets and liabilities must be valued at
their actual market values.)
medida de poltica fiscal: fiscal policy action (After you have finished, visit the following two websites to see the fiscal policy action taken
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by the President and Congress,)
medida fundamental/medicin fundamental: core measure (Tier 1 capital is the core measure of a banks financial strength from a
regulators point of view.)
medida proactiva: proactive measure ( a series of proactive measures that have positive impacts on clients, employees, the economy,
governance management, the environment and the community as a whole.)
medio de subsistencia: livelihood (Thirdly, measures must be taken to improve the livelihood of the people.)
medio de vida: livelihood (Better health leads to greater capacity to develop and maintain a livelihood.)
medios (el dinero necesario para un propsito determinado): wherewithal (Most people dont have the wherewithal to hire the best
lawyers.)
medios acadmicos: academia (With a view to deepening its dialogue with academia and universities, ITU organized a series of
conferences on standardization-related issues.)
medios de radiodifusin y teledifusin: broadcast media (The broadcast media play a central role in the functioning of modern
democratic societies, in particular in the development and transmission of social values.)
medios electrnicos de pago: electronic means of payment (the euro was introduced, first as an electronic means of payment )
mejora: improvement (there was improvement in the external trade balance of goods and services); upgrade (An additional 59 branch
upgrades are planned for 2011); enhancement (The new system is a major enhancement in security.); upturn (an
upturn in the economy)
mejoramiento de los servicios bancarios: improvement of banking services (Online or World wide web banking will be the next stage
inside the improvement of banking services in India.)
mejoramiento: enhancement (Enhancement of local transportation is a priority.); improvement (They will then develop an improvement
plan.)
mejorar (superar): improve on (The company is hoping to improve on last year's sales figures.)
mejorar la calidad de: upgrade (Theyre spending more than $4 million next year to upgrade computer systems.)
mejorar la utilidad de: upgrade (Theyre spending more than $4 million next year to upgrade computer systems.)
mejorar: better (The organization was established to better conditions for the disabled.); improve (He did a lot to improve conditions for
factory workers.)
mejorar: improve (The Council will continue to look for ways to improve its report.); upgrade (upgrade quality control is a positive step.);
enhance (This will also enhance the quality of the projects submitted.)
membrete: letterhead (A letterhead is the printing at the top of a piece of writing paper telling the name and address of the person or
business sending the letter.)
memoria annual/informe anual: annual report (This Annual Report was reviewed by the Annual and Quarterly Information Disclosure
Committee, the Audit and Risk Management Committee, and the Board of Directors, which approved it prior to
publication.)
mencionado anteriormente: above mentioned (Along with the above mentioned elements,)
mencionado: aforementioned (This request must be made within the aforementioned time limit.); aforesaid (The aforesaid legal practice is
not static.); aforesaid (On November 22 of that year a copy of the aforesaid Report was dispatched to the Minister of
Foreign Affairs of Peru.)
menos an: let alone (They cannot even market it in their own countries let alone sell it abroad.)
mentalidad lucrativa: profit-focused mind-set (in the West we are debating how to address the incentives towards unethical business
activities that strong competition and profit-focused mind-set can lead to)
mentalidad: mind-set
mercado a gran escala/mercado masivo: mass market (This promotes the creation of a personal service and information environment as
opposed to standard mass market services.)
mercado alcista: bull market (Asia is in the middle of a new bull market," he says.)
mercado bajista/mercado a la baja: bear market (For the time being, equities are in a bear market.)
mercado bursatil: stock market (Rumors about the presidents illness caused the stock market to go down yesterday.)
Mercado Comn Centroamericano (MCCA): Central American Common Market (CACM)
mercado de acciones no cotizadas en la bolsa: over-the-counter market
mercado de divisas: foreign exchange market (In 2001 the ECB did not conduct any intervention in the foreign exchange market on its
143

own initiative.); currency market (The purchaser pays a premium for this which depends on demand and supply on
the currency market.); Forex market (Anyone who hopes to trade in Forex market needs to understand the exact
nature of the market and its potential for profits.)
mercado de Eurodlar/mercado Eurodlar: Eurodollar market (The Eurodollar market first came into being in the 1950s when Russia's
oil revenue-- all in dollars -- was deposited outside the US in fear of being frozen by US regulators.)
mercado de exportacin: export market (Canada has plentiful supplies of softwood lumber and the U.S. is virtually its only export market.)
mercado de futures: futures market (Futures market is a market where contracts for future delivery of a commodity or a security are
bought or sold.)
mercado de valores: securities market (The seller could sell the bonds on the securities market, use them as means of payment or keep
them.)
mercado del trabajo/mercado laboral: labor market (The U.S. labor market lost 8.4 million jobs)
mercado econmico y financiero: economic and financial market
mercado emisor (turismo): source market (region of Europe which is considered the main source market of tourists to Morocco.)
mercado en alza: bull market (Asia is in the middle of a new bull market," he says.)
mercado extraburstil: over-the-counter market (The business of security dealer, stockbroker or organiser of an over-the-counter market
is subject to authorisation of the Ministry of Finance.)
mercado financiero: financial market (The level of own capital sufficient to meet the minimum solvency ratio required by Banco Central de
Cuba is 15.0% for the Cuban financial market ...)
mercado inmobiliario: property market (Over the longer term, the aim is to promote a self-sustaining property market throughout
Scotland.)
mercado laboral de dos niveles: two-tier labor market (The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of a "two-tier
labor market" in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top
and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits.)
mercado laboral/mercado del trabajo: labor market (The U.S. labor market lost 8.4 million jobs)
mercado libre: free market (They agreed that establishing a free market economy should not imply establishing a market society.)
mercado mundial: world market (However, the low price of sugar on the world market has deterred the country from exporting large
volumes of sugar.); global market (Do we really believe that this will increase our competitive advantage in the
global market?)
mercado nacional/mercado interno: domestic market (Companies of the future will require a large domestic market.)
mercado negro: black market (You can sell dollars on the black market.)
mercado paralelo: parallel market (The government issued El Venezolano bonds to refinance the public debt, which experts considered
also an effort to curb dollar demand in the parallel market )
mercado privatizado: privatized market (1990s resulting from the traumatic transition from a socialist centralized economy to a privatized
market created much anger among Russians)
mercado secundario: secondary market (They are not listed on any official organised secondary market.)
mercado: trading (The dollar rallied against the yen in trading today.); market (Are you sure theres a market for something like this?)
mercados callejeros: street markets (Most women microentrepreneurs work in informal street markets and home-based putting-out
enterprises for local producers.)
mercados emergentes de rpido crecimiento: fast-growing emerging markets (about 30 per cent of our business was done in fast-
growing emerging markets.)
mercados emergentes: emerging markets (Newly emerging markets also should in principle be free from regulation.)
mercados financieros globales/mercados financieros mundiales: global financial markets (Despite the support of global financial
markets, these instruments have not been very successful.)
mercados financieros: financial markets (Financial Markets provides corporate, public sector and institutional clients with banking and
investment banking services, ...)
mercadotecnia: marketing (where technological innovation together with design and marketing play an important role.)
mercancias a granel: bulk goods (Sometimes rollers are used for conveying bulk goods.)
merecer atencin especial: deserve special attention (At a time of multiple global crises, including those related to finances, food and flu,
the poorest and most vulnerable deserve special attention)
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merecer la pena: be worth (It is worth indicating that the reduction of the margin of financial intermediation was given in 19 banks); pay
off (I hope this investment pays off.)
mes entrante/ mes prximo/ mes venidero: coming month (The coming months will show whether that mechanism is able...)
mes natural: calendar month (Typical entry types are calendar day or calendar month.)
mesa de dinero: fixed income desk (In the case of transactions conducted at the fixed income desk, issuer risk and counterparty risk may
occur.)
mesa redonda: round table (Especial emphasis will be placed on support for the organization of the round table on development financing
in Djibouti.); panel discussion (We also wish to thank all who contributed to the success of the interactive panel
discussion.)
meta: target (production targets for 2013)/(We met our sales target for the year.)
metales preciosos: precious metals (Most are made out of precious metals like gold or silver.)
mtodo contable de devengo/mtodo contable de acumulacin: accrual method of accounting/accrual accounting (Accrual method of
accounting is an accounting method that measures the performance and position of a company by recognizing
economic events regardless of when cash transactions occur.)
mtodo contable de efectivo: cash method of accounting (The cash method of accounting is very simple to use, because it's usually
obvious when you receive money from a customer or other payer, or when you pay an expense with cash, credit
card or a check. When money comes in or goes out, it's recorded and recognized for tax purposes.)
mtodo de anlisis del punto de equilibrio: break-even analysis method (Break-even analysis method ia a method of calculating the
minimum volume of sales needed at a given price to cover all costs.)
mtodo de compra: purchase method (The acquisition will be accounted for by the purchase method which values the total assets
acquired and its debt at market value.)
mtado de estimacin de riesgo: risk assessment method (This risk assessment method assigns a default risk rating to an obligor that
reflects its credit quality.)
mtodo de lnea recta: straight-line method (Depreciation is computed for tax purposes using the straight-line method at a rate of 10% per
year.)
mtodo del costo histrico: historical cost convention (The financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention in
accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards.)
mtodo lineal: straight-line method (Depreciation is calculated by the straight line method over the estimated life of the asset.)
mtodos de medicin de los riegos de mercado: methods of measuring market risks (Several methods of measuring market risks
have been implemented in the financial markets.)
microempresarios: microentrepreneurs (Most women microentrepreneurs work in informal street markets and home-based putting-out
enterprises for local producers.)
mientras (con idea de futuro, condicin): as long as (As long as the unemployment level in main economies maintains the increasing
pace)
Mientras mas rpido, mejor.: The sooner the better.
mientras que/mientras: while (The world population is growing constantly, while the amount of arable land is declining.; whereas (whereas
productions for export were prioritized new investments were limited to those that generate foreign exchange
earnings in the short term and substitute imports); whilst (In Burma, around 30% of the children are malnourished
whilst at the same time, the country is the second largest opium producer.)
mientras tanto: meanwhile (Meanwhile, the training of judges of the peace continues to take place.); in the meantime (In the meantime,
peacekeepers are unable to fulfil their protection mandate.)
mil millones: billion (Congress cut spending by $255 billion.)
millardo: billion= one thousand million (With a supplemental in excess of $1 billion, the U.S. Government also has more resources at its
disposal that it has had before.)
milln: Mio (The turnover generated by these sales increased from 410 Mio EUR in 1999 to 441 Mio EUR in 2001, but subsequently
decreased by 5 percentage points to 420 Mio EUR during the IP.)
minar/socavar: undermine (The debt crises in Europe and the United States have undermined global confidence,)
mineral de hierro: iron ore
minimizar: minimize ( the use of Internet was notably increased and anti-virus procedures were put in place in order to minimize risks.);
downplay (US financial reports have downplayed the significance of this historic decision,)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologa y Medio Ambiente: Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
145

Ministerio de Cultura: Ministry of Culture
Ministerio de Economa y Planificacin: Ministry of the Economy and Planning
Ministerio de Educacin Superior: Ministry of Higher Education
Ministerio de Educacin: Ministry of Education
Ministerio de Finanzas y Precios: Ministry of Finance and Prices
Ministerio de Justicia: Ministry of Justice
Ministerio de la Agricultura: Ministry of Agriculture
Ministerio de la Construccin: Ministry of Construction
Ministerio de la Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias:Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces
Ministerio de la Industria Alimentaria: Ministry of the Food Industry
Ministerio de la Industria Bsica: Ministry of Basic Industry
Ministerio de la Industria Ligera: Ministry of Light Industry
Ministerio de la Industria Sideromecnica: Ministry of the Iron and Steel Industry
Ministerio de la Informtica y las Comunicaciones: Ministry of Informatics and Communications
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MINREX): Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba
Ministerio de Salud Pblica (MINSAP): Ministry of Public Health
Ministerio de Turismo: Ministry of Tourism
Ministerio del Comercio Exterior y la Inversin Extranjera: Ministry of Foreign Trade and Foreign Investment
Ministerio del Comercio Interior: Ministry of Domestic Trade
Ministerio del Interior: Ministry of the Interior
Ministerio del Trabajo y Seguridad Social: Ministry of Labor and Social Security
Ministerio del Transporte: Ministry of Transportation
Ministro Presidente del Banco Central de Cuba: Minister-President of the Central Bank of Cuba
minusvala: disability (The law bars discrimination against those with disabilities.); handicap (His loss of hearing was a severe handicap.)
mismo/misma (exactamente igual): same (Our grades were exactly the same.)
mismo/misma (no otro/no otra): same (Production is down by 80% from the same period last year.)
mismo/misma (preciso): very (a situation that may eventually threaten the very existence of the human species.) / (from the very
beginning) / (that very day)
mitigacin del riesgo: risk mitigation (The Bank also controls credit risk using various risk mitigation techniques.)
modalidad: form (Cuba authorized new forms of bank loans to boost self-employment, agricultural production and housing rehabilitation.);
type (The new scheme is based on substantial financial incentives for employers to recruit young people under a
new type of contract.)
modalidades de financiamiento: financing modalities (The Resolution does not prescribe the financing modalities of the program);
funding modalities (A number of funding modalities are available for joint evaluations.)
modelo de gestin empresarial: business management model (MFD applies its business management model)
modelo econmico cubano de orientacin socialista: Cuban socialist-oriented economic model (Cooperatives seem poised to multiply,
expand their range of activities and play a critical role in the new Cuban socialist-oriented economic model that is
emerging.)
modelo econmico estatal centralizado: centralised state economic model (There is a domestic consensus that the centralised state
economic model has multiple shortcomings and distortions and needs ...)
modelo integral: comprehensive model (the Committee has not set a time limit for the transition to comprehensive models)
modelo neoliberal: neoliberal model (The report does not mention that the real problem actually lies with the EU's neoliberal model.)
moderar: temper (Growth in Personal and Commercial loan volume has been tempered by lower net interest margins.)
moderna instalacin: state-or-the-art facility (This new state-of-the-art facility will help to attract and retain the very best medical/clinical
staff)
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modernizacin: modernization (However, the embargo has impeded faster modernization of that sector, and has made it more costly.)
modernizar: modernize (The recent financial crisis has underlined how acutely Russia needs to modernize and diversify its economy.);
upgrade (Draw up a plan to upgrade agri-food establishments.); revamp (In terms of public profile and knowledge,
the FATF has revamped its website, created Facebook and Twitter pages and updated its logo.)
mdico: reasonable (You can still get a good house for a very reasonable price.)
modificacin: adjustment (Only a few adjustments were needed to make her dress fit perfectly.) / (the plan needs some minor
adjustments)
modificar (texto): alter
modo de pago: manner of payment
modo de pensar: mind-set (Teenagers often complain about the shortcomings or their parents' mind-set.)
modo de suministro: mode of supply (Furthermore the agreement states that: no mode of supply is a priori excluded from coverage.)
modo sostenible: sustainable fashion (in 2006 the WWF proclaimed Cuba as the only country in the world that is developing in an
ecologically sustainable fashion.)
modo: fashion (The sale of the property has to be conducted in a systematic fashion.); way (they have been distributed in the following
way); manner
molestia: nuisance (It's a nuisance filling out all these forms.)
momento decisivo/momento crucial: turning point (This experience was a turning point in my life.)
moneda convertible: convertible currency (Payment shall be made in convertible currency.)
moneda de alto rendimiento: high yielding currency (The dollar rose against the yen on Monday, as high-yielding currencies after a
positive report about the worldwide manufacturing sector boosted ...)
moneda de bajo rendimiento: low yielding currency (..."carry trade" - where investors seek to make a return by borrowing in low yielding
currencies and using the funds to buy and lend in higher yielding currencies, ...)
moneda de cambio: bargaining chip (Union leaders used the threat of a strike during the busy season as a bargaining chip.)
moneda de colocacin: currency of placement (Considering currency of placement, we observe a change in participation of emissions
made in national currency:)
moneda de curso legal: legal tender (Legal tender is the official money used in a country.)
moneda de presentacin: presentation currency (For the purpose of presenting comparative amounts in a different presentation
currency, paragraphs 42(b) and 43 of IAS 21 apply.)
moneda de reserva: reserve currency (Once again the metal gold is becoming a significant international reserve currency.)
moneda extranjera: foreign currency (as a result of foreign currency translation adjustments)
moneda libremente convertible: freely convertible currency (a balance between expenditures and revenues in freely convertible
currency,)
moneda mundial de reserva: global reserve currency (The role of SDRs as a global reserve currency should be gradually increased.);
world reserve currency (examine the need to create a world reserve currency.);
moneda mundial: world currency (Demand for the euro as a world currency is comparatively weak.); global currency (We think the
solution is creating a new global currency.)
moneda virtual: virtual currency (The 7
th
summit meeting of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) ended Oct. 17, in Cochabamba
with the decision to establish a virtual currency.)
moneda: currency (The US dollar fell yesterday against most foreign currencies.)
monetizar: monetize (With no domestic market for public debt, the fiscal deficit is monetized by the Central Bank.)
monitoreo: monitoring (A second stage, during which the monitoring plan will be implemented at national level.)
mora: arrears (The list of delegations in arrears is provided in Annex IV); default (Defaults rose to 4 percent of all the banks loans.) / (
the default of part of its foreign debt commitments.)
morosidad de la cartera: delinquency of the portfolio (The underlying loan delinquency of the portfolio is 1.10 percent compared to the
market average of 1.26 percent.)
morosidad: delinquency (Delinquency is the state of being late for a payment on a loan or other liability.); default
moroso: slow payer (The company is well known as a slow payer.); delinquent (... dues by the 15
th
day of the month in which they become
due shall be considered delinquent.); defaulter (We have minor arrears but there are no defaulters.)
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mostrar el camino: show the way (Ill show you the way to the meeting room.)
mostrar: show (These statements show the movement of retained earnings or accumulated deficits.)
motivo de orgullo: source of pride (This is indeed a source of pride for all of us.)
motivo por el cual/motivo por el que: which is why (We expect great things of you which is why we ask a lot.); which was why (Of six
recovery orders examined, there were two for which no notice had been sent, which was why the debtors had not
made payment.); reason for which (That is the reason for which a number of our members will abstain on that issue
and will consequently vote in favour of our amendment.)
motores: driving forces (Countries of the periphery are the driving forces of the global economic recovery for the first time in history.)
movimiento de efectivo: cash flow (In a cash flow statement, the focus is on the timing of receipt and disbursement of cash, regardless of
when the income was earned)
Movimiento de Pases No Alineados: Non-Aligned Countries Movement (Equally unequivocal views have been endorsed by the Non-
Aligned Countries Movement,)
movimiento de utilidades retenidas: movement of retained earnings (These statements show the movement of retained earnings or
accumulated deficits.)
movimiento del inventario/rotacin del inventario: inventory turnover (The Company regularly reviews inventory quantities on hand and
records an allowance for obsolescence based upon inventory turnover, aging, specific physical conditions by type
of inventory considering current expectations of future product demands and production requirements.); turnover of
inventory
muchas probilidades: long odds
mucho mejor: far better (It seems far better for sustainable economic growth ); much better (This will give a much better picture than is
currently available as a basis for decisionmaking.); even better (It is all very well to put out fires, but it would be even
better to prevent them breaking out.)
mucho menos: let alone (most of the children in the care of the Samuel Foundation would not be able to attend elementary school, let
alone a secondary school.)
muebles y estantes: furniture and shelves
multa: fine (In June, 2012, the Department of Justice announced the imposition of a 619 million dollar fine on the Dutch bank ING for
alleged violations of the regime of sanctions against Cuba and other countries.)
multar: fine (In November, 2011, the Treasury Department fined the New York branch office of the German bank Commerzbank with 175
500 dollars for serving as consultant and guarantor of a Cuban national in some payment to be made to a Canadian
company.)
multiplicar: multiply (To find the total benefits we must multiply this amount times the total population.)
mundial: global (We hope an era of peace and global cooperation has begun.); world (world coffee production)
muy atentamente: Very truly yours
muy conocido: well-known (The book is by a well-known historian.)
muy cordialmente: Very truly yours
muy escasos/muy escasas: few and far between (Sunny, warm weekends have been few and far between this summer (= there have not
been many).
muy importante: major (We awaited major new developments in the peace talks.)
muy moderno: advanced (to authorize Poland to purchase nearly $ 60 millones in advanced oil refinery equipment.)
muy por debajo de: far below (this translates into an interannual increase of 17.8%, far below the 31.8% reported for the private banking
industry.)
muy superior: far superior (The new technologies are usually far superior to the old technologies in terms of ...)
(INICIO)

N
naciente: nascent (Cubans can now use personal property such as jewelry, cars and works of art as collateral for loan applications under
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the island's nascent lending system.)
nacimiento: inception (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its Ministers to
continue.)
nacin mas favorecida (NMF): most favoured nation (In international economic relations and international politics, most favoured nation
(MFN) is a status or level of treatment accorded by one state to another in international trade.)
nacional: domestic (thea domestic ecnomy) / (domestic and foreign affairs) ; internal (Thus a two-tier society again emerges, and, what is
more, this is in the sensitive area of internal security.)
nada mas y nada menos que: nothing less than (What is at stake is nothing less than the future safety of humankind, human dignity and
justice.)
Nadie est contento con su suerte.: The grass is always greener on the other side.
Nadie sabe lo que tiene hasta que lo pierde.: You never know what youve got till its gone.
narcotrfico/trfico de drogas: drug-trafficking (aimed at making progress in areas of common interest such as the combat against drug-
trafficking,)
Nasdaq, asociacin de comerciantes de acciones de valores en sistema computarizado, una de la organizaciones mas grandes de
la bolsa de valores computarizado en los EEUU: NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers
Automated Quotation)
necesidad apremiante/necesidad imperiosa/ necesidad urgente: compelling need (There is a compelling need for developing countries
to unite and work together at the WTO if the present imbalances and inequities in the WTO agreements are to be
rectified.); pressing need (There is once again a pressing need for campaigns aimed at stopping the spread of
weapons of mass destruction.)
necesidad de: need for (Theres a growing need for low-cost housing.)
necesidad ineludible/necesidad inaplazable: absolute need (These two figures perfectly illustrate the absolute need to implement these
financial perspectives without delay.)
nefasto/nefasta: dire (Despite dire warnings from the experts regarding the consequences of this global problem)
negociable: tradable (the trend shown by tradable prices was ascribable to the same two components)
negociacin colectiva: collective bargaining (Questions concerning collective bargaining or collective agreements are a matter for the
Member States themselves )
negociacin/negociaciones: negotiation (A credit must state whether it is available by sight payment, deferred payment, acceptance or
negotiation.) bargaining (Harriman pressed for tougher bargaining by the American side.)
negociar con: negotiate with (I believe free trade is important, because to trade is to negotiate with the other country.)
negociar: transact (Forwards are tailor-made agreements transacted in the over-the-counter market.)
negocio de elevado flujo de efectivo: cash-intensive business (it is known that money is often laundered through cash-intensive
businesses, money service bureaus, banks and legitimate businesses.)
negocio que marcha bien/negocio establecido/negocio en marcha: going concern (These financial statements have been prepared on a
going concern basis, conforming to the historical cost convention using the accrual method of accounting.)
negocio sucio: monkey business (There's been some monkey business connected with his tax returns.)
negocio: concern (He heads a large concern in the midwest.); business (ts a family business); bargain
negocios (business): business (business is business) / (Our firm does a lot of business with overseas customers.)
negocios productores de bienes: goods-producing business
nini: neithernor (Except as otherwise provided by article 38, a credit can neither be amended nor cancelled without the agreement
of)
nicho de mercado: market niche ( our chief achievements in such critical areas as strategic partnerships, financial performance, product
and service development, our market niche approach and business diversification.)
nivel de vida: standard of living (Our country has a very high standard of living.); living standards (Unequal terms of trade create
differential living standards across countries;)
nivel sin precedente: record-breaking level (Singapore bilateral trade reached record-breaking levels.)
nivel: tier (And the public authority, at whatever tier of government, is the sole guarantor ...)
nivelar el presupuesto: balance the budget (The government is required to balance the budget (= not spend more money than it
receives).
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niveles alcanzados: levels reached (The longer-term related question is whether prices will eventually return to or even surpass the levels
reached before the crisis.)
no al revs/no al contrario/no a la inversa: not the other way round (This means that globalisation can also be at the service of people,
and not the other way round.)
no cabe duda de que/no hay duda de que: there is no doubt that (There is no doubt that this is extremely significant for undertakings.)
no calificado: non-skilled
no cejar en: stay the course with (several years of strong results positions us well to stay the course with our successful strategies)
no consta en acta: it does not appear in minutes; it is not in minutes; it has not been minuted
no contribuyente: non-contributory
no cumplir las expectativas: fall down on the job (The armed forces will take over if the local authorities fall down on the job.)
no dejar nada al azar/no dejar nada a la casualidad: leave nothing to chance (Leaving nothing to chance, its organization has been
designated as one of the main objectives of the Research and Development Unit of Labiofam.)
no dejar ningn cabo suelto/no dejar ningn cabo por atar: leave nothing to chance (Leaving nothing to chance, its organization has
been designated as one of the main objectives of the Research and Development Unit of Labiofam.)
No dejes para maana lo que puedes hacer hoy.: Never (Dont) put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
no encuentro palabras para agradecerle: I can not begin to thank you
no es de nuestra competencia: it falls/comes outside our jurisdiction
No es oro todo lo que brilla./No todo lo que brilla es oro.: All is not gold that glitters. / All that glitters is not gold.
no es possible que se/no es probable que se: is not likely to be (the previous trend is not likely to be regained.)
no especializado: non-skilled
no factible: unfeasible (Perfection is the enemy of good: pursuing unfeasible projects would mean not achieving the goal); non-viable
(Markets are often weak, with some sectors completely non-viable.); unviable (The proposal of agrifuels is
unviable, and it is ethically and politically unacceptable.)
no gravable: non-taxable
no hay (plural): there are no (there are no material weaknesses)
no hay (singular): there is no (There is no credit risk exposure since these loans are fully secured.)
No hay atajo sin trabajo.: No gains without pain.
No hay mal que por bien no venga.: Every cloud has a silver lining.
No hay que hacer caso de las apariencias sino de los hechos.: Handsome is as handsome does.
No hay que vender la piel del oso antes de cazarlo.: Dont count your chickens before theyre hatched.
No hay rosa sin espina.: There is no rose without a thorn.
No hay tiempo como el presente.: Theres no time like the present.
no imponible: non-taxable
no intervencionista: laissez-faire
no llevar el paso de: out of step with (they may prove to be completely out of step with reality or even give rise to undesirable effects.)
no lograr: fail (She applied to Harvard University but failed to get accepted.)
no lucrativo/no lucrativa: non-profit; non-profit-making
no obstante: nevertheless (Nevertheless, good performance of stock prices were not reflected in operation volumes ); however
(However, successful management of the company enabled us to reach our planned objectives.)
no obtener: fail (She applied to Harvard University but failed to get accepted.)
no se cmo agradecerle: I can not begin to thank you
No se gan Zamora en una hora.: Rome was not built in a day.
no se inperpretar: (Self-determination shall not be construed or considered as a right to secession )
No se puede estar en misa y en procesin.: You cannot have it both ways.
no sujeto a impuesto: non-taxable;
150

no tiene nada que ver/no viene al caso: beside point (The exact cost is beside the point (= not important) -- what's important is that we
get the job done.)
nombrado mediante: appointed by means of (They are appointed by means of a resolution of the Cabinet, upon proposal of the Finance
Minister.); appointed by way of (The Project Teams shall be appointed by way of a resolution of the Foundations
Board of Directors.); appointed through (The Committee recommends that the Management Board is appointed
through an open and transparent process.)
nombrar: appoint (The independent auditors were appointed by); designate (The chairman designated his daughter as his successor.);
name (The president has yet to name a new ambassador to Russia.)
nombre de marca: brand name (A brand name is the special name a company gives to its products or services: All the car makers spend
heavily to promote their brand names.)
nominado en moneda nacional: denominated in domestic currency (Estonia does not have a developed market for long-term bonds
denominated in domestic currency.)
Norma Especfica de Informacin Financiera: Specific Financial Reporting Standard
norma general/regla general: rule of thumb (A rule of thumb is a method of judging a situation or condition that is not exact but is based
on experience: As a rule of thumb, the ice on the lake should be at least two inches thick to support one person.)
normalmente: usually (My credit cards usually have an outstanding balance.); normally (Normally, in a cash sale, you sell only the quantity
you can deliver on the spot.)
Normas Cubanas de Auditora: Cuban Auditing Standards
Normas Cubanas de Informacin Financiera: Cuban Financial Information Standards (problems associated with accounting and
internal controls, and characteristics of the new Cuban financial information standards to take effect in 2006)
normas de auditora: auditing standards (We conducted our audits in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards.)
normas de contabilidad/normas contables: accounting standards (The Bank implemented and prepared for fundamental regulatory
changes in a number of areas, including accounting standards and capital management.)
normas de obligado cumplimiento: regulations that must be complied with
Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad: International Accounting Standards
Normas Internacionales de Informacin Financiera (NIIF): International Financial Reporting Standards
normas y reglamentos: regulations and rules (In addition, significant deviations have occurred in recent years in the implementation of
existing regulations and rules.); regulations and rulings (The Plan is governed by regulations and rulings of the
Internal Revenue Service and the Department of Labor, and current tax law.)
normas: standards (is subject to the same credit approval, credit limit and monitoring standards as those applied to the Banks other
credit transactions.); regulations (The durable solution to this issue is to follow logic, and to follow international law
and regulations.)
normativa/normativas: regulations (The government introduced a number of measures to simplify regulations on public procurement.)
norte revuelto y brutal que nos desprecia: turbulent and brutal North that despises us (The Summit held in Cartagena de Indias,
Colombia, gave evidence of the ever-growing abyss that exists between Our America, as Mart called it, and the
turbulent and brutal North that despises us.)
nos alegra saber que/nos complace saber que/nos es grato saber que: we are pleased to hear that
nos alegra: we are pleased (We are pleased to inform you that ...); we have the pleasure (We have the pleasure to invite you to
participate in the International Conference)
nos complace: we are pleased (We are pleased to inform you that ...); we have the pleasure (We have the pleasure to invite you to
participate in the International Conference)
nos corresponde: it is for us (it is for us to do that job); it is up to us (it is up to us to decide)
nos es grato: we are pleased (We are pleased to inform you that ...); we have the pleasure (We have the pleasure to invite you to
participate in the International Conference)
nota de advertencia: warning note (On that day, despite a warning note from the Tunisian authorities, a representative of the delegation of
the European Commission attended)
notablemente: significantly (the United States and other countries in which the Bank does business can significantly impact the Banks
financial position)
notas al balance: notes to the balance sheet (Details on this impairment test are presented in the notes to the balance sheet.)
notas complementarias: complementary notes
151

notas de orientacin anti lavado de dinero: anti-money laundering guidance notes (The MLSA, in April 2008 issued a revised edition of
the Anti-Money Laundering Guidance Notes to scheduled entities for consideration.)
noticia de ltima hora: breaking news
notificacin de una orden judicial/entrega personal de una orden judicial: service of a writ (If the individual is the sole proprietor of a
business, the writ may also be delivered to any person designated by the individual to accept service of a writ of ...)
notificacin escrita/notificacin por escrito: written notice (Either party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement by giving six
months' prior written notice to the other party.)
notificacin: advising
notificar formalmente: provide formal notice (I am writing to provide formal notice of my resignation from Fielders Pharmacy.)
notificar: advise (A credit and any amendments may be advised to a beneficiary through an advising bank.)
novedad: development (...the FATF has provided the G20 with regular updates on anti-corruption related developments.)
ncleo familiar: household=a group of people, often a family, who live together (She became part of his household.) / (This development in
the labour market will counsel prudence to households, whose indebtedness leaves them vulnerable to a rise in
interest rates.)/(The project led to improvement in agronomic practices, farm yield and income of 5,500
households.)
ncleo: core (The core of most contracts is a set of mutual promises (in legal terminology, consideration). / (the core of the argument)
nuestra responsabilidad consiste en expresar una opinin: our responsibility is to express an opinin (Our responsibility is to express
an opinion on these financial statements)
nueva arquitectura financiera internacional: new international financial architecture (In this context, the construction of this new
international finance architecture must be congruent with socioeconomic development.)
nueva arquitectura financiera regional: new regional financial architecture (In an April 28 interview with the Spanish newspaper El Pas,
President Rafael Correa, a trained economist, offered succinct and revealing statements on the creation of a new
regional financial architecture.)
nuevamente/de nuevo/otra vez: again (Consumer buying has picked up again after a summer slowdown.); anew (After a short time, their
old arguments simply began anew.)
Nuevo Acuerdo de Capital de Basilea: New Basel Capital Accord (The New Basel Capital Accord (Basel II) is the international standard
that banking regulators can use when creating regulations about how much capital banks need to put aside to guard
against the types of financial and operational risks banks)
nuevo modelo econmico: new economic model (For example a new economic model for Romania which transforms our obsolete
agriculture into a cash cow.)
nuevo orden financiero y econmico internacional: new international economic and financial order (With the pace of globalization
accelerating, it is essential to establish a new international economic and financial order that is fair and ...)
Nuevos Acuerdos para la Obtencin de Prstamos (NAP): New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB) (New Arrangements to Borrow. Also
called the NAB. A collective agreement among 26 nations and financial institutions and the International Monetary
Fund whereby the nations and institutions lend a certain amount of capital to the IMF. The IMF utilizes the funds of
the NAB in case its normal funds fall short of its borrowers needs. It was established following the Mexican
economic crisis.)
nulo y sin efecto (sin fuerza legal): null and void (null and void of an agreement or contract) having no legal effect and to be considered
therefore as if it did not exist
nulo: void (The original version of her will was declared void.); null (
nmero de ruta/nmero de enrutamiento: routing number (Because there is frequently more than one branch of a given bank in certain
locations, it is important to provide routing numbers and complete address details) / (The first set of numbers is
the routing number, which tells which bank or financial institution issued the check.)
nmero excesivo de altos cargos/nmero excesivo de cargos de alto nivel: top-heaviness (UNESCO's mandate being broad but
technical, this top-heaviness cannot be productive.)
(INICIO)

O
o o: either or (As a consequence, we suggest that you either open several accounts or that you give access to your...)
152

o: either (Written communication flows through either the legal representative or the Central Authority.)
objetivo jurdicamente vinculante: legally binding target (The final compromise does not have a legally binding target for waste
reduction.)
objetivo/basado en datos objetivos: factual (a factual account) / (a factual report)
objetivo: aim (The aim of our initiative is therefore also to change attitudes and behaviour.); target (We met our sales target for the year.)
objetivos sociales: social objectives (The social objectives of enterprises will be made more flexible in order to maximise their potential.)
objeto social: corporate purpose (Since then, its corporate purpose and principal activity have comprised the management, support and
promotion of )
obligacin fiscal/obligacin tributaria: tax liability (The allowance can only be used to reduce an existing tax liability.)
obligacin: debenture= a certificate acknowledging the debt of a stated sum of money to a specified person / (On November 2, 2011, the
Bank redeemed for cancellation $500 million in subordinated debentures maturing on November 2, 2016, at par
value plus accrued interest.)
obligaciones con el Banco Central: obligations with Banco Central
obligaciones con el pblico: obligations with the public (Time series of obligations with the public are important to liquidity risk
management in emerging economies, )
obligaciones con instituciones financieras: obligations with financial institutions (These accounts record the companys obligations with
financial institutions in the country and abroad, )
obligaciones contractuales: contractual obligations (I have no other contractual obligations.)
obligaciones externas: external obligations (Low petrol prices forced the country to dip into its currency reserves in order to meet its
external obligations and)
obligaciones subordinadas: subordinated debentures (The oustanding balance of the Banks subordinated debentures increased in
2009 with two new issues.)
obligacionista: bondholder (A bond is issued under an indenture that specifies the issuers obligation to the bondholder and the manner in
which the debt is secured.)
obligado (legalmente): bound (An issuing bank is irrevocably bound to honor as of the time it issues the credit.)
obligar legalmente: bind over (they bound him over to keep the peace)
obligatorio/obligatoria: mandatory (This training should be supplemented by mandatory continuing training.)
obsrvese que: note that (Please note that we will be closed on Saturday.)
obsolescencia programada/obsolescencia planificada: built-in obsolescence (Public works (roads, water distribution systems) help big
business, promote private transport and, above all, promote a key concept: that of 'built-in obsolescence'; things
have to have a short working life to ensure spending remains high.); planned obsolescence (Planned obsolescence
is the deliberate creating of products that will not last and that are not repairable.)
obstaculizar: hinder (No difficulty must hinder the effective protection of freedom and the right to life.); impede (This measure might,
however, impede the way in which freedom to provide services is exercised.); obstruct (The Pact should not
obstruct us in those endeavours.); block (I do not think you should try to block a sound environmental policy by
making this type of threat.); hamper (All such conditions can hamper the right to family reunification, especially for
younger people.)
obstculo: hindrance (I do not see this as a hindrance to future negotiations,)
obstculos tcnicos al comercio: technical barriers to trade (Furthermore Mexico implemented a number of technical barriers to trade
that limited the normal export of similar products originating in the EU to Mexico.)
obtencin de fondos: obtaining of funds (the continuity of the expansion of the Information Technologies activity through the obtaining of
funds to finance the Business Units growth,)
obtencin: attainment (She achieved scholarly distinction with the attainment of the Ph.D.)
obtener beneficios/obtener utilidades: make a profit (... will only be able to travel where entrepreneurs can expect to make a profit.)
obtener: obtain (Additional information about National Bank of Canada, including the Annual Information Form, can be obtained from the
Banks website); make (the company is making large profits); win (the Conservatives won 287 seats); gain (He
gained control of the business.)
obvio/obvia: self-evident (So when it was time to choose a bank that was most capable of serving his companies well, the decision was
self-evident.); obvious (For obvious reasons, he needs to find work soon.)
ocasionalmente: from time to time (special issues of the journal will be published from time to time)
153

ocasionar importantes cambios: bring about important changes (The wars helped to bring about important changes in the British
colonies.)
ocasionar: entail (Any investment entails risk.); bring about (We need to use our voice to bring about positive and meaningful social
change.)
ocioso: idle (idle money) / (The machines are standing idle because there are no spare parts.)
ocultar: conceal (Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of money obtained by illicit means.)
ocupar (lugar, posicin): rank (we rank fourth)
ocuparse de: deal with (We have to deal with problems as they arise.); take care of (we will continue strengthening the appeal of National
Bank as an institution that truly takes care of its clients); attend to (The manager himself is attending to the matter.)
ocurre que: it so happens that (It so happens that very often we fail to notice what our neighbours are doing.)
ocurrir: happen (If you want to know what is happening in the world, you have to read the newspapers.)
oferente: offeror (A contract is formed when one party (the offeror) makes an offer which is accepted by the other party (the offeree)
oferta monetaria: money supply (Changes in the money supply and the general level of interest rates can impact the Banks profitability.)
oferta pblica hostil: unfriendly takeover bid; hostile takeover bid
oferta y demanda: supply and demand (Oil prices should be set by supply and demand, and not artificially regulated.)
oferta: offering (an innovative offering of products and services) / (to ensure that our delivery channels and product offerings are
optimized to meet these needs.)
oficial de cumplimiento: compliance officer (the appointment of a compliance officer for combating the financing of terrorism.)
oficina central: headquarters (the coordination between Headquarters and field offices was highlighted.)
Oficina de Control de Activos Extranjeros: Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) (Denounces the decision adopted by the Office of
Foreign Assets Control of the US Treasury Department of prohibiting publishing by Cuban scientists in US
territory.)
Oficina de Marcas y Patentes de los Estados Unidos (USPTO): United States Patents and Trademark Office (United States Supreme
Court denied to the Cuban company Cubaexport the possibility to defend its right to renew the registry of the
prestigious brand Havana Club before the United States Patents and Trademark Office,)
Oficina Nacional de Administracin Tributaria: National Office of Tax Administration
Oficina Nacional de Estadstica de Cuba (ONE): Cubas National Statistics Office (Cubas National Statistics Office said the island
imported $410 million worth of goods from the U.S. in 2010, mostly food products.)
oficina principal: main office (Applications and instructions are available in the main office.)
ofrecemos descuento si se paga en efectivo: we allow a discount for cash
ofrecer: offer (The Banks investment advisors offer much more than portfolio management); deliver (Deliver the winning solutions that
your customers need.)
Ojos que no ven, corazn que no siente: Out of sight, out of mind.
oleoducto/gasoducto: pipeline (The pipeline provides an export route that is independent of the Russian pipeline system and the
Bosphorus and Turkish Straits.) / (I refer to the proposal for a Baltic gas pipeline.)
oligarqua financiera: financial oligarchy (He is the author of All in the Family: 100 Years of Financial Oligarchy in Spain, and he
contributes to various media sources.)
oneroso: burdensome (burdensome restrictions); onerous (The tax bill was aimed at lifting the onerous tax burden from the backs of the
middle class.); oppressive
onza troy: troy ounce (However, there was a limit to the printing of paper money: the gold standard at a regular price of 35 dollars a troy
ounce.)
opcin de compra: purchase option (When the leases term is up, you can exercise the purchase option to obtain outright ownership of
the asset.); call option (The call option would be exercised only if the exercise price were lower than the market
price.)
opcin de una permuta financiera: swaption (The share acquisitions, which must be fully paid up and free of charges or costs, will be
made through sales, swaption or any other legally permitted operations.)
opcin de venta: put option (A put option is a contract that gives the purchaser, in return for a premium paid, the right to sell the underlying
securities at the specified exercise price during the term of the option.) / (The put option would be exercised only if
the exercise price were higher than the market price.)
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operacin bancaria de inversin: investment banking operation (As part of its investment banking operations, the Bank invests in
several limited liability partnerships and incorporated entities.)
operacin bancaria: bank operation (Risk, in all its forms, must be rigorously managed. That means it must be identified, measured and
controlled to ensure that Bank operations yield an adequate return for the level of risk assumed.)
operacin cambiaria: foreign exchange transaction (More than 17,000 business and corporate customers carry out their foreign exchange
transactions with Monex.)
operacin con derivados en mercados no organizados: over-the-counter derivatives operation (All over-the-counter derivatives
operations involving the ECBs foreign reserve assets must be documented using the following standard
agreements, )
operacin con recursos de procedencia ilcita/operacin con fondos obtenidos ilegalmente: transaction with illegally obtained funds
(Reportable Transactions and Prevention and Detection of Transactions with Illegally Obtained Funds.)
operacin de arbitraje de tipos de inters entre monedas: carry trade ("carry trade" - where investors seek to make a return by
borrowing in low yielding currencies and using the funds to buy and lend in higher yielding currencies, thereby
earning the spread between the two yields, but remaining subject to exchange rate fluctuations.)
operacin de compra/venta de divisas: foreign exchange trading operation (In its foreign exchange trading operation, Monex handles
electronically more than 43,256 domestic and 42,881 international payments every month.)
operacin de crdito interbancario: interbank credit transaction (An Interbank Credit transaction is processed without a PIN or Track 2
data.)
operacin de depsito: deposit operation (Professionals with the job title Deposit operations specialist are on LinkedIn.); deposit
transactions (For deposit transactions, identify the sales revenue account that the deposit represents.)
operacin de fideicomiso: trust operation (Our Corporate Trust Operations group is dedicated to providing excellent service to our
bondholders.)
operacin de trueque: barter transaction (The value of the barter transactions with the Syrian Government )
operador de cambio/operador de cambio de divisas/operador cambiario/agente de cambio: foreign exchange trader (A foreign
exchange, or FX, trader applies financial acumen and securities markets knowledge to buy, hold or sell assets on
behalf of a financial institution. An FX trader has a flexible work schedule as currencies markets are continuously
open from Monday through Friday. A currency trader typically holds a Bachelors degree in business.
oponerse a: argue against (They argued against a tax cut.)
oportunidad de la informacin: timing of information (This paper examines the consequences of the differences in the timing of
information disclosure between the U.S. and Japanese patent systems.)
optar por: opt for (We opted for the second plan.); opt to (We opted to pay the fine.); choose (We chose the cash prize.)
ptimos resultados: the best results (weve had the best results with this product); top results (we've had top results with this product)
opulento/opulenta: affluent (A significant increase in childhood asthma in "western affluent" countries over the last few decades)
orden de pago: payment order (The entire non-state sector may use, in addition to cash, the following payment instruments: a) bank
transfers, b) checks, c) payment orders, d) debit or credit cards, e) local letters of credit, f) demand bills, g)
promissory notes, and h) others that are used in banking.
orden monetario-financiero international: international monetary-financial order (The first chapter identifies some of the main problems of
the current international monetary-financial order, within the context of the ongoing global economic crisis )
orden:sequence (Allow me to comment on them in the same sequence and using the same numbering of the paragraphs as in your letter.);
order (they are arranged in strict alphabetical/numerical/ chronological order)
ordenada por: sorted by (The database has information sorted by date, hazard, region, country, etc.,)
ordenado: orderly (in order to contribute to the monetary and exchange rate stability, as well as the orderly development of the economy.)
ordenante: applicant (Applicant means the party on whose request the credit is issued.)
organigrama: flow chart
organismo estatal: state body (The administrative capacity of state bodies for fighting corruption continues to need further improvement.)
organismo intergubernamental/rgano intergubernamental: intergovernmental body (an intergovernmental body set up to combat
money laundering)
organismo madre/organismo paraguas/organismo que aglutina a varios grupos: umbrella organization (In 1997 the Central Bank of
Cuba was created as an umbrella organization for banking supervision, the payment system and was also
responsible for monetary and exchange rate policy.)
Organismo Multilateral de Garanta de Inversiones (OMGI): Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) (The Multilateral
155

Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) is an international financial institution which offers political risk insurance
guarantees to help investors protect foreign direct investments made in developing countries against political risk.)
organismo normativo: standards-setter (reaffirms the FATF as the international standards-setter for combating money laundering and
the financing of terrorism, as well as the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction)
organismo: body ( has delegated the function to the intermediate bodies.) ( in coordination with the bodies responsible for
management and systematize it.)
organismos de la administracin central del estado: bodies of the central state administration (Some executive authorities are bodies of
the central state administration and some are established to regulate and control.)
Organizacin Internacional de Energa Atmica: International Atomic Energy Agency
Organizacin de Estados Americanos (OEA): Organization of American States
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentacin: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(As pointed out by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, )
Organizacin Internacional del Trabajo: International Labour Organization
Organizacin Mundial de la Salud (OMS): World Health Organization (WHO)
Organizacin Mundial del Comercio (OMC): World Trade Organization (WTO) (The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the
global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and
freely as possible.)
organizacin no gubernamental: non-governmental organization (Each government or non-governmental organization is entitled to
nominate only two candidates per year.)
Organizacin para la Cooperacin y el Desarrollo Econmico (OCDE): Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD)
organizacin sin nimo de lucro: non-profit organization (a voluntary programme carried out by a non-profit organisation.)
organizacin superior de direccin: superior management organization (INNOMAX Entrepreneurial Group is a superior management
organization targeted at meeting the growing demands of products and services related to scientific, technological
and environmental development.)
organizaciones sin fines de lucro: non-profit organizations
organizativo/organizativa: organizational (We support your proposed organizational framework as a pragmatic and helpful way to
proceed.)
rgano colegiado: collegiate body (In my opinion, the proposal to establish a collegiate body would have responded better to this need.)
rgano de formulacin de polticas: policy-making body (The revitalization of the General Assembly, as the chief deliberative policy-
making body of the United Nations, is of critical importance to most of us.)
rgano de gobierno: governing body (This report is reviewed by the governing body to ensure accountability.)
rgano de Solucin de Diferencias (OSD): Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) (The Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) makes decisions on trade disputes between governments that are adjudicated by the
Organization. Its decisions generally match those of the Dispute Panel.)
rgano ejecutivo: executive body (Every executive body must send its operational report every six months to the parliament or the
relevant committee.)
rgano encargado de la adopcin de decisiones: decision-making body (The FATF's decision making body, the FATF Plenary, meets
three times per year.)
rgano judicial; judicial body (It cannot be a judicial body or an international court.)
rgano legislativo: legislative body (However, parliament needs to substantially enhance its efficiency as a legislative body and its
capacities of oversight.)
rgano normativo: policy-making body (The FATF is therefore a policy-making body which works to generate the necessary political will
to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas.)
rgano rector: governing body (Its function is to be the governing body of the environmental management system.)
rganos: organs (Provided substantive servicing for the Assembly and its organs.); bodies (We believe that such thematic debates should
become an integral part of the deliberations of other United Nations bodies as well.)
orientacin socialista: socialist-oriented (Cooperatives seem poised to multiply, expand their range of activities and play a critical role in
the new Cuban socialist-oriented economic model that is emerging.)
orientacin: guidance (She never got any guidance when she needed it.)
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origen: inception (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its Ministers to
continue.)
originar: bring about ( the mistrust of consumers that, together with a reduction in earnings, brings about the fall in the consumption, )
originarse en: be rooted in (The causes are rooted in the balance of payments crisis and in the systemic risks ); originate from (Until
now, capital for private businesses has originated from the savings of the entrepreneurs, remittances from abroad,
and informal finance.)
oscilar de: range from (Prices range from $50 to $250.)
oscilar entre: range between (Prices range between $50 to $250.)
otorgamiento de crdito: credit granting (Credit-granting decisions are based first and foremost on the results of the risk assessment.)
otorgar (favor/prstamo): grant (the Bank does not grant this type of loan.)
otorgar un permiso/una licencia: license (She is licensed to teach elementary school.)
otra cosa: otherwise (unless otherwise agreed)
otra vez: yet again (She didn't want to explain yet again why she was disappointed.)
otro (adicional): another (The transaction is another major step in implementing National Banks strategy)
otro (diferente): (Other expenses decreased,)
otro (diferente): another (Another mechanism for reducing credit risk complements the ISDA master agreement in many cases)
otro (el segundo de dos cosas o personas): other (approximately 50% of this divisions business will come from Quebec, and the other
half from the rest of Canada.)
otro (mas): other (Revenues generated by other activities rose $95 million)
otro de los factores: another of the factors (Expanding the quantity and quality of the workforce is another of the factors of economic
growth.)
otros activos: other assets (However, in the case that investment funds did in fact grant loans, this amount should be allocated in other
assets.)
otros ingresos y gastos no operacionales: other non-operational income and expense ( consist primarily of interest income, interest
expense and other non-operational income and expense items.)
(INICIO)

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P
inicio: inception (Since its inception in 1968, the company has been at the forefront of computer development.)
Pacto Andino: Andean Pact
pacto de bono: bond covenant (Bond Covenant is a legally binding term of an agreement between a bond issuer and a bond holder. Bond
covenants are designed to protect the interests of both parties. Negative or restrictive covenants forbid the issuer
from undertaking certain activities; positive or affirmative covenants require the issuer to meet specific requirements.)
pacto de recompra: repurchase agreement (which the buyer is obliged to sell back assets to the seller in relation to a transaction under a
repurchase agreement.)
pacto/convenio/contrato solemne: covenant (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.) / (A covenant is a solemn
agreement to engage in or refrain from a specified action.)
padecer: undergo (He recently underwent heart bypass surgery.); bear (a too-slow adjustment that would require another twenty years of
bearing the costs of monetary duality.)
pagadero a la vista y tras aviso: payable on demand and after notice (The fair values of deposits payable on demand or after notice or
floating rate deposits payable on a fixed date are not adjusted for credit spread changes.)
pagadero a la vista: payable on demand (Sight bills (also known as sight drafts or bills payable on demand) are the documents that allow
for the collection of an amount previously agreed between ...)
pagadero a plazos: payable in instalments (payable in monthly instalments over two years)
pagadero al portador: payable to the bearer (A bearer cheque is made payable to the bearer i.e. it is payable to the person who presents
it to the bank for encashment.)
pagadero: payable (Please make your check payable to Broadway Antiques.)
pagar a la orden de/pguese a la orden de: pay to the order of (The most common example of a pay to order system is a check; in fact,
most checks say 'pay to the order of' right on them.)
pagar a precio de oro por/pagar el mejor precio por: pay top dollar for (Finland and Sweden eagerly paid top dollar for the best coffee.)
pagar: pay off (debts); pay the debts off; settle (to pay money owed); to settle old debts
pagar a la vista: demand note (As a warranty to the faithful observance of these Regulations, the Exhibitor must submit a demand note
for an amount equivalent to 20% (twenty percent) of the net value of the leased area.)
pagar: promisory note (The promissory note is a legally binding document and you will be obligated to make payments ...); IOU= (I owe
you) An informal document that acknowledges a debt owed. IOU is an abbreviation, in phonetic terms, of I owe you.
/ (... indigenous communities in which people sign an IOU, receive a loan for one thousand pesos, and then have to
pay back ten thousand pesos.) / (In other words, a bond is an IOU, and as a bond investor you are a creditor or
lender.)actfnd.orgactfnd.org
pago a cuenta: payment on account (Such amounts as were retained hereunder shall have the character of payment on account to be
offset against any tax payment or advance, under the procedure herein provided.)
pago a la entrega de la mercancia: cash on delivery (COD) (To pay-now system we can include COD or money transfer.)
pago a la vista: sight payment (A credit must state whether it is available by sight payment, deferred payment, acceptance or negotiation.)
pago a plazos/pagos a plazos: installment payment (Check one of the boxes below to indicate the Installment Payment that you wish to
elect.:); installment payments (installment payments over a period of less than 10 years;)
pago adelantado: advance payment; payment in advance (Payment in advance may be required or guaranteed by credit card.)
pago anticipado: prepayment (Prepayment is good for the borrower because it relieves him/her of the debt, but it deprives the lender of
interest ...)
pago contra reembolso: cash on delivery (Methods of Payment: Sales via Internet can use traditional payment means, such as transfers,
payment orders, cash on delivery but also other electronic commerce payment means such as virtual POS or
Paypal, especially designed for business with consumers.)
pago de cobertura: cover payment (
pago de la seguridad social: welfare payment (In countries where welfare payments are still largely paid in cash we encourage the use of
lower denomination bank notes.)
pago diferido: deferred payment (A credit must state whether it is available by sight payment, deferred payment, acceptance or
negotiation.)
pago inicial: down payment (Credit Cards are accepted for your 20% down payment only.)
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pago por adelantado/pago por anticipado: payment in advance (Payment in advance may be required or guaranteed by credit card.);
advance payment (No advance payment should be requested from patients, even more so as cost of care for rare
diseases is often very high.)
pago por resultados: payment by results
pago: payment (in order to guarantee interest payments); settlement (We enclose a check in settlement (= as payment) of your claim. )
pagos documentarios: documentary payments (Documentary Payments reduce the risk involved in foreign trade transactions.) / (One of
the most common types of documentary payments is the letter of credit.)
pagos y estmulos adicionales: payments and additional incentives
pas agrcola/pas agrario: farming country (Galicia has traditionally been considered a farming country)
pases emergentes: emerging countries (Finally, emerging countries should be given assistance to develop their internal markets.)
pases emisores de turismo: tourism source countries (China and India are among the great tourism source countries for the UK.)
pases emisores de turistas: tourist source countries (We have focused on new tourist source countries, especially Russia, China and
India which will be the largest tourist source countries in the future.)
pases en vas de desarrollo: developing countries (Is this all we can manage to offer the developing countries?)
pases exportadores de materias primas: commodity-exporting countries (On the other hand, if rising commodity prices do not result in
higher imports by the commodity-exporting countries, they tend to have a global contractionary effect.)
pases exportadores de petrleo: oil-exporting countries (Oil-exporting countries also played an increasingly important role with regard
to global imbalances owing to the spike in oil prices.)
pases industrializados: industrialized countries (In industrialized countries, scientific research and technological innovation are
recognized as key factors in economic growth.)
pases integrantes: member countries (General information on the European Union member countries, candidate countries and other
European countries.); integrant countries (The external sales for the integrant countries of Mercosur had a 57%
high in comparison to)
Pases Menos Adelantados (PMAs): Least Developed Countries (LDCs) (The Least Developed Countries represent the poorest and
weakest segment of the international community. They comprise more than 880 million people)
pases miembros del ALBA: ALBA member countries (the ALBA member countries reiterated their condemnation of the economic,
commercial and financial embargo of the US against Cuba); member countries of ALBA (On August 25, 2008,
representatives of several member countries of ALBA met in Tegucigalpa )
palabra clave: keyword (You have 2 kind of search: search by keyword or by theme.)
palabra de nuevo cuo/frase de nuevo cuo: coinage
palabra por palabra: verbatim (He could quote long passages verbatim from the King James version of the Bible.)
palabras con un efecto similar: words of similar effect (We may accept payments marked Payment in Full or with words of similar
effect)
palanquilla de acero: steel billet (Ultimately, the minimill will create steel billets for further processing.)
Panel de Disputas de la Organizacin Mundial del Comercio: WTO dispute panel (However, a WTO dispute panel this year, on a
complaint by Ecuador, ruled that the EU quota tariff was unfair and incompatible with its regime.)
Panel de Solucin de Diferencias de la Organizacin Mundial del Comercio: World Trade Organizaton Dispute Settlement Panel (which
was supported by the decision of the World Trade Organizaton Dispute Settlement Panel that ruled against the
United States)
panel solar fotovoltaico: photovoltaic solar panel (Photovoltaic solar panel with 20 watts of power.)
panel solar: solar panel (The solar panel project is part of the Schools for Energy Efficiency program.)
panorama detallado: detailed overview (This section provides a detailed overview of the levels of employment in different sectors of the
national economy)
papel esencial: vital role (It plays a vital role in the resolution of issues of operational cooperation.)
papel fundamental: vital role (I am sure the European Parliament will play a vital role in all this.)
papel vital: vital role (The vital role of women in peace building.)
papeleo burocrtico: bureaucratic red tape (This would help prevent bureaucratic red tape and duplication of effort.)
para el cumplimiento de sus funciones: to the fulfillment of its functions (Audit Committee determines are appropriate to the fulfillment of
its functions under this Charter.) for the fulfillment of its functions (For the fulfillment of its functions the
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department of population health will have a coordinator);
para el final de: by the end of (...announced that it would purchase $600 billion in Treasury securities by the end of the second quarter of
2011...)
para ello cuenta con: in order to accomplish this, it counts on (In order to accomplish this, it counts on various retail and wholesale
financing sources)
para ello: for that (For that, basic structures and accountability processes are important.)
para fines de ao: at the end of the year; by the end of the year
Para gustos se han hecho colores.: There is no accounting for taste.
para informacin adicional: for further information (For further information, or to request a brochure, please contact )
para la cual: for which (If the quality of the sugar differs from the standard quality for which the intervention price was fixed, then this price
shall be increased or reduced accordingly.)
para lograr esto: in order to accomplish this (In order to accomplish this, a series of indicators have been created to measure certain
aspects such as decisionmaking.)
para que: in order for (In order for the standards to remain relevant and effective, the FATF must keep up to date with the latest money
laundering and terrorist financing methods, techniques and trends.); in order that
para tratar el problema: to bear on the problem (... description of the relevant technologies that this research brings to bear on the
problem, )
para un propsito especfico/para una necesidad especfica/para una necesidad inmediata: ad hoc (The ad hoc committee will meet
next week.) / (The President may extend ad hoc invitations to representatives of non-Members to attend the whole
or part of Plenary Meetings.)
para: in order to (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform )
paraso fiscal: tax haven (Liechtenstein will soon cease to be a tax haven for the British.)
paralelamente: in parallel (In parallel, we have been preparing the ground for the implementation of new platforms that are intended to
provide our employees with the best technological tools and our clients with the best service.)
parmetro: benchmark (Her performances set a new benchmark for classical pianists.); parameter (Aspin outlined the parameters of the
debate between Congress and the Pentagon.)
parar: halt (inflation was halted) (Congress voted additional funds in an effort to halt the spread of AIDS.)
parece estar/parece ser: appear to be (More recently, however, its contribution to GDP growth has appeared to be fading.)
parece haber: appear to have (between six and ten of the dead appear to have been executed at the site with gunshot wounds to the
head and body.)
parecer destinada: seem poised (Cooperatives seem poised to multiply, expand their range of activities and play a critical role in the new
Cuban socialist-oriented economic model that is emerging.)
parecer: appear (More recently, however, its contribution to GDP growth has appeared to be fading.); seem (The news seemed too good to
be true.); sound (that sounds like a good idea)
parecerse a: look like (Do you want to see what a 21
st
century economic depression looks like? Just look at Greece.); resemble (These are
one hundred percent Cuban companies which do not resemble any other company in the world.)
paridad de las tasas de inters: interest rate parity (Interest rate parity is a no-arbitrage condition representing an equilibrium state under
which investors will be indifferent to interest rates available on bank deposits in two countries.)
paridad del poder adquisitivo (ppa): purchasing power parity (ppp) (We are the fourth largest economy of the world in terms of
purchasing power parity.) / (Purchasing power parity is calculated by determining what each item purchased in a
country would cost if it were sold in the U.S. These are then added up for all the final goods and services produced in
that country for that given year.)
paridad del poder adquisitivo per capita: purchasing power parity per capita / (PPP) per capita (This article includes three lists of
countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita,
)
paridad fija: fixed parity (Argentina opted for a fixed parity arrangement because it considered this the most appropriate foreign exchange
regime.); currency peg (At the same time, the currency peg could be threatened by persistent fiscal deficits and a
public debt exceeding 100 per cent of GDP)
paridad: parity (Argentina opted for a fixed parity arrangement because it considered this the most appropriate...); par
paro: stoppage (After a two-day work stoppage in early July, another strike started in September.)
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parque empresarial: business park (The Business Park is a cross-border project between Austria and Hungary.)
parque elico: wind farm (A wind farm involves much more than wind towers.)
parqu: trading floor (Each company being negotiated at the trading floor must send its own brokers.)
parte contratante: contracting party (Norway is not yet a contracting party to the revised Kyoto Convention.)
parte cumplidora/ parte que cumple: non-breaching party (the non-breaching party may terminate the Agreement, by written notice to
the breaching party, 30 days after first delivering notice of such breach and the failure to cure such breach within the
30 days.)
parte incumplidora/parte que incumple: breaching party (the non-breaching party may terminate the Agreement, by written notice to the
breaching party, 30 days after first delivering notice of such breach and the failure to cure such breach within the 30
days.)
parte interesada: stakeholder (This tool suggests five steps for conducting a stakeholder analysis. )
parte involucrada: party involved (Payments may be classified by the number of parties involved to consummate a transaction.)
parte: party (Bangladesh is party to all major disarmament treaties.); share (We encourage the Security Council to devote a share of its
attention to the issue of illicit brokering.)
participacin accionarial: shareholding (All the other facilities benefited the private sector, with local companies having a significant
European shareholding.)
participacin en las utilidades/participacin en las ganancias): gain sharing
participacin en un grupo delictivo organizado y estafa: participation in an organised criminal group and racketeering
participacin relativa: relative share (He pointed out that the agricultural sector had a far greater strategic importance than its relative
share of gross national product would suggest.); relative participation (Relative participation of biofuels in total
primary energy supply (In %).)
participacin: involvement (He was accused of involvement in the murder.)
participaciones en instituciones financieras: shareholdings in financial institutions (in relation to the supervisory assessments of
acquisitions and increased shareholdings in financial institutions and investment firms.)
participante: stakeholder (In collaboration with other international stakeholders,)
participar en: engage in (A covenant is a solemn agreement to engage in or refrain from a specified action.)
particular: private individual (It makes sense for the excise to be charged to the private individual who transports the products or has them
transported.)
particularidades del sector bancario: (Tailor such schemes to the particularities of the banking sector being treated in order to ensure
maximum effectiveness and restore lending.)
particularmente: notably (Other sports have had work stoppages, most notably baseball.)
partida de gasto: item of expenditure (In future years, they are likely to become the largest item of expenditure.)
partida doble: double entry (finanzas) (The general accounts shall show, by the double entry method, all budgetary and non-budgetary
revenue and expenditure for the financial year and are intended to establish the institutions assets.)
partida: tem (Moreover, the Bank has adjusted certain specified items to make the data from fiscal 2011 and 2010 comparable.); entry
(contabilidad) (The budget entry reflecting the budget guarantee for the loan component of the assistance will be
activated only in the case of an effective call on the guarantee.)
partidario de la economa de mercado libre: (a proponent of a free-market economy) free marketeer (George Osborne, the free-
marketeer, ridicules the Robin Hood Tax.)
partidario: supporter (He is a strong supporter of states rights.)
partidas dentro del balance: on-balance sheet items (These instruments shall be treated separately from on-balance-sheet items.)
partidas fuera del balance: off-balance sheet items (In general, these corporations treat certain financial instruments as off-balance-sheet
items.)
partir de la base de que: work on the principle that
pasarse/pasarse de rosca/pasarse de la raya: go over the top (Thirdly, there is the risk of going over the top in the quest for
liberalisation.)
pase lo que pase: regardless (We want tax cuts, but regardless, we need to limit expenditures.); come what will (Come what will, I propose
to remain here.)
pasivo corriente/pasivo circulante: current liabilities (Bank overdrafts are shown within financial liabilities under current liabilities on the
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balance sheet.
pasivo financiero: financial liabilities (Bank overdrafts are shown within financial liabilities under current liabilities on the balance sheet.)
pasivo no corriente: non-current liabilities (As of March 31, 2009 the liability recognized by us is $71.1 million and is included as non-
current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.)
pasivo/pasivos: liabilities (The business has liabilities of $5 million.) / (Items of the assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies
are converted into the currency of the capital at the average cash rates in force on the closing date.)
pasivos con costo: cost-bearing liabilities (As of December 31 2005, the share of cost-bearing liabilities in total liabilities was 92.3
percent.)
pasivos monetarios: monetary liabilities (During the past three years, our monetary liabilities have exceeded our monetary assets, )
pasivos que devengan intereses: interest-bearing liabilities (The increase in the average balance of total interest-bearing liabilities of
$116.9 million increased interest expense by $.7 million and ...)
pasivos que no devengan intereses: non-interest-bearing liabilities (A businesss liabilities can be broadly categorized as interest-bearing
and non-interest-bearing liabilities.)
pasivos sin costo: non-cost-bearing liabilities (Debt includes non-cost-bearing liabilities.)
paso slido y razonable: (With the approval of the present directive, we are taking a sound and sensible step in this direction.)
paso: pace (Its pace of technological innovation outruns that of practically any other )
patio de operaciones: trading floor (Each company being negotiated at the trading floor must send its own brokers.)
patrimonio de la humanidad: heritage of humanity (The heritage of original digital content-which might be digital photos, a web page or a
database-makes up an integral part of the heritage of humanity.); heritage of mankind (Since 1894, we have been
working in close partnership with records custodians around the world to preserve the heritage of mankind.)
patrimonio neto y pasivo: net worth and liabilities (Total net worth and liabilities); net assets and liabilities (Net assets and liabilities.);
equity and liabilities (Total equity and liabilities)
patrimonio neto: net worth (to raise funds mainly from individual private investors, including high net worth individuals.)
patrimonio: assets (Direct taxes are applied to income earned and assets.)
patrocinador/patrocinadora: sponsor (Corporate sponsors support many public TV programs.)
patrocinar: sponsor (this team is sponsored by a hi-fi company)
patrocinio: sponsorship (Participation and sponsorship from industry has itself become a national agenda )
patrn cambio oro: gold exchange standard (Prior to the Agreement, the gold exchange standard--prevailing between 1876 and World
War I--dominated the international economic system.)
patrn oro: gold standard (An attempt to restore the gold standard in the 1920s was short-lived: Britain left the full gold standard
permanently in 1931, as did the United States two years later.)
paulatinamente: by degrees
pecuario/pecuaria: livestock (Concerns arise when the pace of change in the livestock sector exceeds the capacity of the rest of the
economy to provide alternative employment opportunities.)
pedir prestado: borrow (Could I borrow your bike until next week?) / (For personal loans and personal lines of credit, employees may not
borrow more than 50% of their annual gross base salary at the reduced rate.) Many people confuse the verbs
borrow and lend (or loan). Borrow means to take or receive, lend, to loan or give.
pedir: apply for (The self-employed and micro entrepreneurs may apply for loans starting at 3,000 CUP, ); ask (I'd like to ask your advice
on a financial matter.)
peligros naturales: natural hazards (Natural hazards pose a major threat to the agricultural sector ...)
pendiente (de pago): outstanding (oustanding accounts;outstanding debts) / (My credit cards usually have an outstanding balance.)
pendiente (por resolver): outstanding (outstanding issues); unsolved; not finished
Peor es el remedio que la enfermedad.: The cure is worse than the cause. / The solution is worse than the problem. / The cure is worse
than the disease.
pequeas y medianas empresas: small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) (Many businesses in the tourism industry are small and
medium-sized enterprises and would already benefit from regulations for this category.) / (Commercial Banking
serves the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises and large companies across Canada.)
percibir un inters del: earn interest of (What amount of principal will earn interest of $175.50 at 6.5% in 8 months?)
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prdida de convertibilidad : loss of convertibility (The loss of convertibility of the convertible peso damaged companies with accounts in
this currency.
perfeccionamiento empresarial: enterprise improvement (Enterprise Improvement grants more autonomy to state enterprises within the
framework of the plan.)
perfeccionamiento: enhancement (The enhancement of reporting systems improved the quality of information provided to the
subprogramme ); refinement (refinements to these standards)
perfeccionar: improve (Ways and means should be found in order to introduce and improve mechanisms for cost-recovery aiming at
pursuing the financial autonomy ...); refine (refine evaluation procedures)
perfil temtico: subject profile (Contact Forestry Information Centre for assistance in setting up a subject profile which will be run regularly
against major databases); thematic profile (This document represents a draft Thematic Profile in the Field of the
Protection and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity)
perfilar: outline (The Guidelines have a section on monetary and exchange rate policy that outlines the intended changes for
implementation in that field.)
pericia: know-how (Marlo has the know-how to fix your computer.) / (financial know-how) / (technical know-how)
periodicidad: regularity (assess the regularity and structure of credit committees at branches)
peridico: recurring (Recurring costs represent costs for one year.)
periodificaciones acreedoras: accrued expenses and deferred income (Expenses accrued and not yet paid and income accrued and not
yet received are recorded under Accrued expenses and deferred income.)
periodificaciones deudoras: prepayments and accrued income (Expenses paid in advance and income received in advance are recorded
under Prepayments and accrued income.)
periodo de gracia: grace period (You have a grace period (= extra time) after the due date to pay the insurance premium.)
Perodo Especial en Tiempo de Paz: Special Period in Peacetime (The term Special Period in Peacetime has a curious etymology that
explains much about its nature. It is derived from the phrase Special Period in time of war ...)
perodo promedio de pago a proveedores: average payment period to suppliers (In 2011, there were 184 municipalities with an average
payment period to suppliers above 90 days.)
permanecer en vigor/permanecer vigente: remain in effect (The $1,000,000 annual maximum will remain in effect during 2011.)
permanecer: remain (In order for the standards to remain relevant and effective)
permanente: standing (African-Americans headed five standing committees in the House of Representatives.)
permisivo: permissive (They constitute a balanced approach between a total prevention and a permissive approach.)
permiso de ausencia: leave of absence (No leave of absence shall be granted to any member who has completed a leave of absence
within the preceding twenty-four months.)
permitir (autorizar): allow (Youre not allow to talk during the exam.) / (Allow me to congratulate you on your election.)
permitir (de posibilitar, de facilitar): enable (new technology will enable better communications) / (the new system will enable better
communication between doctor and patient)
permitirse por s solo: afford on its own (The budget should aim at the future and endorse action which no single Member State can afford
on its own.) / (It is often complicated for a production company to afford on its own the production of a film in terms
of financing and workload.)
permitirse: afford (Most citizens cannot afford to pay high court costs and legal fees when they are victimized.)
permuta financiera de crdito en mora/permuta de incumplimiento de crdito: credit default swap (Credit default swaps are
transactions in which one of the parties agrees to pay interest expenses to the other party so that the latter can make
a payment if a credit event occurs.)
permuta financiera de deudas por acciones: debt-to-equity swap (Converting debt to equity occurs when the lender converts a loan
amount (or a loan amount represented by outstanding bonds) into equity shares. No cash exchange occurs in the
debt-to-equity swap.); debt equity swap
permuta financiera de materias primas: commodity swap (Commodity swaps are transactions in which counterparties exchange fixed and
floating rate payments, based on the notional principal value of a single product.)
permuta financiera de participacin: equity swap (Equity swaps are transactions in which counterparties agree to exchange the return on
one equity or group of equities for a payment based on a benchmark interest rate.)
permuta financiera de tasa de inters en distintas divisas: cross-currency swap (Cross-currency swaps are transactions in which
counterparties exchange fixed rate interest payments and principal payments in different currencies.)
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permuta financiera de tasas de inters: interest rate swap (Interest rate swaps are transactions in which counterparties exchange fixed
and floating rate interest payments, based on the notional principal value in the same currency.)
permuta financiera: swap (Swaps are over-the-counter contracts in which two parties agree to exchange cash flows.)
pero: but (The Bank applies judgment when considering factors that could be used by market participants but that are not included in the
valuation model.)
Perro que ladra no muerde.: A barking dog seldom bites.
persecucin y acoso a las transacciones comerciales y financieras cubanas: persecution and harassment of Cubas commercial and
financial transactions (the persecution and harassment of Cubas comercial and financial transactions around
the world have been intensified)
perseguir: pursue (She single-mindedly pursued her goal of earning a law degree.)
persistente: persistent (This situation remains a serious and persistent problem.); ongoing (It is open, which one of the two sides will
prevail in the ongoing conflict.); lingering (One lingering core concern is political freedom.); nagging (a nagging
fear that America's decline is inevitable)
persona de la tercera edad: senior citizen (It causes hardships, shortages and difficulties that affect every family, every boy and girl, every
man and woman, the handicapped, the senior citizens and the ill.)
persona jurdica/persona social/persona civil: legal entity (references to a person shall be construed as references to both a natural
person and a legal entity); body corporate (an authority to take decisions on behalf of the body corporate); legal
person; juridical person; artificial person
persona natural: natural person (A cooperative is a group of legal or natural persons (associates) united voluntarily to meet needs and
aspirations through a company that belongs to all equally and should be managed or controlled by them
democratically.
persona polticamente expuesta: politically exposed person (PEP)(have appropriate risk management systems to determine whether the
customer is a politically exposed person)
persona: person (Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the moon.)
personal de apoyo/personal de respaldo: back-up staff (with perhaps up to twenty dealers, and a back-up staff of some fifty further
individuals)
personal directivo: executive staff (Each party has appointed one of these executive staff members.); managerial staff (The
organigramme should include both the managerial staff (one person only), and the technical-administrative staff.)
personal dirigente: managerial staff (In the ongoing expansion of our worldwide activities, we are looking for experienced managerial staff
to successfully implement our strategic objectives.)
personal ejecutivo: executive staff (Of the 36 executive staff members, 12 are from the South and 13 are women.)
personal: staffing (There have been various references already to the staffing issue.)
personalizar: customize (We will customize existing software to meet our clients needs.)
personalizar: customize (We will customize existing software to meet our clients' needs.)
personas: persons (The plane crashed just after takeoff, killing all 29 persons aboard.); people (The auditorium can seat about 500 people.)
Mientras que persona en singular se traduce por person, el plural tiene dos traducciones: people y persons.
People es la forma mas utilizada, ya que persons se emplea solamente en el lenguaje formal o tcnico. (Three
people have just arrived asking for a Mr Oliva.) / (Weight limit: 8 persons) / (millions of people). The noun people
is considered plural in English in terms of subject-verb agreement, even though it is singular. Some people were
hurt.
perspectiva: vistas (has opened new vistas for cooperation); prospect (the prospects of slow growth); outlook (The economic outlook is
good.) / (world economic outlook)
pertenecer a: belong to (Twelve countries belong to the eurozone )
perteneciente a: belonging to (Special attention will be paid to the rights of persons belonging to minorities in non-member countries.)
pertinente: relevant (An integrated approach based on that concept is highly relevant to the entire process.)
perturbacin econmica: economic dislocation (the stresses and economic dislocation generated by the multilateral trading system.)
economic upheaval (Liberalisation should not create economic upheavals.)
pesar: weigh (these factors will weigh on employment growth)
Pescar en ro revuelto.: To fish in troubled waters.
peso: clout (We call on the Commission to exert all its political clout and fight for the early release of the prisoners.)
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petrodlar: petrodollar
petrleo de esquisto: shale oil (This shale oil is a potentially valuable fossil fuel, but the present methods of mining and refining it are
expensive, damage the land, pollute the water, and produce carcinogenic wastes.)
petrolfero/petrolfera: oil (...proposal would provide an appropriate or effective response in the event of an oil crisis.); oil bearing
pie de cra: breeding stock
pie de foto: caption ( include the required copyright credit after the caption in the body of your email.) / (Captions are a crucial part of the
contest.)
piedra angular: cornerstone (The cornerstone of our efforts) / (Funds for the school system were the cornerstone of his budget
proposal.)
pignorable: pledgeable (Bonds pledgeable as a security for public deposits.)
pignoracin de cuentas de ahorros: pledge of savings accounts (Any association may take the pledge of savings accounts of the
association owned by a member other than the borrower as additional security for any loan ...); Piensa el ladrn
que todos son de su condicin.: Evildoers always think the worst of others. / We all judge others by our own
standards.
pignoracin: pledge; pignoration (The word pignoration is used by Justinian in the title of the 52d novel, and signifies not only a pledge of
property, but an engagement of the person.)
pignorar (dar o dejar en prenda): pledge = (Something left as security with someone to whom one owes money, etc.) / (The property that
will be pledged as collateral for a loan.)
pilar de la economa: pillar of the economy (The manufacturing sector has been and is the pillar of the economy.)
plan de medidas: schedule of measures (the Portuguese authorities presented a schedule of measures designed to overcome the
constraints cited.)
planear y organizar: mastermind (The Cuban territory has never been used, nor will it be ever used to mastermind, finance or carry out
terrorist acts against any country, including the United States.)
planta de produccin de ltima generacin: state-of-the-art manufacturing facility (State of the art manufacturing facility with two
automated chemical processing lines.)
plantear: bring up (This is the reason why I bring up this issue.); pose (This could pose challenges to local environments.) / (We would like
to pose the following questions.); approach; state
plantilla: staff (She joined the staff of the Smithsonian Institution in 1954.)
plantillas infladas: inflated staffs (Under the above heading Izvestia printed an article about inflated staffs in the Ukraine Republic Ministry
of the Food Products Industry.); bloated staffs (with higher labor productivity and reducing the bloated staffs,
that, by April, will lay off half a million workers, displaced to the private sector.); inflated payrolls (If we keep the
inflated payrolls in nearly every sector of national life and pay salaries that fail to correspond with the result of
work)
plataforma continental: continental shelf (The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain.)
plataforma de servicio virtual: virtual service platform (Virtual Service Platform enables multiple and diverse operating systems and
applications hosted in virtual environments, terminal servers, ...)
Plataforma Mundial para la Inclusin Financiera: Global Platform for Financial Inclusion (GPFI)
plazo (vencimiento): deadline (The deadline for filing income taxes is April 15th.)
plazo de amortizacin; repayment term (Minimum repayment term is six months, and maximum term, one year.)
plazo: installment (In respect of the payment of the second installment, the procedures and requirements which apply to the renewal of ...) /
(Amount calculated according to the installment percentage.)
plena fe: full faith ( full faith and credit should be given to such certificate.)
pleno apoyo/ pleno respaldo: full endorsement (... Member States have given the Programme their full endorsement.) / (I am sure that
those conclusions will receive the full endorsement of the European Parliament.)
pleno empleo: full employment (Cancellation of the full employment policy, which includes rationalization of state employment of more
than one million workers )
plica: escrow (The Bank expects that the conditions will be met, and that the shares held in escrow will be released over the next year.) /
(The escrow holder has the obligation to safeguard the funds and/or documents while they are in his/her possession
and to disburse funds and/or convey title only when all provisions of the escrow have been complied.)
plusvala (en la teora marxista): surplus value (Surplus value is a concept written about by Karl Marx. Although Marx did not himself
invent the term, he developed the concept.)
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plusvala: capital gain; appreciation; increased value
poblacin de 65 y mas aos de edad: population aged 65 and above (The proportion of the population aged 65 and above is more than
12% of the total in Cuba, )
poblacin econmicamente activa: economically active population (EAP) (With the exception of Austria, the figure for workers from the 10
new Member States employed has not exceeded 1% of the economically active population.)
poblacin econmicamente inactiva: economically inactive population (EIP) (Domestic service workers are part of the economically active
population (EAP), while homemakers are part of the economically inactive population (EIP).
poblacin en edad laboral: working age population (By raising the employment rate of the working age population we can counter to a
large extent the effect of demographic ageing on economic dependency ratios.)
poblacin mundial: worlds population (That right is currently denied to more than one fifth of the worlds population.)
poblacin por debajo del umbral de pobreza: population below poverty line (The GDP in 1999 was 5.7 billion dollars with a real growth of
6.5% and 47% of the population below the poverty line.)
pocas probabilidades: short odds
poco a poco: gradually (Sales of the product are improving gradually.); by degrees
poco aconsejable: ill-advised (the CCCTB proposal is badly thought out and ill-advised.)
poco despus: soon afterwards
poco mas de: a little more than (The entire family survives on a little more than a dollar a day.); rather more than ( to allow Palestinians
to live and breathe rather more than they have the chance of doing at the moment.)
poco mas o menos: approximately; roughly (The towns population has roughly doubled.)
poco menos que/poco menos de : little less than (A little less than 70% of the reported measures initiated last year ); slightly less than
(Slightly less than half (49.1 %) of the same cohort of enterprises survived )
poco probable que: unlikely to (In addition, as a group they were unlikely to meet the goal of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger by
2015.daccess-ods.)
pocos/pocas: few (He is one of the few (people) I can trust to keep a secret.)
poder adaptarse a las circunstancias: to be able to adapt to the circumstances (a teacher who is able to adapt to the circumstances of
his students)
poder adquisitivo: purchasing power (the dual currency tends to be associated with the low purchasing power of wages and inequality.)
poder de derecho/poder de jure: de jure power (Their general argument is that a change in political institutions that modifies the
distribution of de jure power may be offset by a change in the distribution of de facto political power.
poder fctico/poder de facto: de facto power (De facto power is power that is not allocated by de jure institutions such as voting
legislation or elections, but rather is possessed by a social group as a result of wealth, violence, or other means.
poder terminar: make it (the deadlines on Friday and were not going to make it)
poder: be able to (After high inflation at the beginning of the 1990s, the economic authorities were able to stabilize prices.)
Poderoso caballero es Don dinero.: Money talks.
poltica comercial: trade policy (Therefore, trade policy and trade reform need to be made)
poltica contable: accounting policy (the various accounting policy choices are some of the factors that will change the impact of
applying IFRS for the Bank.)
poltica crediticia: credit policy (Thirdly, and more generally, the real economy must be assisted with an ambitious new credit policy.)
poltica de ajuste: adjustment policy (The government has been applying a tough adjustment policy )
poltica de competencia: competition policy (New challenges to competition policy have arisen with the increasing globalization of the
world economy.)
poltica de pies secos-pies mojados: wet food/dry foot (the abrogation of the Cuban Adjustment Act and the wet foot/dry foot policy)
poltica de precios: pricing policy (However, issuing banks cannot pursue an individual pricing policy for the services they provide for
acquiring banks.)
poltica econmica de no intervencionismo: laissez-faire (The open market that we want is not a matter of laissez-faire or of everyone
doing as they please.)
poltica econmica: economic policy (Cuban economic policy was able to control the three-digit inflation that had emerged at the
beginning of the decade as a result of the crisis and macroeconomic imbalances.)
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poltica gubernamental de minima restriccin commercial: laissez-faire (Free trade is not the same as laissez-faire.)
poltica macroeconmica: macroeconomic policy (An appropriate and tension-free macroeconomic policy approach consists of the
following ingredients)
poltica monetaria anticclica: counter-cyclical monetary policy (Counter-cyclical monetary policy in developing countries is needed)
poltica monetaria y cambiaria: monetary and exchange rate policy (Monetary and exchange rate policy has been by far the most
developed area of regional cooperation and integration in Africa.)
poltica monetaria y financiera: monetary and financial policy (In addition, they address issues of common interest related to international
monetary and financial policy.)
polticas contables: accounting policies (When necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group, the accounting
policies of the associate companies are modified.)
polticas monetarias: monetary policies (The Bank of Canada has no control over changes in monetary policies or capital market
conditions.)
polo cientfico: scientific pole (Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) is located in the west side of Havana City and
together with other nearby scientific research centers, integrates what is best known as the 'scientific pole' west of
Havana.)
polo turstico: tourist pole (The tourist pole in Holguin will receive about 200 thousand tourists in the 12 flights announced to operate in
Frank Pais International Airport, this weekend.)
ponderar: ponder (However, it is only fair to ponder whether this is an appropriate solution in the light of other interests and considerations.);
weigh (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform )
poner a disposicin de: make available to (In that event the competent authorities may authorize the company only to make available to
the public either the own or the consolidated accounts, provided that the accounts which are not made available to
the public do not contain any significant additional information.)
poner a la par: put on a par (In New York the value of the freehold required was reduced, and persons who merely rented land or houses
were put on a par with those who owned them.)
poner a prueba: pilot (Our district is piloting a day-care program.)
poner a punto: hone (Growth Research helps you hone your growth strategy by looking at opportunities from multiple perspectives )
poner coto a: put a curb on (High interest rates put a curb on spending.)
poner de manifiesto: make clear (These developments make clear that eradication of the practice of torture demands a multifaceted
strategy.); make evident
poner de relieve: throw into relief ( was thrown into relief by concerns over the European sovereign debt.); bring into relief; underscore
(It should be underscored that 90% of the Banks direct portfolio is collateralized with real guarantees or outside
repayment sources, ); highlight (The following list highlights the Banks strategic focus:)
poner en funcionamiento: put in place (New guidelines were put in place to facilitate and promote referrals among our three business
segments.); get off the ground (in practice such collaboration can often be very difficult to get off the ground.)
poner en marcha: put in place (New guidelines were put in place to facilitate and promote referrals among our three business segments.);
get underway (Its time to get this project underway (= started).); get off the ground (Instead, both the Council and
its individual member States should do all in their power to help negotiations get off the ground.)
poner en prctica: put into practice (The reforms must now be put into practice without delay.); implement (We could implement a
number of incentives to this end.)
poner en vigor: put into effect (These measures may only be put into effect following approval by the Commission.); put into force
(However, it does not explain when and how it can be considered that Turkey has put into force such provisions.)
poner freno a: put a curb on (High interest rates put a curb on spending.)
poner punto final a: put a stop to (We found the perfect solutions to put a stop to the most common household energy vampires.)
poner: put (This puts me in a very difficult position.); place (As with every year, we take this opportunity to reciprocate the trust our
shareholders and investors have placed in us, )
poqusimo/poqusima: few and far between (Sunny, warm weekends have been few and far between this summer (= there have not been
many).
por adelantado: beforehand (ask to be paid beforehand)
por debajo de sus posibilidades potenciales: below-par (The European economy is now in its third successive year of very low and
substantially below-par growth.)
por debajo de: below (the decline in value below its cost)
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por debajo del nominal/por debajo del par: below par (causing the bond to trade in the secondary market at a discount price below par
(quoted as less than 100), or a premium price above par (quoted as greater than 100).
por delante: ahead (We have a lot of hard work ahead of us.)
por desgracia: (Unfortunately, today, there are over 60 million citizens living below the poverty line in the European Union)
por diversas razones: for a variety of reasons (This is of vital importance for a variety of reasons.)
por ejemplo: e.g. abbreviation for exempli gratia (= Latin for for example) (Eat foods containing a lot of fiber, e.g., fruits, vegetables, and
whole grains.) USAGE: In spoken English, people say for example or such as instead of e.g.; for instance (Can
you tell us a little of your background? For instance, where were you born?)
por el cual/por la cual/por lo cual/por lo que/por los cuales/por medio del cual:; which (which there have been confrontations
between the different groups, resulting in persons injured and imprisoned.); whereby (a system whereby payments
are made automatically)
por el cual/por la cual/por lo cual: whereby (They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over several months.)
por el cual/por la cual/por los cuales/por las cuales: by which (Goodwill represents the amount by which the price paid exceeds the fair
value of the net assets acquired.)
por el estilo: suchlike (of things) (pots, pans and suchlike things); (of people) (media people and suchlike)
por el momento: for the time being (Nevertheless, for the time being, the economic and monetary rebalancing is proceeding fairly
harmoniously, )
por el presente/por la presente: hereby (We hereby undertake to attain these objectives ) / (I hereby certify that the above named
groom and bride were joined by me in marriage in accordance with the laws of )
por ello: thereby (The Office of the President carries out its responsibilities as a team, thereby ensuring consistency as well as information
and knowledge sharing among the Banks business units.) this is why (This is why my view is that things must get
done quickly, as quickly as possible.)
por encima de la media: above average (Ireland is now above average and continues to see productivity gains.)
por encima de toda duda: without question
por encima de: in excess of (the Bank seeks to ensure that trading and investment decisions do not entail risks in excess of preset
limits.); above (Our wages are above average.) / (September was the second month in a row when indus- trial sector
sales grew above 10% yoy)
por encima del nominal/por encima del par: above par (causing the bond to trade in the secondary market at a discount price below par
(quoted as less than 100), or a premium price above par (quoted as greater than 100).
por ende: as a result (As a result, powerful schools were able to attract more funds.); hence (Hence, the credit system accelerates the
material development of the productive forces and the establishment ...); therefore (Therefore, the results are
reviewed periodically and lead to model adjustments if necessary.)
por equivocacin/por error: in error (I authorize CSE to contact the financial institution and make debit entries and adjustments for any
credit entries made in error to my account.)
por esa razn: thereby (The Office of the President carries out its responsibilities as a team, thereby ensuring consistency as well as
information and knowledge sharing among the Banks business units.)
por escrito: in writing (We need to have your offer in writing before we can respond to it.)
por eso: thereby (They had failed to agree to a settlement, thereby throwing 250 people out of work.); that is why; hence (A better working
environment improves peoples performance, and hence productivity.)
por este medio: hereby (I hereby certfy that the anexed documents)
por favor no dude en: please feel free to (If you have any questions or need further information, please feel free to contact me.); please do
not hesitateto to (If you have any questions about the program, please do not hesitate to contact me for more
information.)
por la cual/por la que: for which (The information must be provided as soon as the reason for which the information is withheld ceases to
exist.)
por la misma razn/por el mismo motivo: by the same token (By the same token, however, it would be unacceptable for the fight against
terrorism to favour new forms of discrimination.)
por la presente le comunico que: I hereby inform you that
por la presente: hereby (in documents) (I hereby declare) / (I hereby commit to inform the United Nations Environment Programme that
)
por lo comn: as a rule (As a rule (= Usually), we dont allow children in here.)
168

por lo cual/por lo que: for which; which is why (... need to carry out more accurate assessments of the risks involved in the granting of
loans by banks, which is why adopting a new agreement (Basel II) is important.) / (For us, our consumers and
customers are the most important part of the company, which is why we are committed to offering them the best
brands, products, and services.)
por lo dems: otherwise (She mentioned her marriage; otherwise she said nothing about herself.)
por lo general: generally (Generally, it is sufficient to include financial statements from the prior three years ); as a rule (The Minister of
State and the government councillors make up the Government Council, which meets as a rule once a week.); for
the most part (We have our differences but for the most part we work together as allies and friends.); habitually
(They habitually have a high school level of formal education.)
por lo menos: at least ( at least since 2002, has been characterised by continuous illiquidity and insolvency, increasing losses and
negative asset value.); at any rate (At any rate, the Commission will examine the measures taken by Member States
according to )
por lo que a respecta/en lo que a respecta: as far as is concerned (As far as after-service medical benefits are concerned, such
liability should normally be determined by actuarial evaluation.)
por lo que a se refiere/en lo que a se refiere: as far as is concerned
por lo que todo este/por lo que toda esta: so that all this (Ultimately Im planning to release the whole website under some kind of open
licence, so that all this information will be free forever.)
por lo que todo lo que: so that all that (This document details a much faster method of producing a standard PC image so that all that is
needed for a new PC is to image it and enter a new Windows ...)
por lo tanto: therefore (Therefore, the results are reviewed periodically and lead to model adjustments if necessary.); hence (Hence, armed
intervention must be seen as an ...); accordingly
por mas que/por mucho que: however much (If Emma likes something she'll buy it, however much it costs.)
por medio del cual/pormedio de la cual: whereby (They've set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over several months.)
por muchos motives: on many accounts
por otra parte/por otro lado: on the other hand (On the other hand, the indebtedness ratio (liability/equity) decreases to 9.62 times.); what
is more (What is more, there is no evidence that the aid is degressive if the purpose of it is to cover...); moreover
(the contract moreover stipulates that )
por pagar: outstanding (not yet paid) (My credit cards usually have an outstanding balance.); overdue (past the time required for payment);
payable (Accounts payable data are sent to a third party, which categorizes spending.)
por parte de: on the part of (There is a greater understanding on the part of the international community concerning )
por primera vez: for the first time (In fact, for the first time, the worlds three largest economic regions posted simultaneous increases in
economic activity in the summer of 2013.)
por principio: on principle (I never borrow money, on principle); as a matter of principle (I never borrow money, as a matter of principle);
as a point of principle
por razones ajenas a nuestra voluntad: due to circumstances beyond our control (Due to circumstances beyond our control, we are
not accepting applications for admission.); for reasons beyond our control
por razones de seguridad: for security purposes (In any global framework for exchange of mass commercial data for security purposes,
the EU must forcefully project its own laws and principles.)
por regla general: as a general rule (As a general rule I try to avoid reading internet comments.)
por su parte: in turn (Developing countries in turn are reluctant to constrain their emissions.)
por sus siglas en: by its acronym (the Chamber of Commerce of the Republic of Cuba (CCRC by its Spanish acronym))
por tanto: therefore (Therefore, the results are reviewed periodically and lead to model adjustments if necessary.); hence (Hence, armed
intervention must be seen as an ...); accordingly
por trmino medio; on average (On average (= usually), a person's income is highest when they are in their mid-50s.)
por todas partes/por todos lados: all over the place (You see them all over the place, you see them in America.)
por todo el pas: nationwide (we now have over 300 branches nationwide)
por ultimo pero no menos importante: last but not least (Last but not least, I want to thank our interpreters for their tireless efforts.)
por ultimo: finally (Finally, I recommend that all extrajudicial negotiation between the parties, would be more useful ); lastly (Lastly, the
total capital ratio remained steady due to)
Por un clavo se pierde una herradura.: For want of a nail the shoe is lost.
169

por una parte: on the one hand (On the one hand, human security involves the construction of a civic ethos.)
por: because of (I did it because of you.); via (I sent the application papers via fax.)
porcentaje sobre el PIB/como porcentaje del PIB: as a percentage of GDP (Additional problems are Japans much weaker financial
position (gross debt as a percentage of GDP is close to 200%) and the countrys ageing population.)
porcentualmente: in percentage terms (Of these populations, the Mapuche people, in percentage terms, are the most significant.)
porcin: share (You can ask us to reimburse you for our share of the cost.)
portavoz: spokesperson (The President is the principal spokesperson for the FATF and represents the FATF externally.); spokesman;
spokeswoman
porteador martimo: sea carrier (the owner of goods, makes a contract with a sea carrier to carry them from Zenda to Xanadu.);
maritime carrier (even though the substance spilled at sea was being transported by a third party, in this case a
maritime carrier.)
posdata: postscript; P.S.
posibilidad: possibility (As long as nuclear weapons exist, the possibility of their proliferation will remain.); opportunity (Migrants also have
the opportunity to attend integration courses there.); chance (International collaboration was the only chance for
some countries to conduct archaeological operations.); likelihood (Theres little likelihood of a compromise.);
prospect (Prospects in the computer industry are excellent.); scope (this should give you plenty of scope for your
talents)
posibilitar: make posible (These projects will make possible the exchange of good practice and the experimentation ...)
posicin de maxima supremaca: be in the drivers seat (Emerging economies are in the drivers seat.)
posicin de mxima autoridad: be in the drivers seat (Emerging economies are in the drivers seat.)
posicin de mxima dominacin: be in the drivers seat (Emerging economies are in the drivers seat.)
posicin: standing (financial standing) / (You must pay dues to remain a member in good standing.)
posicionamiento: positioning (Santanders strong positioning as a benchmark bank in our natural markets.)
posponer: defer (You can order the furniture now and defer payment until September.) / (The deferred devaluation of the official rate of the
Cuban peso, )
postergar: defer (You can order the furniture now and defer payment until September.) / (The deferred devaluation of the official rate of the
Cuban peso, )
postgrado: postgraduate course; postgraduate qualification
potenciacin: empowerment (It was noted that public empowerment must start with youth.)
potencial comercial: potential market
potencial financiero: financial muscle
potenciar (comercio): boost (measures to boost trade)
potenciar (conocimiento, entendimiento, comprensin): advance (Research has advanced our understanding of the virus.)
potenciar: maximize; boost; give power to; increase the power of; increase the possibilities of
prctica comn: common usage (There are seven common usage patterns, that help to speed up the process of implementing
connectivity and integration solutions.)
prctica contable: accounting convention (An accounting convention is a customary practice followed by accountants.)
prctica del costo histrico: historical cost convention (The financial statements are prepared under the historical cost convention in
accordance with the United Nations system accounting standards.)
prctica empresarial no tica: unethical business practice (Unlawful and unethical business practices undermine employee and
customer trust.)
prcticamente: just about (I have just about finished now.)
prctico/prctica: actual (The actual application of the method is based on past experience with similar methods.); practical (the practical
effect wasnt what we anticipated)
precario/precaria: shaky (Recent economic statistics, which have shown much weaker-than-expected growth in the first six months and a
shakier recovery, have dampened the economic outlook for the United States.)
precedente legal: legal precedent
precedente: foregoing (The foregoing list of risk factors is not exhaustive.); preceding (The table on the preceding page shows the test
170

results.)
preceder: forego; precede (Nouns are often preceded by adjectives.)
precio actual del mercado: current market price (Total credit risk exposure to a counterparty must include the cost of replacing
unmatured transactions at current market prices.)
precio de adquisicin: acquisition cost (The items, which comprise Intangible Fixed Assets, are valued at their acquisition cost or cost of
production.); purchase price (The parties have agreed not to disclose the purchase price.)
precio de compra a futuro: forward purchase price (The forward purchase price payable at any time under the forward contracts is the
present value of the adjusted forward settlement price.)
precio de referencia: benchmark price
precio de venta: selling price (The selling price is determined by an independent expert.)
precisar: pin down (As for the date, that is more difficult to pin down.) / (But the real figure is impossible to pin down.)
preciso/precisa: accurate (We need accurate information before we can develop a plan of action.)
predecir: foretell (... economic recession is temporary or how long it will last and how deep it will be, is not possible to foretell.); forecast
(The government is forecasting that unemployment will continue to fall.)
predilecto: of choice (National Bank is the leading bank in Quebec and the partner of choice for small and medium-sized enterprises.)
predominante: prevailing (Fortunately the prevailing tendency of national governments seems to indicate the sensible path to take );
dominant (the current dominant big state sector in Cuba.)
prefacio: foreword (It is preceded by a foreword which describes the role and work of the European Court of Auditors.)
preferencia arancelaria: tariff preference (In the medium and long term, it will all depend on the level of tariff preference that they achieve,
and this is still an unknown factor.)
preferido: of choice (National Bank is the leading bank in Quebec and the partner of choice for small and medium-sized enterprises.)
preferir: Cuando se habla de generalizaciones, preferir + INFINITIVO se traduce por prefer + -ING: I prefer swimming to running. Cuando
se habla de lo que se quiere hacer en una ocasin determinada, prefiero/preferira se traducen por would rather +
INFINITIVO sin to o, en un contexto mas formal, por would prefer + INFINITIVO con to: I'd rather stay in a hotel
than rent an apartment; I'd prefer to stay in a hotel rather than rent an apartment
preferira: Id rather stay in a hotel than rent an apartment; Id prefer to stay in a hotel rather than rent an apartment
preferiramos: Wed rather; Wed prefer to
Premio Nobel de Economa: Nobel Prize of Economics (As the 2008 Nobel Prize of Economics has confessed, he is not even sure
himself that these measures will work.)
prendador: pledger (Pledger is one who makes or gives a pledge.)
preocupacin: concern (There is serious growing concern about the actual environmental consequences of landfill sites in general.); worry
(t is my belief that there is only one way to dispel this worry.); preoccupation (This was a preoccupation of the
acceding countries and is now a part of the compromise today.)
preparacin (de un asunto): preparation (By April, war preparations were moving ahead.); make preparations for something;
preparacin del presupuesto: budgeting (For budgeting purposes, you really have to start estimating costs now.)
preparacin y presentacin razonable de los Estados Financieros: preparation and fair presentation of the financial staments
(Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance
with International Financial Reporting Standards.)
preparacin: readiness (t is vital to maintain our readiness for war); in readiness for= prepare and waiting (the troops held themselves in
readiness for further orders)
preparar (contrato,tratado): draw up (The lawyers drew up a contract over the weekend.)
preparar el terreno para: pave the way for (Data from the space flight should pave the way for a more detailed exploration of Mars.)
preponderante: dominant (the current dominant big state sector in Cuba.)
presencia fsica: physical presence (Physical presence means meaningful mind and management located within a country. The existence
simply of a local agent or low level staff does not constitute physical presence.)
presenciar: witness (This decade also witnessed the establishment of the two tiers that replaced the former single bank system.)
presentacin conforme: complying presentation (they constitute a complying presentation)
presentan razonablemente: present fairly ( present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of)
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presentar (a consideracin): submit (Reports are also submitted to the Audit and Risk Management Committee and to the Banks Board
of Directors.)
presentar (argumento/idea/plan): put forward (None of the ideas that I put forward have been accepted.); put forth (He put forth a clear,
logical argument.); set out (at the same time, the Commission must set out the overall strategy that it intends to
pursue.)
presentar (queja/demanda/reclamacin/solicitud): file (ensuring that inmates may avail themselves of legal representation to file
complaints) / (You must file a claim for any benefits you are entitled to from any other source.) / (If management
required additional time, it could file an application with the judge.) / (You can file your Appeal any time within 180
days of the date of the original coverage denial.)
presentar a/ presentar ante: file with (On an unspecified date, a similar complaint was filed with the General Prosecutor of Belarus;)
presentar una queja: make a complaint; lodge a complaint; file a complaint
presentar una querella contra: bring a lawsuit against; bring an action against
presentar: submit (The most important document you must submit when you apply for a visa is your passport.); present (The Government
intends to present the law proposal in the course of the spring 2008.) ; set out (to apply certain recommendations
set out in the report.)
preservacin del medio ambiente: protection of the environment (In the middle of a financial crisis, it serves as a reminder that protection
of the environment is not a luxury, ...)
Presidente (in the US): Chief Executive (is the US president)
Presidente de los Consejos de Estado y de Ministros: President of the Councils of State and Ministers
presidente interino/presidente provisional: acting president (At the year-end meeting of the National Assembly, acting president Raul
Castro says there is no excuse for the transportation and food production problems that anger many Cubans.)
Presidente/Presidenta (que preside algo: una reunin, un comit, una organizacin) :chairperson (All the members of the committee
take turns acting as chairperson.); chairman; chairwoman
Presidente/Presidenta: President (de una compaa, de un banco) (The companys board of directors will name a new president at its next
meeting.)
presidir: chair (The FATF Steering Group is an advisory body and is chaired by the President.)
prestacin de la seguridad social: welfare payment (In countries where welfare payments are still largely paid in cash we encourage the
use of lower denomination bank notes.)
prestacin por jubilacin: old-age benefit (Old-age benefits cover benefits that provide a replacement income when the aged person
retires from the labour market,)
prestaciones sociales: social provision ( economic growth can make a decisive contribution to job creation and that that is the best
guarantee for social provision.)
prestaciones: performance (Banks deal with documents and not with goods, services or performance to which the documents may relate.)
prestamista de ltima instancia: lender of last resort (In the end the Central Bank did its job as lender of last resort.)
prestamista: lender (If the borrower defaults, the lender has the right to sell the collateral ...)
prstamo bancario: bank loan (Authorized new forms of bank loans to boost self-employment, agricultural production and housing
rehabilitation.)
prstamo con intereses: interest-bearing loan (Interest-bearing loans and borrowings are recorded at approximately fair value.)
prstamo contingente: conditional loan (conditional loans, the servicing and/or the duration of which shall be linked to the fulfilment of
certain conditions with regard to the performance of the project
prstamo de libros: book loan (Recently the Ministry of Education introduced a book loan scheme to assist in the provision of educational
textbooks and materials.); lending of books (In Denmark, the remuneration for the public lending of books is
granted to authors, translators and illustrators of books published in Danish only.)
prstamo de ltima instancia: last resort loan (Clearly regulators do not extract all the value available in banks which come to them for last
resort loans.)
prstamo deteriorado: impaired loans (The allowance for credit losses, which includes specific allowances for impaired loans and...)
prstamo garantizado: collateralized loan (When Phase 1 of the debt restructuring was launched, local banks began to point out that the
lack of liquidity of collateralized loans could create cash problems for them.)
prstamo garantizado por bienes inmuebles residenciales: mortgage loan (a new mortgage loan platform was deployed in the Banks
branches)
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prstamo hipotecario: mortgage loan (mortgage loans are granted at the posted rate less 2%)
prstamo pendiente: oustanding loan (In addition, capital repayments on the outstanding loans were made according to plan.)
prstamo sin intereses: interest free loan (Interest free loans are fee free, free money or cash in your wallet - its as easy as that.)
prstamo sindicado: syndicated loan (One of the measures proposed under the financing plan was a syndicated loan.)
prstamo transfronterizo: cross-border loan (Luxembourg has been excluded from the chart due to the high share of cross-border loans
in the total household loan stock.)
prstamo vencido: overdue loan (well before the loan is delinquent, striving to create proactive strategies to diminish the occurrence of
overdue loans.); past-due loans (As of year-end 2008 the ratio of loan loss provisions to past-due loans was
healthy, at 11 times.)
prstamo vigente: outstanding loan (The provision for credit losses nearly doubled to $83 million from $43 million a year ago, reflecting an
increase in outstanding loans for the ...)
prstamo: loan (In such cases, the interest rate of the loan will be reduced by); lending (I would like to tackle money lending as well, but
that is another issue.); borrowing (Jefferson opposed government borrowing.)
prstamos en moneda nacional: local currency loans (small farmers may apply local currency loans in countrys banks)
prstamos y anticipos a bancos/prstamos y adelantos a bancos: loans and advances to banks (Loans and advances to banks and
customers are initially recorded at fair value, )
prstamos y anticipos a clientes/prstamos y adelantos a clientes: loans and advances to customers (The number of loans and
advances to customers at the end of the accounting year is included here.)
prestar (servicio): deliver (the need to build institutions that could deliver services to the people.) / (Administrations have to deliver more
and better services with equal ...) / (Personal Bankings mission is to deliver a full range of financial products and
services, ) deliver (...to deliver banking services that meet my exact needs.); render service (It included activities
that render services as well as those that produce goods.)
prestar: lend (Can you lend me a few dollars till payday?); Many people confuse the verbs borrow and lend (or to loan). Borrow means to
take or receive, lend, to loan or give.
prestatario: borrower (If the borrower defaults, the lender has the right to sell the collateral)
presupuesto del estado: State Budget (According to the State Budget for 2011,)
presupuesto: budget (In addition, governments intent on bringing budgets back into balance in the medium term will wind down the
stimulus they deployed to fight the recession.)
pretender: aim (We aim to get there by noon.); intend (It is not intended that changes happen all at once )
prevaleciente/predominante: prevailing (The prevailing view is that economic growth is likely to slow down.)
prevencin del delito: (Action to promote effective crime prevention.)
prevenir y detectar movimientos de capitales ilcitos: prevent and detect illegal capital flows (the Cuban banking and financial system
has been implementing systematic measures to prevent and detect illegal capital flows.)
prever: foresee (He foresaw the need for cars that would be less polluting.); expect (A GDP growth of 3.1% is expected for the year 2011.)
previo aviso: advance warning (We got no advance warning of the changes.); advance notice
previsible: foreseeable (A foreseeable challenge is whether, effectively, these three banks whose basic experience and knowledge was
formed under the logic of credit for medium-size and large SOEs will be able to speedily assume the principles
that govern microfinance.)
previsor/previsora: forward-looking (Forward- looking describes someone or something with an eye to the future and a focus on what is
coming.) / (These forward-looking statements are typically identified by future or conditional verbs or words such as
outlook, believe, anticipate, estimate, project, expect, intend, plan, and terms and expressions of similar
import.; forward-thinking
previsto: foreseen (... the sales volume increased less than foreseen.); provided (provided by the statutes)
prima: premium (We collect interest on our loans and premiums on our insurance products.)
primario: primary (the primary stages of development)
primas y descuentos: premiums and discounts (Premiums and discounts are an important factor to consider before investing in an
exchange traded fund.)
Primer Secretario de Partido Comunista de Cuba: First Secretary of the Comunist Party of Cuba
primeramente: firstly (Firstly, by dedicating an important part of our budget to grants and scholarships and to supporting projects in
progress,)
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primeros: early (Early indications are that there was another increase in 2004.);
primordial: primary (The primary goal of the space flight was to recover a satellite.); overriding (I referred to the overriding necessity of
turning to the land to make it more productive.)
principal: main (the main thing is that); chief (This report will summarize our chief achievements ); ultimate (The ultimate means for
completely eliminating such a risk is for the Bank to complete no payments or settlements before receiving the funds
due from the counterparty.)
principales componentes: major components (The major components of a database system include: 1. Data; which is the most
relevant.2. The data structures used to store the data e.g tables, columns, views,)
principales economas: major economies (None of the worlds major economies will escape a slowdown, the Organization for Economic
Co-operation and ...) / Late last month, the United States convened the second meeting of the worlds major
economies.)
principalmente: primarily (The companys failure was primarily due to weak sales.); mostly (Community legislation indeed is mostly
implemented at Member State level.)
principios centrales: core principles (Core Principles refers to the Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision. This includes
financial supervisors established as independent non-governmental authorities with statutory powers.)
principios contables/principios de contabilidad: accounting principles (The consolidated financial statements of the Bank are prepared in
accordance with Canadian generally accepted accounting principles.)
principios y procedimientos: principles and procedures (On the other hand, implementation of a framework programme must be based on
a common set of principles and procedures.)
prioridad: priority (Tight cost management also contributed to our results and remains a strategic priority.)
priorizar: prioritize (First of all, the lack of resources, both financial and human, means that very often activities have to be prioritized.)
privacidad: privacy (In Switzerland, banking secrecy protects the financial privacy of citizens from unauthorised access by third parties or
by the State.)
privar: deprive (Some of them attempt to deprive developing countries of their right to the peaceful nuclear energy development under the
pretext of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.)
proactiva: proactive (It is also working to build a proactive sales and service culture focused on customer needs.)
probabilidad: likelihood (Theres little likelihood of a compromise.)
probablemente: likely (it will likely rain) (Despite growth of only about 2% in the advanced economies, global GDP is likely to expand about
3.5% in 2011,)
probar ser: prove to be (The new safety procedures have so far proven to be satisfactory.)
probar: prove (The new safety procedures have so far proven to be satisfactory.)
problema de liquidez: cash flow problem (Late payments from Member States may create a cash flow problem.)
procedencia nacional: national origin; national source; domestic origin; domestic source
proceder: proceed (we decided to proceed with the plan as agreed)
procedimiento a seguir en tales casos: procedure to be followed in such cases
procedimiento a seguir: procedure to be followed (Procedure to be followed by employees in depositing gifts of more than minimal value
and reporting acceptance of travel or travel expenses.)
procedimiento de estimacin: estimation procedure (The estimation procedure is based largely on the use of )
procedimiento: procedure (In charge of implementing governance rules, procedures and policies.)
procesable (pleito/juicio): actionable (It would be competent to deal with all areas covered by the Charter of Fundamental Rights, even
though it is true that the Charter is not yet actionable.)
procesamieto directo (automatizado): Straight-through processing (STP) (Straight-through processing (STP) enables the entire trade
process for capital markets and payment transactions to be conducted electronically without the need for re-keying
or manual intervention, subject to legal and regulatory restrictions.) / (Increased use of "straight-through
processing" needs to be matched by new ways of detecting and correcting errors.)
proceso de seguimiento: follow-up process (The Commission wishes to maintain the dialogue, as the follow-up process will provide
further opportunities for exchange.)
procurar: strive (The Bank strives to serve all the financial needs and maintain the loyalty of its existing clients.)
produccin industrial: industrial output (sharp contractions of some indicators such as industrial output)
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produccin y comercializacin: production and marketing (Livestock production and marketing are interrelated.)
producir (lograr, conseguir algo prometido o esperado): deliver (The Bank has also delivered an attractive total shareholder return)
producir importantes cambios: bring about important changes (The new law will bring about important changes in the educational
system.)
producir intereses: bear interest (These financial transactions bear interest.); que produce intereses: interest bearing (including
shares in other entities and interest-bearing instruments.)
producir: bear (These measures bore more fruit in Canada.); yield (to ensure that Bank operations yield an adequate return for the level of
risk assumed) / (this new variety yields more fruit)
productividad del trabajo: labor productivity (In labor productivity is expected a growth relatively higher than the average wage,)
productividad laboral: labor productivity (In labor productivity is expected a growth relatively higher than the average wage,)
productividad: productivity/productiveness (A pleasant working environment increases productivity.); efficiency (The use of high-speed
machinery improved the efficiency of the factory.)
producto altamente rentable (vaca lechera): cash cow (For example a new economic model for Romania which transforms our obsolete
agriculture into a cash cow.)
producto derivado del petrleo: petroleum product (It is, after all, a petroleum product.)
producto perecedero: perishable product (African horticulture exports, which rely upon the speed of air travel to get their perishable
products to European markets, are suffering.)
productor agropecuario: agricultural producer (This paper has been prepared by the International Federation of Agricultural Producers.)
productor: producer (Our researchers are also producer.)
productos bsicos: commodities (The countries that have commodities must be paid a fair price for their resources.)
productos manufacturados: manufactured goods (Manufactured goods are goods that have been processed by way of machinery. As
such, they are the opposite of raw materials, but include intermediate goods ...)
productos primarios: commodities (It concerns many other commodities and commodity-dependent countries.); primary products
profesional: practitioner (Interviews were carried out with Cuban business practitioners)
profundizar en: pursue (Pursuing its social vision, Banco Improsa continued with its approach of channeling the funds of major investors
into small and medium enterprises with limited financing capacity.)
Programa de Alivio de Activos en Problemas: Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) (To help stabilize financial markets, in October
2008 the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).
programa de cumplimiento: compliance program (A A compliance program needs to address the specific risks that a corporation faces.
needs to address the specific risks that a corporation faces.)
Programa de Doha para el Desarrollo: Doha Development Agenda (The Doha Development Agenda remains our first priority)
Programa de la Revolucin Energtica: Energy Revolution Programme (In this regard, the experience gained by the Bolivarian Republic
of Venezuela and the Republic of Cuba through the Energy Revolution programme is to be made available to
PetroCaribe member countries.)
programas de ajuste estructural: structural adjustment programmes (the sideeffects of the structural adjustment programmes begun
by the Bretton Wood institutions in the 1980s.)
progresista: forward-looking (The dictates is challenging new shapes and design combined with forward looking finishing technology.)
proliferacin de armas de destruccin masiva/proliferacin de armas de destruccin en masa: proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction (The FATF has developed a series of Recommendations that are recognised as the international
standard for combating of money laundering and the financing of terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction. )
prlogo: foreword (What the rapporteur said in her foreword is perfectly true,)
prolongado: lengthy (en el tiempo) (This will set us on the right course and avoid a lengthy conciliation procedure.)
prolongar los plazos: extend deadlines (Chinas banks can extend deadlines on loans )
promediar: average (My grades vary from year to year, but they average (out to) 3.2, or a little better than a B.) / (the temperature has
averaged 5C over the last 12 days)
promedio ponderado: weighted average (the weighted average number of common shares outstanding)
promedio: average (The appreciation of the Canadian dollar, whose average exchange value could somewhat exceed parity with the U.S.
dollar in 2011, ...)
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prometedor: promising (Finally, for the future of this sector to be genuinely promising, constant attention must be paid to developing it.)
prometer: pledge (To our clients and shareholders, we appreciate your support and pledge to work hard to maintain your trust.)
promocin inmobiliaria: property development
promover: boost; foster (by fostering an environment of low interest rates); advance
promulgacin: enactment (Supporters were pleased with the enactment of the bill.)
promulgar: enact (It is up to the Member States to enact the right sort of regulations.); promulgate (OFAC promulgates general licenses
and special licenses to authorize certain activities, transactions, and dealings)
pronosticar: foretell (... economic recession is temporary or how long it will last and how deep it will be, is not possible to foretell.); forecast
(The government is forecasting that unemployment will continue to fall.)
prontamente: speedily (The error can be speedily corrected.)
pronunciada cada: steep plunge (Of note was a steep plunge in other operating income )
pronunciado descenso: steep plunge (Of note was a steep plunge in other operating income )
pronunciar (discurso, fallo, sentencia, veredicto): deliver (Speech delivered by Bruno Rodrguez Parrilla at the United Nations General
Assembly) / (The jury delivered a verdict of not guilty.)
propagar: disseminate (disseminate information to people on the streets and in their homes.)
propensin al riesgo: risk appetite (The appropriate choice of product for any given investor will depend critically on his or her profile,
varying by financial situation and investment needs, family circumstances, age, tax profile and risk appetite.)
propiamente dicho: as such (As such, the Operations team is a lever for the Banks growth and)
propiedad inmobiliaria: real estate (For the first time in a half-century, Cubans will be allowed to buy and sell real estate openly, bequeath
property to relatives without restriction ...)
propiedad social sobre los medios fundamentales de produccin: social property over the main means of production (Social property
over the main means of production exists and will exist in Cuba.)
propiedad social: social property ( cooperatives, as social property, cannot be sold nor their ownership transferred to other
cooperatives, non-state forms of management or to individuals.)
propiedad, planta y equipo: (Property, plant and equipment are initially recorded at their cost of acquisition and/or construction.)
propietario beneficioso/propietario efectivo: beneficial owner (A customer or beneficial owner who is a politically exposed person, in
which case such measures include obtaining the approval of the senior management of the said institutions for the
establishment of a business relationship )
propietario de tierra: landowner (A landowner applying for a permit to access his own land must submit a land registration certificate or
taxation document from the Ottoman era.)
proponente: offeror (A contract is formed when one party (the offeror) makes an offer which is accepted by the other party (the offeree)
proponer (argumento/idea/plan): put forward (None of the ideas that I put forward have been accepted.); put forth (He put forth a clear,
logical argument.); set out (at the same time, the Commission must set out the overall strategy that it intends to
pursue.); propose (It has often been proposed that the president be elected by direct popular vote.)
proponer (intentar/pensar): propose (How do you propose to complete the project in such a short time?)
proponer: propose (Most of those guidelines are still fully valid, and it is extremely difficult to propose a synthesis.)
proporcin de los nacimientos por sexo: sex ratio at birth (Data for 2005 show a sex ratio at birth of 119 boys to every 100 girls, rising
from 109 in 1982.)
proporcin de activos lquidos: liquidity ratio (which is controlled by means of limits set on liquidity ratios).
proporcin de prdidas en prstamos: loan loss ratio (one of the lowest loan loss ratios of any Canadian bank)
proporcin deuda/PIB: debt-to-GDP ratio (governments of the mature economies are about to implement in order to put debt-to-GDP
ratios on more sustainable paths.)
proporcin por sexo: sex ratio (statistical data from the past seven years indicate that the imbalance in the sex ratio is decreasing.)
proporcin: ratio (The ratio of men to women at the conference was ten to one.)
proporcionalmente: pro rata (adverb) (expenses will be charged pro rata)
proporcionar a: provide (Provide our customers superior financial solutions tailored to meet their needs.)
proporcionar: furnish (Please furnish detailed statistical information about the housing situation in your country.) / furnish (Please furnish
quantitative and descriptive information on the progress realized and the ...); deliver (Without trained teachers,
176

however, it is impossible to deliver good-quality education.)
proporcionarle: furnish you with (In our discretion, we may also furnish you with electronic versions)
propsitos y objetivos: aims and objectives (to ensure that it remains consistent with the aims and objectives of the FATF.)
prorrateado/prorrateada: pro rata (adjective) (to make a pro rata distribution)
prorratear: prorate (For multiterritory enterprises, it is necessary to prorate the total operations of the enterprise into the individual
economies.)
pros y contras: the pros and cons (We considered all the pros and cons carefully before deciding to buy a bigger house.)
proseguir: proceed (The world recovery is proceeding at an uneven pace.); pursue (Pursuing its social vision, Banco Improsa continued
with its approach of channeling the funds of major investors into small and medium enterprises with limited financing
capacity.)
prspero y sostenible: prosperous and sustainable (The current economic upturn provides a once in a lifetime opportunity for further
reform which can keep Europe moving into a prosperous and sustainable future.)
prspero/prspera: affluent (An ever more affluent Europe needs mobility.)
protagonistas: players (We are active players in the rapidly changing world of financial institutions.)
proteccin contra la inflacin: hedge against inflation (She invested in foreign companies as a hedge against inflation.)
Proteccin de la Capa de Ozono: Ozono Layer Protection
proteccin del consumidor: consumer protection (Environmental and consumer protection have the highest priority.) / (Strengthen the
administrative capacity in the area of consumer protection.)
proteger: safeguard (Judges have an obligation to safeguard our right to free speech and a free press.)
proveedores de crdito no financiero: non-financial credit providers (Estimates are that 60 percent of all credit issued in Mexico is offered
by non-financial credit providers.)
proveer: furnish (The Insured must furnish proof to the Company that full reimbursement has been obtained from the airline) / (... officers,
members, agents or employees are under an obligation to furnish the books, documents, accounts or securities
required by the examiner.); supply (The dam supplies San Francisco with water and power.)
provenir de: stem from (Liquidity risk stems from mismatched cash flows related to assets and liabilities...)
provisin para prdidas en prstamos: loan loss provision (The loan loss provision went from US$55.1 million in 2008 to US$66.5
million in 2009.)
provisiones de activos financieros: financial asset provisions (Provisions include loan loss provisions, other financial asset provisions,
)
provisiones para insolvencias: loan-loss provisions (Operating expenses remained stable (inflation of 3.7%), while loan-loss provisions
reinforced the trend of previous quarters.)
provisiones para la cartera de prstamos: provisions for loan portfolio (In consideration of the macroeconomic situation of the country
Swedbank in Lithuania has increased provisions for loan portfolio and reduced ...)
provisiones para las deudas incobrables: provisions for bad debts (We maintain provisions for bad debts for estimated credit losses
that result from the inability of our customers to make required ...)
provisiones para prdidas: allowances for losses (the necessary allowances for losses in accounts receivable, fixed assets, contingent
liabilities and other similar accounts)
provocar importantes cambios: bring about important changes (The wars helped to bring about important changes in the British
colonies.)
provocar: bring about (the mistrust of consumers that, together with a reduction in earnings, brings about the fall in the consumption,),
trigger (Eating chocolate can trigger a migraine headache in some people.); touch off (The 1989 US-Canada Free
Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico)
touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US its principal trading partner.)
prximo mes/prximo ao: next month/next year; coming month/coming year
prximo: coming (We look forward to even greater success in the coming year.); next; forthcoming (forthcoming price change)
proyecciones econmicas: economic projections (In June, the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) presented its economic projections for
Belgium for 2011.)
pruebas documentales: documentary evidence (The Office shall retain a copy of those pieces of documentary evidence in its files.)
publicacin (de documentos): release (Monetary policy since the release of the previous Inflation Report.)
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puede haber: there may be (Furthermore, there may be valuation uncertainty resulting from the choice of valuation model used.)
pues: because (probable have to book this service in advance because demand fluctuates depending on the time of year.)
puesta en mercado: marketing (to ensure the quality of the product in accordance with the requirements of the marketing authorisation.)
puesto de cara al cliente/puesto frente al cliente: customer-facing position (the addition of over 300 customer-facing positions in
Personal and Commercial Banking.)
puesto que: since (Since the Bank does not consolidate the Trust, the deposit note is presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheet under
Deposits.), as (As it was getting late, I decided to stop at a motel.); inasmuch as (Inasmuch as funding is not
available, building plans have been delayed.)
puesto: position (she applied for the position of manager)
pujante: booming (However, the big media continues to speak about Chinas booming economic power.)
pulir: hone (He helps performers hone their skills as dancers and singers.)
puntero: leading (As the leading investment bank in Quebec with a strong presence across Canada, the Financial Markets segment
provides a diverse range of financing solutions)
punto crtico: turning point (I believe that we have reached a turning point.)
punto crucial/ punto decisivo: turning point (Today, Europe stands at a turning point.)
punto de cambio/punto de inflexin: turning point (This marked an important turning point.)
punto de referencia: benchmark (The Banks objective is to be the benchmark in the Quebec retirement market and a key player outside
Quebec.)
punto de ruptura: breaking point (This was probably the breaking point in relations between the European Commission and the Member
States)
punto de venta al por menor/punto de venta al detalle: retail outlet (The company has more than 1200 retail outlets nationwide.)
punto de venta: outlet (Investment solutions, products and specialized services are provided directly to clients or through some 775
investment advisors working in over 100 service outlets across Canada..)
punto de vista: point of view (Were interested in hearing all points of view.); viewpoint (from the viewpoint of the economy); standpoint (a
strategic financial standpoint); position
punto flaco: shortcoming (A rigorous follow-up process ensured that shortcomings in their anti-money laundering/counter-terrorism
financing (AML/CFT) systems were monitored and addressed.)
punto por punto: point by point (One of the most important elements of a revision is the point-by-point response.)
punto porcentual: percentage point (Over the period considered, the decrease amounted to 5 percentage points.)
punto sin retorno: point of no return (Once the contract is signed, weve reached the point of no return.)
puntos de inters comn: issues of mutual interest (Governments commitment to cooperating fully with our neighbouring countries to
reach solutions to all issues of mutual interest.)
puntuacin: scoring (The credit scoring models are used to grant credit to new clients.)
puntual: on time (The plane is expected to arrive on time (= when scheduled).; punctual (Please try to be punctual, so we can start the
meeting on time.)
PYMES: SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
(INICIO)

Q
que a su vez: which in turn (This will require domestic savings and employment, which in turn might help reduce aid dependency.)
que debe declararse/que debe notificarse/que debe informarse: reportable (California taxpayers participating in reportable
transactions must disclose certain information with their income tax return in accordance with provisions ...)
que devengan intereses: interest bearing (Cash and term deposits comprise funds held in demand deposit accounts and interest bearing
bank deposits.)
que enfrenta: facing (Credit risk is the most significant risk facing the Bank in the normal course of business.)
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que producen intereses: interest bearing (including shares in other entities and interest-bearing instruments.)
que rene los requisitos necesarios: eligible (Loans to eligible officers are granted under the same conditions as those applicable to
loans granted to any other employee of the Bank.)
que rinden intereses: interest bearing (Cash and term deposits comprise funds held in demand deposit accounts and interest bearing
bank deposits.)
que sepamos: as far as we know; so far as we know
que viene: coming (We look forward to even greater success in the coming year.)
que: which (the book which you lent me); who (The kids need a teacher who can relate to them.); that (Tourism, one of the branches that
brings more revenue to the Cuban economy.)
quebrar: fracture (It is not intended that changes happen all at once, fracturing the macroeconomic and institutional stability of the
country.); go bankrupt; become bankrupt; fail
queda mucho para llegar a: have far to go to (have far to go to regain the ground lost in the recession)
quedar atento a su repuesta: looking forward to your reply; I am looking forward to your reply.
quedarse atrs: lag behind (Johns always lagging behind the others in the class.)
quedo a la espera de sus prontas noticias: I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.
quehacer cotidiano: daily job; daily task; daily work
quehacer: job; task; work
queja: complaint (a letter of complaint)
quejarse de: complain about (Bill and Nancy are always complaining about their neighbor); complain of (She complained of aching
knees from her arthritis.)
Querer es poder.: Where there is a will there is a way.
querer: aim to (We value the long lasting relationship of trust and confidence we have built with our clients over the years and aim to
preserve.) (we aim to get there by noon)
querer: care to (Would you care to join us for dinner?)
quiebra bancaria: bank crash (Following the bank crash in the US, the financial crisis has now struck home in Europe.)
quiebra: crash (On some indicators it has surpassed the gravity of the 1929 crash )
Quien a hierro mata, a hierro muere.: They that live by the sword shall die by the sword.
Quien mucho abarca poco aprieta.: Do not bite off more than you can chew. / Grasp all/lose all.
Quien no malgasta no pasa necesidades.: Waste not, want not.
Quien no tiene, no teme.: No cows, no care.
Quien rie ltimo, rie mejor.: He who laughs last, laughs better.
Quien roba una vez roba diez: Once a thief, always thief.
Quien siembra vientos recoge tempestades.: As you sow, so shall you reap
quienes: those who
quisiera agradecerle por: I would like to thank you for (I would like to thank you for using this website and the encouraging words we
received through out this first year.)
(INICIO)

R
radical: sweeping (Because this is the most sweeping transformation of business processes we have ever undertaken, ) / (The proposal
calls for sweeping changes in public land use.)
radicar en: base in (Athletics is a design collective based in New York City.); base at (an agency that will take the form of an interministerial
council based at the Ministry of Finance.); located in (This event was first held in 1996 in two or three small
museums located in Havanas Historical Centre); located at (Welcome to NASA Headquarters located at 300 E
Street, SW, Washington DC.); establish in (The Institute will be established in the Republic of Cape Verde.);
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established at (ALC Press Inc. headquarters established at 4-10-7 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo.); situated in (Catholic
Syrian Bank Limited is a private sector bank situated in Thrissur city of Kerala state in India.); situated at (The
Lancashire and Yorkshire Bank situated at the junction of Union Street and Market Street)
ralentizacin: slowdown (Consumer buying has picked up again after a summer slowdown.) / (The slowdown in the export of services and
the absence of a new engine for economic growth essentially explain this dynamic.)
ralentizar: slow down (We cannot allow ourselves to slow down the pace of our efforts.); decelerate
rama: branch (Tourism, one of the branches that brings more revenue to the Cuban economy.)
rango: range ( the effectiveness test results are within a range of 80% to 125%.)
rangos de valores: ranges of values (Ranges of values can be specified in a number of ways and special keywords can be used to
simplify the expression of the range.)
rpidamente: speedily (The error can be speedily corrected.)
rpido/rpida: swift (The swift changes taking place in the world call for the acquisition of new knowledge and skills throughout life.)
raro/rara: few and far between (Sunny, warm weekends have been few and far between this summer (= there have not been many).)
ratio de adecuacin de capital (RAC): capital adequacy ratio (CAR)(The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) adjusts the Equity to Assets ratio
both in the numerator and the denominator.)
ratio de apalancamiento: leverage ratio (The definition of 'leverage' under the proposed directive does not, however, include specific
leverage ratio concepts.)
ratio de capital de trabajo/ratio de capital circulante/ratio de capital de explotacin: working capital ratio (Some use the term working
capital ratio to mean working capital or net working capital. Working capital is defined as current assets minus
current liabilities.)
ratio de cobertura de flujo de efectivo: cash flow coverage ratio (The cash flow coverage ratio is an indicator of the ability of a company
to pay interest and principal amounts when they become due.)
ratio de cobertura de gastos financieros: financial expense coverage ratio (To check the solvency position of the firm, debt equity ratio
and financial expense coverage ratio are observed.)
ratio de cobertura del servicio de la deuda: debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) (a new 5% improvement in the debt service coverage
ratio represents a more solid credit position with lower insolvency risks)
ratio de cobertura: hedge ratio (The entity may choose a hedge ratio of other than one to one in order to improve the effectiveness of the
hedge as described in paragraph AG100.); coverage ratio (In addition, there is some evidence that the coverage
ratio, i.e. the ratio of provisions to non-performing assets, fell in 2005.)
ratio de conversin/tasa de conversin/ndice de conversin: conversion ratio (The premium is the amount which must be paid for every
conversion over and above the conversion ratio.)
ratio de eficiencia: efficiency ratio (For this reason, the Operating Expense ratio is frequently referred to as the efficiency ratio.)
ratio de endeudamiento: debt ratio (The debt ratio is projected to decline to 24 % of GDP by 2003.); indebtedness ratio ( stockholders
will increase by more than 50% while maintaining the current indebtedness ratio.);
ratio de liquidez: liquidity ratio (Introducing liquidity standards that include a liquidity coverage ratio requirement underpinned by a longer-
term structural liquidity ratio.)
ratio de morosidad: nonperforming loans ratio (NPL ratio) (As regards risk management, the nonperforming loans ratio (nonperforming
loans as a percentage of total risk) was 12 basis points higher); default ratio (As at March 31, 2010, the Group's
default ratio stood at 4.91%.)
ratio de rotacin de cartera: portfolio turnover ratio (Portfolio turnover ratio tells us how frequently does the fund buys and sells the
stocks under portfolio.)
ratio de solvencia: solvency ratio (the solvency ratio (assets/liabilities) indicates that the Agency is in a healthy financial position even
though this ratio deteriorated compared with the previous bienniums.)
ratio de ventas a crdito/promedio de cuentas por cobrar: accounts receivable turnover ratio
ratio deuda/patrimonio: debt-to-equity ratio (The debt-to-equity ratio decreased to 0.92 compared to 1.05 as of December 31, 1999 due
to a 9% decrease in total debt and a 3% increase in equity.)
ratio prueba cida: acid-test ratio (quick ratio) (In finance, the Acid-test ratio or quick ratio or liquid ratio measures the ability of a company
to use its near cash or quick assets to extinguish or retire its current liabilities immediately. Quick assets include
those current assets that presumably can be quickly converted to cash at close to their book values. A company with
a Quick Ratio of less than 1 cannot currently pay back its current liabilities.)
ratio/ndice/coeficiente/tasa/proporcin/relacin: ratio
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razn de ser: raison d'tre (For both of them, combating religious intolerance was part of their raison d'tre.)
razn por la que/razn por la cual: which is why (As travel times are short and passengers may be carrying luggage, quick loading and
unloading are crucial, which is why they are fitted with large doors and little seating capacity.); for which reason (
the amendment is incompatible with the statutes currently in force, for which reason we have felt obliged to vote
against it.)
razn social: trade name (The name or trade name or trade mark and the address of the manufacturer.)
razn: ratio (cost-efficiency) (the ratio of costs in relation to output )
razonable: reasonable (to obtain reasonable assurance)
razonablemente: fairly (In our opinion, these consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position
of the Bank); reasonably
reaccin en cadena: ripple effect (It is hoped the arts center will have a ripple effect by attracting retailers and other arts-related activities.)
reactivacin coyuntural: economic upturn (Thus, the recent economic upturn has only had a very limited positive impact on the labour
market.)
reactivar: kick-start (Shock therapy kick-starts revival.)
readquirir/readquisicin: repurchase (The rules for sale and repurchase operations are brought up to market standards.)
reajustar: readjust (readjust values according to the rate of inflation)
reajuste: adjustment (Only a few adjustments were needed to make her dress fit perfectly.) / (the plan needs some minor adjustments)
real: actual (We expected 50 people but the actual number was a lot higher.)
realizacin de estimaciones contables razonables de acuerdo a las circunstancias: making accounting estimates that are reasonable
in the circumstances (financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error;
selecting and applying appropriate accounting policies; and making accounting estimates that are reasonable in
the circumstances.
realizacin: performance (she has to rely on others for the performance of the simplest tasks)
realizar: conduct (we conducted our audits in accordance with); carry out (The Bank also carries out stress tests to evaluate its sensitivity
to crisis situations in certain sectors of activity and key portfolios (e.g., forestry products, manufacturing, etc.).); get
off the ground (He and his friend tried to start a band but it never got off the ground.)
realmente: actually (I havent actually decided what to do yet.); as a matter of fact (Are you new around here? As a matter of fact, Ive
lived here for ten years.); really (it was really interesting)
reanimacin: revival (We feel that this is a good way to start a thorough debate aimed at the revival of Europe.)
rebajar: knock down; to reduce the price of (something); (He wanted $300 for the ring, but we got him to knock it down to $250.)
rebasar: surpass (Our teams achievements surpass those of teams in earlier years.); outrun (Its pace of technological innovation outruns
that of practically any other ) / (Demographic growth, which outran average growth in GDP during the period
2000-2005, contributed to negative growth in annual GDP per capita.); outrank (We must not let our optimism
outrank realism in our assessments for the future of Iraq.)
recargo de mora: penalty surcharge (is used to report the employees exempt from the penalty surcharge through the RED system.)
recargo por mora: penalty charges for late payment (Penalty charges for late payment shall not be regarded as interest payments.); extra
charge for late payment; late payment charge; fee for late payments
recargo: premium (A premium of 10% was charged to the population and to tourists for cash dollar exchanges.); surcharge (If you order the
tickets by mail, there is a $5.00 surcharge.); extra charge
recaudar fondos: raise funds (The city was exploring the possibility of raising funds from the carbon market to finance partially those
investments.)
recelo: misgiving (This cooperation produced an excellent result, in spite of some misgivings.)
rechazar una apelacin: overrule an appeal (The State Council, high court in Colombia, decided to overrule an appeal filed by Comcel,)
recib con agrado sus noticias: I was pleased to receive your news
reciclable: recyclable (Are plastic bottles recyclable or do they go in the garbage?)
reciclar: recycle (The law requires us to recycle paper products, glass bottles, soda cans, and some kinds of plastic.)
recientemente: of late ( that should also include the entire generation of conventional weapons of a similar lethal power developed of
late.); recently (We just recently moved to Texas.)
reciprocidad econmica: economic reciprocity (The reflection on economic reciprocity should continue as part of the reflection on
181

strengthening the EUs negotiation position.)
reclamacin: claim (Lawyers tried to establish their claim to refugee status.)
reclamar: claim (If no one claims the money, I can keep it.)
recobrar: regain (There is a need to regain competitiveness through measures enhancing productivity growth and adequate wage policies.)
recoger: collect (We endeavour to collect personal data only with your knowledge or consent.)
recomendacin: recommendation (on the (por) recommendation of the Board)
recompra: repurchase (The rules for sale and repurchase operations are brought up to market standards.)
reconocer: acknowledge (I wish to acknowledge their high level of engagement and thank them for their hard work and contribution to the
Banks success.); admit (you have to admit (that) it isn't normal)
reconocido/renombrado: renowned (Jorge Luis Borges, though renowned chiefly as author, reflects in his works the very essence of
libraries and librarians.)
reconocindose mtuamente: mutually recognising each other (in this respect, welcomes the fact that the EPFL and Fifpro, mutually
recognising each other as social partners)
recopilar: collect (Therefore, it is important to be able to also collect statistics from these institutions...)
recordar a: remind of (remind us of some important facts regarding Vietnamese labor adjustment that can be useful for todays Cuban
reform.)
recordar: recall (In this regard, it will be recalled that as part of Phase I of its strategic plan, the Bank achieved)
recortar gastos/reducir gastos: cut spending (the process to reduce this imbalance has been slow despite Madrid's efforts to raise new tax
revenue and cut spending.)
recorte de plantilla: staff cut (In the new context of staff cuts, this decision has increased the number of staff in between assignments.)
rectificacin: restatement (Restatement of comparative financial information.)
recuperacin de activos financieros: recovery of financial assets (Wanta should pursue liquidation of corporations, recovery of
financial assets, and pay all required taxes in accordance with the law.)
recuperacin de deudas incobrables: bad debt recovery (When a bad debt recovery takes place, another accounting entry is required.)
recuperacin de materias primas: recovery of raw materials (GBA focuses in the recovery of raw materials through the use of
equipment, processes and machinery which utilize state of the art technology.)
recuperacin econmica: economic upturn (Such anticipation of future skills needs is crucial, not least to prepare for the economic
upturn.)
recuperacin: rebound (Although a global rebound is expected in 2010, even emerging economies have proven considerably more
vulnerable than previously believed.); recovery (The process of recovery will necessarily be a complex and delicate
one.); revival (This economic revival was due to the exploitation of hydrocarbons and the resultant surplus increased
public spending.)
recuperar el tiempo perdido: make up for lost time (This is where we urgently need to make up for lost time.)
recuperar: regain (There is a need to regain competitiveness through measures enhancing productivity growth and adequate wage
policies.)
recuperarse: rebound (The international trade flows have rebounded strongly.); rally (The dollar rallied against the yen in trading today.)
recurrente: recurring (Unfortunately, this is a recurring problem.)
recurrir a (experiencia): draw upon (the Initiative draws upon international and national expertise on the subject)
recursos (el dinero necesario para un propsito determinado): wherewithal (Most people dont have the wherewithal to hire the best
lawyers.)
recursos financieros: financial resources (Financial resources are generated through grants, donations, bilateral agreements, and
collaborations with government agencies, local and foreign funding ...)
recursos hdricos renovables: renewable water resources
recursos humanos: human resources (This will allow for a more efficient management of human resources.)
recursos onerosos: interest-bearing liabilities (The spread, the differential between the rate of yield on earning assets and the cost of
interest-bearing liabilities, improved in the first nine months to 4.12%...)
recursos propios: own resources (The overall amount of own resources needed to finance the budget is determined by total expenditure
less other revenue.); own capital (These have very little own capital; they are highly leveraged.)
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recursos renovables: renewable resources (investments in hydroelectric projects and other renewable resources)
red de represin de delitos financieros: Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (In addition to taking action under Executive Order
13382, the Department of the Treasury, through the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, issued an advisory
on 18 June 2009 to United States financial institutions)
red de sucursales: branch network (The Personal and Commercial segment comprises the branch network, intermediary services, credit
cards, insurance, business banking services and real estate.)
red de transmisin de datos: data transmission network (All the offices are interconnected through the data transmission network.)
red del tercer mundo: Third World Network (Martin Khor is the Director of the International Secretariat of the Third World Network.)
red nacional del sistema bancario cubano: national network of Cuban banking system (BANDEC holds dozens of ATMs dislocated in
several cities that are integrated into the national network of Cuban banking system,)
redaccin: wording (The wording of the agreement was too vague.); writing (The aim of this book is to give some general advice on
writing.)
redactar (contrato,informe,testamento): draw up (The lawyers drew up a contract over the weekend.)
redactar (el borrador de): draft (The analysis in the Inflation Report is based upon the latest statistical data available at the date of drafting
the paper.)
redes sociales: social network (If we want a flexible labour market, it is all the more important that social networks should be in place to
catch people if the worst comes to the worst.
redimensionar: resize (The financial sector will be resized.)
redituable: profitable (We have built a portfolio of assets with sustainable, profitable, long-term growth potential.)
reduccin de personal (por retiro, renuncia o muerte): attrition: a gradual reduction or weakening of something, esp. a reduction in the
number of people who work for an organization that is achieved by not replacing those who leave (Most of the job
losses will come through attrition.)
reduccin de personal: staff cut (Further cutbacks in production over the next few years will inevitably lead to further staff cuts.)
reduccin en los impuestos: tax cut (They argued against a tax cut.)
reduccin progresiva: phasing out (Consideration of a phasing out of the ration book, )
reduccin: slowdown (Consumer buying has picked up again after a summer slowdown.) / (The slowdown in the export of services and
the absence of a new engine for economic growth essentially explain this dynamic.); abatement (the government (in
the former West Germany) spent some US$250 billion on pollution abatement or prevention )
reducir los plazos: shorten deadlines (Often project supervisors will need to shorten deadlines to keep costs within budget constraints.);
reduce deadlines (Firstly it will allow you to reduce deadlines and costs.)
reducir: wind down (in the medium term will wind down the stimulus they deployed to fight the recession.); lessen (legal changes to
lessen the impact of the exchange rate changes on the economic agents)
reducirse: narrow (Net interest margin narrowed to 2.49% in 2010 compared to 2.51% in 2009 and 2.66% in 2008.)
reembolsable: repayable (Interest on loans is repayable from the first day of operation)
reembolsar: reimburse (US Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has spent about $17000 to reimburse the Treasury for frequent travel to his
California home, ) / (The international arbitration in the Hague obligated the government of Great Britain to
reimburse (to) Iran the advanced payment for the failed ...) / (We were able to reimburse the sum of 3.2 billion to
them.); repay (The obligation of a depositor to repay to the bank the amount of money that the depositor has drawn
against a dishonored check is based upon the fact that the ...); pay back (Whatever amount you do have to pay
back to your creditors, you will normally be given five (5) years ...) refund (the Secretary-General is authorized to
refund to him or her the amount of staff assessment collected from him or her provided that)
reembolso: reimbursement (Reimbursement of expenses for members is limited to one expert per Member State.) / (Payment of
indemnities, compensation for damages and the reimbursement of expenses and costs.); redemption (Any
redemption may be carried out without the consent of the Trust, subject to prior written notice and Superintendent
approval.)
reenvo: forwarding (The forwarding of electronic records by a nominated bank)
reestructuracin de la deuda externa: restructuring of external debt (the economic situation of the country has been deteriorating
constantly and its financial situation has reached the point where restructuring of external debt has become
inevitable); restructuring of foreign debt
reestructuracin: restructuring (Here too, the banking sector underwent major restructuring following the crisis.)
referencia: benchmark (The Berlin agreement must continue to be our benchmark.) / (Benchmark is the performance of a predetermined
set of securities, used for comparison purposes.)
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referente: benchmark (Germany is a benchmark for automobile innovation.)
referido: aforesaid (Because of the aforesaid reasons, many mothers become working mothers by pursuing any careers that they consider
favorable and rewarding ...)
referirse a: discuss (This booklet discusses how to invest money wisely.); allude to (He alluded to problems with the new computers.)
refinera azucarera/refinera de azcar: sugar refinery
reflejo fiel/reflejo exacto: mirror image (There is no requirement for a mirror image.)
reflexivo: thoughtful (a thoughtful examination)
reforma agraria: land reform; agrarian reform
reforma monetaria y cambiaria: monetary and exchange rate reform (Monetary and exchange rate reform in Cuba: Lessons from
Vietnam.)
reforma: renovation (The museum is closed for renovations.)
reformar: revamp (In terms of public profile and knowledge, the FATF has revamped its website, created Facebook and Twitter pages and
updated its logo.)
Reformas del Sistema Monetario y Financiero Internacional (la Comisin Stiglitz): Reforms of the International Monetary anf Financial
System (the Stiglitz Commission).
reformas econmicas: economic reforms (A national debate on economic reforms takes place at workplaces and neighbourhoods.)
reforzar: reinforce (And globalisation has only reinforced this tendency.); shore up (We recognised the need for governments to intervene
to shore up the financial markets,)
refrenar: curb (Youve got to learn to curb your temper.)
refrendar: countersign (The Commissioners cannot countersign the declarations of the Directors-General.)
regimen de cooperativistas cultos: regime of cultured cooperativists (Lenin put it with characteristic succinctness: socialism is none other
than the regime of cultured cooperativists.)
registrar: book ( to book such higher costs in the first year corresponds to normal accounting practices.); post (the company posted
losses of two million dollars)
regla de oro: gold standard (An integrated approach to maritime affairs is beginning to establish itself as the gold standard for maritime
governance around the world.)
reglamento complementario: complementary regulations (Design and submit to the General Assembly complementary regulations as
required for the functioning of the Association.)
Reglamento de Control de Activos Cubanos: Cuban Assets Control Regulations (The U.S. Department of the Treasurys Office of Foreign
Assets Control (OFAC) issued a final rule amending the Cuban Assets Control Regulations, 31 C.F.R. Part 515
(CACR), to implement the Presidents initiative of April 13, 2009, )
reglamento: regulations (make sure that policies and procedures that ensure compliance with the regulations in effect in all territories
where the Bank and its subsidiaries operate, including regulations related to money laundering and terrorist financing
activities, are in place and operational); rules (Smoking is against the rules.) / (The top corporate entity to which the
Basel II rules apply at the consolidated level is National Bank.)
reglas de juego equitativas: a level playing field (There is a need for a multilateral response to globalization to ensure a level playing
field.)
reglas: regulations (Customs regulations in most countries around the world allow for people to have medicines for ...)
regulacin: regulation (The numerous changes in regulations and existing standards during recent years have expanded the oversight role
of the Board.)
reinante: prevailing (The prevailing climate of impunity is a major obstacle to long-lasting social reconciliation ...)
relacin calidad/precio: value for money (We believe in the need for liberalisation, competition and value for money.) / (The budget must
demonstrate a satisfactory level of value for money.)
relacin causa-efecto/relacin de causa y efecto/relacin de causalidad/relacin causal: cause-effect relationship (So a cause-effect
relationship is a link between an event at some earlier time.); cause and effect relationship (They highlighted the
cause and effect relationship between environment, good health and economic development.) / (there is a
cause and effect relationship between the use of weapons containing depleted uranium and the health problems
that we have been seeing.) / (Brotman and colleagues noted that this does not prove a cause-and-effect
relationship,)
relacin comercial: business relationship (You create a customer master record when you start a business relationship with a new
customer.)
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relacin costo-beneficio: cost-benefit ratio (A different vehicle with a unique design and the best cost-benefit ratio for its category.)
relacin costo-eficacia: cost-effectiveness (The question of cost-effectiveness would consider whether the publishing of the book was
the best way to improve literacy.)
relacin de confianza: relationship of trust and confidence (We value the long lasting relationship of trust and confidence we have built
with our clients over the years and aim to preserve.); relationship of trust (They require high levels of qualification
and a special relationship of trust with clients.)
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relacionado con: concerned with (Her job is only concerned with costs and fees.); concerning (If you have any information concerning the
incident, please contact the police.); connected with (Hes always found a way to connect with his audience.);
regarding (I have a question regarding your last statement.); relating to; related to (The kids need a teacher who can
relate to them.); relevant to (details relevant to this case)
relacionado con: germane to (The Central Bank began to carry out fiscal duties not germane to the objectives of an issuing institution.)
relaciones comerciales: trading relations (If food production cannot be increased we must change the basis for its distribution as well as
our trading relations.); mercantile relations (Mercantile relations are very important for everybody); commercial
relations
relaciones contractuales: contractual relationships (As in all contractual relationships, proposed amendments have to be notified
beforehand.)
relaciones de cooperacin: cooperative relationships (The process of developing a National Plan can help create cooperative
relationships with other governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations.)
relaciones de produccin: production relationships ("... body of prescriptions regulating production relationships in agriculture in a highly
specialized manner principally with a view to their reconstruction in socialist terms.)
relaciones diplomticas: diplomatic relations (A direct and transaparent dialogue took precedence and we resumed our diplomatic
relations in three hours.); diplomatic relationships
relaciones econmicas intrarregionales: intra-regional economic relations ( the region has to be based on stronger intra-regional
economic relations and cross-border trade and investment.)
relaciones econmicas: economic relations (In both countries, smooth economic relations contrast with ups and downs in terms of
political ... ); economic relationships (There is a huge untapped potential in the economic relationships between
the EU and Russia.)
relaciones financieras: financial relations (Trade and financial relations and regional integrationobreal.); financial relationships
relaciones mercantiles: trading relations (If food production cannot be increased we must change the basis for its distribution as well as our
trading relations.); mercantile relations (Mercantile relations are very important for everybody); commercial
relations
relaciones monetarias: monetary relations (The Conference affirms that the Community shall aim to contribute to stable international
monetary relations.)
relaciones pblicas: public relations (For most companies, public relations are a central element of corporate social responsibility, );
public relationships
relaciones: relations (That is why we must take into account our relations with third countries.); relationships ( and supports maintaining
good customer and supplier relationships.)
relajacin cuantitativa: quantitative easing (Quantitative easing (QE) is the practice where a central bank tries to mitigate a potential or
actual recession by increasing the money supply for their home economy.)
relativo a/respecto a: regarding (This paper evaluates the three objectives of the proposed reform regarding monetary and exchange rate
policy.)
relevancia: relevance ( the accounting methods and financial reporting shall reflect economic reality, shall be transparent and shall
respect the qualitative characteristics of understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability.)
relevante (de inters,importante,significativo): relevant (I do not think it relevant to ask whether the same result might have been
achieved in some other way and at some other time.)
remediar: redress (In ES the authorities are required to provide for positive measures to redress inequality.)
rememorar: recall (The Minister recalled with pleasure his visit to Cuba with the ex- Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2004, )
remesa: remittance (authorizing remittances in limited quantities by US citizens to Cuban citizens)
remisin: referral (Her doctor gave her a referral to a specialist.)
remunerabilidad: profitability (Financial Markets generated good profitability despite volatile trading conditions and lower customer
activity)
remuneraciones extrasalariales: fringe benefits (Fringe benefits here include health insurance, three weeks vacation, and tuition
reimbursement.)
rendicin de cuentas: accountability for ( the introduction of effective risk management processes and greater management
accountability for internal controls will provide a sustainable framework for the longer term.); rendering accounts
(Rendering Accounts: We commit ourselves to use efficiently our resources, achieving concrete and measurable
results, rendering accounts transparently to all our contributors, partners and above all, children and teenagers.)
rendimiento de la inversin: return on investment (Return on investment ranges from three to seven years.)
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rendimiento de los activos rentables: yield on earnings assets (The spread, the differential between the rate of yield on earning assets
and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, was virtually unchanged)
rendimiento de los fondos propios: return on equity (The governance challenge is, according to Khan, to create compulsions for firm
management to perform and deliver a return on equity.)
rendimiento del capital promedio: average return on capital (Average return on capital employed for the three companies has increased
from 3,6 % ...)
rendimiento por encima del promedio: above-average return (Here we run into a problem of asset classes: the limited number of
categories of assets from which investors can seek above-average returns.)
rendimiento promedio anual: average annual return (A look at the difference between average annual return and compounding, also
known as compound annual return.); average annual yield (You can calculate the average annual yield by adding
all the income you received on an investment and dividing that amount by the number of years the money ...)
rendimiento promedio histrico: average historical yield (and its 185-partnered farmers have achieved an average historical yield.)
rendimiento sobre el capital promedio: return on average equity (ROAE) (The return on average equity (ROAE) refers to the
performance of a company over a financial year.)
rendimiento sobre el capital/rendimiento sobre el patrimonio: return on equity (ROE) (Return on equity is a profitability measure that
presents the net income available to common shareholders as a percentage of common shareholders' equity.)
rendimiento sobre los activos totales promedio: return on average total assets (ROA) ( return on equity (ROE) stood at 9.78% and
return on average total assets (ROA) stood at 0.68%.)
rendimiento: yield (Yield on treasury bills in U.S. dollars.); performance (the best performance in six years) / (surpassed the record
performance achieved in the previous year.); efficiency (They reduced costs through production efficiencies.)
rendir intereses: bear interest (personal loans bear interest at the customer rate divided by two)
rendir mas fruto: bear more fruit (These measures bore more fruit in Canada because of the soundness of its financial system.)
rendir: yield (Some mutual funds are currently yielding 15% on new money invested.)
rendirse: yield (Its easy to yield to the temptation to borrow a lot of money.)
renegociacin de la deuda externa: renegotiation of foreign debt (In Brazil, the renegotiation of foreign debt and an intensive process of
inflation and market instability were impairments to implement social policies, such as education and health.)
renegociacin y reestructuracin: renegotiation and restructuring
renegociacin: renegotiation (One is the short-term renegotiation of the current agreement, which is very urgent and needs to be
concluded by the end of the month.); rescheduling (In recent years, the country has found alternatives that have
enabled the reaching of bilateral debt rescheduling accords with creditors);
renegociar: renegotiate (Therefore, Mr Verhofstadt, we must prepare ourselves to renegotiate the Constitutional Treaty on two or three
specific points.) reschedule (the agreement of 12 April 1994 between the Social Security Treasury and Tubacex to
reschedule debts amounting to)
renombrado: noted
renovacin del mandato: reappointment (Procedure for the Appointment or Reappointment of the Executive Director.)
renovacin urbana: urban renewal (This will also help to secure the commitment and participation of the private sector in urban renewal.)
renovacin: renovation (But today we seek justice for those people and renovation of the environment in that part of the world and );
renewal (We need documents, articles, books, pamphlets, etc. which make are documents and elaborations
available as contributions to that renewal of the socialist project )
renovar: renew (I believe that there is an opportunity to renew our relations now.); revamp (The new packaging has also inspired the
company to entirely revamp its brand image); renovate (It also needs to renovate its leadership.)
rentabilidad logartmica: log return (For a stock growing from $100 to $105, this yields a log return of 4.88%.)
rentabilidad: profitability (The forecast economic profitability of such a scenario is very low.)
rentable: profitable (We can only accept investment in products which are profitable under market conditions.); cost-effective (The objective
of collaboration should be to allocate limited resources in a cooperative and cost-effective way.)
renuncia a las discrepancias: waiver of the discrepancies (When an issuing bank determines that a presentation does not comply,it may in
its sole judgement approach the applicant for a waiver of the discrepancies.)
reparar: redress (In ES the authorities are required to provide for positive measures to redress inequality.)
reparto: allocation (The allocation of space in this office is unusual.)
repatriacin de beneficios: repatriation of profits (This may be needed, for example, where there are obstacles to the quick repatriation of
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profits from a foreign subsidiary)
repercusin: impact (Impact of wage rises on production costs.) / ( the economy had to deal with consecutive impacts of negative
external shocks.); knock-on effect (the knock-on effects from the glodal crisis); aftereffect (This paper explains how
the aftereffects of flooding on library walls and shelving were dealt with by means of humidifiers and fans.)
repitencia (escolar): grade repetion (Although literacy and primary school enrolment are nearly universal, grade repetition is problematic
and secondary school completion is low.)
reponsables polticos: policy makers (to adapt the system to the changing requirements of the policy makers)
represalia: retaliation (New wars will be waged in defence of the principle of retaliation.); retaliatory action (Sdzucker can take targeted and
selective retaliatory action on numerous sugar markets against competitors that intend to penetrate its main sales
territories.)
representacin legal: legal representation (They increase psychological burdens and the costs and complexity of legal representation.)
representado en este acto por: represented in this act by (FirstBank , represented in this act by Mr. Dacio Pasarell Coln , of legal age,
married, an executive and resident of San Juan, Puerto Rico, with social security ...)
representar: represent (The amounts shown in the table below represent the Banks maximum exposure to credit risk); account for
(wages account for 70% of the total) / (Personal loans now account for 35.5% of total loans versus 34.3% in 2009.)
reprimir: curb (Youve got to learn to curb your temper.)
reproductora (animal): breeding
reproductora (cerdo): breeding hog
repuntar: rebound (The international trade flows have rebounded strongly.); recover; rally (The dollar rallied against the yen in trading
today.)
repunte econmico: economic upturn (temporary deficits can and may be tolerated during economic upturns, but during the next
economic upturn these new debts must then be cleared again.)
repunte: rebound (The strong return reflected the US dollars rebound against the yen ); upturn (The price had risen significantly in the
light of the upturn in the coke and steel market.); upswing (This represents a slight improvement on the previous
estimate as a result of the 2% upswing in the last quarter of 2009.); recovery (Albo said that everything related to
trade, services and construction will experience a recovery.); rally (However, all of this changed - around March -
when equity markets began to rally.)
requisitos de reservas: reserve requirements (Reserve requirements are necessary to mitigate the risk of bank runs.) / (In the USA,
reserves have been set by law for centuries; as a percentage of liabilities, this percentage has declined over the
centuries to its current level of 3-10% (as of 1992). In the Eurozone, this rate is 2%; in Japan, it is about 1.5%; and in
Commonwealth countries like the UK & Canada, it is voluntarythere are no reserve requirements.)
resaltar: highlight (The report highlights the need for increased funding.)
rescatar: bail out (Governments around the world have bailed out their nations businesses with some frequency since the early 20
th
century.) / (When the savings and loan companies began to fail, they asked the government to bail them out.)
rescate: bailout (A situation in which a business, individual or government offers money to a failing business in order to prevent the
consequences that arise from a businesss downfall. Bailouts can take the form of loans, bonds, stocks or cash.
They may or may not require reimbursement.) / (He warned banks that they would not receive any more bailout
funds unless they joined the program.) / (The government mounted a massive bailout of troubled savings and loan
institutions.); rescue (The international financial crisis has forced the central banks to perform an unprecedented
rescue operation of the big capitalist conglomerates.)
rescindir el contrato: cancel the contract (If you sign a contract to switch to a new electric service provider, you may cancel the contract
within three days of signing it.)
reserva de contingencia: reserve for contingencies ( it can be be said that the reserve for contingencies managed by the Ministry of
Economy and Finances has been between 1.5% and 2.5% of the total budget.)
reserva legal: legal reserve (Legal reserves, which can also be considered total reserves, are divided between require reserves and
excess reserves.)
reserva obligatoria/reserva estatutoria/reserva legal: statutory reserve (A statutory reserve is an amount of cash a financial institution,
such as a bank, credit union, or insurance company, must keep on hand to meet the obligations ...); compulsory
reserve (The compulsory reserve imposition: the national bank can compel banks to deposit in it a part of their
deposits, immobilizing them.); required reserve (Definition of required reserves: reserves which a US bank is
required to hold in cash in its vaults or as deposit with the Federal Reserve.)
reserva para amortizacin: reserve for depreciation (Accumulated Depreciation represents the expense related to the fixed assets still
carried on the books of the company; sometimes the term reserve for depreciation is used.)
reserva para contingencias: contingency reserve (For next year we need a contingency reserve again to enable us to make funds
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available for Iraq.); reserve for contingencies (The Board of Directors approved a reserve for contingencies and
working capital.)
reserva: provision (A provision takes into account an expected expense, showing it as a liability on the balance sheet.); supply (water
supplies are at a minimum)
reservar: set aside (The governor wants to set aside (= keep separate and not spend) $50 million for emergencies.); put aside (Were
putting aside $20 a week for our vacation.); reserve (He reserved the right to veto any future plans.)
reservas bancarias: bank reserves (Bank reserves serve two purposes: they allow banks to pay depositors on demand, and they play a
role in monetary policy.)
reservas de activos: asset reserves (The financial information of the above companies included in the consolidation scope (total IFRS
assets, company capital spent, asset reserves, other IFRS reserves,)
reservas de capital: equity reserves (This reduction is included within Other equity reserves.)
reservas de oro: gold reserves (After the war, in 1945, with its economy intact, that country had at its disposal almost 70 percent of the
world gold reserves.)
reservas internacionales: international reserves (They had avoided large external deficits and had accumulated significant international
reserves before the crisis.)
reservas legales y voluntarias: legal and voluntary reserves ( it has not taken into account the legal and voluntary reserves which the
company had, which were of an amount more than sufficient to cover all the losses.)
reservas para financiar inversiones: reserves to finance investment (to the governments reported intention to use the countrys
international reserves to finance investment in strategic oil reserves. ...)
reservas patrimoniales: asset reserves (The financial information of the above companies included in the consolidation scope (total IFRS
assets, company capital spent, asset reserves, other IFRS reserves,); equity reserves (The Board of Directors
approved the establishment of other equity reserves, which consider programs to support Canal operation ...) /
(Changes in fair value are recognised with a charge or a credit to Equity - Reserves in the consolidated balance
sheet until the asset is disposed of, )
reservas primarias: primary reserves (Definition of Primary Reserves: The minimum amount of cash required to operate a bank. Primary
reserves also include the legal reserves that are housed in a Federal Reserve or other correspondent bank. Checks
that have not been collected are included in this amount as well.)
reservas voluntarias: voluntary reserves (Insurance companies hold voluntary reserves to appear to be more financially stable and
improve their ...)
residuos domsticos: household waste (Batteries should not be disposed of with household waste but taken to battery collection points
for recycling.)
resistencia al avance: drag (Keeping a large staff is a drag on our income.)
resistir: withstand (withstand the test of time); weather (which have weathered the economic and financial uncertainties of recent years
better than most jurisdictions around the world.)
resolucin (determinacin): resolve (It must be fought in unity and with resolve.)
resolucin: ruling (This ruling may have systemic implications from the point of view of developing countries.)
resolver: resolve (The right way to resolve our differences over the details is through negotiating.); iron out (they managed to iron out their
differences)
respaldar: support (The control systems are supported by); underpin (Action now will help underpin the recovery of the economy and
employment.)
respectivamente: respectively (George and Kenneth were married in 1980 and 1985, respectively.)
respecto a/respecto de: in respect of (The other area where serious concern exists is in respect of the rights of terrorist suspects.)
responsabilidad (jurdica): liability (He denies any liability in the accident.)
responsabilidad contractual: contractual liability (This obligation may be prescribed in an agreement (contractual liability) or in a legal
norm (non-contractual liability).
responsabilidad objetiva (juridica): absolute responsibility (Fifth, all partners share absolute responsibility with regard to the exploitation
of maritime resources.)
responsabilidad social empresarial: corporate social responsibility (CSR) (What is missing from this list is corporate social
responsibility, for which businesses themselves should be accountable.
responsabilidad: accountability (It should also allow for greater transparency and accountability.); responsibility (This is in line with
assuming responsibility for global development.)
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responsable de: responsible for (The office will be responsible for the management of all steps of the project cycle.)
responsable por: accountable for (He knew he would be held accountable for any flaws in the programming.)
restauracin: renovation (The museum is closed for renovations.); restoration (She is in charge of the restoration of paintings in the
collection.)
restriccin: constraint (In Egypt, the biggest constraint on new agricultural production is water.)
restringir: curtail (In this respect, the Committee regrets the emerging trend in a number of countries to further curtail or abolish users
rights)
resueltamente: resolutely (he remained resolutely opposed to the idea); single-mindedly (She single-mindedly pursued her goal of
earning a law degree.)
resuelto a: intent on (The climbers were intent on reaching the mountaintop.)
resulta que: it so happens that (it so happens that it also presents a very important opportunity.)
resulta significativo que: it is significant that (It is significant that we have achieved some progress, important progress, during the
negotiations in the past days,)
resultado (de acciones, acontecimientos o decisiones): upshot (The upshot is that financing costs are at a historical low for U.S.
businesses)
resultados de desarrollo: development results (The assessments of development results in Benin and the Republic of the Congo were
reported in the 2007 annual report, but lessons from these evaluations are incorporated in this report.)
resultados de explotacin: operating results (profit/loss/costs) (The figures for both turnover and operating results have been constantly
revised downwards in the above period.)
resultados del ejercicio: results of the accounting period (Annual General Meeting of the Shareholders of 11 May 2010 approved
unanimously the non-distribution of dividend from the results of the accounting period ...)
resultados financieros: financial results (National Bank once again delivered solid financial results)
resultados operativos: operating results (The accounting policies and methods used by the Bank determine how the Bank reports its
financial position and operating results)
resultados reales: actual results (Actual results could differ materially from estimated amounts.)
resultados: performance (he didnt put up a very good performance in the exams)
resultar conveniente: to be appropiate (It is appropriate to ensure that the staff of the Office can execute their mission)
resultar ser: prove to be (The new safety procedures have so far proven to be satisfactory.)
resultar: prove (This personal credit assessment approach, which has proven particularly effective for estimating loan defaults and losses,
takes a number of factors into account, ); turn out (It turns out (that) Ray had borrowed the money from one of his
students.)
resumen: summary (The assignment was to write a summary of the news.); abstract
resumida/resumido: abridged (They listened to an abridged version on tape.)
resumir: summarize (Before each episode, the narrator summarizes earlier events in the story.), to make a summary of; abridge en el
resurgimiento: revival (Theres been a revival of ancient disputes in the region.)
retirada masiva de depsitos: massive deposit withdrawal (The cause of the banking crisis does not lie in a massive deposit
withdrawal.)
retirar dinero: take out money (ATM cards are a typical way to take out money.); withdraw money (The fraudster may use the card to
obtain products or services or to withdraw money from your account.); withdraw cash (Debit cards can be used to
make purchases or to withdraw cash.)
retirar progresivamente/retirar paulatinamente: phase out (Many airlines have begun to phase out (= stop using) airplanes 20 years old
or older.)
retiro de depsitos en efectivo de los bancos: cash withdrawals from banking accounts (In particular, the authorities can reconsider the
recent regulation that limits cash withdrawals from banking accounts to the equivalent of about US$5000,)
retomar: regain (the previous trend is not likely to be regained.)
retraso: delay (I am sorry for the delay)
reunir: collect (you may have to collect primary information yourself)
revaluar/revalorizar: revalue (After running actual price calculation, you can choose to revalue actual activities with actual prices.) / (I
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believe that it is important to revalue the coca leaf, but I would like to say that, while during my government there will
never be free cultivation of coca,)
revelacin: disclosure (Full financial disclosure is required.)
revelar: disclose (Terms of the agreement were not disclosed.)
revs: setback (Democrats suffered a serious setback in yesterdays election, losing all three contested seats.)
revisar: examine (an audit includes examining)
revisin a la baja: downward revision (the very weak result for the first quarter of 2009 significantly contributed to this downward revision.)
revisin entre homlogos/revisin entre pares/revisin paritaria/revisin por colegas: peer review (Assessing and monitoring its
Members, through peer reviews (mutual evaluations) and follow-up processes,)
revisin permanente: on-going review (the on-going review of the process and procedures which will be needed to undertake the next
round of mutual evaluations next year.)
rezagarse: lag behind (Europe must not lag behind in this regard.)
rico/rica: affluent (This advanced and affluent country with a European spirit lies more than 27,000 km away from Slovakia.)
riesgo crediticio minorista: retail credit risk (Retail credit risks should be under control when the credit portfolio increases.)
riesgo crediticio: credit risk (Credit risk is the risk of incurring a financial loss if an obligor fails to fully honour its contractual commitments
to the Bank.)
riesgo de base: basis risk (basis risk resulting from an imperfect correlation between different rate curves.)
riesgo de concentracin: concentration risk (The primary objective is to reduce concentration risk by industry, issuer, country, type of
financial instrument and credit quality.)
riesgo de correlacin: basis risk (basis risk resulting from an imperfect correlation between different rate curves.)
riesgo de crdito: credit risk (The risks include credit risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, prepayment risk and other price risks,
whereas the rewards include income streams associated with the financial assets.)
riesgo de divisas: foreign exchange risk (The capital charges for foreign exchange risk and for commodities risk will apply to banks' total
currency and commodity positions, subject to some discretion to exclude structural foreign exchange positions.)
riesgo de liquidacin: settlement risk (Settlement risk potentially arises from transactions that feature reciprocal delivery of cash or
securities between the Bank and a counterparty.)
riesgo de liquidez: liquidity risk (Liquidity risk can be defined as the risk that the Bank cannot meet its due obligations because its
financing capacity does not allow it to do so.)
riesgo de mercado: market risk (Market risk is defined as the risk of losses in on and off-balancesheet positions arising from movements in
market prices.)
riesgo de precio: price risk (These risks include market risk (which in turn includes foreign currency risk, interest rate risk and price risk),
credit risk and liquidity risk.)
riesgo de productos bsicos: commodities risk (The capital charges for foreign exchange risk and for commodities risk will apply to
banks' total currency and commodity positions, subject to some discretion to exclude structural foreign exchange
positions.)
riesgo de seleccin adversa: risk of adverse selection (The risk of adverse selection prevents banks from giving out loans to the highest
interest rate bidder and allowing the market to clear that way.)
riesgo de tasa de inters: interest rate risk (interest rate risk: relates to changes in the term structure of interest rates of financial
instruments such as bonds, money market instruments and derivatives)
riesgo de tasa de reinversin: reinvestment risk rate (Reinvestment Risk Rate the risk of a decline in income due to a drop in interest
rates. )
riesgo especfico: specific risk (Exposures represent cash flows or positions that can be hedged against a specific risk.)
riesgo estratgico: strategic risk (Strategic risk is the risk of a loss arising from inappropriate strategic orientations, improper execution or
ineffective response to economic or financial changes.)
riesgo financiero: financial risk (This mechanism allows the limitation of financial risk for the investor.)
riesgo mximo: maximum risk (This maximum risk exposure will, due to amortisation of the loans, decrease over time.)
riesgo medio-alto: medium high risk (You can invest 60% in variable rate assets with a medium high risk exposure.)
riesgo mnimo: mnimum risk (credit, range from 1 to 10, with 1 representing the minimum risk and 10 representing the maximum risk.)
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riesgo operacional: operational risk (Operational risk is present in every activity of the Bank.)
riesgo pas: country risk (As part of its program to combat money laundering and terrorist financing (MLTFA), the Bank audits country
risk
riesgo regulatorio: regulatory risk (The recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision have led to tighter regulatory
risk management requirements (Basel III).
riesgo: risk (This group proposes risk management policies and implements tools and models for identifying, measuring and monitoring
risks.)
riesgos sistmicos: systemic risks (... in the systemic risks to which the banks were exposed as a result of the series of monetary
decisions that led to the de-dollarisation.)
riguroso/rigurosa: tight (Tight cost management also contributed to our results and remains a strategic priority.); ironclad (The new
contract provides employees with ironclad job security.)
riqueza cultural: cultural wealth (Mr President, ladies and gentlemen, the diversity of languages is a source of cultural wealth.)
ritmo promedio anual: annual average pace (At an annual average pace of growth of five percent annually, per capita GDP in the region
would reach $20000 by 2030, )
ritmo: pace (The world recovery is proceeding at an uneven pace.)
robo de cerebros: brain drain (To avoid flows of capital and a brain drain towards the rich countries, new arrangements for the transfer of
knowledge need to be devised very quickly.)
robotizacin: robotization (FANUC incorporates broad robotization into all manufacturing activities, with more than 1,000 robots now
operating at FANUC factories.)
robotizar: robotize (It is possible to digitalize and robotize olden equipments.)
rompecabezas: jigsaw puzzle (We spent the evening working on the jigsaw puzzle of the Monet painting.) / (It is a veritable monetary and
financial jigsaw puzzle.)
romper: break; fracture (It is not intended that changes happen all at once, fracturing the macroeconomic and institutional stability of the
country.
ronda: round (The lack of progress in the Doha Round was a cause of concern.)
rotacin de activos: asset turnover (Asset turnover is a financial ratio that measures the efficiency of a company's use of its assets in
generating sales revenue or sales income to the company.)
rotundo (categrico, terminante): flat (His request for time off from work was met with a flat refusal.)
rueda de prensa: conference press (press conference (A press conference is a meeting at which government or business officials make a
public statement and reporters can ask questions.)
(INICIO)

S
saber adaptarse a las circunstancias: to be able to adapt to the circumstances (a teacher who is able to adapt to the circumstances of
his students)
saber hacer (capacidad de resolver un problema concreto): know-how (For each topic, the objective is to promote methodological
comparisons, transfers of know-how and field applications in the partners countries.)
saber: be able to (After high inflation at the beginning of the 1990s, the economic authorities were able to stabilize prices.); know (I want to
know how much this will cost.)
sacar (de la biblioteca): borrow (I borrowed it from the library.) / (books can be borrowed for up to three weeks)
sacar a flote: shore up (McCain promised additional measures to shore up the U.S. economy, including tax cuts and reduced government
spending.); bail out (it was required by law to bail out the bank irrespective of the Treaty rules.); refloat (the
Counterpart Fund was almost entirely used to pay wartime debts and refloat sterling.)
sacar partido de: take advantage of (Please help us to take advantage of this experience.); capitalise on (Each must capitalise on their
own strengths and opportunities.)
sala de mercado: dealing room (improvements continued to be made to the dealing room operating processes) trading floor (Each
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company being negotiated at the trading floor must send its own brokers.)
sala de negociacin: dealing room (Central banks in Asia continued to make good use of the services provided by the regional treasury in
the Asian Offices dealing room.)
salario base/salario bsico: basic wage (The basic wage of 250 regular pesos per month has very little purchasing power.)
salario nominal: nominal wage (The Member States must ensure that nominal wage increases are consistent with price stability and
productivity gains.)
salario: salary (pago fijo, a menudo mensual, a profesionales y administrativos) (This sum shall be added to net basic salary to give gross
basic salary.)
saldo acreedor: credit balance (The Board could not obtain assurance regarding the validity of the credit balance of $51,556.28.); in credit
(The fund is currently in credit, with the aim of providing for future development expenditure.)
saldo comercial externo de bienes y servicios: external trade balance of goods and services (External trade balance of goods and
services or net trade: The value of exports of goods and services less imports of goods and services.)
saldo de cuenta/saldo de la cuenta: account balance (The prize will be added to your account balance.)
saldo de las obligaciones con: balance of obligations with ( mainly by the rise of the balance of obligations with Banco Central de
Cuba and financial institutions.)
saldo del ejercicio anterior: balance from the previous accounting period (It is the balance from the previous accounting period that is
carried forward.)
saldo deudor: debit balance (However, if a debit balance occurs for this item, a minus sign is entered/displayed for the value to indicate a
reversed sign.)
saldo final: ending balance (Ending balance of bank account after all transactions on the bank statement have been taken into account.);
closing balance (After posting, the control total in the system must correspond to the closing balance of the
account.); final balance (The reports always show the final balance of the selected reporting period.)
saldo inicial: opening balance (If the opening balance is specified in the foreign currency, the system calculates the opening balance in
the national currency on the basis of the exchange rate that applies on the reference date ); beginning balance
(Beginning balance of past service cost and changes to the plan.); initial balance (Initial balance of foreign
currency holdings per type.)
saldo pendiente: outstanding balance (Any outstanding balance should be paid immediately to avoid possible late fees.)
saldo positivo: credit balance ((The Board could not obtain assurance regarding the validity of the credit balance of $51,556.28.); in credit
(The fund is currently in credit, with the aim of providing for future development expenditure.)
saldos activos de corresponsales: due to correspondents (The increase in credit to consumers in past 5 years is mainly due to
correspondents, which are the primary way mass market consumers repay)
saldos con otros bancos: due from banks (For the purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents
represent those amounts that are included in cash and due from banks.)
saldos pasivos de corresponsales (bancos): due from correspondents (This statement shows the amounts due from correspondents
arising from money transfer.)
salida de mercado: outlet (the company must find new outlets for its products)
saliente: outgoing (This evening the outgoing Parliament is handing over to the new Parliament)
salir adelante: get ahead (They know they have to work hard to get ahead and they want to.)
salpicado de/salpicada de: dotted with (Minnesota is dotted with lakes, especially in the north.)
saludos (despedidas en cartas): Best wishes
saludos cordiales (despedidas en cartas): Yours truly; Warm greetings; Warm wishes; Yours sincerely; Kind regards
salvaguardar: safeguard (We need to safeguard investment and appropriations for research, )
salvar: rescue (The bank rescued the company from bankruptcy.)
salvo error u omission: errors and omissions excepted (E.&O.E.) (Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are
distinguished by initial capital letters.)
salvo que se acuerde lo contrario: unless otherwise agreed (Credit card billing occurs, unless otherwise agreed, when your order ships.)
salvo que se indique lo contrario/salvo indicacin de lo contrario: unless otherwise indicated (Unless otherwise stated, all amounts
presented in the Managements Discussion and Analysis are expressed in Canadian dollars.)
salvo que se indique otra cosa: : unless otherwise indicated (Annual percentage change, unless otherwise indicated.)
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sanciones financieras dirigidas: targeted financial sanctions (Recommendation which is aimed at ensuring a consistent and effective
implementation of targeted financial sanctions when these are called for by the UN Security Council.)
saqueo: plundering (Part of our wealth came from the colonial plundering inflicted on Africa.)
satisfacer: meet (Provide our customers superior financial solutions tailored to meet their needs.)
se agregue: to be added (We would therefore ask for this point to be added to the agenda.)
se aada: : to be added (We would therefore ask for this point to be added to the agenda.)
se basa en gran medida: is based largely on (The estimation procedure is based largely on the use of ...)
se continu trabajando en: work continued to be done in (Clearly, much technical work continued to be done in the traditional way
through contracts with industry and through research)
se desplom: slumped (Home computer sales slumped dramatically last year.)
se dice que: it is said that (it is said that these cars are produced in Spain)
se espera que: it is expected that (Nevertheless, it is expected that a Community tourism policy would provide extra support for the
industry's sustainable development.)
se explica: be accounted for (the increase is accounted for by the rise in oil prices)
se mantuvo cercano a: remained close to (short-term local interest rates remained close to zero throughout the quarter)
se modifica que ahora queda como sigue/se modifica que ahora queda de la siguiente manera: is amended to read as follows
(Paragraph 87(e) is amended to read as follows)
se prev que; it is expected that (Nevertheless, it is expected that a Community tourism policy would provide extra support for the
industry's sustainable development.)
se puede observar que: it may be observed that (On the contrary, it may be observed that there is a clear relationship between the quality
of the environment ...)
se sita en: stands at (The population stands at around 100 million and it has a growth rate of 1%.)
se trata de: it is (It is a free service for all our LTC Worx customers.)
sea como fuere: be that as it may (Be that as it may, we were obliged to accept this arrangement hatched without us.)
sea cual sea su nombre: however named ("Mediation" shall mean any process, however named or referred to, where two or more parties
to a dispute are assisted by a third party to reach an agreement ...)
sea cual sea/sea cual fuere: whichever (Whichever way you look at it, it marks the loss of one of the instruments required for a healthy
economy.)
sea lo que sea: whatever it is (Whatever it is that you need, talk to someone - a friend or someone else you trust.)
secreto bancario: bank secrecy (In Switzerland, banking secrecy protects the financial privacy of citizens from unauthorised access by
third parties or by the State.)
sector agrario: agricultural sector (one of the sectors which is in the limelight is the agricultural sector)
sector agro-industrial: agro-industrial sector (While Belarus had a developed agro-industrial sector, its food production capacity could be
further strengthened through increased cooperation with FAO.)
sector comerciable: tradable sector (Two economic sectors can coexist: A tradable sector, which produces exportable and importable
goods, and a non-tradable one, whose goods and services can only be consumed within the economy where their
productions take place, being unable to be imported or exported.)
sector de la economa social: social economy sector (This first decade of the 2000s has revealed across Europe and the world the huge
innovative potential of the social economy sector.)
sector de servicios: service sector (In terms of export trade, the service sector is also particularly important for the developing countries.)
sector domstico: household sector (Cubas exchange rate adjustment in the 1990s was incomplete, since it took place only in the
household sector.)
sector empresarial: enterprise sector (However, the restructuring of the large enterprise sector and financial sector reform need to be
continued vigorously,)
sector exportable: tradable sector (Two economic sectors can coexist: A tradable sector, which produces exportable and importable
goods, and a non-tradable one, whose goods and services can only be consumed within the economy where their
productions take place, being unable to be imported or exported.)
sector financiero: financial sector (However, the restructuring of the large enterprise sector and financial sector reform need to be
continued vigorously,)
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sector industrial: manufacturing sector (Last year 9 500 jobs were lost in the manufacturing sector in the region alone.)
sector manufacturero: manufacturing sector (Last year 9 500 jobs were lost in the manufacturing sector in the region alone.)
sector no transable/sector no comerciable/sector no exportable: non-tradable sector (the non-tradable sector, including retail trade,
most services, construction and many staple foods, which tends to expand as it benefits from demand growth and
can pass on to consumers the impact of any cost increase)
sector primario: primary sector (In the primary sector, in addition to oil companies, large mining and metal companies from China and
India have become increasingly aggressive in acquiring overseas assets.)
sector privado y cooperativo: private and cooperative sector (The success of this rationalisation process depends on two things:
economically, on the expanding small-scale private and cooperative sector ...)
sector privado: private sector (This requires cooperation between the public and the private sector.)
sector secundario: secondary sector (The contribution of the secondary sector, dominated by uranium mining, remains minor (13.2 per
cent).);
sector terciario: tertiary sector (... more than 50% of the employed population works in the tertiary sector); service sector
sector transable: tradable sector (Two economic sectors can coexist: A tradable sector, which produces exportable and importable goods,
and a non-tradable one, whose goods and services can only be consumed within the economy where their
productions take place, being unable to be imported or exported.)
sector turstico: tourism sector (There was a marked improvement in the tourism sector in the second half of 2002.)
secuelas: aftermath (the aftermath of war)
seguido de: followed by (extremely rapid development has not been followed by development of the law.)
seguido: often (he often comes to visit us)
seguidos: in a row (Theyve won six games in a row.)
seguimiento: followup (Financial entities like this enjoy exceptionallyhigh international risk ratings and manage their portfolio by means of
extremely rigorous processes of due diligence and follow-up.); monitoring (Effective monitoring will show warning
signs if something is failing.); tracking (The tracking survey showed that rule-based funds reached the schools on a
more equitable basis than discretionary funds.)
seguir adelante : go forward (To me this is definitely not the way I want to go forward.)
seguir el ejemplo: follow suit (When one airline reduces its ticket prices, the rest usually follow suit.)
seguir: keep on (keep on improving); proceed (we decided to proceed with the plan as agreed); pursue (Pursuing its social vision, Banco
Improsa continued with its approach of channeling the funds of major investors into small and medium enterprises
with limited financing capacity.); remain (In order for the standards to remain relevant and effective,); lie ahead
(Numerous challengesincluding slow economic growth, consumer debt levels and technological changesand
growth opportunities lie ahead.)
segn el cual/segn los cuales: whereby (a system whereby payments are made automatically)
segn esta misma lgica: by the same token (By the same token, however, the direction of change will, as complexity studies show, be
completely dependent on small fluctuations resulting from)
segn proceda/segn el caso/segn corresponda: as applicable (The estimates shall relate to the six-week period following admission to
trading, or the end of that period, as applicable,)
Segn siembres, as consechars.: As one sows so must he reap.
segn tenemos entendido: as we understand it (As we understand it, we still have no formal declaration, no common position, ...)
segn y conforme a/ segn y en conformidad con: under and in compliance with (We hereby agree with you that all drafts drawn under
and in compliance with the terms of the Letter of Credit shall by duly honored upon presentation to us.)
segn: according to (All sales and service activities are designed according to customer needs); in accordance with (The consolidated
financial statements of the Bank are prepared in accordance with); as per ((The awardee, upon a formal call, will
have a time to sign the Agreement as per the conditions set forth by the Calling Instrument, )
seguridad de los datos: data security (It is Toshibas policy to ensure a maximum level of data security.)
seguridad razonable: reasonable assurance (The procedures carried out in our limited review are substantially less than those required to
provide reasonable assurance.)
seguridad social: social security (Social Security is a US government program that provides financial help and services for old people,
people whose husbands or wives have died, and people who are unable to work because of illness.); welfare (The
family had to go on welfare.)
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seguridad: assurance (to obtain reasonable assurance)
seguro contra todo riesgo/seguro a todo riesgo: all-risk insurance (This all-risk insurance includes a number of combined insurances
covering most frequent risks.)
seguro de carga: cargo insurance (Shippers may obtain Cargo Insurance to cover risks of physical loss of a shipment or damage to a
shipment)
seleccin de servicios: range of services (National Bank Financial Group offers a complete range of services: )
sello fiscal: tax stamp (There is a tax stamp of 250 CFA francs on travel permits for children)
semestral: biannual (a biannual report); half-yearly (The company shall send a copy of its half-yearly report simultaneously to the
competent authorities of each Member State )
seminario por Internet; seminario on line; seminario virtual; seminario web: webinar (Webinars are available for up to one thousand
participants and can be viewed anywhere with a computer and internet access.)
seminario: seminar (The final report of the seminar has been widely disseminated.); worshop (The Commission will soon convene a
workshop to review progress in this area.); tutorial (There will be traditional lectures, tailored reading lists, special
tutorials including video presentations, and essays.)
semovientes (Se aplica a los bienes que, como el ganado, pueden moverse por s mismos.): livestock (the sale of livestock is subject
to a 1% tax of the value of each transaction.)
sealar la fecha: set the date (Those measures shall also set the date from which the use of credits )
sealar y avergonzar: name and shame (Name and shame the Member States that are not implementing the measures on judicial and
political cooperation, and you will have all our support in that.) / (a process to publicly identify countries that were
deficient in their anti-money laundering laws and international cooperation, a process colloquially known as name
and shame.)
sealar: point out (First, we should point out that the confidence shown by investors and creditor banks was one of the main pillars of
stability for Grupo Financiero Improsa in 2009.
seor: Mr. (Mr. is used for men: Can I speak to Mr. Grant, please?)
seora (cuyo estado civil es casada): Mrs. (Mrs. is used for married women: Dear Mrs. Park
seora (cuyo estado civil es desconocido): Ms. (Ms. is used before the family name or full name for women, both married and
unmarried. Many women prefer this title to Miss or Mrs.: Ms. McCracken/Ms. Elizabeth McCracken/ What can I do
for you, Ms. Jackson?)
sentencia: ruling (Court rejected this appeal in its ruling of 28 October 2002.)
sentido: heartfelt (My colleagues in the Office of the President and I wish to offer our heartfelt thanks to all employees)
ser aplicable/ser pertinente: apply (The new financial regulations apply equally to the forthcoming non-agricultural cooperatives and other
non-state entities that may be allowed in the future.)
ser capaz de: be able to (After high inflation at the beginning of the 1990s, the economic authorities were able to stabilize prices.)
ser consciente de que: be aware (that) (We were just not aware (that) garbage would be a problem, that we ever would need to recycle.)
ser consciente de: be aware of (we are aware of what is happening)
ser mayora: be in the majority (Some members of all communities remain largely within areas where they are in the majority.)
ser producto de: stem from (These practices stem from traditional Chinese medicine.)
ser responsable ante: be accountable to (The FATF is accountable to its Ministers and reports to them on key aspects of its work through
the annual reporting of the FATF President.)
ser responsable de: be in charge of (Three SOCBs (Banco Metropolitano, Banco de Crdito y Comercio, and Banco Popular de Ahorro)
are in charge of providing the new loans and financial services.)
ser testigo de: witness (This decade also witnessed the establishment of the two tiers that replaced the former single bank system.); be
witness to (We are witness to the increasing influence of India and its steady economic growth that has brought
prosperity to an increasing number of people.)
sera conveniente: it would be advisable (It would be advisable to start, on this occasion, thinking about extending national projects to the
region.)
seriamente: severely (Finally, large expenditure outlays are concentrated in the last weeks of the year, severely affecting budgetary
credibility and predictability.)
serie cronolgica: time series (They possess a time series of observations that extend back in time.)
serie: array (Wealth Management serves the investment and savings needs of a broad range of clients to whom it offers an array of
196

complementary services.)
Servicio Ampliado del Fondo (SAF): Extended Fund Facility (EFF) (When a country faces serious medium-term balance of payments
problems because of structural weaknesses that require time to address, the IMF can assist with the adjustment
process under an Extended Fund Facility (EFF).
servicio de asistencia tcnica: helpdesk (The site also includes a helpdesk for SMEs and FAQs.)
Servicio de Complementacin de Reservas: Supplemental Reserve Facility (SRF) (The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has approved
the Supplemental Reserve Facility (SRF). This facility has been put in place to provide financial assistance to a
member country experiencing exceptional balance of payments difficulties due to a large short-term financing need
resulting from a sudden and disruptive loss of market confidence reflected in pressure on the capital account and the
members reserves.)
servicio de la deuda: debt service (Total expenditures, which include such items as capital spending and debt service payments in
addition to operational expenditures,...)
servicio de referencia: referral service (UNIDO established the Industrial and Technological Information Bank (INTIB) as an information
referral service and was planning to decentralize it.); reference service (The Reference Service processed some 2
300 documents and responded to some 3 000 queries)
servicio de transferencia electrnica de fondos: electronic fund transfer service (There are several other types of transactions that may
generate settlement risk, in particular the use of electronic fund transfer services.)
Servicio Financiero Reforzado de Ajuste Estructural (SRAE): Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (In April 1997, the authorities
agreed with the IMF on a medium-term economic programme (1997-1999) to be supported under the Enhanced
Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF), with a maximum amount of US$ 75 million.)
Servicio para el Crecimiento y la Lucha contra la Pobreza (DELP): Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) (The Poverty
Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) is an arm of the International Monetary Fund which lends to the worlds
poorest countries. It was created in September 1999, replacing the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility.)
servicios a clientes corporativos: services to corporate customers (a strategic alliance to provide office products and services to
corporate customers in Hong Kong)
servicios a clientes particulares: services to private customers (NordLB offers financial services to private customers,)
servicios afines: related services (Department of Defence (Defence) requires suitable banking service providers to deliver banking related
services to Defence )
servicios bancarios de corresponsala: correspondent banking services (Correspondent banking services might decrease owing to the
centralisation of treasury functions by large firms.)
servicios bancarios de inversion: investment banking services (Financial Markets provides corporate, public sector and institutional clients
with banking and investment banking services, ...)
servicios consultivos: advisory servicios (He appreciates the advisory services, particularly in the areas of mergers and acquisitions,
credit capital markets, and conversion to a public corporation.)
Servicios de Tesorera Internacional: International Treasury Services (ITS) (ITS.gov is a comprehensive international payment and
collection system used for processing international direct deposit payments to benefit recipients and both electronic
and check payments to vendor, foreign payroll, and miscellaneous payment recipients. ITS.gov offers a government-
wide common solution for issuing international payments in established and emerging markets worldwide.)
servicios de transferencia de dinero o valores: money or value transfer services
servicios financieros: financial services (Three SOCBs (Banco Metropolitano, Banco de Crdito y Comercio, and Banco Popular de
Ahorro) are in charge of providing the new loans and financial services.)
servicios generales: general services
servicios pblicos: utilities (Expenses can be broken down by various categories such as food, rent and utilities.)
servicios sociales gratuitos generalizados: widespread free social services (its socialist centralised economy and widespread free
social services may attenuate the effects of the crisis.)
servir a: serve (other financial institutions that solely specialize in serving this market segment.)
servir de base para: serve as a basis for (It could serve as a basis for a continually updated general overview of the achievements and
shortcomings in the anti-terrorist sphere.)
servirse de (experiencia): draw upon (the Iniciative draws upon international and national expertise on the subject)
severa: tough (Tough new safety standards for cars are being introduced this week.)
severamente: severely (Several people were severely injured in the accident.)
si bien: even though (Womens participation in sport has steadily increased since then, even though it could and should develop more
197

quickly today.); albeit (Bulgaria continued implementing its structural reform programme, albeit not equally
vigorously in all fields.); even if
si corresponde: if applicable (Please include the apartment or unit number, if applicable.)
si fuera pertinente/si fuese pertinente: if aplicable (If applicable, the rate of degressivity of the financial contribution ...)
si lo hubiere/si lo hubiese: if any (...without the agreement of the issuing bank, the confirming bank, if any, and the beneficiary.)
si no: otherwise (Tell me if you want it, otherwise I will give it to Freda.)
si procede: if applicable (tick here below, more than once if applicable)
si se considera que: considering that (Considering that your books are set in the present and the real world, what kind of research did you
have to do?)
s se puede: yes, we can (The modest results confirm, once again, our optimism and confidence that Yes, we can!.)
s: whether (To establish whether the assets have been impaired, it is necessary to consider whether the reduction in its fair value is
significantly below cost ); if (If the productive base of the local economy can not provide for that demand, imports
of goods will then ensue.); should (Should the United States do nothing, it will be the sole responsible for the
plundering of Havana Club trademark from his legitimate owner,)
siempre cambiante: ever-changing (The Bank is continually adapting its market risk management and oversight framework based on an
ever-changing regulatory framework.); everchanging
siempre que: provided (that); (You may come provided it is early.) / (You may go out this evening provided [that ] you first finish your
homework.)
siempre que: whenever (The fair value hierarchy requires the use of observable market inputs whenever such inputs exist.); as long as
(you can go as long as you're back by 12)
siempre y cuando: as long as (You can have a dog as long as (= if) you promise to take care of it.); provided that (the amount will be paid
until the end of the trial period, provided that the farmer still fulfils the conditions for the simplified scheme.)
siempre: at all times (to ensure that it has sufficient capital at all times)
siendo los mejores resultados: being the best results (The financial year under review has proved to be one of two halves, the final
outcome being the best results in the 110-year history of the Company)
siendo los peores resultados: being the worst results (The rating scale is from 1 to 5 with 1 being the best and 5 being the worst results.)
sigla: acronym (A long-term ecological monitoring network (French acronym: ROSELT) was set up.)
significar: mean (Environmental risk means any impact of environmental problems that leads to a loss of financial or operational value or
affects the Banks reputation.) / (Revenues exceeded 2 221.0 million convertible pesos (CUC), which means an
increase of 5.5% compare to 2009.); account for (Choice of the right partner could account for half the success of
the activity.)
significativo: significant (This election reaffirms a significant shift of the center of power.); meaningful (A meaningful reform process
needs to grapple with those weaknesses in a consolidated manner.)
signo @ en correo electrnico: at (lewis@example.net se lee como lewis at example dot net.)
silvicultor: forester (The farmer or forester is supposed to work the land purchased at preferential rates and earn a livelihood by that
means.)
smbolo de mayor que (>): greater than sign (The less sign is < and the greater than sign is >.)
smbolo de menor que (<): less than sign (The less than sign in mathematics is an arrow head pointing to the left (<).
sin complicaciones: smoothly (the business is running very smoothly)
sin contratiempos: smoothly (the business is running very smoothly)
sin derecho a voto: non-voting (non-voting shares)
sin detrimento de sus propios derechos: without prejudice
sin duda alguna: without any doubt (he is, without any doubt, the best); undoubtedly; without a doubt; without doubt
sin duda: undoubtedly (This work will undoubtedly lead to improved management of destinations, businesses and tourists);
unquestionably (Sakow is unquestionably the most remarkable woman writing today.); without doubt
sin embargo: nevertheless (Nevertheless, good performance of stock prices were not reflected in operation volumes ); however
(However, successful management of the company enabled us to reach our planned objectives.); yet (I told him
several times, yet he still hasn't done it)/( I want to and yet I haven't the courage)
sin explotar: untapped (The country's forests are largely untapped resources.)
198

sin falta: without fail (you will get our report tomorrow without fail)
sin fines de lucro/sin fines lucrativos: non-profit; non-profit-making
sin lugar a dudas: unquestionably (Sakow is unquestionably the most remarkable woman writing today.); without a doubt; without doubt;
without question; there is no doubt
sin mancha: unblemished (There is no sector or grouping that has emerged unscathed or unblemished.)
sin perjuicio de lo anterior: notwithstanding the foregoing (Notwithstanding the foregoing paragraphs, an adjustment must always be
made to account for permanent changes in the economic reality of the undertakings concerned)
sin plazo definido: open-ended (beyond the period established in the contract, an open-ended contract is normally offered.)
sin precedentes: unprecedented (Let me say that this was an unprecedented act of transparency.)
sin prisa pero sin pausa: slowly but surely (We will continue actually agreed, slowly but surely, with the required integrity and gradual,
without haste or improvisation, contributing to the overcoming of the old dogmatic mentality and timely correcting the
mistakes we may make.)
sin problemas: smoothly (the business is running very smoothly)
sin que sea necesario: without being necessary (Below, you can find several suggestions on how to speed your operating system without
being necessary to spend money.)
sin restriccin: unrestricted (Unrestricted net assets are net assets with no restricted use.)
sin tacha: unblemished (There is no sector or grouping that has emerged unscathed or unblemished.)
sin: without (they can acquire common shares in the Bank without paying commissions or administration fees.); with no (Unrestricted net
assets are net assets with no restricted use.)
sincera: heartfelt (heartfelt thanks) / (His goodbye was awkward but his good wishes were heartfelt.)
sincero agradecimiento: grateful thanks (I should like to extend my grateful thanks to); heartfelt thanks
sincero: heartfelt (heartfelt thanks) / (His goodbye was awkward but his good wishes were heartfelt.)
sndico: receiver (The companys operations are currently being supervised by a receiver appointed by the Court.)
sino: but (These investments carry not only market risk, but also credit risk, liquidity risk, concentration risk and reputation)
sistema bancario en la sombra/sistema bancario paralelo: shadow banking system (All financial activities should be effectively regulated
and monitored, including those conducted in the socalled shadow banking system.) / (I say that every part of what
has been a shadow banking system must now come under the supervisory net.)
Sistema Bancario y Financiero Nacional: National Banking and Financial System
sistema de gestin de base de datos: database management system (When files become too large, it may be necessary to store the
information in a database management system.)
sistema de gestin de riesgo: risk management system (it is satisfied that the banks risk management system is conceptually sound and
is implemented with integrity)
Sistema de Pago en Monedas Locales: Payment System in Local Currencies (The Payment System in Local Currencies will decrease
or eliminate the use of the U.S. Dollar, reducing costs that are generated by the use ...)
sistema de planificacin socialista: system of socialist planning (The system of socialist planning continue to be the main route to the
address of the national economy,)
Sistema de posicin global: GPS (Global Positioning System)
sistema de solucin de controversias/sistema de solucin de diferencias: dispute settlement system (Above all else, we should not
forget that the dispute settlement system is a unique feature of the WTO.)
sistema de tipo de cambio flotante: floating exchange rate system
sistema financiero de dos niveles: two-tiered financial system (A two-tiered financial system was created that replaced the previous
scheme of a single bank which works as central bank and at the same time has commercial functions, as was typical
in socialist countries.)
sistema financero mudial: global financial system (to protect the global financial system against money laundering, terrorist financing and
the financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.)
sistema financiero y monetario internacional: international financial and monetary system (It thereby contributes to the stability of the
international financial and monetary system.)
sistema financiero: financial system (At a time of uncertainty in the global financial system)
199

sistema fiscal/sistema tributario: tax system (A new tax system is also to be constructed in line with the introduction of new economic
actors beyond the state sector. )
sistema multilateral de comercio: multilateral trading system (From the inception of the multilateral trading system, agriculture has been
treated in a special way not subject to the entirety of trade disciplines.)
Sistema Unitario de Compensacin Regional de Pagos (SUCRE): Unitary System of Regional Compensation (Sucre stands for
Sistema Unitario de Compensacin Regional, or Unitary System of Regional Compensation, and is also the name
of the general who led the ...); Unitary System of Regional Compensation (of Payments); Regional Clearance Unitary
System (Promote the use of the Regional Clearance Unitary System (SUCRE) as a payment mechanism in order
to strengthen the integral development of the ALBA-TCP (ECOALBA-TCP) Economic Space.)
sistemas automatizados: automated systems (They also have automated systems to facilitate the processing of card transactions with
bank systems.)
sistemticamente: consistently (National Banks objective is to consistently deliver returns to its shareholders that match or exceed those
of its Canadian peers.)
sistmica/sistmico: systemic (This breads systemic corruption, which is very dangerous.)
sitio en la internet: website/web site (which will soon be available on the Banks website)
situacin financiera/situacin econmica: financial position (The financial position of the company was always sound.); financial
standing (The banks only loan money to companies with solid financial standing, which eliminates the majority of
small businesses,said Araya.
situarse entre: rank among (They rank among those people who are without doubt.)
soborno: bribery (Charges of bribery and official corruption were made.)
sobre con el nombre y direccin del remitente: self-addressed envelope (send a self-addressed envelope)
sobre el que: over which (over which the Bank exercises significant influence)
sobre este tema: on this subject (Previously, resolutions on this subject have been adopted by consensus.)
sobre franqueado con el nombre y direccin del remitente: self-addressed stamped envelope (send a self-addressed stamped
envelope)
sobre franqueado: stamped envelope (enclose a stamped envelope)
sobre la base de lo anterior: on the basis of the above (On the basis of the above, there is no evidence of any violations of the
Covenant.); on the basis of the foregoing (On the basis of the foregoing, the applications had to be rejected as
inadmissible.)
sobre la base de pruebas: on the basis of evidence (The effectiveness and efficiency of training provision in meeting such needs must be
regularly evaluated, monitored and improved, on the basis of evidence.)
sobre la base de: on the basis of (Costs are calculated on the basis of the most expensive of alternatives in each region.)
sobre la que: over which (over which the Bank exercises significant influence)
sobre todo: above all; primarily (Although the Bank operates primarily in Canada, it also has business operations in the United States and
other countries.); mostly (We operate worldwide, with an intensive focus in Latin America and Central America, and
mostly focussed to technology.)
sobre: about (the Bank uses its intranet to better inform employees about environmental issues); concerning (If you have any information
concerning the incident, please contact the police.)
sobrecargada de puestos de categora superior: top-heavy (The Secretariat needs to be further rejuvenated and to become less top-
heavy.)
sobrecargo: surcharge (Set a surcharge on the personal income tax.)
sobrecumplimiento: overfulfillment (Thanks to an overfulfillment of a profitable part of the budget and the balanced budgetary policy
general fund of the State Budget); overcompliance (overcompliance of the revenues)
sobrecumplir: overfulfill (fulfilled and overfulfilled); (overfulfilled by 2.5%); (the UN Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Inmates, fulfilled
and overfulfilled in some cases by our country)
sobregiro: overdraft (Overdraft protection that is linked to a line of credit can be expensive because of interest charges.) / (The Credit
Union offers overdraft transfer and overdraft line of credit.)
sobrellevar: endure (the island endured a growing external debt); weather (Rotary weathered the recent financial crisis with less damage
than feared.)
sobrepasar: surpass (Our teams achievements surpass those of teams in earlier years.); exceed= to be greater than (a number or
amount), or to go beyond (a permitted limit) (a fine not exceeding 50) (He was exceeding the speed limit by 15
200

miles an hour.) / (In other words, the loss could exceed that amount in only one day out of 100 cases.); outdo (On
only two scores can The Economist hope to outdo its rivals consistently.)
sobrepasarse: go over the top (It is important that our products are safe, but we should not go over the top with extreme actions.)
sobresalir: stand out (The applicant we hired was so well qualified, she stood out from all the rest.) / (The European agricultural model
should genuinely make us stand out in the world and be an example to it.)
sobrevalorado: overvalued (With regard to the highly overvalued euro exchange rate,)
sobrevaluado: overvalued (The Cuban economy currently operates with two local currencies- the Cuban peso and the convertible peso,
both with convertibility problems and multiple and overvalued exchange rates- )
sobrevenir: ensue (If the productive base of the local economy can not provide for that demand, imports of goods will then ensue.)
sociedad acomodada/sociedad adinerada: affluent society (In our affluent society, hunger and thirst are often only secondary reasons
for eating and drinking.)
sociedad annima de capital variable (S.A. de C.V.): variable capital company (from a fixed to a variable capital company, and an
increase in the variable portion of its capital stock); variable capital corporation (In Argentina, we are incorporated as
a variable capital corporation since October 1991.); variable stock corporation (in 1988, it was established as
variable stock corporation and today stands as the most reliable developer in the industry.); stock corporation with
variable capital (We are a stock corporation with variable capital, or sociedad annima de capital variable,
organized under the laws of the United Mexican States (Mexico))
sociedad annima: limited company (Procedures for setting up a limited company are lengthy and complex.)
sociedad civil: civil society (Dictionary.coms 21
st
Century Lexicon defines civil society as 1) the aggregate of non-governmental
organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a
society which are independent of the government.)
sociedad de consumo: consumer society (However we are strictly fulfilling our financial obligations precisely because we are not a
consumer society.); affluent society (In our affluent society, hunger and thirst are often only secondary reasons for
eating and drinking.)
sociedad inversionista: open-end trust (an open-end trust established under the laws of the Province of Ontario)
Sociedad para las Comunicaciones Financieras Interbancarias Internacionales (SWIFT): Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunication (SWIFT) (SWIFT: Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication supplies
secure messaging services and interface software to wholesale financial entities.)
socio comercial: trade partner (Kazakhstan is a very important trade partner for the Community,)
software contra el lavado de dinero: anti-money laundering software (anti-money laundering software filters customer data, classifies it
according to level of suspicion, and inspects it for anomalies.)
solamente: as few as (as few as 30% pass first time); solely (other financial institutions that solely specialize in serving this market
segment.)
solapar: conceal (Money laundering is the process of concealing the source of money obtained by illicit means.); hide (He said nothing is
wrong, but I think hes hiding something.)
solicitar: apply for (The self-employed and micro entrepreneurs may apply for loans starting at 3,000 CUP, ); ask (I'd like to ask your
advice on a financial matter.)
slida gestin de la poltica macroeconmica: sound macroeconomic policy management (Sound macroeconomic policy
management contributes to sustain economic growth and employment.)
solidez: soundness (The first table below shows the soundness of the funding structure.)
slido/slida: sound (A sound legal system in Europe can only function if the public knows where to turn to.); robust ( a robust industrial
production) / (The Bank also maintained sound credit quality.)
slo: solely (other financial institutions that solely specialize in serving this market segment.)
solucin de controversias: dispute settlement (Above all else, we should not forget that the dispute settlement system is a unique feature
of the WTO.)
solucionar: iron out (they managed to iron out their differences)
soluciones de financiacin: financing solutions (Official aid efforts must catalyse innovative financing solutions for the private sector.)
soluciones financieras: financial solutions (The bank competes to be the leading global provider of financial solutions for demanding
clients, )
solvencia (financiera): financial standing (The banks only loan money to companies with solid financial standing,); solvency (The
government should certify the solvency of the companies it regulates.); credit worthiness (The possession of e-M is
not directly linked to credit worthiness.); ability to pay (Ability to pay refers to the borrowers ability to make
201

interest and principal payments on debts.)
solvente: financially sound (Financially sound banks can borrow directly from Federal Reserve Banks even if they have not exhausted
other sources of funds.); solvent (A solvent person has credit worthiness.); free of debt; able to pay; creditworthy
someter (someter algo a la aprobacin de alguien): submit (Companies are required to submit monthly financial statements to the
board.)
someter a su consideracin: submit for your consideration (I am pleased to submit for your consideration a recommended budget for
2004- 05.)
someter a consideracin del (de la): submit for consideration by the (This Decree establishes that the Executive must submit for
consideration by the citizens of the city the name of the candidate being proposed.) / ( the Director-General
should submit for consideration by the Board at its first session in the second year of each biennium a final
performance report )
somos testigos de: we are witnesses to (We are witnesses to one of the greatest of natural disasters); we are witness to (We are
witness to an extremely dangerous trend.)
sopesar: weigh (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform )
soportar: endure (We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.); weather (When asked why saving banks have not weathered the
crisis as well as other banks, Salgado pointed out that savings banks have ...); bear ( a too-slow adjustment that
would require another twenty years of bearing the costs of monetary duality.)
soporte: support (BANDEC maintains the technology as support of the service.)
sortear: weather ( which have weathered the economic and financial uncertainties of recent years better than most jurisdictions around
the world.)
sostn de la familia: breadwinner (... the traditional family model - with a male breadwinner and a female homemaker - has become the
exception.)
sostn: support (AWR is responsible for raising much of its own financial support in order to reach the world.) / (All Member States must
throw their full moral, diplomatic, political and economic support behind its early realization.)
sostener (creencia;opinin;derecho): hold (He holds unpopular views on many subjects.); uphold (Zimbabwe counted on peace-loving
countries in the Commission to uphold the right of all countries to be left to chart their destinies freely.)
sostenibilidad: sustainability (The issue of sustainability does not only apply to towns and cities.)
sostenible: sustainable (Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of growth in which resource use aims to meet human needs while
preserving the environment so that these needs ...)
suavizar las restricciones: ease the restrictions (and continue the process of easing restrictions on self-employment)
sub-: deputy (deputy director; deputy manager)
subasta pblica: public auction
subdesarrollado/subdesarrollado (pas, sociedad, economa): underdeveloped
subdirector/subdirectora: deputy director; deputy manager
subir a: go up to (the nations jobless rate went up to 9 percent from 8.8 percent ...); raise to (Yes, I agree that the smoking age should be
raised to 21, because it is more addictive and dangerous than alcohol, which has a 21-year old age limit, )
subir abruptamente: zoom (In two months the magazine's circulation zoomed to 26,000.)
subir: move up (There have been so many years of price deflation, retailers need to move up prices to stay profitable.)
subproducto: by-product (Ethanol and spirit beverages such as rum were the first value added products, prepared from the sugar by-
product, molasses.) / (This sugar cane by-product is called bagasse.)
subrayar: underscore (It should be underscored that 90% of the Banks direct portfolio is collateralized with real guarantees or outside
repayment sources, )
subsecretario asistente de Estado: Deputy Assistant Secretary of State (the logics contained in the memorandum drafted by the former
Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, Lester Mallory, on April 6, 1960 that was declassified a few years ago,)
subsidiar: subsidize (To subsidize domestic agricultural production by small producers who have no access to credit through private or
State banks.)
subsidio de desempleo: unemployment benefit (Unemployment benefit is a weekly payment which helps people who are looking for work
or training for work.)
subsidio de educacin: education grant (Education grant: 93 per cent processed within 30 working days.)
subsidio de maternidad: maternity benefit (The benefit is not payable if the woman receives her full wages during the maternity benefit
202

period.)
subsidio: subsidy (They do not receive a single farm payment; they do not receive any subsidy at all and they have to stand alone in the
marketplace.); grant (In that regard, the World Bank announced that it would provide the Government a $20 million
grant for fisheries protection); allowance (The allowance paid ranges from a minimum of $12 to a maximum of
$60 per month.); benefit (... with regards to the amount of hours one must work a week to retain the benefit has
been given to persons approaching the age of retirement and disabled persons.); bursary (Sweden is offering
training for unqualified teachers. Britain has introduced bursaries for trainee teachers and offered to pay off their
student loans over their first ten years on the job.); subventions (The Director shall report to the Board on any
subventions, contributions, grants, gifts or bequests accepted.)
subsistencia: livelihood (One of the foremost characteristics of their livelihood is the use of natural resources.)
subvencin de inversin: investment grant (Further, it will partially finance the investment and pre-finance the investment grant.)
subvencin: grant (The financial contribution will be awarded in the form of a grant.); subsidy (Under your reforms you will break the link
between production and subsidy.); subvention (A subvention from the United Nations regular budget is the
guarantee of the independence of UNIDIR.); subsidization (The investigation period for the determination of
subsidization was from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 1997.
subvenciones y medidas compensatorias: subsidies and countervailing measures (n this respect, it is noted that the WTO Agreement on
subsidies and countervailing measures does not contain a provision corresponding to Article 15 of the WTO.)
subyacente: underlying (Derivative financial instruments are financial contracts whose value is derived from an
underlying interest rate, exchange rate, or equity, commodity or credit

instrument or index.)

sucede que: it so happens that (It so happens that the Volkswagen Group is a living example of an innovative business culture.)
sucursal: branch (a local branch of the bank)
suficiente (bastante): enough (In 2013 as in 2012, employment will not grow enough to reduce the jobless rate significantly.)
suficiente: adequate ( ensure the consistency of such proposals by making adequate financial resources available.)
sufrir: suffer (Blocks own farm has suffered large financial setbacks.), undergo (the company has undergone several changes of
ownership), incur (We incurred heavy expenses to repair the poor work done by the builder.); bear (a too-slow
adjustment that would require another twenty years of bearing the costs of monetary duality.)
sugerencia: recommendation (on the (por) recommendation of the Board)
suma un total de: add up to a total of (This adds up to a total of 18 notifications one year after the implementation deadline had elapsed.)
sumar: amount to
sumario: summary (The assignment was to write a summary of the news.); abstract
suministrar: supply (The dam supplies San Francisco with water and power.) ;furnish (In such cases, applicants were informed about the
difficulties and an estimate of the additional time needed to furnish the information.); provide (The company
provides medical benefits to all employees.)
suministros bancarios: banking supplies (Budco has been serving the banking industry with quality cashier and banking supplies for 40
years.)
superacin profesional: professional improvement (General Training: to seek the professional improvement of the employee through the
knowledge of new working tools, new techniques, the updating of professional content and management methods,
among others.)
superar (dificultades): overcome (Training programmes that should have helped them to overcome these difficulties havent yet started.)
weather ( which have weathered the economic and financial uncertainties of recent years better than most
jurisdictions around the world.); master (this agreement makes sense only if Ukraine is able to master the difficulties
and is capable of facing the problems.)
superar (mejorar) improve on (The company is hoping to improve on last year's sales figures.)
superar (sobrepasar): outrun (Its pace of technological innovation outruns that of practically any other ) / (Demographic growth, which
outran average growth in GDP during the period 2000-2005, contributed to negative growth in annual GDP per
capita.); outrank (We must not let our optimism outrank realism in our assessments for the future of Iraq.); outdo
(On only two scores can The Economist hope to outdo its rivals consistently.)
superar las expectativas: exceed expectations (Our new offering in the high-networth segment exceeded expectations )
superarse profesionalmente: excel professionally (Excel professionally and reach personal goals.)
superarse: excel oneself; excel yourself; excel themselves (But this year the organisers want to excel themselves.)
supervit de cuenta corriente: current account surplus (China, the third world economy, usually manages a current account surplus, with
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vast exports and relatively limited imports.)
supervit en la balanza de pagos/supervit de la balanza de pagos: surplus in the balance of payments (The government has been
applying a tough adjustment policy which has led to the reduction in the fiscal deficit and to a surplus in the
balance of payments, )
supervit ganado: earned surplus (In Brazil, interest payments related to remuneration on shareholders equity are treated as an expense
by tax legislation and as a reduction of the earned surplus account by corporate legislation.)
superintendente: superintendent (The Superintendent of Financial Institutions has asked Canadian banks to apply certain
recommendations published in April 2008 in the report of the Financial Stability Board.)
superior a la media: above average (Companies are targeted that exhibit above average economic growth)
superior a: above (a sensitivity analysis to determine a margin of capital above minimum regulatory levels.); in excess of (National Bank
Financial Group Personal and Commercial, Wealth Management and Financial Marketswith total assets in excess
of $145 billion as at October 31, 2010.)
superior: advanced
supervisar: oversee (As marketing manager, her job is to oversee all the companys advertising.);
supervisin bancaria: banking supervision (the latest guidelines from the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, known as Basel
III,)
supervisin: oversight (The FBI provided technical expertise and general oversight to the investigation.) / (The numerous changes in
regulations and existing standards during recent years have expanded the oversight role of the Board.)
supervisor: supervisor; superintendent (The Superintendent of Financial Institutions has asked Canadian banks to apply certain
recommendations); overseer
suponer que: be supposed to (The plan was supposed to give a boost to our ailing economy.)
suponer: entail (Any investment entails risk.); account for (In Florida, senior citizens account for more than 25 percent of the population.);
involve (this change will involve a lot of extra work)
suposicin: assumption (The plan was based on the assumption)
supresin: removal (Removal of prohibitions on the domestic consumer market, including the opening of a market for cars and houses.);
elimination (One might expect that the final objective of the elimination of the dual monetary system is the
restoration of the Cuban peso as the sole monetary unit.)
suprimir: iron out (They met to iron out the details of the contract.); cut out (If it is possible to cut out a word, always cut it out.)
supuesto: assumption (The plan was based on the assumption)
surgir: emerge (New business opportunities will emerge with advances in technology.); crop up (I, too, am firmly convinced of the rightness
of the Commission's strategy for dealing with any problems that may crop up,)
surtido de servicios: range of services (National Bank Financial Group offers a complete range of services: )
surtido/seleccin/serie: array (the scientific institutions of our country have developed a wide array of biological products with
agricultural applications.) / (The airport shops offer a wide array of merchandise.)
surtir efecto: take effect (All salary increases will take effect (=begin) in January.)
suscribir (acuerdos; contrato; seguro): sign (Gazprom and pipe producers sign Agreements on Sci-Tech Cooperation.); subscribe
(However, it can subscribe agreements with public or private institutions whose purpose is to help and protect the
animals.); underwrite (Applicants should in principle underwrite insurance in their State of residence.); conclude
(Chevron, Statoil and Repsol conclude agreements for exploration offshore Atlantic Canada.)
suscriptor: underwriter (Furthermore, the Bank granted the underwriters an over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional
3,000,000 shares at the exercise price of $25.00 per share at any time in the 30 days following the closing date.)
suspender (huelga, reunion, procedimiento): call off (Union leaders called the strike off at the last minute.) / (We may call off the
merger under certain circumstances,)
sustentar: maintain; uphold (The Supreme Court upheld California's term limit measure.); underpin (This report strengthens our relationship
with China, which is necessary to underpin the global economy.)
sustento: livelihood (They earn their livelihood from farming.) / (rice is their livelihood)
sustitucin de importaciones: substitution of imports (Industry Minister Dbora Giorgi reported that the substitution of imports amounted
to 4 billion dollars during the first half of the year.); replacement of imports (The total replacement of imports with
local production is improbable, however, it may be possible to )
sustituir importaciones: substitute imports (new investments were limited to those that generate foreign exchange earnings in the short
term and substitute imports )
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(INICIO)

T
tal como acordamos: as we agreed (As we agreed earlier, the Minister was to speak for 5 minutes.)
tal como est/tal como est: as is (With the end of the Vietnam war these warships became available for loan to other countries on the
usual as is basis.) / (All merchandise is sold as isno refunds, no exchanges.)
tal como la entendemos/tal como lo entendemos: as we understand itt (As we understand it, the company has concluded an agreement
with . . .)
tal como: such as (Certain intangible assets, such as software,) / (Third parties provide the essential components of the Banks
commercial infrastructure, such as Internet connections and access to network and other communications services.)
tal o cual: such and such a (If they tell you to arrive at such and such a time, get there about ten minutes early.)
tal/tales: such a (Such an approach cannot, however, be used systematically.); such (to protect itself against such risks)
taller: workshop (This workshop is one of the many activities that are going to be carried out during the implementation of this pilot project.)
tambin: also (this group also proposes risk limits that reflect the risk tolerance established by the ARMC); as well (They advertised the
new movie on television, and in newspapers as well (= also).)
tan ampliamente como sea possible: as broadly as possible (To authorize the Board of Directors, as broadly as possible, to exercise the
authorization granted by this resolution )
tan pronto como le sea posible: at your earliest convenience
tan pronto como sea posible/a la mayor brevedad/con la mayor brevedad/con la mayor brevedad posible/cuanto antes/ lo mas
pronto posible/ lo antes posible: as soon as possible (Something must be done about this as soon as possible.)
tan pronto como: as soon as (As soon as any faxes arrive, theyre put in a special box.)
tan slo: as few as (as few as 30% pass first time)
tanto con como: bothand (In addition, significant increases can be noted in relation to both total production and production destined
for sales.)
tanto en trminos absolutos como relativos: in both absolute and relative terms (Poverty has been approached in both absolute and
relative terms.)
tanto encomo: in bothand (denominated in both Cuban pesos and hard currency.); (The Bank maintained ratios that satisfied
these requirements in both 2010 and 2009.); (in both absolute and relative terms); (placing the Bank among
industry leaders, in both Canada and globally.); both inand (This is very clear both in China and Russia, but is
also valid up to a point for some countries of East Europe.)
Tanto vales cuanto tienes.: A man is worth as much as he owns.
tantocomo: bothand (this has enabled to perform transactions both of the bank and its customers in other geographic regions.)
tarea: assignment (In the new context of staff cuts, this decision has increased the number of staff in between assignments.); task (We are
all committed to the task of reconstruction.)
tarifa fija/tarifa plana: flat rate (Advance payment means no monthly billing, and calls are charged at a flat rate 24 hours a day.)
tarjeta de crdito (tarjeta crdito): credit card (A credit card is a small plastic card that you can use to buy something and pay for it in the
future.)
tarjeta de dbito (tarjeta dbito): debit card (A debit card is a small plastic card used to make a payment by taking the amount of the
payment automatically from your bank account: The supermarket takes debit cards, credit cards, cash, and checks.)
tarjeta de presentacin/tarjeta de visita/tarjeta comercial/ tarjeta profesional: calling card (It was more than a calling card, but a
representation of a relationship.); business card (The presentation of your Business Card is obligatory.)
tarjeta magntica: magnetic card (The branch of electronic means of payment had issued more than 255,000 magnetic cards in its various
forms and currencies.)
tasa anual de variacin: annual rate of change (The compounded annual rate of change shows what the growth rate ...)
tasa de cambio fija: fixed exchange rate (If a fixed exchange rate was entered in the purchase order, an error message is displayed.)
tasa de cambio flotante: floating exchange rate (The agreement lasted until 1971, when President Nixon overturned the Bretton Woods
agreement and established a floating exchange rate for the major currencies.)
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tasa de cambio: exchange rate (Exchange rates calculator, this free to use exchange rate calculator gives up-to-date foreign exchange
rates for the Australian Dollar (AUD) against most of the ...); rate of exchange (Under special circumstances, the
Central Bank may temporarily suspend its own quotation of the rate of exchange of the krna.)
tasa de crecimiento poblacional: population growth rate (The most current of population growth rate is)
tasa de descuento: discount rate (The assumption regarding the discount rate is determined using an interest rate curve that represents
the yield for high-quality corporate bonds.)
tasa de desempleo: unemployed rate (in the United States, the slight growth is imperceptible compared to high and persistent rates of
unemployment,)
tasa de desercin escolar: drop out rate in schools (Plans to reduce the drop out rate in schools will be implemented this year.)
tasa de fecundidad/tasa de fertilidad: fertility rate (The total fertility rate (TFR) is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the
crude birth rate, since it refers to births per woman.
tasa de inflacin: inflation rate (The inflation rate fell to 1%.)
tasa de inters activa: active interest rate (It is important to mention that the average active interest rate among commercial banks during
that year was 31.39%, while the passive rate was 20.53%.)
tasa de inters interbancario: interbank interest rate (The average interbank interest rate in domestic currency at August 16 recorded
4.25 percent.)
tasa de inters por mora/tasa de inters moratorio: default interest rate (The default interest rate amounts to five percent above base
rate per year.); rate of default interest (The rate of default interest applied by the State should be equal to the rate a
private creditor would apply in similar circumstances.)
tasa de inters simple: simple interest rate (The interest rate applied to Eurosystem reverse open market operations is a simple interest
rate )
tasa de inters: interest rate (An interest rate is the rate at which interest is paid by a borrower for the use of money that they borrow from
a lender.) / (The interest rate applied to Eurosystem reverse open market operations is a simple interest rate );
rate of interest
tasa de morosidad/tasa de mora: delinquency rate (Delinquency rate is the percentage of loans within a loan portfolio that have
delinquent payments); default rate (At the end of 2009, the default rate stood at 4.81%, while in 2008 it was
established at 2.80%.)
tasa de mortalidad infantil: infant mortality rate (deaths of babies under one year of age per 1000 live births)
tasa de mortalidad: mortality rate (Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a
population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time.); death rate (Crude death rate indicates the number of
deaths occurring during the year, per 1000 population estimated at midyear.)
tasa de natalidad: birth rate (Obviously a high birth rate is a good thing, but it would take years before this was reflected in the labour
force.)
tasa de oferta interbancaria de la zona del euro: Euro Interbank Offered Rate (EURIBOR) (Interest shall be charged on basis of
EURIBOR (Euro Interbank Offered Rate) ).
tasa de oferta interbancaria de Londres: London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) (The loans are priced in accordance with international
market conditions; they are usually variable in rate and are based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR).)
tasa de prevalencia entre los adultos: adult prevalence rate (The adult prevalence rate is calculated by dividing the estimated number of
adults living with HIV/AIDS at yearend by the total adult population at yearend.)
tasa de rendimiento/tasa de rentabilidad: return rate (The results of the calculations of the internal return rate were not shown in the
previous chart, because in all of the cases this indicator was bigger than 100% ...); rate of return (In finance, rate of
return (ROR), also known as return on investment (ROI), rate of profit or sometimes just return, is the ratio of money
gained or lost )
tasa declarada: posted rate (mortgage loans are granted at the posted rate less 2%)
tasa impositiva: tax rate (Tax laws in the countries in which the Bank operates, primarily Canada and the United States, are major factors it
considers when establishing its effective tax rate.)
tasa preferencial/tasa de inters preferencial: prime rate (The interest rates are floating at prime rate plus spread composed of risk
premium and term charge.)
tasa: rate (In 2004-2007, gross domestic product grew at an average rate of 9%, while in 2008-2010 this dropped to 2.5%.)
tasas y comisiones: fees and charges (And then the one that was supposed to be free is as follows: credit card fee: EUR 12; taxes, fees
and charges: EUR 39.96; insurance: EUR 14.)
tecnicismo: technospeak
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tecnologa de punta: state-of-the-art technology (...in this field require economies of scale to be able to afford state-of-the-art
technologies.)
tecnologa de vanguardia: state-of-the-art technology (The fact remains that state-of-the-art technologies are developed in the richer
countries.)
tecnologa moderna/tecnologa mas avanzada: state-of-the-art technology (The new models are equipped with state-of-the-art
technologies)
telegrama: telegram; wire
telemanejes: monkey business (There's been some monkey business connected with his tax returns.)
teln de fondo: backdrop (On this backdrop, the risks which are deemed as most likely to become manifest during the current forecasting
round...)
tema: issue ( as well as issues regarding transparency in the monetary policy.)
Temas de Singapur: Singapore issues (The Singapore issues refers to four working groups set up during the World Trade Organization
Ministerial Conference of 1996 in Singapore. These groups are tasked with these issues: transparency in
government procurement, trade facilitation (customs issues), trade and investment, and trade and competition.)
tendencia a la apreciacin: appreciation trend (The gourde reversed its nominal appreciation trend and weakened by more than 10 per
cent against the United States dollar over recent months.); appreciation tendency
tendencia a la baja: downward trend (Demand is lumpy and cyclical with a downward trend.)
tendencia al alza: upward trend (This indicates that the market is on an upward trend.); uptrend (On the other hand Mexico short-term
rates continued the uptrend seen in prior quarters.)
tendencia ascendente/tendendencia alcista/tendencia creciente: uptrend (These can tell you if the market is moving in an uptrend or
downtrend.) upward trend (This indicates that the market is on an upward trend.)
tendencia descendente/tendencia decreciente: downtrend (If its a downtrend, meaning that the rate is decreasing, selling the currency
pair will give you a better chance of making money.); downward trend (Demand is lumpy and cyclical with a
downward trend.)
tendencia: trend (There is reason to believe that this trend will continue in coming years.)
tendendencia a la depreciacin: depreciation trend (However, nominal and real effective exchange rate indicators showed a depreciation
trend in the period 1996 up to 2000 and appreciation tendencies thereafter.); depreciation tendency
tenedor de bonos/titular de bonos: bondholder (A bond is issued under an indenture that specifies the issuers obligation to the
bondholder and the manner in which the debt is secured.)
tenemos el placer de: we are pleased to (We are pleased to report another year of strong financial results)
tenencia de activos en divisas: holding of foreign exchange assets (Holdings of foreign exchange assets (total of all currencies, in
millions of euro equivalent): the figure reported shall be the higher ...)
tenencia de deuda pblica y valores extranjeros: holding of government debt and foreign securities (Many institutional investors in the
region have high liquidity levels and large holdings of government debt and foreign securities, reflecting in part
the dearth of attractive local investment alternatives.)
tenencia de ttulos extranjeros: holding of foreign securities (Holdings of foreign securities by insurance companies and pension funds.)
tenencia de valores denominados en moneda extranjera: holdings of securities denominated in foreign currency (The statistical category
should be larger than the accounting category because it includes holdings of securities denominated in foreign
currency and some other securities holdings.)
tener cabida: fit (The Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution mention the cooperatives as a non-state
business forms that will fit in the new economic model to establish in the coming years in our country.)
tener demasiados (altos cargos)/tener exceso de (altos cargos): be top-heavy with (The organization was top-heavy with vice
presidents.)
tener derecho a: be eligible for (You have to be employed six months to be eligible for medical benefits.); be entitled to (banks will be
entitled to use tier 3 capital solely to support market risks)
tener el mandato de: be mandated to (The Office of the President, which is composed of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the
officers responsible for the Banks main functions and business units, is mandated to define the Banks culture and
philosophy, )
tener el placer de: be pleased to (We are pleased to report another year of strong financial results)
tener en cuenta: take into account (The classical planning approach tried to optimize possible solutions by taking into account the
following criteria: (1) technical capability and (2) economic ...); bear in mind (It is essential to bear in mind the
importance of having coordinated...); allow for; consider
207

tener en mente: bear in mind (When referring to school education, one should always bear in mind that it is just one aspect of a wider
education process.)
tener xito: be succesful (We are sure that his wisdom and skilful guidance will enable us to be successful in achieving concrete results.)
tener la bondad de: kindly (Would you kindly respond to some of the open questions here, including this one?)
tener lugar: take place (We want to stress, too, that reconciliation can take place only under the leadership of the Afghan Government.)
tener obligaciones contractuales con: be under contract to (This one-year pilot project is under contract with a non-profit employee
development organization.)
tener por objetivo: aim at (the talks were aimed at ending the strike)
tener presente: bear in mind (That is something we have to bear in mind.)
tener que estar orientada/tener que estar destinada: have to be geared (Ideas on this concept will have to be geared to evolving ways in
which globalisation can be managed to benefit developing countries.)
tener que ver con: bear on (There have been a number of reference books/bibliographies produced which bear on this problem.)
tener que (intencin): be supposed to (The plan was supposed to give a boost to our ailing economy.)
tener relaciones comerciales con: do business with
tener su origen en : originate from (Until now, capital for private businesses has originated from the savings of the entrepreneurs,
remittances from abroad, and informal finance.)
tener un contrato con: be under contract to (Mr Howard was under contract to an association of consultants.)
tener una licenciatura en: have a degree in (Dr. Gonzlez Cabal has a degree in social and political sciences.)
tengo el placer de adjuntar: I have pleasure in enclosing (I have pleasure in enclosing our latest brochures and price list from which you
can see that our prices are highly competitive.)
tengo el placer de confirmar: I have pleasure in confirming (I have pleasure in confirming our ability to meet your requirements)
tengo el placer de: I am pleased to (I am pleased to report another year of strong financial results)
teniendo en cuenta que: in view of the fact that (in view of the fact that sanctions committees had been set up to avoid over-burdening
the Councils work with technical details,); bearing in mind that (bearing in mind that because of the climate
change many scientists are forecasting that hurricanes could be more intense and frequent.)
teniendo en cuenta: having regard to (...having regard to balanced representation in terms of geographic regions.); bearing in mind
terapia de choque: shock therapy (The transition itself was blocked, the IMF had to declare the failure of "shock therapy", Gaidar had to
resign and social tensions ended to the political explosion...)
tercerizacin: outsourcing (The industrial recession will cause millions of layoffs and will reinforce even more the tendency towards
subcontracting, outsourcing and wage cuts.)
tergiversacin deliberada: willful misrepresentation (If the board determines that willful misrepresentation occurred and therefore fraud is
suspected, it shall direct the agency to pursue one or more of the following: ...)
tergiversacin: misrepresentation (Misrepresentation of the facts and failure to collect reliable evidence is a very significant problem.);
misstatement (the financial statements are free of material misstatement)
tergiversar: misrepresent (No campaign material should misrepresent the truth, cause undue offence or present opinion as fact.)
terminacin: completion ( the Greek authorities confirm that they initially set the date of 31 December 1999 for the completion of the
investment plan.)
terminal de portacontenedores: container terminal; container depot
terminales de punto de venta (TPV): point of sale terminals (POS terminals) (and also maintains point of sale terminals (POS
terminals) in almost all its branches nationwide)
terminante (categrico,rotundo): flat (His request for time off from work was met with a flat refusal.)
trmino: deadline (The deadline for filing income taxes is April 15th.)
trminos de comercio terms of trade (The terms of trade fell 35% in 2008 and 15% in 2009.)
trminos de intercambio desiguales: unequal exchange terms (It established and consolidated an international market division (with
extremely unequal exchange terms),); unequal terms of trade (Unequal terms of trade create differential living
standards across countries;); unequal terms of exchange; unequal trade terms
trminos de intercambio: terms of trade (Commodity prices and terms of trade also suffered negative impacts.)
trminos y condiciones: terms and conditions (The trustee accepted this task under terms and conditions agreed by the parties.)
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terrateniente: landowner (A landowner with a thousand hectares receives hundreds of times more in subsidies than a farmer with ten
hectares.); landholder (Aracruz Celulose is the largest landholder in Espirito Santo,)
terrorismo, incluyendo financiamiento del terrorismo: terrorism, including terrorist financing
tesis/tesina: dissertation
tesorera: treasury (announced that it would purchase $600 billion in Treasury securities by the end of the second quarter of 2011.)
test de efectividad: effectiveness test (Hedges are considered to be effective or efficient for derivatives in relation to which the
effectiveness test results are within a range of 80% to 125%.)
testamentario/ejecutor testamentario: executor (The issuing authority may indicate the capacity in which the holder of this certificate may
act (e.g. executor, administrator, heir).
textualmente: verbatim (He could quote long passages verbatim from the King James version of the Bible.); word for word
tiempo de vida: lifespan/life-span (Since its inception, the FATF has operated under a fixed life-span, requiring a specific decision by its
Ministers to continue.)
Tiempo Universal Coordinado: Universal Time Coordinated (base uniforme para medir la hora en cada zona del mundo, est basado en el
reloj atmico (sistema nuevo y mas preciso que el GMT)
tienda al por menor: retail outlet (The company has more than 1200 retail outlets nationwide.)
tiempo de respuesta rpido: rapid response time (The rapid response time gives us a competitive edge in mortgage loans)
tiene entre sus atribuciones/tienen entre sus atribuciones: has within its powers (Congress has within its powers the right to legislate
against discrimination against women without a new amendment.); have within their powers ( financial services
providers, such as banks, have within their powers to access external capital and have fewer restrictions on
business lending.)
tiene que hacerse de este modo: it has to be done this way
tierra cultivable ociosa: idle arable land (Despite having idle arable land, Cuba currently imports 80% of its food.)
tierra cultivable/tierra de cultivo: arable land (almost half of the arable land was either idle or underexploited.)
tierra en usufructo: land in usufruct (These follow a decentralized structure the essence of which is to assign state lands in usufruct to a
workers collective, so that they can work together in production and marketing through the State.)
tierras raras: rare earth elements (Rare Earth Elements (REE) are becoming increasingly important in electronic devices used in defense,
alternative energy and communications industries.)
timbre fiscal: tax stamp (There is a tax stamp of 250 CFA francs on travel permits for children)
tipo de cambio fijo: fixed exchange rate (If a fixed exchange rate was entered in the purchase order, an error message is displayed.)
tipo de cambio frente al: exchange rate against the (The thing that has particularly agitated the public during the first 18 months of the
euro's existence has been the exchange rate against the dollar.)
tipo de cambio: exchange rate (Revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the average exchange rates
for the period.); rate of exchange (Under special circumstances, the Central Bank may temporarily suspend its own
quotation of the rate of exchange of the krna.)
tipo de inters simple: simple interest rate (The interest rate applied to Eurosystem reverse open market operations is a simple interest
rate )
tipo de inters: interest rate (The interest rate applied to Eurosystem reverse open market operations is a simple interest rate ); rate of
interest
tipos de financiamiento: types of financing (Both types of financing will be provided under programs with the Export Import Bank of the
United States (Ex-Im Bank); types of funding (There are different types of funding needed and these will influence
the funding mechanism sought.)
tirar el dinero por la ventana: spend money like water; throw money down the drain
titular de bonos: bondholder (A bond is issued under an indenture that specifies the issuers obligation to the bondholder and the manner
in which the debt is secured.)
titular de la cuenta: account holder (Only the account holder can make changes to the account.)
titular de la licencia: licensee (Licenses are only personally granted to the purchaser who becomes licensee due to that.)
titular: holder ( a representative shall not relieve the marketing authorisation holder of his legal responsibility.)
ttulo al portador: bearer instrument (The physical cross-border transportation of currency and other bearer instruments is of particular
concern.)
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ttulo de participacin: equity security (Equity securities are valued at the lower of market and acquisition cost.)
titulos bancarios: bank securities (Use of forex reserves to finance exports, by reverse auction of bank securities to backstop foreign
trade.)
ttulos de inversin: investment securities (A company may, among other reasons, be deemed to be an investment company if it owns
investment securities with a value exceeding 40% of its total assets )
ttulos negociables: marketable securities (Marketable securities consist primarily of certificates of deposits with original maturities greater
than 90 days but ...)
ttulos no cotizados en bolsa: unlisted securities (Unlisted securities: underlying book value of the investment per the latest available
balance sheet.)
ttulos: securities (Securities are sold to investors around the world.)
tocante a: regarding (This paper evaluates the three objectives of the proposed reform regarding monetary and exchange rate policy.)
toda clase de/toda suerte de: all manner of (He has survived all manner of difficulties.)
todava eran claramente visibles: were still clearly seen (Especially in the most developed economies were still clearly seen the
consequences of the great crisis that broke out in 2008.)
todava mas: further (These measures will further aggravate the situation.)
todo lo cual: all of which (People acquire and apply literacy for different purposes in different situations, all of which are shaped by culture,
history, language, religion and socio-economic conditions.)
todo/toda (lo possible,la posible): every (all possible) (Every effort is being made to fix it.) / (We wish you every success.) / (they have
every confidence in us)
todo/toda (cualquier,cualquiera): every (every parent will have experienced this at one time or another)
todo/toda (un conjunto): all of (all of the cheese had gone bad) / (across all of our distribution channels) / (policies and processes that
meets all of the legislative and regulatory requirements governing the Bank)
todo/toda (con sustantivos no contables para referirse a cada miembro de un grupo): all (All meat is reach in protein.)
todo/toda (con algunos sustantivos contables en singular para referirse a un perodo de tiempo completo): all (I worked all day)
todos a la vez: all at once (It is not intended that changes happen all at once )
Todos los caminos conducen a Roma.: All roads lead to Rome.
todos/todas (cada): every (not every child is as fortunate as you) / (Theyre open every day.) / (Every employee will receive a bonus this
year.);
todos/todas (en un conjunto): all of (All of these factors affect the business and economic conditions in a given geographic region); all
(One client, one bank strategy of delivering the Banks full capabilities to all its clients.)
todos/todas (con sustantivos contables en plural): all (All children should receive an education.) / (all amounts presented in this MD&A
are expressed in Canadian dollars)
tolerancia cero: zero tolerance (The zero tolerance policy must be strictly observed.)
tolerante: broad-minded (As legislators, we need to be broad-minded enough to create tools for the public that solve the problems of
today,); tolerant (We need to spell out the facts, in an open and tolerant way.); permissive (In adolescence,
discipline and family rules are factors, and extreme approaches (i.e. being either too permissive or too punitive) are
associated with problems.)
toma de decisiones: decisionmaking (It supports decisionmaking for carrying out investment in the country.) / He is good at decision-
making.)
toma y daca: give and take (A compromise is always give and take and of course there are aspects that could be improved, but that
applies to all parties.); giving and taking
tomador: holder (A certified check was presented for payment to the drawee bank that dishonored the check. The drawer and drawee are
potentially liable to the holder.)
tomar decisiones acertadas/tomar decisiones adecuadas/tomar decisiones atinadas: make sound decisions (Let us trust in the ability
of Member States to make sound decisions.)
tomar en cuenta: to take into account ( to take into account the fiscal adjustments)
tomar medidas para: take steps to ( to take steps to normalize monetary policy); to take measures to
tomar prestado: borrow (We couldnt afford to borrow money for a house as a result of the rise in interest rates.)
tope salarial: wage ceiling (A maximum wage, also often called a wage ceiling, is a legal limit on how much income an individual can earn.)
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tope: cutoff (For U.S. dollar and foreign currency payments the cut-off time is 1530 hrs.)
tpico: issue ( as well as issues regarding transparency in the monetary policy.)
total: absolute (There is absolute agreement between the parties.)
totalizar: amount to (Federal and state costs for building and operating prisons amounted to $25 billion.); total (Net income for the Personal
and Commercial segment totalled $587 million in 2010 ); add up to
totalmente automatizado/a: fully automated (The model has been designed to work in a fully automated environment.)
trabajador a destajo/destajista: pieceworker (Pieceworkers must be compensated for attending the meeting)
trabajador excedente: surplus worker (lay off surplus workers)
trabajador por cuenta propia sin personal/cuentapropista sin personal: self-employed without staff
trabajador por cuenta propia: self-employed worker (If you are a self-employed worker aged 18 and over whose annual employment
income is more than 3 500 $, you contribute to the Qubec Pension Plan.); self employed person (A self-employed
person is defined as an independent worker, who works independently of an employer, in contrast with an
employee, ); freelance worker (A freelancer, freelance worker, or freelance is somebody who is self-employed
and is not committed to a particular employer long term.); freelancer; freelance
trabajador social: social worker (As a social worker, you would provide people with advice and emotional support and arrange care
services to help people.)
trabajar por cuenta propia: be self-employed (A freelancer, freelance worker, or freelance is somebody who is self-employed)
trabajo a destajo: piecework (direct remuneration calculated on the basis of time worked, output or piecework and paid to employees for
hours worked.)
trabajo libre asociado: free associated labor (free associated labor employed by large associated capital)
trabajo muy mal pagado: sweated labor
trabajo poltico-ideolgico/trabajo poltico e ideolgico: (Chairman Hua states that political and ideological work must be
strengthened)
trabajo por cuenta propia: self employment (the increase of 351 000 in other non-state forms, including the self employment)
trabajo preparatorio/trabajo preliminar: groundwork (The initial negotiations laid the groundwork for more detailed talks later on.)
traducirse en: mean in practice; result in (because they can result in financial losses for the Bank); lead to; translate into
traer consigo: entail (Any investment entails risk.)
trfico de mercancias robadas y otros bienes: illicit trafficking in stolen and other goods
trfico de seres humanos y trfico de migrantes: trafficking in human beings and migrant smuggling
trfico ilegal de armas: illicit arms trafficking
trfico ilcito de estupefacientes y sustancias psicotrpicas: illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances
tramitacin de facturas: processing of invoices (the functions related to the processing of invoices were transferred from the
Procurement Office to the Finance Office)
trmites legales: legal procedures (In both cases, it was a matter of purely legal procedures.)
tramo: tranche (In the case of all the countries, the financial assistance is to be provided in two tranches with the second tranche only
being released once economic development and reforms have been satisfactorily resumed.
trampa de liquidez/trampa de la liquidez: liquidity trap (Liquidity trap is the situation described by the current paradigm as the state in
which the amount of currency does not affect any more the level of interest rate, ...)
tranquiliza notar que: it is reassuring to note that (It is reassuring to note that exports to Germany and sales by Irish-owned companies
into the German market are rising.)
tranquiliza observar que: it is reassuring to note that (It is reassuring to note that exports to Germany and sales by Irish-owned
companies into the German market are rising.)
tranquiliza saber que: it is reassuring to know that (However it is reassuring to know that you can learn how to treat this problem.)
transacciones de bienes y servicios: goods and services transactions (The current account records all receipts and payments from goods
and services transactions with foreigners.)
transacciones financieras turbias: shady financial dealings (Three years later, Dick was indicted by a grand jury for shady financial
dealings and died in 1974 before his case went to trial.)
transacciones: dealings (He was accused of being involved in shady financial dealings.)
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transferencia bancaria: bank transfer (The entire non-state sector may use, in addition to cash, the following payment instruments: a) bank
transfers, b) checks, c) payment orders, d) debit or credit cards, e) local letters of credit, f) demand bills, g)
promissory notes, and h) others that are used in banking.
transferencia contable: book transfer (Definition of book transfer: The transfer of funds from one account to another within a financial
institution.)
transferencia de fondos al exterior: outbound fund transfer (With our extensive foreign correspondent bank network, outbound fund
transfers can be executed to foreign beneficiaries worldwide.)
transferencia de fondos del exterior: inbound fund transfer (For inbound fund transfers only and for relatively little cost, you could
conceivably transfer funds from your foreign bank account to your )
transferencia de tecnologa: technology transfer (Another chapter in the report concerns technology transfer.)
transferencia electrnica de fondos transfronteriza: cross border electronic funds tranfer (Among other things, regulations under this Act
include requirements for financial institutions and other specified reporting entities to report all incoming cash
transactions and cross border electronic funds transfers with a value of CAD10,000 equivalent or greater)
transferencia electrnica de fondos: electronic funds tranfer (Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is the electronic exchange or transfer of
money from one account to another, either within a single financial institution or across multiple institutions, through
computer-based systems.) / (However, we recommend that districts provide all information necessary to facilitate
sending funds via electronic funds transfer.)
transferencia electronica transfronteriza: cross-border wire transfer
transformacin gradual: gradual change (a new phase in the field of migration policy in the 25 Member States, as this gradual change
from national policy to a collective policy was further extended.); gradual transformation (Gradual transformation
will require a stable, long term policy framework.)
transparencia econmica: economic openness (Since then, Chinas policy of reform and economic openness has unlocked
unprecedented levels of growth and development.) / (European economic openness is vital for creating jobs and
growth in Europe and for our international competitiveness.)
transparencia: openness (Openness at our company also includes open communication with each other.); transparency (However, it is
considered that transparency measures alone will not be effective to address these problems.); transparence (The
Inspectors established a mechanism to ensure continuity, transparence and more effective management.)
transportacin terrestre: land transportation (International land transportation: USA, Canada and Central America in closed boxes.)
transporte areo: carriage by air
transporte maritimo: sea transport; transport by sea; carriage by sea
transporte por carretera: road transport
transporte terrestre: land transport (seven companies representing more than 70% of land transport from the north of the country.);
terrestrial transport (Basque Government estimates external costs of terrestrial transport at 2 billion euros per
year.);carriage by land
transporte: transportation (Enhancement of local transportation is a priority.)
transportista areo/porteador areo: air carrier (During the Soviet era Aeroflot was synonymous with Russian civil aviation, as it was the
only air carrier.)
transportista fluvial: inland waterway carrier (promoting and renewing the occupation of inland waterway carrier.)
transportista martimo: sea carrier (the owner of goods, makes a contract with a sea carrier to carry them from Zenda to Xanadu.);
maritime carrier (even though the substance spilled at sea was being transported by a third party, in this case a
maritime carrier.)
transportista terrestre: land carrier (China has at least one land carrier training center for few years already)
transportista tierra adentro/transportista hacia el interior: inland carrier (Inland Carrier is a transportation line which hauls cargo inland:
truck, rail, barge, inland waterways, or domestic airline flights.)
transportista/porteador: carrier (The carrier is responsible for the compliance of the maximum fare by such companies.)
trapicheo: monkey business (There's been some monkey business connected with his tax returns.)
tras lo cual (inmediatamente despus): whereupon (We went home for coffee, whereupon Viv became violently ill.)
tras: in the wake of (in the wake of the recent global financial crisis); in the aftermath of (We are proud to be the first major Canadian bank
to increase dividends in the aftermath of the financial crisis.)
trasfondo: background (To understand the war, we need to consider its historical and political background.)
traspaso a reserva obligatoria: transfer to statutory reserve (Sec.17 of the banking regulation act requires transfer to statutory reserve,
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of 20% of profits before declaring dividens.)
traspaso neto: net transfer (There is a depreciation area for net transfer in the sending asset, and that depreciation area is not in the target
asset)
traspasos: transfers (However, the additions, disposals and transfers of all fixed assets are shown in the balance sheet or ...)
trastorno econmico: economic upheaval (Liberalisation should not create economic upheavals.); economic dislocation (the stresses
and economic dislocation generated by the multilateral trading system.)
trasvase de agua: transfer of water (transfer of water from the Nile to the desert area.); water transfer; decanting of water (the decanting
of water, even from one province to another.); water decanting (that will also explain the whole water decanting
system between provinces that is currently under construction.)
Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos (TCP): Trade Treaty of the Peoples (The Trade Treaty of the Peoples (TCP in Spanish) proposed
by President Evo Morales is a response to the failure of the neo-liberal model)
Tratado de Libre Comercio Norteamericano: (NAFTA ) North American Free Trade Agreement
Tratamiento de los Efectos del Doble Incumplimiento: Treatment of Double Default Effects
tratar con: deal with (We have to deal with problems as they arise.) / (She had a marvelous ability to deal with people.) / (We only deal
with companies that have a good credit record.)
tratar de resolver: tackle (There are many ways of tackling this problem.)
tratar de: bear on (There have been a number of reference books/bibliographies produced which bear on this problem.); discuss (This
booklet discusses how to invest money wisely.)
tratar: address (We'll address that question at the next meeting.)
trato especial y diferenciado: special and differential treatment (Another important point is the special and differential treatment of the
developing countries.)
trato nacional: national treatment (The agreement is also based on the principle of national treatment.)
trato preferencial: preferential treatment (Only one other country - Singapore - receives the same preferential treatment.)
trazar: shape (The mid-term review and occasional ministerial meetings, as necessary, provide other mechanisms whereby Ministers may
shape the strategic direction of FATF policy-making.)
Tribunal Supremo Popular: Peoples Supreme Court
trimestralmente: quarterly (Its published quarterly.)
triplicar: treble ( the export of physicians to Venezuela grew to treble the income from tourism)
triunfar: succeed (We seek people who have the willingness and potential to succeed.)
triunfo: success (On behalf of the executive management team, I wish to acknowledge their high level of engagement and thank them for
their hard work and contribution to the Banks success.)
tropecientos (un nmero o cantidad excesivamente grande): zillion (There were zillions of people to help you, all the time.)
trueque: barter (Also much of the economy works on barter and is therefore impossible to tax.)
turbio: shady (Theyd been involved in shady real estate deals.)
turbulencia financiera: financial turbulence (Aviation industry hit by financial turbulence in 2011.); financial turmoil
turistas: visitors (Every summer, this tiny fishing village receives thousands of visitors.), tourists (Millions of tourists visit Rome every
year.)
(INICIO)

U
ubicarse en torno a: come in at about (Inflation will come in at about 5.5%, as a result of stronger domestic demand and higher prices ...)
ulterior: further (The CEO and CFO also took further steps that enabled them to conclude that, )
ltima generacin, de: cutting edge (an excellent example of public-private collaboration, which will conclude with the creation of a
cutting edge Business Park. )
ltima instancia/ltimo recurso: last resort (It is understood that suspension would be a measure of last resort.)
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ltimamente: lately (pace that has had for some years, increased lately by the crisis, ); of late ( that should also include the entire
generation of conventional weapons of a similar lethal power developed of late.)
ltimo modelo/muy moderno: state-of-the-art (it is the best and most modern of its type) / (a state-of-the-art computer system); advanced
(to authorize Poland to purchase nearly $ 60 millones in advanced oil refinery equipment.)
ltimo: past (Over the past eight quarters, consolidated net income has been positive, )
ultra moderno: advanced (to authorize Poland to purchase nearly $ 60 millones in advanced oil refinery equipment.)
umbral de bajos ingresos: low income cut-off (In terms of the Low Income Cut-Offs (LICO), Canada has no official measure of poverty,
but typically uses Statistic Canada's LICO as a proxy.)
umbral de pobreza: poverty line (Unfortunately, today, there are over 60 million citizens living below the poverty line in the European
Union, and children are most exposed to the risk of poverty.)
umbral: threshold (beyond a certain threshold, the cost of regulatory capital becomes prohibitive.)
Un grano no hace granero pero ayuda al compaero: Every little helps.
un poco mas: a little more (a little more slowly)
un poco menos: a little less (the merged operations have been in place for a little less than a year)
un tanto: somewhat (It remains somewhat questionable, however, whether the anti-terrorism strategy has been succeeding.)
una buena parte de: much of (Much of Connecticuts countryside is dotted with large estates and horse farms.)
una cosa por otra/una cosa a cambio de la otra: quid pro quo=this for that=give and take=a favor for a favor (The quid pro quo mentality
or idea of reciprocity, based on a principle of equality, is therefore quite wrong.)
Una puntada a tiempo ahorra ciento: A stitch in time saves nine
una vez mas: once again (Ill explain it once again/once more (= another time).) once more; one more time
una y otra vez: over and over (again) (Words such as love lose their impact because theyve been said over and over again.)
nicamente: solely ( other financial institutions that solely specialize in serving this market segment.)
UNICEF: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
nico/nica: sole (for the sole purpose of meeting a proportion of the capital requirements for market risks)
Unidad de Cuenta Comn: Common Account Unit (Thus, we have initiated a Single Regional Compensation System (SUCRE), which
includes a Common Account Unit, )
unidad de inteligencia financiera: financial intelligence unit (The budget of the Financial Intelligence Unit would initially be included in
the State budget.) / (That financial intelligence unit shall be established as a central national unit.)
Unidad Empresarial de Base (UEB): Base Business Unit
unidad generadora de efectivo: cash-generating unit (Under international financial reporting standards, a cash-generating unit is the
smallest group of assets that independently generates cash flow and whose cash flow is largely independent of the
cash flows generated by other assets.)
unidad presupuestada: budgeted unit (its going to reduce the amount of budgeted units)
Unidades Bsicas de Production Cooperativa (UBPC): Basic Units of Cooperative Production (The sector outside the state includes:
workers employed in joint ventures, cooperative workers employed in the agricultural sector, which includes the
members of Agricultural Production Cooperatives (CPA) and the Basic Units of Cooperative Production (UBPC),
as well as independent farmers.)
unidades de inteligencia financiera/unidades de informacin financiera: Financial Intelligence Units (FIU) (These authorities are now
generally referred to as Financial Intelligence Units (FIU).)
unido a: coupled with (Coupled with more positive price developments in some markets), along with (Phrases such as together with, as
well as, and along with are not the same as and.)
unificacin monetaria: currency unification (This paper evaluates the three objectives of the proposed reform regarding monetary and
exchange rate policy: 1) currency unification, 2) improving the monetary policy strategy and 3) financial
transformations.
Unin de la Industria del Mueble: Union of Furniture Industry
unin econmica y monetaria: economic and monetary union (This is a trend that is set to continue with economic and monetary union.)
/ (The Union shall establish an economic and monetary union whose currency is the euro.)
unir a: couple with (the fall in demand, coupled with competition from abroad)
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unirse a: join (The Commission will be invited to join the evaluation team as observer.)
Universidad de Ciencias Informticas: University of Informatics Sciences (Albet Engineering and Syst ems, Inc. is a Cuban company
whose origin and development is closely linked to the University of Informatics Sciences,
uno de cada: one in every (One in every six Europeans lives in poverty.)
uno de los mejores de todos los tiempos: one of the best of all time (Even the 1958 and 1970 brazil team was one of the best of all time
without Pele.)
unos cuantos/unas cuantas: a few (Im going to the supermarket to get a few things.)
unos/unas: a few (a few days ago) / (there are a few left)
uso inadecuado/uso indebido: misuse (the FATF works to identify national-level vulnerabilities with the aim of protecting the international
financial system from misuse.)
uso indebido de informacin confidencial o privilegiada y manipulacin del mercado: insider trading and market manipulation
uso: usage (The study tracks credit card usage over the last ten years.)
usuario de Internet (internauta): Internet user (A good result: Internet users told us they keep their computers in good shape.)
usuario/socio (de una biblioteca): borrower (library user)
usuario: user (The number of cell phone users has grown tremendously.)
usufructuario: beneficial owner (Is there an obligation to renew identification of the client or the beneficial owner when doubts appear as to
their identity in the course of business relationships?); usufructuary (As owner, tenant or usufructuary of lands,
buildings or premises used to perform the above mentioned activity.)
usurpar: usurp (It was always aimed at usurping Cuban trademarks of recognized international prestige that were duly registered in the
U.S. territory)
utilidad antes de impuesto: profit before tax (The historical limit of profits before tax has been surpassed); pre-tax profit
utilidad del ejercicio: profit for the accounting period (But you can deduct this interest as an allowable expense when calculating your
taxable profit for the accounting period when your company incurred the interest ...)
utilidad despus de impuesto: profit after tax (In the US, net profit is often associated with net income or profit after tax )
utilidad en actividades ordinarias antes de impuesto: (The Groups profit on ordinary activities before tax increased by 24% to DKK
20.2 million.)
utilidad retenida del ejercicio: (Profit retained for the financial year amounted to 16752000 and will be transferred to reserves.)
utilidades imponibles: taxable profit (mutual recognition of the various methods of calculating taxable profit.)
utilidades por trabajador: profit per worker (Suppose that the workers run the firm, and that they want to maximize profit per worker, not
total profit.)
utilidades reinvertidas: reinvested earnings (These reinvested earnings are recorded as income with an offsetting capital transaction.)
utilidades retenidas al final del ejercicio econmico: retained earnings at the end of the accounting period (Because Dividends is a
temporary account, it must be closed to Retained Earnings at the end of the accounting period.)
utilidades retenidas del ejercicio anterior: retained earnings brought forward (Yes, you do need to add the earnings for this year to the
retained earnings brought forward.)
utilidades: earnings (Oil and gas prices will have a direct impact on the Companys earnings and are subject to volatile price fluctuations
)
utilizacin: usage (The study tracks credit card usage over the last ten years.); deployment (The initiative includes the deployment of a
new sales and service platform)
utilizar: deploy (the stimulus they deployed to fight the recession)
(INICIO)

V
va de acuerdo a lo previsto/van de acuerdo a lo previsto: is on target; are on target (export figures are on target)
va dirigida a: is intended to (The proposal before us is intended to create these uniform standards.); is aimed at (This service is aimed at
all companies manufacturing and installing elevators.); is directed to (My second question too is directed to both
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Tribunals.)
valer la pena: pay off (I hope this investment pays off.); be worth (It is worth indicating that the reduction of the margin of financial
intermediation was given in 19 banks)
validacin de resultados: backtesting (Backtesting is done at regular intervals to validate the effectiveness of the models used to measure
probability of default, loss given default and exposure at default.)
validacin: validation (The risk rating systems, methods and models are also subject to periodic independent validation)
validar: validate (All valuation models are validated, and controls have been implemented to ensure that they are applied.)
validez: validity (The legal validity of any collateral obtained and the Banks ability to correctly measure the collaterals value on a regular
basis ...)
vlido/vlida: sound (his reasoning is perfectly sound); valid (The money was gone, and the only valid conclusion was that someone had
stolen it.)
valioso: valuable (The new sales and service platform will be a valuable tool)
valor a la par: par value (Common Shares: An unlimited number of shares without par value.)
valor absoluto: absolute value (Enter either an absolute value or a percentage.)
valor actual neto: net present value
valor actual: present value (Actuarial valuations are made periodically to determine the present value of plan obligations.); current value
valor adquisitivo: purchasing power (Increased purchasing power and higher living standards in these countries are leading to
changes)
valor agregado/valor aadido: added value; value added (The capacity of generating products that sell is today the key factor to create
value added.) / (There is no value added in the new legislation.)
valor contable: book value (The book value of a fixed asset is equal to its acquisition price or production cost, plus or minus revaluations,
depreciation and other amounts written off.)
valor contable ajustado: adjusted book value
valor convertible: realizable asset (Realizable assets: the total of property or claims whose conversion into liquid funds is presumed
possible at short notice.)
valor cotizado en bolsa: listed security
valor de cambio promedio: average exchange value (The appreciation of the Canadian dollar, whose average exchange value could
somewhat exceed parity with the U.S. dollar in 2011,)
valor de cambio: exchange value (This type of work is not considered as such by society and has no exchange value.)
valor de inversin: investment security (A company may, among other reasons, be deemed to be an investment company if it owns
investment securities with a value exceeding 40% of its total assets )
valor de mercado: market value (The assets of individuals under management and under administration increased 20% to total $231 billion,
due to higher market values and the addition of major clients in our Correspondent Network.); mark-to-market/mark
to market (Application of the mark-to-market accounting method has severely exacerbated the crisis.)
valor de uso: value in use (An impairment loss is recognized if the value in use is lower than the net book value of the reporting unit.);
usage; practical value
valor en libros: carrying amount (A value adjustment should be made if the amount recoverable from the use of the site has declined below
its carrying amount.; carrying value (The fair value of the Groups investment property as of December 31, 2005 is
not significantly different from the carrying value.); book value (Any excess of the book value of goodwill over the
implied fair value of goodwill is recorded as impairment in net income.)
valor en riesgo: value-at-risk (For short-term horizons, the Banks risk measures include Value-at-Risk (VaR), Stressed VaR (SVaR), and
sensitivity metrics.)
valor facial: face value (These credit facilities covered up to 75% of the face value of the notes.)
valor impositivo: taxable value (the taxable value is established by the Ministry of Finance.)
valor intrnseco: absolute value (information technology is a tool, not an absolute value.)
valor justo: fair value (to reflect an increase in the fair value of restructured notes.)
valor neto: net value; net worth (a growing number of high net worth households and clients.)
valor nominal: face value (Bonds issued are stated at their face value.); par value (Redemption should always be possible at any time, at
par value.) / (An unlimited number of shares without par value.); nominal value (at their nominal value)
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valor por defecto: default value
valor razonable: fair value (The estimated fair value reflects market conditions on a given date and, consequently, may not be indicative of
future fair value.)
valor recuperable: recoverable value (The recoverable value is the higher value between the net sales value of an asset and its value in
use.); recoverable amount (A loss of value is recorded when the recoverable amount is less than the book value.)
valor relativo: relative value
valor: worth (The estimated worth of her jewels alone is about $30 million.); value (The Bank has policies governing the process for
determining fair value.)
valoracin: valuation (For each Member State the valuation rule applied has to be indicated); assessment (An expert has made an
assessment of this agreement.); appraisal (I was pleased with the appraisal of my work.)
valorar: appraise (This is a complicated problem, which means we need to carefully appraise the measures to be adopted.)
valorar: weigh (In order to weigh the extent of the visible contents of the Cuban monetary and exchange rate reform ); value; assess
valores bancarios : bank securities (Use of forex reserves to finance exports, by reverse auction of bank securities to backstop foreign
trade.)
valores de inversion investment securities (A company may, among other reasons, be deemed to be an investment company if it owns
investment securities with a value exceeding 40% of its total assets )
valores de renta fija: fixed yield securities
valores de renta variable: variable yield securities
valores morales: standards (she talks of declining standards in society at large)
valores negociables: marketable securities (Marketable securities are stocks, bonds, and other investments that can be turned into cash
quickly.)
valores no cotizados en bolsa: unlisted securities (Unlisted securities: underlying book value of the investment per the latest available
balance sheet.)
valores respaldados por hipotecas: mortgage-backed securities (The Dutch financial sector suffered, due in part to the high exposure of
some Dutch banks to U.S. mortgage-backed securities.)
valores: securities (The securities present a specific risk, which is a particular variant of market risk associated with adverse movements in
market prices due to factors specific to the issuer of a security.)
valorizacin (aumento de valor): increase in value; appreciation
valorizar: increase in value; appreciate
van juntos/van juntas/van de la mano: belong together (In the capacity planning table you can select or highlight operations that belong
together.) / (Growth, employment and social welfare belong together.)
variable (factor, cantidad que puede representar cuelesquiera de un conjunto de valores): (the economic variables which could
explain the better part of the growth of the GDP over the past few years)
variable (situacin, tiempo): changeable (The national and international macroeconomic context in which the Argentine economy has
developed over the last few years has been somewhat changeable.)
variables econmicas: economic variables (the economic variables which could explain the better part of the growth of the GDP over the
past few years)
variaciones: changes (Other changes in net assets.) / (make it possible to record changes in net worth (the difference between assets and
liabilities).); variations (Other variations in equity.)
variedad de servicios: range of services (National Bank Financial Group offers a complete range of services: ); array of services (We
have a wide array of services to help you conduct your international activities.)
varios: a number of (A number of delegates were against it.); several (several of the boxes had been opened)
vase al dorso: see overleaf
vehculo para fines especiales/vehculo de prpositos especiales: special purpose vehicle (Special purpose vehicles authorised
before 31 October 2012 should be subject to the law of the Member State having authorised the special purpose
vehicle.)
velocidad: pace (Our world is changing at a rapid pace and we are changing with it.)
vencer (dificultades): overcome (There is work underway designed to overcome these obstacles.); master (this agreement makes sense
only if Ukraine is able to master the difficulties and is capable of facing the problems.)
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vencer (plazos/condiciones): mature (When her bonds matured, she moved the money into stocks.)
vencido y pagadero: due and payable (Due and payable in full within 30 days from date of invoice unless otherwise agreed upon in
writing.)
vencimiento anticipado: early maturity (A portion of the debt is also subject to early maturity)
vencimiento de un plazo: deadline (The deadline for filing income taxes is April 15th.)
vencimiento: maturity (The amount at maturity, which the Bank will be contractually required to pay to the holders of these deposits, may
vary and will be different from the fair value as at October 31, 2010.)
vendedor: vendor (Bank common shares valued at $171 million issued and placed in escrow in the name of the vendors.)
vender al por mayor: wholesale (In the sixteenth century the English book trade was centred in London, and consisted chiefly of publishers
(usually operating in small syndicates) who wholesaled their own books.)
venidero/venidera: forthcoming (The new financial regulations apply equally to the forthcoming non-agricultural cooperatives and other
non-state entities that may be allowed in the future.); coming (We look forward to even greater success in the
coming year.)
venir a ser: come to (it comes to 84 all together); amount to (it amounts to the same thing)
venta a domicilio: door-to-door selling
venta a plazos: hire purchase (Credit agreement of the "financing", "vendor credit" or "hire purchase" type for goods) / (The aid is
granted for hire purchase of machinery and equipment); sales on instalment (,which was confined to sales on
installment credit terms and loans repayable by installments); sales by instalment (Both laws regulate in a
complementary form the loans granted to the consumer in the form of sales by installment or loans)
venta al contado: cash sale (Normally, in a cash sale, you sell only the quantity you can deliver on the spot.)
venta al detalle: retail sale
venta al por mayor: wholesale (Wholesale clothing, jewelry, accessories, perfume and more for women and men at 70 to 80% below
wholesale prices.)
venta al por menor: retail sale (Retail sales are rising.)
venta cruzada: cross-selling (This transactionoffers multiple cross-selling opportunities within Wealth Management and with Personal
Banking.
venta de liquidacin: clearance sale
venta de servicios profesionales: selling of professional services (The successful selling of professional services is dependent on self-
confidence and the careful planning of an effective sales presentation.)
venta de talonarios de cheques: sale of checkbooks (Other operating income represents fees from safe deposit box rentals, sales of
checkbooks, sales of cashiers checks and money orders, ...)
venta: sale (all sales and service activities are designed according to client needs); selling (The selling price is determined by an
independent expert.)
ventaja competitiva : competitive advantage (The current competitive advantage resulting from the favourable exchange rate);
competitive edge (The rapid response time gives us a competitive edge in mortgage loans, )
ventaja: advantage (The advantage is that the society thus mandated has strong negotiating power.); edge (because of her experience she
has the edge over the other applicants)
ventajas y desventajas: advantages and disadvantages (The following table summarises the advantages and disadvantages of each
option.)
Ver es creer : Seeing is believing.
verdadero: actual (We expected 50 people, but the actual number was a lot higher.), true (His staff tried to keep the true nature of his
illness a secret.) real (There is a real possibility that he will lose his job.), veritable (If current projections hold,
Montgomery County will experience a veritable explosion in its school-age population (= it will have many more
students).
verificar: ascertain (The Commission must ascertain whether the aggregate aid intensity is admissible and does not exceed the ...)
verse afectado: suffer (The Dutch financial sector suffered, due in part to the high exposure of some Dutch banks to U.S. mortgage-backed
securities.)
vertedero: landfill site
verticalidad: topdown (The topdown approach to gender mainstreaming in the ministries had meant that the process had to begin again
with each change of Government. ); verticality (An integrated approach is deemed necessary to overcome the
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barriers and challenges in provision of services, including verticality of programs and resource allocation.)
vertidos marinos: Marine Dumping
viabilidad: viability (The viability of our future requires that our company is sustainable, not just financially, but also in social and
environmental terms.); feasibility (It makes possible to test the feasibility of actions implemented.)
viable: viable (Germany does not see any viable alternative.)
viajar diariamente de la casa al trabajo: commute (However, it is not easy for all of us just to commute across the border from Germany.)
vas martimas: sea lanes
vice-: deputy (deputy president; deputy chairman)
vicecanciller: deputy foreign minister
viceministro; viceministra: deputy minister
vicepresidente: vice-president
vida til: useful life (The salvage value and useful life of the fixed assets are reviewed every year ); service life (additions, alterations,
improvements and renovations which prolong the service life or increase the productive capacity of buildings.)
working life (value adjustments calculated so as to systematically depreciate the value of those assets over their
estimated working life.); shelf life (The shelf life of the product is about one year from the date of production.);
lifespan (The satellites lifespan is estimated at five to eight years.)
vieja data: long-standing (it is a long-standing data)
Viernes Negro: Black Friday (A precipitous drop in a financial market . The original Black Friday occurred on September 24, 1869, when
prospectors attempted to corner the gold market.)
vigencia: in effect (Winter parking rules are in effect (= must be obeyed).)
vigente: in force (New regulations limiting fishing on this river are now in force.); in effect (Winter parking rules are in effect (= must be
obeyed).); in place (controls that are currently in place); prevail (a custom which still prevails in our own century)
vinculante: binding (The law is unambiguous and binding.) / (Both sides agreed to submit the dispute to binding arbitration (= to a decision
they would have to obey)
vincular el valor del peso al dlar: peg the value of the peso to the dollar (There's talk of trying to peg the value of the peso to the
dollar.)
vincular estrechamente: closely link (Albet Engineering and Systems, Inc. is a Cuban company whose origin and development is closely
linked to the University of Informatics Sciences UCI).
vnculos econmicos y comerciales: economic and trade ties (the development of its economic and trade ties is already all but
irreversible.)
vnculos: ties (family ties are strong) / (economic ties) / (diplomatic ties)
vision de conjunto: overall view
vision general: overall view
visitante: visitor (The visitor will find information on Cuba)
Vsteme despacio que tengo prisa.: More haste, less speed.
visto bueno: approval
visto que (documentos legales): whereas
visto y conforme: seen and approved
vital: vital (Effective use of the media will be vital to the success of your strategy for change.)
vivienda: housing (the governments policy on housing); dwelling (The house was a modest one-story dwelling.)
vocero: spokesperson (The President is the principal spokesperson for the FATF and represents the FATF externally.); spokesman;
spokeswoman
volatilidad de los mercados: volatility of the markets (taking into account the current worldwide economic situation and the high volatility
of the markets,)
volumen comercial: trading volume (Trading volume is the amount of shares traded among parties in a certain period of time. )
volumen de negocios: turnover (tourism is the largest global economic activity, both in terms of turnover and number of jobs.) /
(turnover is the amount of business done)
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volumen de trabajo: workload (Secondly, the three institutions will seek collectively to programme our legislative workload.)
volumen de venta/volumen de ventas: turnover (turnover is the amount received in sales for a stated period)
voluntad de continuar fortaleciendo: willingness to continue strengthening (the willingness to continue strengthening the ties of
friendship and cooperation between the two countries.)
voluntad poltica: political will (For that all members have to demonstrate flexibility and strong political will.)
volver a nombrar: reappoint (A resolution to reappoint Ernst & Young Caribbean Services, Ltd. and Interaudit S.A. as auditors of the
bank)
votacin a mano alzada: show of hands (a show of hands)
(INICIO)

Y
y as sucesivamente: and so forth and so on (a vicious circle of work, unemployment, training and so forth and so on.)
y el del/y la del: and that of the (Whatever the reason, the gap between American justice and that of the rest of the world is enormous and
growing.)
y los del/y las del/y los de las/y las de las: and those of the (The Reserve Banks financial statements and those of the consolidated LLC
entities are audited annually by an independent audit firm)
y para que as conste: so that this may be officially recorded; and for the record
ya en: as long ago as; as early as (As early as February 21, Commander in Chief Fidel Castro had warned that NATO was irremissibly
preparing a war against Libya.)
ya no: no longer/ not any longer (Today the economy is no longer dollarized); any more; anymore (I don't know who to trust anymore.)
ya que: since (Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.);
because; inasmuch as (Inasmuch as funding is not available, building plans have been delayed.)
ya sea por fraude o error: whether due to fraud or error (The procedures selected depend on the auditor's judgement, as also does the
assessment of the risks of material misstatement in the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error.)
ya sea por o: whether byor (whether by chance or by design); (nothing in these Terms of Use shall be construed as conferring
any license to any intellectual property rights, whether by implication, estoppel, or otherwise.); either byor
(Indeed, it is an affront to international humanitarian law, which clearly prohibits such practices, either by armed
forces or armed groups.)
ya sea o: whetheror (Education, whether for peace and reconciliation or in the reconstruction of human resources, is hardly
addressed at present.)
ya va siendo hora: it is about time (It is about time to open.)
yacimiento petrolfero/campo petrolfero: oilfield (oilfield is an area containing reserves of petroleum, esp. one that is already being
exploited)
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yancfilo: pro-American (It so happens that he is a "pro-American" or "pro-Western" dictator: that is, he is one of "ours" instead of "theirs.);
pro-United States
yanquilandia: the USA; the States
yuxtaponer: juxtapose (The exhibition juxtaposes architectural drawings with photographs of the buildings as constructed.)
yuxtaposicin: juxtaposition (The juxtaposition of the original painting with the fake clearly showed up the differences.)
(INICIO)


Z
zafra azucarera (cosecha): sugar harvest (Cuba begins the sugar harvest.)
zafra azucarera (fabricacin): sugar production; sugar making;
zanjar la brecha: bridge the gap (He was trying to bridge the gap between elders and youth, the middle class and poor.)
zanjar la cuestin: settle the question
zona comercial: trading area (The Community is an important trading area and must therefore protect not only itself but also the rest of the
world)
zona de libre comercio/zona franca: free trade area (The creation of the free trade area in the Western Balkans has been one of the
priorities); free trade zone
Zona Econmica Exclusiva de Cuba: Cubas Exclusive Economic Zone (drilling operations both on land and in shallow waters, as well
as in the depths of Cubas Exclusive Economic Zone.)
(INICIO)

Compilacin y Edicin: Juan Cajaraville cajaraville@oc.bandec.cu;
(juancajaravillefernandez@gmail.com)
Banco de Crdito y Comercio (BANDEC)
Ud. puede acceder a este Glosario actualizado en formato pdf a travs del Portal
Interbancario http://www.interbancario.cu/, en la Seccin Publicaciones de la pgina
inicial, bajo el ttulo Glosario Espaol-Ingls