ABSTRACT

Power instability in developin

g
countries creates the need for automation
of phase selection or alternative sources of power to back-up the utility
supply. Most industrial and commercial applications are dependent on
power supply and if the process of change over is manual ,not only
considerable time is wasted but also the device or machine may get
damaged from human error during the change over connections, incurring
massive losses.
Here is a digital phase selector that can be installed in residential and
office premises where single-phase equipment is used. When any of
the mains phase lines fails, it automatically selects the available phase
line out of three phase lines or backup lines!
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INDEX
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1.INTRODUCTION
"." $mportance of %lectrical %nergy
%lectrical energy is the only form of ener
g
y which is easily available.
&he main advantage of this form of energy is we can easily convert any
form of energy into electrical energy and vice-versa.
&he usage of this electrical energy is increasing day-by-day. &he
best e'ample is in $ndia in "()* the generation of electrical enemy was
")*MW and now the generation has been increased to a very large
e'tent. &o meet this load demand many power stations were build across the
country.
".# +b,ective of the pro,ect-
&he load demand is increasing day by day and we arc able to generate power to
the requirement and we are able to transmi t power to the load centers with
ma'imum efficiency and minimum losses.
&he ma,or problem a consumer facing now a days is power interruption. .ue to
this power interruption lot of damage is caused in terms of money and
sometimes to life. .ue to this power interruption lot of time is wasted.
/ut the ma,or problem of power interruption is in distribution system and more
over 0*1 faults are single phase faults, in this case power is available in other
two phases.
/ut all the domestic loads are connected to single phase supply and if the fault
occurs, even then power is available in other phases we can not utili2e that power.
$f we want to utili2e that power manual operation is required which results in
3
fire accidents and also not reliable.
For this we need automatic switching from one phase to other
automatically which is made possible by this "AUTOMATIC
PA!" !"#"CTO$"%
".3 4eed for 5utomation-
$n order to change from one phase to other manual operation is not
possible as we are dealing with 3 Phase supply which causes fire
accidents during change over and l eads t o 3-phase fault s whi ch i s
dangerous to elect rical equipment. 5nd more over manual changing is
not possible at every time as identifying the phase of power interruption is
difficult.
&o avoid all this we need automation which is done by 657&+M5&$8 PH59%
9%:%8&+;6. Here we do not need any manual work and we are no
way concerned with the phase of fault as the digital phase selector
automatically switches to the phase where the power is available.
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2.BLOCK DIAGRAM
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.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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3. COMPONENTS LIST:
". ;%9$9&+;
#. 85P58$&+;
3. .$+.%
<. A%4%; .$+.%
). &;549B+;M%; "#-*-"# 3 4oCs!
@. "#? ;elay 3 4oCs!
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3.1 COMPONENTS EXPLANATION:
3.4.1 RESISTORS:-
5 resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals
that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with +hmDs law-
V E IR
;esistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films,
as well as resistance wire wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickelFchrome!.
&he primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, ma'imum working
voltage and the power rating. +ther characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and
inductance. :ess well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation
limits the ma'imum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage.
8ritical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical
dimensionsG itDs determined by design.
;esistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits.
9i2e, and position of leads or terminals! are relevant to equipment designersG resistors must
be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.
=
3.4.2 Capacitors:-
5 c!citor or co"#e"ser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference e'ists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. &his field stores energy and produces
a mechanical force between the plates. &he effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel,
narrowly separated conductors.
5n ideal capacitor is characteri2ed by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured
in farads. &his is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference
between them. $n practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage
current. &he conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric
has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
8apacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes. &hey are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
(
3.4.3 Diod:-
.iodes are two terminal components used to block current in one direction while passing
current in the opposite direction. &his effect, which converts 58 alternating current! to .8
direct current! is also called 6rectifying6 current, hence diodes are also called 6rectifiers6.
&he symbol for diode is an arrow and line, indicating passing electricity in only one direction.
5 stripe on the component indicates the 6perpendicular line on the schematic.
Diode ratings
.iodes have two important ratings and several more subtle ratings. &he most important
ratings are-
P$? - peak inverse voltage
&his is the voltage above which the diode is likely to be damaged, because it stops
blocking the flow of electricity in one direction.
8urrent rating in amps or milli5mps. &his is the amount of current the diode can
safely dissipate. $t is based upon the physical si2e of the diode and the amount of heat
that the the component can dissipate.
Uses for diodes
8onversion of 58 into .8 rectification!
/locking inverse polarity pulses from inductive loads solenoids, motors etc!
;everse polarity protection with batteries
?oltage doublers with 58 current!
.8 to .8 conversion
logic and switching matrices
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3.4.4 !"r Diod
Aener diodes are a form of semiconductor diode that are widely used in electronics circuits as
voltage references. Aener diodes provide a stable and defined voltage and as a result Aener
diode circuits are often used in power supplies when regulated outputs are needed. Aener
diodes are cheap and they are also easy to use and as a result they are used in many
applications and many circuits.
$e"er #io#e %sics
Aener diodes are sometimes referred to as reference diodes as they are able to provide a stable
reference voltage for many electronics circuits. &he diodes themselves are cheap and plentiful
and can be purchased in virtually every electronics components store.
Aener diodes have many of the same basic properties of ordinary semiconductor diodes. &hey
conduct in the forward direction and have the same turn on voltage as ordinary diodes. Bor
silicon this is about *.@ volts.
$n the reverse direction, the operation of a Aener diode is quite different to an ordinary diode.
Bor low voltages the diodes do not conduct as would be e'pected. However, once a certain
voltage is reached the diode 6breaks down6 and current flows. :ooking at the curves for a
Aener diode, it can be seen that the voltage is almost constant regardless of the current
carried. &his means that a Aener diode provides a stable and known reference voltage.

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&.1 EXPLANATION O' CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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(.MERITS ) DE*MERITS:*
MERITS:*
". Parallel ports are easy to program and faster compared to the serial ports
#. /ut in parallel port, all the = bits of a byte will be sent to the port at a time and
a indication will be sent in another line.
3. &here will be some data lines, some control and some handshaking lines in
parallel port. $f three bytes of data *"***"*" "**"""** "*""**"" is to be sent
to the port, following figures will e'plain how they are sent to the serial and
parallel ports respectively.
DE*MERITS:*
". /ut main disadvantage is it needs more number of transmission lines. /ecause of
this reason parallel ports are not used in long distance communications.
#. $n serial ports, there will be two data lines- +ne transmission and one receive
line. &o send a data in serial port, it has to be sent one bit after another with some
e'tra bits like start bit, stop bit and parity bit to detect errors.
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RE'ERENCES:*
www.efymag.com
www.pro,ectguidance.com
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
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